Glucosamine & Chondroitin Absorption: Forms, Food & Timing, Compared
Bottom line
B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.We found 52 studies with usable absorption data for this supplement, 16 of them in people; every value below is copied from its paper and cited.
Glucosamine sulfate is the best-characterized form: 5 human studies (total n=80) with measured absorption values (absorption evidence grade B).
No human head-to-head comparison of the popular forms has turned up yet, so we don't rank them; the measured values for each form are below.
- Studies in database
- 52 (all full-text)
- Species
- 16 human, 1 pig, 22 rodent, 10 other animal, 3 in vitro
Educational information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.
Best-absorbed form
Draft — pending reviewer- No form clearly absorbs better: human head-to-head studies in our data do not separate the forms of glucosamine & chondroitin.
- Most-studied form: Glucosamine sulfate (5 human studies with measured absorption, grade B). More data is not proof of better absorption.
- Caveat: without head-to-head studies, forms tested in separate studies can't be ranked fairly.
Absorption evidence only, from the graded comparisons on this page. Not a recommendation to buy any product, not dosing advice, not medical advice.
36 of 52 studies are not in humans; each is labeled with a species badge.
Glucosamine & Chondroitin forms compared
| Form | Lowest | Highest | Studies | PMIDs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucosamine sulfate | 3 | 3.3 | 2 | 16145658, 16740419 |
| Chondroitin sulfate | 1.83 | 1.84 | 1 | 27108107 |
| Glucosamine + chondroitin | 0.294 | 0.925 | 1 | 29403716 |
n = number of human studies. Full values with doses, sources and citations are in the data tables below.
Form tags are matched automatically and need reviewer confirmation. Values are not normalized across studies.
Species (abstract screen): 15 human, 18 rodent, 8 other animal, 3 in vitro
44 studies (15 human) · show quotes
- Loading… Each study is also listed with its citation in Studies.
Glucosamine & Chondroitin glucosamine sulfate vs glucosamine hcl: which absorbs better?
2 studies in our abstract screen mention both forms.
Species (abstract screen): 1 human, 1 other animal
2 studies (1 human) · show quotes
- Loading… Each study is also listed with its citation in Studies.
Should you take Glucosamine & Chondroitin with food?
B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.human + animal datahow we gradeSpecies (abstract screen): 1 human, 2 rodent, 1 other animal
Grade basis (abstract screen): 1 human randomized/crossover and 1 human studies in total. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.
4 studies (1 human) · show quotes
- Loading… Each study is also listed with its citation in Studies.
Best time to take Glucosamine & Chondroitin
Not graded: no comparable evidence yet. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.no datahow we gradeSpecies (abstract screen): no studies
Grade basis (abstract screen): No relevant studies in the database for this question.
No relevant studies in our database address this question yet. We don't fill gaps with guesses.
Glucosamine & Chondroitin cost per mg calculator
Compare what you pay per mg of each form. Shows published ranges only; no dose recommendations.
FAQ
Which form of Glucosamine & Chondroitin is best absorbed?
No form clearly absorbs better: human head-to-head studies in our data do not separate the forms of glucosamine & chondroitin. Most-studied form: Glucosamine sulfate (5 human studies with measured absorption, grade B). More data is not proof of better absorption. Caveat: without head-to-head studies, forms tested in separate studies can't be ranked fairly. See the evidence →
Is Glucosamine & Chondroitin glucosamine sulfate better absorbed than glucosamine hcl?
We have 2 relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section. See the evidence →
Should Glucosamine & Chondroitin be taken with food?
We have 4 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting. See the evidence →
When is the best time to take Glucosamine & Chondroitin?
We have no relevant studies in our database that mention timing. See the evidence →
Is this dosing advice?
No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. Talk to a clinician about what's right for you. See the evidence →
Answers summarize the data on this page.
Measured absorption data (full-text extraction)
104 papers read in full text, 52 with usable data (52 excluded as off-topic, reviews or off-target). 378 values extracted. Species: Rodent 22Human 16Other animal 10In vitro 3Pig 1
Grades: draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily). Directions are auto-parsed from author statements; values are copied exactly as printed, never converted or estimated.
Forms with measured values
| Form | Studies | Values | Absorption evidence grade | Species |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucosamine sulfate | 9 | 68 | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 5 human studies, total n=80, 4 randomized/crossover; median CV 1.4% across 5 matched set(s) (consistent) | Human×7Other animal×2 |
| Glucosamine HCl | 10 | 127 | D: animal or lab data only, or conflicting comparisons. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. animal/in vitro data only | Rodent×4Other animal×3Human×2In vitro×1 |
| Chondroitin sulfate | 10 | 31 | C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 2 human studies, total n=27, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies) | Rodent×5Other animal×3Human×2 |
| Glucosamine + chondroitin | 2 | 44 | C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 1 human study, total n=10, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies) | Human×1Other animal×1 |
Single-form studies count as evidence for that form. Form tags are keyword-matched from arm descriptions and need reviewer confirmation.
