Milk Thistle(Silymarin) Absorption: Forms, Food & Timing, Compared
Bottom line
B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.We found 149 studies with usable absorption data for this supplement, 25 of them in people; every value below is copied from its paper and cited.
Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) measured higher than standard silymarin extract in the one human head-to-head study (grade B).
Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) vs standard silymarin extract: matched single-form studies only (grade C).
- Studies in database
- 149 (all full-text)
- Species
- 25 human, 1 pig, 79 rodent, 15 other animal, 29 in vitro
- Form comparison grades
- C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) vs Standard silymarin extractB: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) vs Standard silymarin extract
Educational information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.
Best-absorbed form
Draft — pending reviewer- Best-absorbed form in our data: Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) (evidence grade B).
- Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) measured higher than standard silymarin extract in the one human head-to-head study (grade B).
- Caveat: this rests on one small study, so treat it as provisional.
Absorption evidence only, from the graded comparisons on this page. Not a recommendation to buy any product, not dosing advice, not medical advice.
124 of 149 studies are not in humans; each is labeled with a species badge.
Milk Thistle (Silymarin) forms compared
| Form | Lowest | Highest | Studies | PMIDs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) | 582.4 | 2333.7 | 1 | 18054294 |
| Standard silymarin extract | 3 | 1691 | 5 | 16221754, 17913795, 18566043, 21865319, 23835761 |
| Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) | 812.43 | 812.43 | 1 | 30108644 |
n = number of human studies. Full values with doses, sources and citations are in the data tables below.
Form tags are matched automatically and need reviewer confirmation. Values are not normalized across studies.
Species (abstract screen): 22 human, 1 pig, 78 rodent, 15 other animal, 29 in vitro
145 studies (22 human) · show quotes
- Loading… Each study is also listed with its citation in Studies.
Milk Thistle (Silymarin) silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) vs standard silymarin extract: which absorbs better?
Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) vs standard silymarin extract: matched single-form studies only (grade C). See the measured values →
Species (abstract screen): no studies
No relevant studies in our database address this question yet. We don't fill gaps with guesses.
Milk Thistle (Silymarin) other enhanced formulas (smedds, micellar, water-soluble) vs standard silymarin extract: which absorbs better?
Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) measured higher than standard silymarin extract in the one human head-to-head study (grade B). See the measured values →
Species (abstract screen): no studies
No relevant studies in our database address this question yet. We don't fill gaps with guesses.
Should you take Milk Thistle (Silymarin) with food?
B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.human + animal datahow we gradeSpecies (abstract screen): 6 human, 1 pig, 2 rodent, 1 other animal
Grade basis (abstract screen): 5 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.
10 studies (6 human) · show quotes
- Loading… Each study is also listed with its citation in Studies.
Best time to take Milk Thistle (Silymarin)
Not graded: no comparable evidence yet. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.no datahow we gradeSpecies (abstract screen): no studies
Grade basis (abstract screen): No relevant studies in the database for this question.
No relevant studies in our database address this question yet. We don't fill gaps with guesses.
Milk Thistle (Silymarin) cost per mg calculator
Compare what you pay per mg of each form. Shows published ranges only; no dose recommendations.
FAQ
Which form of Milk Thistle (Silymarin) is best absorbed?
Best-absorbed form in our data: Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) (evidence grade B). Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) measured higher than standard silymarin extract in the one human head-to-head study (grade B). Caveat: this rests on one small study, so treat it as provisional. See the evidence →
Is Milk Thistle (Silymarin) silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) better absorbed than standard silymarin extract?
Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) vs standard silymarin extract: matched single-form studies only (grade C). See the evidence →
Is Milk Thistle (Silymarin) other enhanced formulas (smedds, micellar, water-soluble) better absorbed than standard silymarin extract?
Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) measured higher than standard silymarin extract in the one human head-to-head study (grade B). See the evidence →
Should Milk Thistle (Silymarin) be taken with food?
We have 10 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting. See the evidence →
When is the best time to take Milk Thistle (Silymarin)?
We have no relevant studies in our database that mention timing. See the evidence →
Is this dosing advice?
No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. Talk to a clinician about what's right for you. See the evidence →
Answers summarize the data on this page.
Measured absorption data (full-text extraction)
207 papers read in full text, 149 with usable data (58 excluded as off-topic, reviews or off-target). 2119 values extracted. Species: Rodent 79In vitro 29Human 25Other animal 15Pig 1
Grades: draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily). Directions are auto-parsed from author statements; values are copied exactly as printed, never converted or estimated.
Forms with measured values
| Form | Studies | Values | Absorption evidence grade | Species |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard silymarin extract | 64 | 964 | C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 11 human studies, total n=119, 7 randomized/crossover; median CV 102.85% across 2 matched set(s) (inconsistent) | Rodent×30Human×18Other animal×10In vitro×6 |
| Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) | 7 | 35 | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 3 human studies, total n=65, 1 randomized/crossover; median CV 17.0% across 1 matched set(s) (consistent) | Human×3Rodent×3Other animal×1 |
| Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) | 50 | 313 | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 4 human studies, total n=56, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies) | Rodent×32Other animal×10Human×4In vitro×4 |
Single-form studies count as evidence for that form. Form tags are keyword-matched from arm descriptions and need reviewer confirmation.
Head-to-head comparisons
C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) vs Standard silymarin extractcombined head-to-head + matched single-form grade
head-to-head and matched single-form evidence agree. H2H: C (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: unclear (0 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: C (2 separated matched set(s), ≥1 studies per form, baseline correction not reported)
| Study | Comparison | Parameter | Author-stated result | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other animal PMID 17348898 | SPC (group B) vs silymarin extract groups | Cmax and AUC0-24h | SPC > extract “*P < 0.05 between silymarin extract groups and SPC group.” (Table 1) | <0.05 |
| Other animal PMID 17348898 | SPC vs silymarin extract | Tmax | no significant difference “There was no statistically significant difference in the Tmax values between the SPC and silymarin extract group of dogs.” (Results p.134) | no |
| Other animal PMID 17348898 | SPC vs silymarin extract | t1/2 | very similar “The t1/2 for both the SPC and silymarin extract dogs was very similar.” (Results p.134) | NR |
| Human PMID 30635055 | A (SPC capsule) vs B (SM tablet) | Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-T, AUC0-inf, t1/2 | SPC higher Cmax and AUC; shorter Tmax and t1/2 “All pharmacokinetic parameters differed significantly between formulations (P < 0.0001).” (Table 1; Results) | < 0.0001 |
| In vitro PMID 30935093 | Eurosil85 vs silibinin-PC | Papp AP-BL | Eurosil85 > silibinin-PC “* One-way ANOVA p < 0.0001” (Fig. 1B legend) | <0.0001 |
| In vitro PMID 30935093 | silibinin-PC vs Eurosil85 | Papp BL-AP | silibinin-PC > Eurosil85 “* One-way ANOVA p < 0.0001” (Fig. 1C legend) | <0.0001 |
| In vitro PMID 30935093 | Eurosil85 vs silibinin-PC | efflux ratio | Eurosil85 < silibinin-PC “was 1.57 (<2), significantly lower than that obtained with silibinin-PC” (Fig. 2A; Results p.3) | <0.0001 |
| In vitro PMID 30935093 | Eurosil85 vs silibinin-PC | Pactive | Eurosil85 < silibinin-PC “* One-way ANOVA p < 0.0001” (Fig. 2B legend) | <0.0001 |
| Rodent PMID 31207432 | L vs S | Cmax | conventional liposomes > silymarin suspension (604.48 vs 100.45 ng/ml) “The Cmax was increased in conventional liposomal formulation administered group to 604.48 ± 14.53 ng/ml without any change in tmax.” (Results p.8 / Table 4) | NR |