Head-to-head comparisons
D: animal or lab data only, or conflicting comparisons. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.Glucosamine sulfate vs Glucosamine HClcombined head-to-head + matched single-form grade
head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: D (no human head-to-head; 1 non-human studies); indirect: none
| Study | Comparison | Parameter | Author-stated result | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | median AUC0-12h | GS > GH “median AUC0–12h and the median AUC0–inf were higher (P = 0.02 and P = 0.008)” (Results p.976) | 0.02 |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | median AUC0-inf | GS > GH “(P = 0.02 and P = 0.008)” (Results p.976) | 0.008 |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | median CL/F | GS < GH “median CL/F ... was lower after oral glucosamine sulphate treatment (P = 0.008)” (Results p.976) | 0.008 |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | median t1/2 | GS 4.0 h vs GH 3.0 h “(P = 0.055)” (Results p.976) | 0.055 |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | median Cmax | no significant difference “not statistically significant” (Results p.976) | no |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | median oral bioavailability | GS marginally higher (9.4 vs 6.1%) “marginally, but not significantly higher ... (P = 0.08)” (Results p.976-977) | 0.08 |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_IV vs GH_IV | median AUC0-12h, AUC0-inf, T1/2, CL, MRT, Vd | no significant differences “There was no significant difference between the median AUC0–12h or the median AUC0–inf of both IV treatments” (Results p.975) | no |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | synovial fluid concentration at 1 h | GS > GH “statistically significant at 1 (P = 0.0004)” (Results p.977) | 0.0004 |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | synovial fluid concentration at 6 h | GS > GH “and 6 h (P = 0.02)” (Results p.977) | 0.02 |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_NG vs GH_NG | synovial fluid concentration at 12 h | no significant difference “but not at 12 h (P = 0.07)” (Results p.977) | 0.07 |
| Other animal PMID 18295513 | GS_IV vs GH_IV | synovial fluid concentrations | no significant difference “not statistically significant following IV treatment” (Results p.977) | no |
Cmax, Tmax and AUC by study arm (352 values)
| Study | Arm / form | Dose | Fed | n | Analyte | Param | Value | Units | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human 16145658 | D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax | 1.9 ± 0.3 (NR) | h | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax | 1.8 ± 0.3 (NR) | h | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | Viaereil-S 250 mg/capsule (lot 00502), Rottapharm, Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm Company, Italy)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax | 1.8 ± 0.4 (NR) | h | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax | 3.0 ± 1.1 (NR) | µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax | 3.3 ± 1.3 (NR) | µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | Viaereil-S 250 mg/capsule (lot 00502), Rottapharm, Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm Company, Italy)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax | 3.2 ± 1.3 (NR) | µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0−T | 9.5 ± 3.5 (NR) | h µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0−T | 10.0 ± 3.2 (NR) | h µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | Viaereil-S 250 mg/capsule (lot 00502), Rottapharm, Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm Company, Italy)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0−T | 9.5 ± 3.3 (NR) | h µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0−∞ | 10.5 ± 4.2 (NR) | h µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0−∞ | 11.1 ± 3.8 (NR) | h µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16145658 | Viaereil-S 250 mg/capsule (lot 00502), Rottapharm, Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm Company, Italy)) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 18 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0−∞ | 10.3 ± 3.6 (NR) | h µg/mL | Table 1 |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate (Dona, Viartril-S, Xicil or other trademarks)) | 750 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax steady state | 3 | h | Table IV quote mismatch, check |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate (Dona, Viartril-S, Xicil or other trademarks)) | 750 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUCss (within dosing interval at steady state) | 9697.0 ± 4215 (SD) | ng·h/ml | Table IV |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate (Dona, Viartril-S, Xicil or other trademarks)) | 750 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUCt (to last measurable concentration) | 14,323 ± 5582 (SD) | ng·h/ml | Table IV |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax steady state | 3 | h | Table IV |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUCss (within dosing interval at steady state) | 14,564 ± 4138 (SD) | ng·h/ml | Table IV |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate) | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUCt (to last measurable concentration) | 20,216 ± 5021 (SD) | ng·h/ml | Table IV |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate) | 3000 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax steady state | 4 | h | Table IV |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate) | 3000 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUCss (within dosing interval at steady state) | 22,095 ± 6984 (SD) | ng·h/ml | Table IV |
| Human 16168682 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate) | 3000 mg (salt/compound) | fasted | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUCt (to last measurable concentration) | 27,991 ± 8035 (SD) | ng·h/ml | Table IV |
| Human 16740419 | glucosamine sulfate capsule 250 mg/capsule (lot GSC Q026), Yongxin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China (Yongxin Pharm (domestic)) | 1500 mg (six capsules) (salt/compound) | fasted | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0→t | 9.8546 ± 3.5875 (NR) | µg h/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16740419 | glucosamine sulfate capsule 250 mg/capsule (lot GSC Q026), Yongxin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China (Yongxin Pharm (domestic)) | 1500 mg (six capsules) (salt/compound) | fasted | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0→∞ | 10.2121 ± 4.1542 (NR) | µg h/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16740419 | glucosamine sulfate capsule 250 mg/capsule (lot GSC Q026), Yongxin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China (Yongxin Pharm (domestic)) | 1500 mg (six capsules) (salt/compound) | fasted | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax | 3.2125 ± 2.1728 (NR) | µg/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16740419 | glucosamine sulfate capsule 250 mg/capsule (lot GSC Q026), Yongxin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China (Yongxin Pharm (domestic)) | 1500 mg (six capsules) (salt/compound) | fasted | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax | 1.54 ± 0.73 (NR) | h | Table 3 |
| Human 16740419 | Viaereil-S capsule 250 mg glucosamine sulfate (lot C04090A), Rottapharm Pharm. Co. Ltd., Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm)) | 1500 mg (six capsules) (salt/compound) | fasted | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0→t | 9.8213 ± 4.0522 (NR) | µg h/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16740419 | Viaereil-S capsule 250 mg glucosamine sulfate (lot C04090A), Rottapharm Pharm. Co. Ltd., Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm)) | 1500 mg (six capsules) (salt/compound) | fasted | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0→∞ | 10.3655 ± 4.0568 (NR) | µg h/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16740419 | Viaereil-S capsule 250 mg glucosamine sulfate (lot C04090A), Rottapharm Pharm. Co. Ltd., Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm)) | 1500 mg (six capsules) (salt/compound) | fasted | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax | 3.1065 ± 2.1410 (NR) | µg/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16740419 | Viaereil-S capsule 250 mg glucosamine sulfate (lot C04090A), Rottapharm Pharm. Co. Ltd., Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm)) | 1500 mg (six capsules) (salt/compound) | fasted | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax | 1.76 ± 0.68 (NR) | h | Table 3 |
| Human 16931183 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate oral soluble powder sachet | 1880 mg crystalline GLcN sulfate (printed as corresponding to 1500 mg of GLcN sulfate) (salt/compound) | NR | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax peak plasma concentration, single dose (exogenous glucosamine, baseline-subtracted) | 980 ± 265 (NR) | ng/ml | Results 3.7, p.124 |
| Human 16931183 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate oral soluble powder sachet | 1880 mg crystalline GLcN sulfate (printed as corresponding to 1500 mg of GLcN sulfate) (salt/compound) | NR | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax peak plasma concentration, repeated dose (exogenous glucosamine, baseline-subtracted) | 1510 ± 490 (NR) | ng/ml | Results 3.7, p.124 |
| Human 16931183 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate oral soluble powder sachet | 1880 mg crystalline GLcN sulfate (printed as corresponding to 1500 mg of GLcN sulfate) (salt/compound) | NR | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax single dose, time of peak as stated in text | 3 | h | Results 3.7, p.124 |
| Human 16931183 | crystalline glucosamine sulfate oral soluble powder sachet | 1880 mg crystalline GLcN sulfate (printed as corresponding to 1500 mg of GLcN sulfate) (salt/compound) | NR | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax repeated dose, time of peak as stated in text | 3 | h | Results 3.7, p.124 |
| Human 17065354 | glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center) | 500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks) (salt/compound) | NR | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax after single 500 mg oral dose | 3.8 ± 0.8 (SEM) | µmol/l | Table 4 |
| Human 17065354 | glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center) | 500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks) (salt/compound) | NR | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax after single 500 mg oral dose | 110 ± 17 (SEM) | min | Table 4 |
| Human 17065354 | glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center) | 500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks) (salt/compound) | NR | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0–240 | 540 ± 112 (SEM) | µmol/l × min | Table 4 |