| Rodent PMID 31207432 | L vs S | AUC | conventional liposomes > silymarin “The area under the curve (AUC) of the formulation was more than three times higher than silymarin alone” (Results p.8; Abstract) | NR |
| Rodent PMID 35890088 | Phytosome (B) vs pure silymarin (A) | Cmax, AUC0-t, t1/2, MRT, Cl, Vd | phytosome higher Cmax, AUC0-t, t1/2, MRT; lower Cl and Vd “optimized silymarin phytosomal formulation showed a significantly higher peak concentration (Cmax = 1.1 ± 0.12 µg/mL) compared to the plain drug” (Table 5) | <0.01 |
B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) vs Standard silymarin extractcombined head-to-head + matched single-form grade
head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: first form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none
| Study | Comparison | Parameter | Author-stated result | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro PMID 16356669 | F1 vs SUSP | permeation extent after 6 h | not significantly different “The extent of drug permeation after 6 h from products of formulae 1 and 2 was not significantly different relative to that from silymarin suspension (P = 0.072 and 0.131, respectively).” (Results 3.2) | 0.072 |
| In vitro PMID 16356669 | F2 vs SUSP | permeation extent after 6 h | not significantly different “(P = 0.072 and 0.131, respectively)” (Results 3.2) | 0.131 |
| In vitro PMID 16356669 | F3 vs SUSP | permeation extent after 6 h | F3 > SUSP “Formula 3 produced a significant increase in the permeation of silymarin through chicken pouch (P = 0.013).” (Results 3.2) | 0.013 |
| Other animal PMID 16687221 | proliposome vs silymarin capsule | Cmax, AUC | proliposome > silymarin (Cmax 472.62 vs 89.78 ng ml-1; AUC0-inf 2606.21 vs 697.04 ng ml-1 h) “The high bioavailability of silymarin proliposome could be obtained by oral administration.” (Abstract / Tables 2-3) | NR |
| Other animal PMID 20405254 | S (SMEDDS) vs L (Legalon) | Cmax | SMEDDS > Legalon “There existed significant difference in Cmax for the two formulations (p<0.05)” (Results p.677; Table II) | <0.05 |
| Rodent PMID 21111585 | A vs B | plasma AUC / relative bioavailability, silybin A | pellets > dry extract (354-fold) “Bioavailabilities of silybin A and silybin B were 354 and 131 times respectively higher when administered as pellets” (Results p.509) | NR |
| Rodent PMID 21111585 | A vs B | plasma AUC / relative bioavailability, silybin B | pellets > dry extract (131-fold) “Bioavailabilities of silybin A and silybin B were 354 and 131 times respectively higher when administered as pellets” (Results p.509) | NR |
| Rodent PMID 21111585 | A vs B | lymphatic absorption | pellets: silymarin in lymph; dry extract: not quantifiable “silymarin is absorbed through the lymphatic system when administered as pellets, while it was not present in the lymph at the quantifiable levels when administered as dry extract” (Results p.510) | NR |
| Rodent PMID 21549187 | A vs B and A vs C | Cmax | TF14 > marketed and bulk drug suspension “Cmax of TF14 formulation was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the marketed conventional formulation and bulk drug suspension” (Results p.252) | <0.01 |
| Rodent PMID 21549187 | A vs B and A vs C | Tmax | TF14 shorter “the difference in tmax of TF14 formulation was significant when compared to tmax of marketed formulation and bulk drug suspension (p < 0.01)” (Results p.252) | <0.01 |
| Other animal PMID 21666703 | B vs A | Cmax | proliposomes > suspension (4.96-fold) “the Cmax was approximately 4.96-fold higher than that of the dehydrosilymarin suspension” (Results p.977) | NR |
| Other animal PMID 21666703 | B vs A | AUCt | proliposomes > suspension (2.29-fold) “The AUCt of the vesicle was approximately 2.29-fold higher than that of the dehydrosilymarin suspension” (Results p.977) | NR |
| In vitro PMID 23851081 | F2, F3, F4, F5 vs pure silymarin reference: HepG2 uptake | cellular uptake | liposomes > reference “always displayed a higher silymarin uptake with significant differences when compared with the pure silymarin reference solution” (Results 3.9 p.168) | 0.0003, 0.0002, 0.0003, 0.0008 (F2-F5 vs reference, respectively) |
| In vitro PMID 23851081 | F9, F10 vs pure silymarin reference: HepG2 uptake | cellular uptake | F9, F10 > reference “with significant differences when compared with the pure silymarin reference solution (12.5 ± 1.0%) (P = 0.0025 and 0.0018, respectively)” (Results 3.9 p.169) | 0.0025, 0.0018 (F9, F10) |
| In vitro PMID 23851081 | F7, F8 vs pure silymarin reference: HepG2 uptake | cellular uptake | no difference “did not show any significant change in silymarin cellular uptake ... compared to the pure silymarin reference solution (P = 0.0627 and 0.131” (Results 3.9 p.169) | 0.0627, 0.131 (F7, F8) |
| Rodent PMID 24039417 | NP vs COM | AUC | NP > COM “AUC 185.34 ± 25.22* vs 145.18 ± 14.49; *P < 0.05 compared with commercial product” (Table 1) | <0.05 |
| Rodent PMID 24039417 | NP vs COM | Cmax | NP > COM “Cmax 22.07 ± 2.25* vs 15.36 ± 2.25” (Table 1) | <0.05 |
| Rodent PMID 24039417 | NP vs COM | Tmax | NP shorter than COM “the time taken to reach peak drug levels for the nanoparticles was significantly shorter” (Table 1) | <0.05 |
| Rodent PMID 24039417 | NP vs COM | t1/2 and Kel | no considerable difference “the Kel and t1/2 values of the drug did not vary considerably between these two groups” (Results p.3341) | no |
| Rodent PMID 24039417 | NP vs COM | initial plasma concentrations 0.25 and 1.5 h | NP > COM “initial plasma concentrations of drugs in nanoparticles between 0.25 and 1.5 hours were impressively higher than those in the commercial product (P < 0.05)” (Results p.3341; Fig. 6) | <0.05 |
| Rodent PMID 25149982 | LIP vs SIL | AUC0-2 and Cmax | LIP > SIL “Cmax was increased by liposomal formulation to 716.40 ± 42.85 ng/ml without a change in tmax” (Table 4; Results p.796) | NR |
| Rodent PMID 25149982 | LIP vs SIL | half-life | LIP shorter (0.67 vs 1.28 h) “Decrease in half-life and increase elimination rate constant can be justified by selective clearance of liposome by Kupffer cells.” (Table 4; Discussion) | NR |
| In vitro PMID 26674103 | A (liposome) vs B (control solution) | AUC of serosal absorption | liposome > control solution “approximately 1-fold increase in AUC compared to the control group (P<0.01)” (Results p.8) | <0.01 |
| Rodent PMID 28503949 | C (NE9) vs A (standard suspension) | Cmax | NE9 > standard “The Cmax of NE9 was found to be 38.62 ± 2.43 µg/ml. That was higher than silymarin-marketed suspension (10.36 ± 1.06) and standard suspension (5.24 ± 4.31)” (Table 4; Results p.237) | <.01 |
| Rodent PMID 28503949 | C vs B (conventional suspension) | Cmax | NE9 > conventional | <.05 |
| Rodent PMID 28503949 | C vs A | AUC0-all | NE9 > standard “17-fold higher than standard suspension (17.82 ± 7.32) (p < .01)” (Table 4; Results p.238) | <.01 |
| Rodent PMID 28503949 | C vs B | AUC0-all | NE9 > conventional “8-fold higher than marketed suspension” (Table 4) | <.01 |
| Rodent PMID 28503949 | C vs A and B | Tmax | NE9 shorter “shorter Tmax (p < .05) compared with conventional and standard suspensions of silymarin (Abstract)” (Table 4) | <.01 vs standard; <.05 vs conventional |
| In vitro PMID 31052197 | SLM-MNM vs free-SLM | PAMPA Pe | SLM-MNM > free-SLM “** p < 0.01 vs. free-SLM” (Fig. 4; Results 2.6) | <0.01 |
| In vitro PMID 31052197 | SLM-PNM vs free-SLM | PAMPA Pe | SLM-PNM > free-SLM (borderline) “borderline, into PNM (p = 0.069; Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparisons test)” (Results 2.6) | 0.069 |
| Rodent PMID 31207432 | L vs S | Cmax | conventional liposomes > silymarin suspension (604.48 vs 100.45 ng/ml) “The Cmax was increased in conventional liposomal formulation administered group to 604.48 ± 14.53 ng/ml without any change in tmax.” (Results p.8 / Table 4) | NR |
| Rodent PMID 31207432 | L vs S | AUC | conventional liposomes > silymarin “The area under the curve (AUC) of the formulation was more than three times higher than silymarin alone” (Results p.8; Abstract) | NR |
| Other animal PMID 35300217 | SD vs PM | Cmax | SD higher (1,190.02 vs 411.35 ng ml−1) “The Cmax and AUC0−∞ for the solid dispersion group were both statistically different (p < 0.05) from the premix group.” (Table 4) | <0.05 |
| Other animal PMID 35300217 | SD vs PM | AUC0-∞ | SD higher (1,299.19 vs 586.82 ng ml−1 h) “The Cmax and AUC0−∞ for the solid dispersion group were both statistically different (p < 0.05)” (Table 4) | <0.05 |
| Other animal PMID 35300217 | SD vs PM | Vd | SD lower (112.10 vs 239.34 L kg−1) | <0.05 |
| Other animal PMID 35300217 | SD vs PM | Kel, t1/2, Tmax, MRT | no difference “no significant statistical difference was observed for pharmacokinetic parameters ... such as Kel, t1/2, and Tmax” (Table 4) | >0.05 |
| Other animal PMID 35300217 | SD vs PM | relative bioavailability (stated ratios) | Cmax about x2.9, AUC about x2.2 that of premix; text also says peak '~3-fold greater' and 'relative bioavailability increased more than 2-fold (Table 4)' “Cmax and AUC in pharmacokinetics were about ×2.9 and ×2.2 that of the premix group” (Results p.3; Discussion p.5) | NR |
| Other animal PMID 35300217 | SD vs PM | in vitro cumulative release | SD about 2.5-fold higher than premix (total released per unit time) “the total released per unit time was 2.5-fold higher (Table 2, Figure 1)” (Results p.3) | NR |