| Human 17065354 | glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center) | 500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks) (salt/compound) | NR | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax after single 500 mg oral dose | 2.5 ± 0.4 (SEM) | µmol/l | Table 4 |
| Human 17065354 | glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center) | 500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks) (salt/compound) | NR | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax after single 500 mg oral dose | 129 ± 18 (SEM) | min | Table 4 |
| Human 17065354 | glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center) | 500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks) (salt/compound) | NR | 20 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0–240 | 403 ± 70 (SEM) | µmol/l × min | Table 4 |
| Human 17065354 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax peak concentrations stated in Discussion | ~60 | min | Discussion p.3148 | ||||
| Human 17065354 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax maximal concentration after 500 mg oral dose, as stated in Discussion | ~3 | µmol/l | Discussion p.3148 | ||||
| Human 17544344 | test glucosamine sulfate formulation (not described) | 750 mg (NR) | NR | 22 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax | 2.86 ± 0.93 (SD) | h | Table 4 |
| Human 17544344 | test glucosamine sulfate formulation (not described) | 750 mg (NR) | NR | 22 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax | 343 ± 93 (SD) | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 17544344 | test glucosamine sulfate formulation (not described) | 750 mg (NR) | NR | 22 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0-t | 1843 ± 623 (SD) | ng h/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 17544344 | test glucosamine sulfate formulation (not described) | 750 mg (NR) | NR | 22 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0-inf | 1878 ± 639 (SD) | ng h/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 17544344 | Viartril-S glucosamine sulfate capsule 750 mg (Rottapharm, Ireland) (Viartril-S) | 750 mg (NR) | NR | 22 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax | 2.64 ± 0.79 (SD) | h | Table 4 |
| Human 17544344 | Viartril-S glucosamine sulfate capsule 750 mg (Rottapharm, Ireland) (Viartril-S) | 750 mg (NR) | NR | 22 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax | 312 ± 92 (SD) | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 17544344 | Viartril-S glucosamine sulfate capsule 750 mg (Rottapharm, Ireland) (Viartril-S) | 750 mg (NR) | NR | 22 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0-t | 1637 ± 447 (SD) | ng h/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 17544344 | Viartril-S glucosamine sulfate capsule 750 mg (Rottapharm, Ireland) (Viartril-S) | 750 mg (NR) | NR | 22 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0-inf | 1666 ± 460 (SD) | ng h/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 22031460 | powder for oral solution containing glucosamine sulfate (Dinaflex (Zodiac S/A)) | 1.5 g glucosamine sulfate (salt/compound) | fasting | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Cmax | 1022 | ng/mL | Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855 |
| Human 22031460 | powder for oral solution containing glucosamine sulfate (Dinaflex (Zodiac S/A)) | 1.5 g glucosamine sulfate (salt/compound) | fasting | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | Tmax | 3.2 | h | Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855 |
| Human 22031460 | powder for oral solution containing glucosamine sulfate (Dinaflex (Zodiac S/A)) | 1.5 g glucosamine sulfate (salt/compound) | fasting | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0-t (zero to last sampling time) | 4034 | ng h/mL | Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855 |
| Human 22031460 | powder for oral solution containing glucosamine sulfate (Dinaflex (Zodiac S/A)) | 1.5 g glucosamine sulfate (salt/compound) | fasting | 12 | glucosamine (plasma) | AUC AUC0-inf | 4194 | ng h/mL | Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855 |
| Human 25802209 | glucosamine hydrochloride tablets | 750 mg (salt/compound) | fasted 12 h | 1 | glucosamine (GlcN) (plasma) | Cmax | 647.1 | ng/mL | Results 3.3 p.1870 |
| Human 25802209 | glucosamine hydrochloride tablets | 750 mg (salt/compound) | fasted 12 h | 1 | glucosamine (GlcN) (plasma) | Tmax | 1.25 | h | Results 3.3 p.1870 |
| Human 25802209 | glucosamine hydrochloride tablets | 750 mg (salt/compound) | fasted 12 h | 1 | glucosamine (GlcN) (plasma) | AUC AUC0-14h | 2.976 | mg·h/L | Results 3.3 p.1870 |
| Human 25802209 | glucosamine hydrochloride tablets | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted 12 h | 1 | glucosamine (GlcN) (plasma) | Cmax | 1225 | ng/mL | Results 3.3 p.1870 |
| Human 25802209 | glucosamine hydrochloride tablets | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted 12 h | 1 | glucosamine (GlcN) (plasma) | Tmax | 4.0 | h | Results 3.3 p.1870 |
| Human 25802209 | glucosamine hydrochloride tablets | 1500 mg (salt/compound) | fasted 12 h | 1 | glucosamine (GlcN) (plasma) | AUC AUC0-14h | 5.325 | mg·h/L | Results 3.3 p.1870 |
| Human 27108107 | chondroitin sulfate sodium, microbial source, 200 mg capsules (Mythocondro (Gnosis S.p.A.)) | 2400 mg (NR) | fasted | 24 | total plasma chondroitin sulfate (plasma) | Cmax baseline-subtracted | 1.83 ± 1.66 (NR) | µg/mL | Table 7 |
Showing 60 of 352 Cmax/Tmax/AUC values (human first). All 378 values are in /api/supplements/glucosamine.