| Rodent PMID 36178580 | E2-C vs E2-A and E2-B | Cmax, AUC8h, AUC∞ | SD > PM > silymarin “the relative BA increased to 589% compared with the silymarin group” (Table 2) | <0.05 |
| Pig PMID 37695023 | Micelle-type (TRT4-6) vs powdered (TRT1-3) silymarin, plasma concentration at 1 h | plasma silymarin (ng/mL) | micelle > powder “micelle-type silymarin showed higher (p < 0.05) absorption rate compared to the powdered type silymarin in 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th and 24th h” (Table 6) | 0.0018 |
| Pig PMID 37695023 | TRT4-6 vs TRT1-3 at 2 h | plasma silymarin (ng/mL) | micelle > powder | 0.0053 |
| Pig PMID 37695023 | TRT4-6 vs TRT1-3 at 4 h | plasma silymarin (ng/mL) | micelle > powder | 0.0312 |
| Pig PMID 37695023 | TRT4-6 vs TRT1-3 at 8 h | plasma silymarin (ng/mL) | micelle > powder | 0.0118 |
| Pig PMID 37695023 | TRT4-6 vs TRT1-3 at 12 h | plasma silymarin (ng/mL) | micelle > powder | 0.0073 |
| Pig PMID 37695023 | TRT4-6 vs TRT1-3 at 24 h | plasma silymarin (ng/mL) | micelle > powder | 0.0010 |
| Other animal PMID 37964172 | SM-SMEDDS vs SM and vs Legalon®, SB Cmax | Cmax | SM-SMEDDS > SM, SM-SMEDDS > Legalon® “SM-SMEDDS exhibited a significantly improved Cmax compared to both SM (p < 0.05) and Legalon® (p < 0.05)” (Results 3.5.2; Table 3) | <0.05 |
| Other animal PMID 37964172 | SM-SMEDDS vs Legalon®, SB relative bioavailability (AUC) | AUC0-t / relative bioavailability | SM-SMEDDS > Legalon® “SM-SMEDDS can dramatically enhanced the bioavailability of SM, even compared to Legalon® (p < 0.05)” (Results 3.5.2) | <0.05 |
| Other animal PMID 39079328 | Micelle silymarin (TRT2) vs powder silymarin (TRT1) | blood silymarin 'absorption rate' at 2 h | TRT2 > TRT1 “micelletype silymarin showed a higher (p < 0.05) absorption rate compared to the powdered-type silymarin in 2nd, 4th h.” (Table 5) | 0.0322 |
| Other animal PMID 39079328 | Micelle silymarin (TRT2) vs powder silymarin (TRT1) | blood silymarin 'absorption rate' at 4 h | TRT2 > TRT1 “micelletype silymarin showed a higher (p < 0.05) absorption rate compared to the powdered-type silymarin in 2nd, 4th h.” (Table 5) | 0.0483 |
| Human PMID 40733088 | LMM vs STD | Cmax | LMM > STD “18.9-fold higher Cmax” (Table 3; Abstract) | 0.035 (Table 3); 0.007 (abstract) |
| Human PMID 40733088 | LMM vs STD | AUC0-24h | LMM > STD “11.4-fold higher AUC0–24” (Table 3; Abstract; Results 3.2) | 0.046 (Table 3); 0.015 (abstract, Results text) |
| Human PMID 40733088 | LMM vs STD | Tmax | LMM shorter than STD “Tmax was 0.5 ... hours for the micellar formulation versus 2.5” (Table 3; Abstract) | 0.035 (Table 3); 0.015 (abstract, Results text) |
| Human PMID 40733088 | LMM vs STD | MRT | STD > LMM “standard formulation exhibited a significantly longer mean residence time” (Table 3; Abstract) | 0.046 (Table 3); 0.015 (abstract, Results text) |
| Human PMID 40733088 | LMM vs STD | T1/2 | no difference “the T½ levels were not significantly different between the standard formulation and LMM” (Table 3; Results 3.2) | 0.195 |
| Rodent PMID 42497478 | B vs A | hepatic silymarin accumulation (0.5, 1 h) | Sil@siRNP > free silymarin “oral administration of Sil@siRNP significantly increased hepatic accumulation of silymarin compared with free silymarin” (Results 3.2 / Fig. 2F) | **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (legend; which time points NR) |
| Rodent PMID 42956604 | A vs B vs C | Cmax | C > B > A (different letters a, b, c) “Significant differences (P < 0.05) are indicated with different letters.” (Table 2) | <0.05 |
| Rodent PMID 42956604 | A vs B vs C | AUC0-t, AUC0-inf | B and C > A; B and C not different (both letter a) “Significant differences (P < 0.05) are indicated with different letters.” (Table 2) | <0.05 |
| Rodent PMID 42956604 | A vs B vs C | Tmax | A later than B and C | <0.05 |
Cmax, Tmax and AUC by study arm (1982 values)
| Study | Arm / form | Dose | Fed | n | Analyte | Param | Value | Units | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human 12885100 | Indinavir (Crixivan) (Merck & Co.) | 800 mg (NR) | fasted | 10 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | AUC AUC0-8 steady state | 20.7 | hr•mg/L | Table 1 |
| Human 12885100 | Indinavir (Crixivan) (Merck & Co.) | 800 mg (NR) | fasted | 10 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | Cmax | 8.85 | mg/L | Table 1 |
| Human 12885100 | Indinavir (Crixivan) plus standardized milk thistle (silymarin 160 mg capsules; assayed 173 mg/capsule) (General Nutrition Corp. (milk thistle)) | 800 (indinavir); 160 (silymarin) mg (NR) | fasted | 10 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | AUC AUC0-8 steady state | 19.4 | hr•mg/L | Table 1 |
| Human 12885100 | Indinavir (Crixivan) plus standardized milk thistle (silymarin 160 mg capsules; assayed 173 mg/capsule) (General Nutrition Corp. (milk thistle)) | 800 (indinavir); 160 (silymarin) mg (NR) | fasted | 10 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | Cmax | 7.85 | mg/L | Table 1 |
| Human 12885100 | Indinavir (Crixivan) (Merck & Co.) | 800 mg (NR) | fasted | 10 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | AUC AUC0-8, text (Abstract) | 20.7 | hr•mg/L | Abstract |
| Human 12885100 | Indinavir (Crixivan) plus standardized milk thistle (silymarin 160 mg capsules; assayed 173 mg/capsule) (General Nutrition Corp. (milk thistle)) | 800 (indinavir); 160 (silymarin) mg (NR) | fasted | 10 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | AUC AUC0-8, text (Abstract) | 19.4 | hr•mg/L | Abstract |
| Human 12885100 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | AUC difference in geometric mean AUC0-8, indinavir alone vs with silymarin | 1.38 | hr•mg/L | Results p.3 | ||||
| Human 12885100 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | Cmax difference in geometric mean Cmax, indinavir alone vs with silymarin | 1.0 | mg/L | Results p.3 | ||||
| Human 15666173 | Milk thistle extract tablets/capsules (456 mg silymarins per tablet; abstract says 450 mg capsules) plus indinavir 800 mg (Kare and Hope Ltd/Inc., Toronto (milk thistle); Merck Frosst (indinavir)) | 456 mg silymarins per tablet, one tablet three times per day (indinavir 800 mg every 8 h) (NR) | fasting for indinavir PK days | 8 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | Cmax Cmax | 9.76 | µg/ml | Table 2 |
| Human 15666173 | Milk thistle extract tablets/capsules (456 mg silymarins per tablet; abstract says 450 mg capsules) plus indinavir 800 mg (Kare and Hope Ltd/Inc., Toronto (milk thistle); Merck Frosst (indinavir)) | 456 mg silymarins per tablet, one tablet three times per day (indinavir 800 mg every 8 h) (NR) | fasting for indinavir PK days | 8 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | AUC AUC0-8 | 22.7 | h µg/ml | Table 2 |
| Human 15666173 | Indinavir 800 mg every 8 h; no plant extract (Merck Frosst) | 800 mg indinavir every 8 h (NR) | fasting | 8 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | Cmax Cmax | 9.96 | µg/ml | Table 2 |
| Human 15666173 | Indinavir 800 mg every 8 h; no plant extract (Merck Frosst) | 800 mg indinavir every 8 h (NR) | fasting | 8 | indinavir (not the listed supplement) (plasma) | AUC AUC0-8 | 24.3 | h µg/ml | Table 2 |
| Human 16221754 | Biaxin (Abbott) | 500 mg twice daily mg (NR) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h | 4.5 ± 1.2 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Biaxin (Abbott) | 500 mg twice daily mg (NR) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h | 13.4 ± 3.1 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Biaxin (Abbott) | 500 mg twice daily mg (NR) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax | 2.9 ± 0.9 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Rifadin (Aventis) | 300 mg twice daily mg (NR) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h | 5.2 ± 1.2 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Rifadin (Aventis) | 300 mg twice daily mg (NR) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h | 14.7 ± 2.7 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Rifadin (Aventis) | 300 mg twice daily mg (NR) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax | 3.5 ± 1.1 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Milk thistle softgel capsule, standardized to 80% silymarin (Enzymatic Therapy, lot 41678) (Enzymatic Therapy) | 300 mg three times daily (900 mg daily) mg (salt/compound) | digoxin given after overnight fast; meal 4 h post-dose | 16 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h | 4.8 ± 1.4 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Milk thistle softgel capsule, standardized to 80% silymarin (Enzymatic Therapy, lot 41678) (Enzymatic Therapy) | 300 mg three times daily (900 mg daily) mg (salt/compound) | digoxin given after overnight fast; meal 4 h post-dose | 16 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h | 13.8 ± 3.1 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Milk thistle softgel capsule, standardized to 80% silymarin (Enzymatic Therapy, lot 41678) (Enzymatic Therapy) | 300 mg three times daily (900 mg daily) mg (salt/compound) | digoxin given after overnight fast; meal 4 h post-dose | 16 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax | 3.0 ± 1.0 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Black cohosh extract tablet, 2.5% triterpene glycosides (Enzymatic Therapy, lot 41924) (Enzymatic Therapy) | 20 mg twice daily mg (salt/compound) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h | 4.5 ± 1.0 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Black cohosh extract tablet, 2.5% triterpene glycosides (Enzymatic Therapy, lot 41924) (Enzymatic Therapy) | 20 mg twice daily mg (salt/compound) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h | 13.2 ± 3.1 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | Black cohosh extract tablet, 2.5% triterpene glycosides (Enzymatic Therapy, lot 41924) (Enzymatic Therapy) | 20 mg twice daily mg (salt/compound) | as above | 16 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax | 2.8 ± 1.1 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 1 |
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-TT | 5.0 ± 1.4 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-TT | 15.1 ± 3.7 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax Cmax baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-TT | 2.7 ± 1.0 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-GC | 4.2 ± 1.1 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-GC | 12.6 ± 3.1 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax Cmax baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-GC | 3.1 ± 1.1 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GT-TT | 4.8 ± 1.1 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GT-TT | 13.9 ± 3.3 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax Cmax baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GT-TT | 3.4 ± 0.9 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-GT | 4.7 ± 0.8 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-GT | 12.7 ± 1.3 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax Cmax baseline by ABCB1 haplotype GC-GT | 3.1 ± 0.7 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-3h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype TT-TT | 4.9 ± 1.4 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | AUC AUC0-24h baseline by ABCB1 haplotype TT-TT | 13.5 ± 2.4 (SD) | ng/h/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16221754 | digoxin (serum) | Cmax Cmax baseline by ABCB1 haplotype TT-TT | 3.3 ± 6.1 (SD) | ng/ml | Table 2 | ||||
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 1 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 101 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 1 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 27.6 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 2 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 23.6 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 2 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 23.9 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 3 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 24.2 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 3 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 14.2 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 4 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 124 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 4 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 89.6 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 5 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 12.3 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 5 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 31.8 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 6 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 48.2 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax steady-state maximum plasma concentration (Css,max), patient 6 (max over 48-h sampling period) | 36.2 | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax Css,max mean of 6 patients | 55.5 ± 46.2 (SD) | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax Css,max mean of 6 patients | 37.2 ± 26.7 (SD) | ng/mL | Table 4 |
| Human 16278402 | silybin (plasma) | Cmax range of maximum silybin plasma concentrations at steady state | 0.0249-0.257 | µmol/L | Abstract / Results p.5 quote mismatch, check | ||||
| Human 16278402 | none (irinotecan alone) | mg (NR) | NR | 6 | Irinotecan (co-administered irinotecan or metabolite; not silybin) (plasma) | Cmax | 1.82 ± 0.852 (SD) | µg/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | Irinotecan (co-administered irinotecan or metabolite; not silybin) (plasma) | Cmax | 1.96 ± 0.593 (SD) | µg/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | Irinotecan (co-administered irinotecan or metabolite; not silybin) (plasma) | Cmax | 1.88 ± 0.647 (SD) | µg/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16278402 | none (irinotecan alone) | mg (NR) | NR | 6 | Irinotecan (co-administered irinotecan or metabolite; not silybin) (plasma) | AUC AUC (extrapolated to infinity) | 9.15 ± 3.93 (SD) | µg·h/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | Irinotecan (co-administered irinotecan or metabolite; not silybin) (plasma) | AUC AUC (extrapolated to infinity) | 10.6 ± 3.84 (SD) | µg·h/mL | Table 3 |
| Human 16278402 | Milk thistle seed extract capsules (80% silymarin), GNC, lot 4603KC3918 (GNC) | 200 mg capsule, thrice per day (one with each meal) mg (salt/compound) | with meals | 6 | Irinotecan (co-administered irinotecan or metabolite; not silybin) (plasma) | AUC AUC (extrapolated to infinity) | 10.4 ± 3.73 (SD) | µg·h/mL | Table 3 |
Showing 60 of 1982 Cmax/Tmax/AUC values (human first). All 2119 values are in /api/supplements/milk-thistle.
References for this section (29)
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Indirect comparisons (across studies)
Each form's values come from different human studies that tested one form only. Rows are compared only when parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted state, single vs repeated dosing, AUC interval and units all match, and baseline correction matches where reported (a value with baseline correction not reported is labeled and capped at grade D). Serum and plasma are treated as the same matrix. Ranges are the lowest and highest printed values; nothing is averaged or pooled. Conditions a paper does not state are recorded as NR and never matched.
Indirect comparison: weighs less than head-to-head evidence; comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C. The combined grade for named pairs is shown in the head-to-head section. draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily).
Indirect comparisonStandard silymarin extract vs Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine)D: animal or lab data only, or conflicting comparisons. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.baseline correction not reportedHead-to-head grade: C (takes precedence)
non-overlapping ranges but <2 studies per form (single-study ranges); uses value(s) with baseline correction not reported (capped at C under rubric v2). Head-to-head evidence exists and takes precedence over this indirect comparison.
| Matched conditions | Standard silymarin extract: range (studies, n) | Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine): range (studies, n) | Ranges | PMIDs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Cmax, silybin a, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 15.69 ng/ml 1 study, n=12 15.69 @ 2 capsules (one serving) capsules (PMID 29273470) | 2333.7 ng/ml 1 study, n=22 2333.7 @ 280 mg silybin (133 mg silybin A + 147 mg silybin B) (PMID 18054294) | do not overlap; Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) higher | 1805429429273470 |
| Human Cmax, silybin b, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 12.86 ng/ml 1 study, n=12 12.86 @ 2 capsules (one serving) capsules (PMID 29273470) | 582.4 ng/ml 1 study, n=22 582.4 @ 280 mg silybin (133 mg silybin A + 147 mg silybin B) (PMID 18054294) | do not overlap; Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) higher | 1805429429273470 |
| Human Tmax, silybin, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 0.25–0.98 h 1 study, n=14 0.25 @ 200 mg/kg as silybin (PMID 39204378); 0.98 @ 75 mg as silybin (PMID 39204378) | 1.4 h 1 study, n=20 1.40 @ 280 mg (expressed as silybin equivalents) (PMID 17315537) | do not overlap; Standard silymarin extract faster | 1731553739204378 |
| Human Tmax, silybin a, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 3 h 1 study, n=12 3.0 @ 2 capsules (one serving) capsules (PMID 29273470) | 1.46 h 1 study, n=22 1.46 @ 280 mg silybin (133 mg silybin A + 147 mg silybin B) (PMID 18054294) | do not overlap; Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) faster | 1805429429273470 |
| Human Tmax, silybin b, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 3 h 1 study, n=12 3.0 @ 2 capsules (one serving) capsules (PMID 29273470) | 1.36 h 1 study, n=22 1.36 @ 280 mg silybin (133 mg silybin A + 147 mg silybin B) (PMID 18054294) | do not overlap; Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) faster | 1805429429273470 |
Indirect comparisonSilybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) vs Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble)C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.baseline correction not reported
matched single-form evidence only; non-overlapping ranges in 1 matched set(s), up to 1 studies per form (baseline correction not reported: capped at C). No head-to-head grade; indirect only.