References for this section (10)
- Human Huang TM, Cai L, Yang B, Zhou MX, Shen YF, Duan GL. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the assay of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma: validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2006;20(3):251-6. PMID 16145658. doi:10.1002/bmc.558 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover (three-way, cross-administration), n=18
- Human Persiani S, Roda E, Rovati LC, Locatelli M, Giacovelli G, Roda A. Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2005;13(12):1041-9. PMID 16168682. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.009 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover (open, Williams variance-balanced design, three dose levels), n=12
- Human Zhang LJ, Huang TM, Fang XL, Li XN, Wang QS, Zhang ZW, Sha XY. Determination of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma by precolumn derivatization using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: its application to a bioequivalence study. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2006;842(1):8-12. PMID 16740419. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.045 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover (single dose, two-period, two-treatment), n=20
- Human Roda A, Sabatini L, Barbieri A, Guardigli M, Locatelli M, Violante FS, Rovati LC, Persiani S. Development and validation of a sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the direct determination of glucosamine in human plasma. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2006;844(1):119-26. PMID 16931183. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.013 PubMed · DOI · other (method validation with application to a separate bioavailability study described briefly; ref 21), n=12
- Human Muniyappa R, Karne RJ, Hall G, Crandon SK, Bronstein JA, Ver MR, Hortin GL, Quon MJ. Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects. Diabetes. 2006;55(11):3142-50. PMID 17065354. doi:10.2337/db06-0714 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover (double-blind, placebo-controlled; PK single dose at end of each 6-week period), n=40
- Human Zhong S, Zhong D, Chen X. Improved and simplified liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the analysis of underivatized glucosamine in human plasma. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2007;854(1-2):291-8. PMID 17544344. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.043 PubMed · DOI · crossover (test vs reference), randomization NR, n=22
- Human César IC, Byrro RM, de Santana E Silva Cardoso FF, Mundim IM, de Souza Teixeira L, Rezende KR, da Silva EP, Gomes SA, de Sousa VA, Bonfim RR, Pianetti GA. Quantitation of glucosamine sulfate in plasma by HPLC-MS/MS after administration of powder for oral solution formulation. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2012;26(7):851-6. PMID 22031460. doi:10.1002/bmc.1740 PubMed · DOI · single-arm, n=12
- Human Yang W, Zheng X, Simpemba E, Ma P, Ding L. Sensitive and rapid analytical method for the quantification of glucosamine in human plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of separation science. 2015;38(11):1866-71. PMID 25802209. doi:10.1002/jssc.201401424 PubMed · DOI · open-label randomized (single-center, open, randomized trial), n=2
- Human Miraglia N, Bianchi D, Trentin A, Volpi N, Soni MG. Safety assessment of non-animal chondroitin sulfate sodium: Subchronic study in rats, genotoxicity tests and human bioavailability. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2016;93:89-101. PMID 27108107. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.013 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover (single center, single dose, open-label, two-way), n=24
- Other animal Meulyzer M, Vachon P, Beaudry F, Vinardell T, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2008;16(9):973-9. PMID 18295513. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.006 PubMed · DOI · crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals, n=8
Indirect comparisons (across studies)
Each form's values come from different human studies that tested one form only. Rows are compared only when parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted state, single vs repeated dosing, AUC interval and units all match, and baseline correction matches where reported (a value with baseline correction not reported is labeled and capped at grade D). Serum and plasma are treated as the same matrix. Ranges are the lowest and highest printed values; nothing is averaged or pooled. Conditions a paper does not state are recorded as NR and never matched.
Indirect comparison: weighs less than head-to-head evidence; comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C. The combined grade for named pairs is shown in the head-to-head section. draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily).
Indirect comparisonGlucosamine sulfate vs Glucosamine + chondroitinC: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.baseline correction not reported
matched single-form evidence only; non-overlapping ranges in 1 matched set(s), up to 1 studies per form (baseline correction not reported: capped at C). No head-to-head grade; indirect only.
| Matched conditions | Glucosamine sulfate: range (studies, n) | Glucosamine + chondroitin: range (studies, n) | Ranges | PMIDs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Cmax, glucosamine, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 3–3.3 µg/ml 2 studies, n=38 3.0 @ 1500 mg (PMID 16145658); 3.3 @ 1500 mg (PMID 16145658); 3.2 @ 1500 mg (PMID 16145658); 3.2125 @ 1500 mg (six capsules) (PMID 16740419); 3.1065 @ 1500 mg (six capsules) (PMID 16740419) | 0.417–0.925 µg/ml 1 study, n=10 0.417 @ 500 mg (PMID 29403716); 0.795 @ 1000 mg (PMID 29403716); 0.925 @ 1500 mg (PMID 29403716) | do not overlap; Glucosamine sulfate higher | 161456581674041929403716 |
| Human Tmax, glucosamine, serum/plasma, fasted, repeated dose, baseline-corrected: yes baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 3–4 h 1 study, n=12 3 @ 750 mg (PMID 16168682); 3 @ 1500 mg (PMID 16168682); 4 @ 3000 mg (PMID 16168682) | 1.9 h 1 study, n=10 1.90 @ 500 mg (PMID 29403716) | do not overlap; Glucosamine + chondroitin faster | 1616868229403716 |
| Human Tmax, glucosamine, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 1.54–3.2 h 4 studies, n=68 1.9 @ 1500 mg (PMID 16145658); 1.8 @ 1500 mg (PMID 16145658); 1.8 @ 1500 mg (PMID 16145658); 1.54 @ 1500 mg (six capsules) (PMID 16740419); 1.76 @ 1500 mg (six capsules) (PMID 16740419); 3.2 @ 1.5 g glucosamine sulfate (PMID 22031460); 2.0 @ 1500 mg (PMID 35956389); 1.6 @ 1500 mg (PMID 35956389) | 1.9–2.7 h 1 study, n=10 2.60 @ 500 mg (PMID 29403716); 2.70 @ 1000 mg (PMID 29403716); 1.90 @ 1500 mg (PMID 29403716) | overlap | 1614565816740419220314602940371635956389 |
Pairs that cannot be compared indirectly yet
- Glucosamine sulfate vs Glucosamine HCl: no human single-form arm with a printed value for Glucosamine HCl
- Glucosamine sulfate vs Chondroitin sulfate: no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte
- Chondroitin sulfate vs Glucosamine + chondroitin: no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte
How this table was built
Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms. Values are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated, AUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form ranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is 'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C. Run after merge_bundle.py.
Evidence grades
Rubric v2: single-form human studies count. Hover or focus a grade for what it means; see the methodology. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
| Question | Grade & basis | Species |
|---|---|---|
| Page grade (best of the grades below) | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. | rubric v2, draft |
| Glucosamine sulfate: absorption evidence | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 5 human studies, total n=80, 4 randomized/crossover; median CV 1.4% across 5 matched set(s) (consistent) | human |
| Glucosamine HCl: absorption evidence | D: animal or lab data only, or conflicting comparisons. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. animal/in vitro data only | human |
| Chondroitin sulfate: absorption evidence | C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 2 human studies, total n=27, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies) | human |
| Glucosamine + chondroitin: absorption evidence | C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 1 human study, total n=10, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies) | human |
| Glucosamine sulfate vs Glucosamine HCl | D: animal or lab data only, or conflicting comparisons. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: D (no human head-to-head; 1 non-human studies); indirect: none | human (head-to-head + matched single-form) |
| With food (abstract screen) | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.human + animal datahow we grade 1 human randomized/crossover and 1 human studies in total. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review. | 1 human, 2 rodent, 1 other animal |
| Best time (abstract screen) | Not graded: no comparable evidence yet. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.no datahow we grade No relevant studies in the database for this question. | no studies |
Studies (52)
Sorted human → primate → pig → rodent → other animal → in vitro. Quotes are verbatim from the abstract or free full text. Paywalled papers: abstract only.
Show all 52 studies and quotes
- HumanQuantification of orally administered chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides in human plasma and urine.Glycobiology, 2023 · Design: other (open-label, non-randomized, repeated single-dose crossover-type with at least 3-day intervals) · n: 5 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 37440435DOI 10.1093/glycob/cwad054Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanPharmacokinetic Comparison of Chitosan-Derived and Biofermentation-Derived Glucosamine in Nutritional Supplement for Bone Health.Nutrients, 2022 · Design: randomized crossover (double-blind, single dose) · n: 20 enrolled; 18 analyzed · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 35956389DOI 10.3390/nu14153213 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanA novel and sensitive HILIC-CAD method for glucosamine quantification in plasma and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2020 · Design: observational · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 31704130DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112954Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanVariation in Plasma Levels of Glucosamine With Chronic Dosing: A Possible Reason for Inconsistent Clinical Outcomes in Osteoarthritis.Clinical therapeutics, 2020 · Design: other (observational pilot study of steady-state trough concentrations, self-selected products) · n: 91 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 32713600DOI 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.009Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanSafety assessment of non-animal chondroitin sulfate sodium: Subchronic study in rats, genotoxicity tests and human bioavailability.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2016 · Design: randomized crossover (single center, single dose, open-label, two-way) · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 27108107DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.013Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanSensitive and rapid analytical method for the quantification of glucosamine in human plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.Journal of separation science, 2015 · Design: open-label randomized (single-center, open, randomized trial) · n: 2 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 25802209DOI 10.1002/jssc.201401424Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanQuantitation of glucosamine sulfate in plasma by HPLC-MS/MS after administration of powder for oral solution formulation.Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2012 · Design: single-arm · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 22031460DOI 10.1002/bmc.1740Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanPrecolumn derivatization LC-MS/MS method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of glucosamine in human plasma and urine.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis, 2012 · Design: open-label, randomized, parallel-group · n: 30 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 29403716DOI 10.1016/j.jpha.2011.08.003 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanApplication of a liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method to a kinetic study of derivative glucosamine in healthy human urine.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2011 · Design: single-arm · n: 10 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 21310576DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.012Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanSynovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic dose.Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2007 · Design: open-label, single-arm repeated dose · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17353133DOI 10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanImproved and simplified liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the analysis of underivatized glucosamine in human plasma.