| Matched conditions | Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine): range (studies, n) | Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble): range (studies, n) | Ranges | PMIDs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Cmax, silybin, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 207.1 ng/ml 1 study, n=23 207.1 @ 45 mg SPC (PMID 30635055) | 323–3320 ng/ml 1 study, n=14 3320 @ 200 mg/kg as silybin (PMID 39204378); 323 @ 75 mg as silybin (PMID 39204378) | do not overlap; Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) higher | 3063505539204378 |
| Human Tmax, silybin, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C) values as printed (doses not normalized) | 1.1–1.4 h 2 studies, n=43 1.40 @ 280 mg (expressed as silybin equivalents) (PMID 17315537); 1.1 @ 45 mg SPC (PMID 30635055) | 0.25–1.03 h 1 study, n=14 0.25 @ 200 mg/kg as silybin (PMID 39204378); 1.03 @ 75 mg as silybin (PMID 39204378) | do not overlap; Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) faster | 173155373063505539204378 |
Pairs that cannot be compared indirectly yet
- Standard silymarin extract vs Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble): matched only within the same study
How this table was built
Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms. Values are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated, AUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form ranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is 'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C. Run after merge_bundle.py.
Evidence grades
Rubric v2: single-form human studies count. Hover or focus a grade for what it means; see the methodology. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
| Question | Grade & basis | Species |
|---|---|---|
| Page grade (best of the grades below) | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. | rubric v2, draft |
| Standard silymarin extract: absorption evidence | C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 11 human studies, total n=119, 7 randomized/crossover; median CV 102.85% across 2 matched set(s) (inconsistent) | human |
| Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine): absorption evidence | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 3 human studies, total n=65, 1 randomized/crossover; median CV 17.0% across 1 matched set(s) (consistent) | human |
| Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble): absorption evidence | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. 4 human studies, total n=56, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies) | human |
| Silybin phytosome (silybin-phosphatidylcholine) vs Standard silymarin extract | C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. head-to-head and matched single-form evidence agree. H2H: C (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: unclear (0 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: C (2 separated matched set(s), ≥1 studies per form, baseline correction not reported) | human (head-to-head + matched single-form) |
| Other enhanced formulas (SMEDDS, micellar, water-soluble) vs Standard silymarin extract | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off. head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: first form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none | human (head-to-head + matched single-form) |
| With food (abstract screen) | B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.human + animal datahow we grade 5 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review. | 6 human, 1 pig, 2 rodent, 1 other animal |
| Best time (abstract screen) | Not graded: no comparable evidence yet. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.no datahow we grade No relevant studies in the database for this question. | no studies |
Studies (149)
Sorted human → primate → pig → rodent → other animal → in vitro. Quotes are verbatim from the abstract or free full text. Paywalled papers: abstract only.
Show all 149 studies and quotes
- HumanNovel Micellar Formulation of Silymarin (Milk Thistle) with Enhanced Bioavailability in a Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Human Trial.Pharmaceutics, 2025 · Design: randomized crossover (double-blind) · n: 16 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 40733088DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics17070880 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanNanocrystal Formulation to Enhance Oral Absorption of Silybin: Preparation, In Vitro Evaluations, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluations in Rats and Healthy Human Subjects.Pharmaceutics, 2024 · Design: randomized crossover (human; two-period, single-dose); parallel groups in rats · n: 14 humans; rats NR in Methods (n = 5 per Fig. 8 legend) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 39204378DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081033 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanPrediction of CYP-mediated silybin A-losartan pharmacokinetic interactions using physiological based pharmacokinetic modeling.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, 2022 · Design: other (PBPK modelling/simulation) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 35061161DOI 10.1007/s10928-022-09804-0Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanSuperior silybin bioavailability of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex in oily-medium soft-gel capsules versus conventional silymarin tablets in healthy volunteers.BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2019 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 23 (24 enrolled) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 30635055DOI 10.1186/s40360-018-0280-8 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanRelative Bioavailability of Silybin A and Silybin B From 2 Multiconstituent Dietary Supplement Formulations Containing Milk Thistle Extract: A Single-dose Study.Clinical therapeutics, 2018 · Design: randomized crossover (open-label) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 29273470DOI 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.013 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanThe Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Silymarin SMEDDS Formulation Study in Healthy Thai Volunteers.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2018 · Design: single-arm · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 30108644DOI 10.1155/2018/1507834 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanRole of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in the Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Silymarin Flavonolignans in Patients with HCV and NAFLD.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2017 · Design: other (secondary analysis of Phase 1 randomized dose-escalation trial, SyNCH, NCT00389376, plus in vitro enzyme kinetics) · n: 29 analysed for genotype-PK (56 enrolled; 33 genotyped) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 28098838DOI 10.3390/molecules22010142 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanThe influence of ABCB1 polymorphism C3435T on the pharmacokinetics of silibinin.Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2015 · Design: single-arm · n: 23 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 26595166DOI 10.1111/jcpt.12336Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanRATIONALIZED AND COMPLEMENTARY FINDINGS OF SILYMARIN (MILK THISTLE) IN PAKISTANI HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS.Acta poloniae pharmaceutica, 2015 · Design: parallel (comparative parallel design by gender) · n: 16 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 26642669Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanDevelopment and validation of two liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the determination of silibinin and silibinin hemisuccinate in human plasma.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2014 · Design: randomized crossover (described as randomized, open-label, crossover study) · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 24317417DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.028Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanAn assessment of pharmacokinetics and antioxidant activity of free silymarin flavonolignans in healthy volunteers: a dose escalation study.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2013 · Design: open-label dose escalation (single doses of 1, 2, 3 capsules on three occasions, then 28-day repeated dosing) · n: 14 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 23835761DOI 10.1124/dmd.113.052423 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanAbsorption and metabolism of milk thistle flavanolignans in humans.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2012 · Design: single-arm · n: 15 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 23072776DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.004Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanStripping voltammetric determination of silymarin in formulations and human blood utilizing bare and modified carbon paste electrodes.Talanta, 2011 · Design: single-arm · n: 4 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 21315924DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.027Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- HumanDifferences in the disposition of silymarin between patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic hepatitis C.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2011 · Design: RCT (double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 dose-escalation; PK reported for silymarin recipients) · n: 40 enrolled (8 per cohort); PK data n=6 per cohort (HCV 560 mg steady-state n=5) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 21865319DOI 10.1124/dmd.111.040212 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanSilymarin ascending multiple oral dosing phase I study in noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C.Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2010 · Design: other (double-masked, placebo-controlled, sequential ascending multiple-dose phase I; 3:1 randomization) · n: 32 randomized (4 cohorts of 8); PK n=6 per active cohort (560 mg cohort n=5) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 19841158DOI 10.1177/0091270009347475 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanPharmacokinetics and metabolic profile of free, conjugated, and total silymarin flavonolignans in human plasma after oral administration of milk thistle extract.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2008 · Design: single-arm · n: 3 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17913795DOI 10.1124/dmd.107.017566Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanPreparative chromatographic purification of diastereomers of silybin and their quantification in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2008 · Design: single-arm · n: 22 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 18054294DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.040Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanThe pharmacokinetics of silymarin is altered in patients with hepatitis C virus and nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease and correlates with plasma caspase-3/7 activity.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2008 · Design: open-label, nonrandomized, parallel cohorts, single dose · n: 20 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 18566043DOI 10.1124/dmd.107.019604Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanA phase I and pharmacokinetic study of silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients.Investigational new drugs, 2007 · Design: phase I dose-escalation, open-label, single-arm (intra-patient escalation allowed) · n: 13 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17077998DOI 10.1007/s10637-006-9019-2Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanEffect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) supplementation on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2006 · Design: open-label, randomized sequence, within-subject (each subject received all four interventions), pre/post · n: 16 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 16221754DOI 10.1124/dmd.105.006312 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanAssessing the clinical significance of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 3A activity: comparison of a milk thistle and black cohosh product to rifampin and clarithromycin.Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2006 · Design: open-label, randomized sequence, within-subject (each subject received all four interventions), pre/post · n: 19 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 16432272DOI 10.1177/0091270005284854 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanDevelopment of a HPLC-UV assay for silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (silybinin capsules) and its pharmacokinetic study in healthy male Chinese volunteers.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2006 · Design: single-arm, open-label single-dose PK study · n: 20 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17315537DOI 10.1007/BF03190466Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanMilk thistle and indinavir: a randomized controlled pharmacokinetics study and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2005 · Design: RCT · n: 16 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 15666173DOI 10.1007/s00228-004-0843-zVerification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanEffect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2005 · Design: open-label, single-arm, sequential (within-patient: irinotecan alone then with milk thistle), not randomized, no placebo · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16278402DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1288Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- HumanCoadministration of milk thistle and indinavir in healthy subjects.Pharmacotherapy, 2003 · Design: other (specify) · n: 10 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 12885100DOI 10.1592/phco.23.7.866.32723Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- PigSupplemental impact of silymarin in growing pig diet on the growth performance, total tract digestibility, faecal microflora, faecal noxious gas emission and absorption rate in blood.Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 2024 · Design: parallel · n: 18 (Experiment 2) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 37695023DOI 10.1111/jpn.13879Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentStudy on the improvement of bioavailability and hepatoprotective effect of silybin-7-eicosanedioate long-acting injection based on prodrug technology.European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 2026 · Design: parallel (2 groups) PK study of an injectable prodrug vs oral capsule · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 42264004DOI 10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.115144Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilica-installed redox nanoparticles enable effective oral silymarin therapy for liver fibrosis.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2026 · Design: other (formulation comparison, free vs nanoparticle) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 42497478DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.116000Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentMicroencapsulated silymarin nanoparticles prepared by atomized instantaneous solidification: Structural characterization, molecular interactions, improved solubility and bioavailability.Food chemistry, 2026 · Design: parallel (4 groups) · n: 24 (4 groups x 6, as stated) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 42956604DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.151735Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentMicrowave-assisted, sulfhydryl-modified β-cyclodextrin-silymarin inclusion complex: A diverse approach to improve oral drug bioavailability via enhanced mucoadhesion and permeation.Carbohydrate polymers, 2025 · Design: parallel (4 groups), preclinical formulation comparison · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 39567122DOI 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122880Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilybin Cocrystals with Improved Solubility and Bioavailability.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2025 · Design: parallel (3 groups), randomized, preclinical formulation comparison · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 39861153DOI 10.3390/ph18010090 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentDiscovery of a Novel Silybin Derivative for the Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis.Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2025 · Design: parallel, preclinical · n: 10 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 40493802DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00672Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentChitosan-decorated silibinin-hyaluronic acid conjugate for enhancing intestinal absorption and improving liver fibrosis.International journal of biological macromolecules, 2025 · Design: other (parallel-group animal PK, in situ intestinal loop, in vitro release) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 40685047DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146057Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentBerberine-silybin salt achieves improved anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease effect through regulating lipid metabolism.Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2024 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 37774895DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117238Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentRifampin- and Silymarin-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Exogenous and Endogenous Substrates in a Transgenic OATP1B Mouse Model.Molecular pharmaceutics, 2024 · Design: parallel groups, drug-interaction PK study · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 38529622DOI 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01088 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentThe Pharmacokinetics and Liver-Targeting Evaluation of Silybin Liposomes Mediated by the NTCP/OCTN2 Dual Receptors.Molecular pharmaceutics, 2024 · Design: other (preclinical formulation, IV biodistribution; parallel groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 39370820DOI 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01245Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentNovel Silybin-Conjugated Chitosan Polymeric Micelles for Improving the Oral Absorption of Doxorubicin Based on the Inhibition of P-gp and CYP3A4.Biomacromolecules, 2024 · Design: parallel (3 groups), preclinical · n: 15 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 39418531DOI 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00628Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentStudy on the preparation of stabilizer-free silymarin nanocrystals and its oral absorption mechanisms.International journal of pharmaceutics: X, 2024 · Design: parallel (3 groups), preclinical formulation comparison · n: 15 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 39498271DOI 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100292 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentAlbumin-Based Silibinin Nanocrystals Targeting Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells for Liver Fibrosis Therapy.ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2023 · Design: parallel (2 groups, PK), preclinical · n: 10 (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 36719351DOI 10.1021/acsami.2c19269Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentCombinations of grape seed procyanidin extract and milk thistle silymarin extract against lung cancer - The role of MiR-663a and FHIT.Life sciences, 2023 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 36775115DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121492Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentDesign, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Glycosylated Derivatives of Silibinin as Potential Anti-Tumor Agents.Drug design, development and therapy, 2023 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 37457888DOI 10.2147/DDDT.S404036 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentAlleviation of acetaminophen-induced liver failure using silibinin nanoliposomes: An in vivo study.Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2023 · Design: parallel · n: 77 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 37506470DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.045Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- RodentSynthesis, characterization and hepatoprotective effect of silymarin phytosome nanoparticles on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.BioImpacts : BI, 2023 · Design: parallel · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 37645028DOI 10.34172/bi.2023.24128 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- RodentLiposome-Based Silibinin for Mitigating Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Dual Effects via Parenteral and Intestinal Routes.ACS pharmacology & translational science, 2023 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 38093834DOI 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00210 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentBovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Enhanced the Intranasal Bioavailability of Silybin in Rats.Pharmaceutics, 2023 · Design: parallel (two groups) formulation comparison · n: 14 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 38139990DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122648 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPreclinical validation of silibinin/albumin nanoparticles as an applicable system against acute liver injury.Acta biomaterialia, 2022 · Design: other (preclinical formulation/biodistribution/efficacy study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 35460909DOI 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.021Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentLung cancer targeting efficiency of Silibinin loaded Poly Caprolactone /Pluronic F68 Inhalable nanoparticles: In vitro and In vivo study.PloS one, 2022 · Design: other (preclinical parallel-group rat PK, 3 groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 35560136DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0267257 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentIn-depth investigation of the Silymarin effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of sofosbuvir, GS-331007 and ledipasvir in rat plasma using LC-MS.Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2022 · Design: parallel (control vs + silymarin), 2 groups · n: 8 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 35708053DOI 10.1002/bmc.5427Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPhytosomes as a Plausible Nano-Delivery System for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Improved Hepatoprotective Activity of Silymarin.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2022 · Design: parallel (2 groups, PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 35890088DOI 10.3390/ph15070790 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentEnhanced bioavailability and hepatoprotective effect of silymarin by preparing silymarin-loaded solid dispersion formulation using freeze-drying method.Archives of pharmacal research, 2022 · Design: parallel (3 groups per experiment), two separate experiments · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 36178580DOI 10.1007/s12272-022-01407-0Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilymarin Protects against Acute Liver Injury Induced by Acetaminophen by Downregulating the Expression and Activity of the CYP2E1 Enzyme.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2022 · Design: parallel (solvent control vs silymarin pretreatment) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 36557984DOI 10.3390/molecules27248855 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentMucoadhesive nanocrystal-in-microspheres with high drug loading capacity for bioavailability enhancement of silybin.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2021 · Design: parallel (4 formulation groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 33246779DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111461Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentAmorphous silibinin nanoparticles loaded into porous starch to enhance remarkably its solubility and bioavailability in vivo.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2021 · Design: parallel (3 formulation groups, randomised) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 33257158DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111474Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentHepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides mediate disposition of milk thistle flavonolignans and pharmacokinetic silymarin-drug interactions.Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2021 · Design: parallel (control vs NASH, vehicle vs silymarin); plus in vitro transporter experiments · n: 26 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 33587330DOI 10.1002/ptr.7049 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentImproving silymarin oral bioavailability using silica-installed redox nanoparticle to suppress inflammatory bowel disease.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2021 · Design: parallel (free silymarin vs SM@siRNP) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 33616078DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.042Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentEnhanced Bioavailability and Efficacy of Silymarin Solid Dispersion in Rats with Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity.Pharmaceutics, 2021 · Design: parallel (silymarin vs silymarin-SD; single and repeated dose) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 33925040DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050628 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentCombinational applicaton of silybin and tangeretin attenuates the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice via modulating lipid metabolism.Pharmacological research, 2020 · Design: parallel (8 groups) animal efficacy study · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 31706011DOI 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104519Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPhytosome-nanosuspensions for silybin-phospholipid complex with increased bioavailability and hepatoprotection efficacy.European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020 · Design: parallel (three groups, randomly divided) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 31923602DOI 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105212Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentEvaluation of Mogroside V as a Promising Carrier in Drug Delivery: Improving the Bioavailability and Liver Distribution of Silybin.AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020 · Design: parallel (two groups) animal studies · n: 10 rats; 18 mice · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 32337654DOI 10.1208/s12249-020-01645-9Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentFunctional oral nanoparticles for delivering silibinin and cryptotanshinone against breast cancer lung metastasis.Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2020 · Design: parallel (four groups, randomly assigned) · n: 20 (4 groups of 5) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 32473632DOI 10.1186/s12951-020-00638-x (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentCo-delivery doxorubicin and silybin for anti-hepatoma via enhanced oral hepatic-targeted efficiency.International journal of nanomedicine, 2019 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 30643408DOI 10.2147/IJN.S187888 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- RodentPiperine enhances the bioavailability of silybin via inhibition of efflux transporters BCRP and MRP2.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2019 · Design: parallel · n: 16 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 30668388DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.217Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSupersaturated polymeric micelles for oral silybin delivery: the role of the Soluplus-PVPVA complex.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B, 2019 · Design: parallel (4 groups, randomly divided); plus in vitro Caco-2 transport, solubility and supersaturation experiments · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 30766782DOI 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.004 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentDevelopment of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, silibinin, and curcumin in plasma and different tissues after oral dosing of Protandim in rats and its application in pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2019 · Design: parallel (cohort A single dose, cohort B multiple dose; one group of rats per time point) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 30904740DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.024Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentA Simple HPLC Method for the Quantitative Determination of Silybin in Rat Plasma: Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study on Commercial Silymarin Products.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2019 · Design: parallel (randomly divided into four groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 31185663DOI 10.3390/molecules24112180 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentImproved in vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective effects of liposomal silymarin in alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats.Pharmacological reports : PR, 2019 · Design: other (animal formulation comparison; in vitro release, cell assays, hepatoprotection and PK sub-studies) · n: 12 (PK study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 31207432DOI 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.03.013Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentA Pharmacokinetic Natural Product-Disease-Drug Interaction: A Double Hit of Silymarin and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis on Hepatic Transporters in a Rat Model.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2019 · Design: other (animal PK; 2x2 diet x silymarin/vehicle, IV pitavastatin probe) · n: 16 rats purchased · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 31420525DOI 10.1124/jpet.119.260489 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilymarin nanoemulsion against human hepatocellular carcinoma: development and optimization.Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, 2018 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 28503949DOI 10.1080/21691401.2017.1324465Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilibinin Effect on Fas/FasL, HMGB1, and CD45 Expressions in a Rat Model Subjected to Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research, 2018 · Design: other (parallel groups, rat I/R model with IV silibinin; sparse-sampling PK) · n: 73 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 28952834DOI 10.1080/08941939.2017.1360416Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentRole of tangeretin as a potential bioavailability enhancer for silybin: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies.Pharmacological research, 2018 · Design: other (parallel groups, rat PK with bioenhancer; in vitro transporter studies) · n: 18 (PK study, 3 groups of 6) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 28958806DOI 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.019Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentThe efficiency and mechanism of N-octyl-O, N-carboxymethyl chitosan-based micelles to enhance the oral absorption of silybin.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2018 · Design: parallel groups (5 groups), formulation comparison with i.v. reference · n: 25 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 29162374DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.034Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentChitosan-functionalized lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for oral delivery of silymarin and enhanced lipid-lowering effect in NAFLD.Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2018 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 30176941DOI 10.1186/s12951-018-0391-9 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentBaicalein Enhances the Oral Bioavailability and Hepatoprotective Effects of Silybin Through the Inhibition of Efflux Transporters BCRP and MRP2.Frontiers in pharmacology, 2018 · Design: parallel · n: 18 (3 groups of 6) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 30416442DOI 10.3389/fphar.2018.01115 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentHighly bioavailable silibinin nanoparticles inhibit HCV infection.Gut, 2017 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 27436270DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312019Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentA new drug nanocrystal self-stabilized Pickering emulsion for oral delivery of silybin.European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 27575878DOI 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.047Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentIn vivo fate of lipid-silybin conjugate nanoparticles: Implications on enhanced oral bioavailability.Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine, 2017 · Design: other (parallel groups, rat oral PK vs reference formulation; plus in vitro Caco-2 models, lymph cannulation, imaging) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 28778838DOI 10.1016/j.nano.2017.07.014Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- RodentGlycogen-gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin.International journal of nanomedicine, 2017 · Design: parallel (4 groups), formulation comparison · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 29026299DOI 10.2147/IJN.S142497 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentLiver-targeting self-assembled hyaluronic acid-glycyrrhetinic acid micelles enhance hepato-protective effect of silybin after oral administration.Drug delivery, 2016 · Design: parallel · n: 18 (PK rats) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 26556526DOI 10.3109/10717544.2015.1108374Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentDevelopment, optimization and evaluation of long chain nanolipid carrier for hepatic delivery of silymarin through lymphatic transport pathway.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2015 · Design: parallel (3 groups) · n: 18 (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 25735668DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.070Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSelf-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems ameliorate the oral delivery of silymarin in rats with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.International journal of nanomedicine, 2015 · Design: parallel (formulation x surgery groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 25848259DOI 10.2147/IJN.S79522 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPreparation and performance evaluation of emulsomes as a drug delivery system for silybin.Archives of pharmacal research, 2015 · Design: parallel · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 26152876DOI 10.1007/s12272-015-0630-7Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSerum and tissue pharmacokinetics of silibinin after per os and i.v. administration to mice as a HP-β-CD lyophilized product.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2015 · Design: parallel · n: 60 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 26222744DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.060Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentEnhanced oral bioavailability of silymarin using liposomes containing a bile salt: preparation by supercritical fluid technology and evaluation in vitro and in vivo.International journal of nanomedicine, 2015 · Design: parallel (randomly assigned to five groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 26543366DOI 10.2147/IJN.S92665 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPharmacokinetics of silybin nanoparticles in mice bearing SKOV-3 human ovarian carcinoma xenocraft.International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 2015 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 26770331 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentA novel solid dispersion system for natural product-loaded medicine: silymarin-loaded solid dispersion with enhanced oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity.Journal of microencapsulation, 2014 · Design: parallel (2 groups) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 24766208DOI 10.3109/02652048.2014.911375Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilymarin liposomes improves oral bioavailability of silybin besides targeting hepatocytes, and immune cells.Pharmacological reports : PR, 2014 · Design: parallel (2 groups) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 25149982DOI 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.04.007Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilymarin in liposomes and ethosomes: pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in free-moving rats by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2014 · Design: parallel (3 formulations x IV and oral groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 25375210DOI 10.1021/jf504139gVerification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilymarin-loaded solid nanoparticles provide excellent hepatic protection: physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation.International journal of nanomedicine, 2013 · Design: parallel (2 groups) · n: 12 (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 24039417DOI 10.2147/IJN.S50683 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentA new approach to enhance oral bioavailability of Silybum Marianum dry extract: association of mechanochemical activation and spray congealing.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2012 · Design: parallel (three groups of five rats) · n: 15 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 21802925DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.027Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPolyamidoamine dendrimers as potential drug carriers for enhanced aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of silybin.Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 2011 · Design: randomized two-period crossover (rats) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 20942611DOI 10.3109/03639045.2010.518150Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentOral bioavailability of silymarin phytocomplex formulated as self-emulsifying pellets.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2011 · Design: parallel (two groups of rats) · n: 8 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 21111585DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.012Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentOil based nanocarrier for improved oral delivery of silymarin: In vitro and in vivo studies.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2011 · Design: parallel (three groups of six rats) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 21549187DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.041Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSolid state mechanochemical simultaneous activation of the constituents of the Silybum marianum phytocomplex with crosslinked polymers.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2009 · Design: other (parallel, three formulations; composite curves) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 18428992DOI 10.1002/jps.21417Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSolid state mechanochemical activation of Silybum marianum dry extract with betacyclodextrins: Characterization and bioavailability of the coground systems.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2009 · Design: other (parallel, two formulations, pilot study, composite plasma curves) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 19226635DOI 10.1002/jps.21704Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and silymarin in rats.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2009 · Design: other (parallel groups, drug-drug interaction PK study in rats) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 19470289DOI 10.18433/j38c7wVerification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSelf-assembly and characterization of Pluronic P105 micelles for liver-targeted delivery of silybin.Journal of drug targeting, 2009 · Design: other (parallel groups, two micelle formulations, IV) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 19863195DOI 10.3109/10611860903062062Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentHepatobiliary excretion of silibinin in normal and liver cirrhotic rats.