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2007 · Design: crossover (test vs reference), randomization NR · n: 22 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17544344DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.043Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanLiquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the assay of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma: validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study.Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2006 · Design: randomized crossover (three-way, cross-administration) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16145658DOI 10.1002/bmc.558Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanDetermination of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma by precolumn derivatization using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: its application to a bioequivalence study.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2006 · Design: randomized crossover (single dose, two-period, two-treatment) · n: 20 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16740419DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.045Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanDevelopment and validation of a sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the direct determination of glucosamine in human plasma.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2006 · Design: other (method validation with application to a separate bioavailability study described briefly; ref 21) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16931183DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.013Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanOral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects.Diabetes, 2006 · Design: randomized crossover (double-blind, placebo-controlled; PK single dose at end of each 6-week period) · n: 40 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17065354DOI 10.2337/db06-0714Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanGlucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man.Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2005 · Design: randomized crossover (open, Williams variance-balanced design, three dose levels) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16168682DOI 10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.009Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- PigN-Acetyl-D-glucosamine improves the intestinal development and nutrient absorption of weaned piglets via regulating the activity of intestinal stem cells.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui), 2022 · Design: parallel (randomized 3 dietary treatments, 28 d) · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 34977371DOI 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.008 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentOral efficacy of structurally defined chondroitin sulfate Co-administered with SNAC in Parkinson's disease.Carbohydrate polymers, 2026 · Design: other (parallel groups, destructive sampling, n = 3 per time point) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 41198308DOI 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124492Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentOrally administered chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides attenuate hypertension via multiple protective pathways, including Hmox1-mediated antioxidant responses.Glycobiology, 2026 · Design: other (parallel groups, single oral dose in rats; in vitro Caco-2 permeation) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 42828739DOI 10.1093/glycob/cwag087Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentIn Vivo Absorption of Iron Complexes of Chondroitin Sulfates with Different Molecular Weights and Their Anti-Inflammation and Metabolism Regulation Effects on LPS-Induced Macrophages.Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2025 · Design: parallel · n: 96 mice (24 per group x 4 groups) as printed: 'Each treatment group included 24 mice' · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 41097525DOI 10.3390/foods14193356 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentEffect of reducing isoflurane level on glucosamine uptake in the mouse brain during magnetic resonance imaging studies.NeuroImage, 2024 · Design: other (two parallel anesthesia groups; CEST MRI before and after GlcN injection) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 38901773DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120691Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentStructural analysis and bioavailability study of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate‑iron complexes prepared by photocatalysis-Fenton reaction.Carbohydrate polymers, 2024 · Design: other (ex vivo everted gut sac, 6 groups) · n: 18 rats · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 39048209DOI 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122435Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentH(2)O(2)-TiO(2) photocatalytic degradation of chondroitin sulfate and in vivo absorption and excertion of its product.Carbohydrate polymers, 2023 · Design: parallel (3 groups: Blank, CS, LWCS6) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 36436864DOI 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120295Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentChondroitin sulfate functionalized palmitic acid and cysteine cografted-quaternized chitosan for CD44 and gut microbiota dual-targeted delivery of curcumin.Materials today. Bio, 2023 · Design: parallel (3 groups, randomly divided) · n: 9 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 37441137DOI 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100617 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentIntra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate: Pharmacokinetic Investigation in Osteoarthritic Rat Models.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental, 2020 · Design: single-arm · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 31956378DOI 10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.100573 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- RodentFucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate 9-18 Oligomers Exhibit Molecular Size-Independent Antithrombotic Activity while Circulating in the Blood.ACS chemical biology, 2020 · Design: other (animal PK, parallel groups) · n: 10 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 32786291DOI 10.1021/acschembio.0c00439Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentThe antiinflammatory action and pharmacokinetics of a novel glucosamine-based di-peptide aminosugar.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2013 · Design: parallel groups (randomly assigned) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 23958197DOI 10.18433/j3s898Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentAbsorption and bioavailability of glucosamine in the rat.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2012 · Design: other (specify): rat PK experiments (parallel dose/route groups, randomized crossover food study with 1-week washout, antibiotic vs saline groups) plus in vitro experiments · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 22488120DOI 10.1002/jps.23145Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentGlucosamine and adjuvant arthritis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012 · Design: parallel · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 22722009DOI 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.003Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentOptimizing high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of glucosamine using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate derivatization in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2008 · Design: single-arm · n: 5 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 18814196DOI 10.1002/bmc.1056Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- RodentSingle dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of butyryl glucosamine in the rat.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2006 · Design: other (parallel-route animal PK study plus in vitro everted sac and stability studies) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17207418Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPretreatment procedure for the microdetermination of chondroitin sulfate in plasma and urine.Analytical biochemistry, 2002 · Design: other (single-dose IV PK in mice used to demonstrate analytical method) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 11878794DOI 10.1006/abio.2001.5545Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentHigh performance liquid chromatographic determination of glucosamine in rat plasma.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2002 · Design: single-arm · n: 3 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 12207870Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- RodentSingle dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of glucosamine in the rat.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2002 · Design: other (i.v. and oral crossover in same rats; separate i.p. group) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 12207871Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentApplication to a cartilage targeting strategy: synthesis and in vivo biodistribution of (14)C-labeled quaternary ammonium-glucosamine conjugates.Bioconjugate chemistry, 2000 · Design: other (animal biodistribution/PK, IV) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 10725098DOI 10.1021/bc990128+Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentEffects of a cisplatin-chondroitin sulfate A complex in reducing the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin.Archives of toxicology, 2000 · Design: other (animal PK and toxicity, parallel groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 11005675DOI 10.1007/s002040000124Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentOral absorption and clearance of partially depolymerized fucosyl chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber.Thrombosis research, 1999 · Design: other (animal PK, IV vs oral, with saline controls) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 10030829DOI 10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00171-6Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentHexosamine metabolism. I. The absorption and metabolism, in vivo, of orally administered D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the rat.Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1966 · Design: other (parallel groups, single oral tracer dose by stomach tube) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 5970874DOI 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90489-2Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentHexosamine metabolism. II. Effect of insulin and phlorizin on the absorption and metabolism, in vivo, of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glycosamine in the rat.Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1966 · Design: other (parallel groups, single oral tracer dose; control vs insulin vs phlorizin) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 5970875DOI 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90490-9Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalSilymarin nanocrystals-laden chondroitin sulphate-based thermoreversible hydrogels; A promising approach for bioavailability enhancement.International journal of biological macromolecules, 2022 · Design: parallel (three groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 35872320DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.114Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalImproved drug delivery and accelerated diabetic wound healing by chondroitin sulfate grafted alginate-based thermoreversible hydrogels.Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 2021 · Design: parallel (two groups, randomly divided) · n: 12 (6 rabbits per group, Methods 2.6.1) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 34082970DOI 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112169Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalMetabolomic Analysis of Blood Plasma after Oral Administration of N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine in Dogs.Marine drugs, 2015 · Design: single-arm (before/after) · n: 3 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 26262626DOI 10.3390/md13085007 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- Other animalIdentification and quantification of glucosamine in rabbit cartilage and correlation with plasma levels by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.Analytica chimica acta, 2011 · Design: single-arm · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 21601033DOI 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.003Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalDevelopment and validation of a sensitive solid phase extraction/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the accurate determination of glucosamine in dog plasma.Journal of chromatography. A, 2010 · Design: single-arm · n: 9 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 20117789DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.024Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalComparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2008 · Design: crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals · n: 8 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 18295513DOI 10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.006Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalSynovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glucosamine at clinically relevant doses.Arthritis and rheumatism, 2005 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 8 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 15641100DOI 10.1002/art.20762Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalThe bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate after oral and intravenous single dose administration in the horse.Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition, 2004 · Design: randomized crossover · n: Study 1: 10; Study 2: 2 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 15083499DOI 10.1002/bdd.392Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalThe bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate after single and multiple doses to beagle dogs.Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition, 2002 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 8 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 12214321DOI 10.1002/bdd.315Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalDetermination of the nutraceutical, glucosamine hydrochloride, in raw materials, dosage forms and plasma using pre-column derivatization with ultraviolet HPLC.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 1999 · Design: single-arm · n: 1 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 10701989DOI 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00085-0Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- In vitroChondroitin sulfate and chitosan-coated liposomes as a novel delivery system for betanin: Preparation, characterization and in vitro digestion behavior.International journal of biological macromolecules, 2024 · Design: other (in vitro formulation/digestion study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 37949274DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128001Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroBioavailability enhancement of glucosamine hydrochloride by chitosan.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2013 · Design: other (specify): in vitro Caco-2; parallel-group rat PK; randomized two-period two-sequence crossover in dogs (separate crossovers for solutions and tablets) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 23830943DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.055Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroAn optimized reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for evaluating percutaneous absorption of glucosamine hydrochloride.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2006 · Design: other (in vitro permeation study, n = 5 cells) · n: 5 diffusion cells · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16426790DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.044Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
Reviewer
PhD, molecular pathology (UAB); BS, molecular biology & biochemistry (St. Olaf College). Reviews the science and evidence (not medical advice).
Draft, pending sign-off Next review: set at sign-off
Animal and lab findings are labeled and never presented as proof of effects in people. Claims are limited to what the cited studies report. See our methodology.