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2008 · Design: other (parallel groups, five groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 18048488DOI 10.1124/dmd.107.017004Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentFormulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of silymarin using SMEDDS.Archives of pharmacal research, 2007 · Design: other (rat PK, test vs reference; design as printed not stated as crossover/parallel) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17328246DOI 10.1007/BF02977782Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentAnalysis of silibinin in rat plasma and bile for hepatobiliary excretion and oral bioavailability application.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2007 · Design: other (parallel groups i.v. vs oral; no crossover described) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17692492DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.026Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentEffect of silymarin and its polyphenolic fraction on cholesterol absorption in rats.Pharmacological research, 2006 · Design: parallel-group animal experiment · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16275123DOI 10.1016/j.phrs.2005.09.004Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentThe preparation of silybin-phospholipid complex and the study on its pharmacokinetics in rats.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2006 · Design: randomized parallel (two groups) comparison, plus in vitro physicochemical tests · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16300915DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.001Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPlasma lipoproteins in transport of silibinin, an antioxidant flavonolignan from Silybum marianum.Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2003 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 12748991DOI 10.1002/ptr.1187Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentPharmacokinetic study of iodine-labeled silibinins in rat.Pharmacological research, 2001 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 11529693DOI 10.1006/phrs.2001.0854Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentEffect of portal vein ligation and silymarin treatment on aspirin metabolism and disposition in rats.Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition, 1997 · Design: other (controlled animal study, parallel groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 9008269DOI 10.1002/(sici)1099-081x(199701)18:1<53::aid-bdd3>3.0.co;2-9Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- RodentSilymarin improves metabolism and disposition of aspirin in cirrhotic rats.Life sciences, 1988 · Design: other (parallel groups, animal experiment) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 3398694DOI 10.1016/0024-3205(88)90309-8Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalA comparative study on the preparation and evaluation of solubilizing systems for silymarin.Drug delivery and translational research, 2024 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 37964172DOI 10.1007/s13346-023-01476-8Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalEffects of micelle silymarin in corn-soybean meal-based diet on laying hens' performance, egg quality, and blood profile, with comparative assessment of blood absorption rates between powdered and micelle silymarin.Poultry science, 2024 · Design: parallel (two dietary groups), Experiment 2; Experiment 1 was a 3-group dose-response feeding trial · n: 192 hens (Experiment 2); 288 hens (Experiment 1) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 39079328DOI 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104029 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalIn vitro Dissolution Testing and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Silymarin Solid Dispersion After Oral Administration to Healthy Pigs.Frontiers in veterinary science, 2022 · Design: parallel (randomized two groups) plus in vitro dissolution · n: 16 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 35300217DOI 10.3389/fvets.2022.815198 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalSilymarin loaded floating polymer(s) microspheres: characterization, in-vitro/in-vivo evaluation.Pharmaceutical development and technology, 2020 · Design: parallel (described as 'parallel group study' / 'bio-equivalence study') · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 32654568DOI 10.1080/10837450.2020.1795192Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalIn Vitro Release and Bioavailability of Silybin from Micelle-Templated Porous Calcium Phosphate Microparticles.AAPS PharmSciTech, 2016 · Design: randomized crossover (4 dogs randomly and equally divided into two groups) · n: 4 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 26669888DOI 10.1208/s12249-015-0460-4Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalIn vivo absorption comparison of nanotechnology-based silybin tablets with its water-soluble derivative.Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 2015 · Design: rat: parallel (3 suspensions); dog: randomized crossover (stated as cross-over with 1 week washing period; randomization not stated) · n: rats 18 (6 per suspension); dogs 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 24495272DOI 10.3109/03639045.2014.884123Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalComparison of the oral bioavailability of silymarin-loaded lipid nanoparticles with their artificial lipolysate counterparts: implications on the contribution of integral structure.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2015 · Design: randomized crossover (six-period crossover; randomization not stated) · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 25956049DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.005Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalProliposomes for oral delivery of dehydrosilymarin: preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo.Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 2011 · Design: parallel · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 21666703DOI 10.1038/aps.2011.25 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalSilymarin glyceryl monooleate/poloxamer 407 liquid crystalline matrices: physical characterization and enhanced oral bioavailability.AAPS PharmSciTech, 2011 · Design: randomized crossover (three-period, three formulations) · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 21948306DOI 10.1208/s12249-011-9666-2 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalDevelopment of silymarin self-microemulsifying drug delivery system with enhanced oral bioavailability.AAPS PharmSciTech, 2010 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 20405254DOI 10.1208/s12249-010-9432-x (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalEnhancement of oral bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug silybin by sodium cholate/phospholipid-mixed micelles.Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 2010 · Design: randomized crossover (described as three-way crossover with two formulations; 2 weeks washout) · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)PMID 20523347DOI 10.1038/aps.2010.55 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalNanostructured lipid carriers for parenteral delivery of silybin: Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2010 · Design: other (parallel two-group, IV formulation comparison) · n: 8 rabbits; mice NR total · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 20621458DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.06.008Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalBioavailability of a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex in dogs.Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 2007 · Design: other (parallel design with day-7 switch of test articles in group B; group A silymarin on day 7 after 6-day washout) · n: 16 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 17348898DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00834.xVerification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalEnhanced bioavailability of silymarin by self-microemulsifying drug delivery system.European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 2006 · Design: randomized crossover (SMEDDS vs PEG 400 solution, 6 rabbits, 7-day washout); separate preliminary evaluation of suspension in 6 rabbits · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16527467DOI 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.12.005Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- Other animalPreparation of silymarin proliposome: a new way to increase oral bioavailability of silymarin in beagle dogs.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2006 · Design: randomized parallel (two groups of 6) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16687221DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.03.037Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroA hepatocyte targeted silymarin sea cucumber peptide-galactose nanoparticle for the alleviation of ethanol-induced damage in cells.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2026 · Design: other (in vitro formulation and cell study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 40992023DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115152Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- In vitroSilibinin-loaded PEGylated niosomal nanoparticles restore hippocampus histological changes, memory and learning, and downregulate the inflammasome pathway in Alzheimer's disease animal models.Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2026 · Design: other (in vitro release plus animal efficacy study) · n: 40 rats (efficacy study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 41722252DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153496Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- In vitroIn vitro and ex vivo Cutaneous Bioavailability and Biotransformation of Silymarin and Its Constituents.Skin pharmacology and physiology, 2026 · Design: other (in vitro and ex vivo uptake and biotransformation study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 41729747DOI 10.1159/000550859Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroCo-delivery of doxorubicin and silybin via taurine-conjugated chitosan-modified TAUT-targeted liposomes enhances oral bioavailability and alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity in vitro.International journal of biological macromolecules, 2026 · Design: other (formulation study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 42660255DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154244Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroEvaluation of Silybin Nanoparticles against Liver Damage in Murine Schistosomiasis mansoni Infection.Pharmaceutics, 2024 · Design: other (formulation development, in vitro permeability/release, in vivo efficacy) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 38794280DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050618 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroPotential of CME@ZIF-8 MOF Nanoformulation: Smart Delivery of Silymarin for Enhanced Performance and Mechanism in Albino Rats.ACS applied bio materials, 2024 · Design: in vitro release study; parallel-group rat efficacy study · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 39344123DOI 10.1021/acsabm.4c01019Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
- In vitroPreparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Flavonolignan Silymarin Effervescent Floating Matrix Tablets for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2023 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 36985575DOI 10.3390/molecules28062606 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroIn-silico, in-vitro and ex-vivo evidence of combining silymarin phytopharmaceutical with piperine, and fulvic acid for enhancing its solubility and permeability.Pharmaceutical development and technology, 2023 · Design: other (in silico + in vitro + ex vivo) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 37342048DOI 10.1080/10837450.2023.2227966Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroDesigning a Silymarin Nanopercolating System Using CME@ZIF-8: An Approach to Hepatic Injuries.ACS omega, 2023 · Design: other (formulation development; in vitro release plus rat CCl4 hepatotoxicity model) · n: 28 rats (in vivo study); in vitro NR · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 38144097DOI 10.1021/acsomega.3c08494 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroHydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Enhances Oral Absorption of Silymarin Nanoparticles Prepared Using PureNano™ Continuous Crystallizer.Pharmaceutics, 2022 · Design: other (in vitro formulation characterisation) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 35214124DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020394 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroInvestigation on the solid-phase synthesis of silybin prodrugs and their timed-release.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2021 · Design: other (in vitro chemical/enzymatic stability study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 34695708DOI 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116478Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroPreparation and Characterization of Silymarin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles with Enhanced Anti-Fibrotic Therapeutic Effects against Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats: Role of MicroRNAs as Molecular Targets.Biomedicines, 2021 · Design: other (formulation characterisation + in vitro release + in vivo pharmacodynamic rat study) · n: 30 rats (in vivo part) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 34944582DOI 10.3390/biomedicines9121767 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroSynthesis of silymarin-selenium nanoparticle conjugate and examination of its biological activity in vitro.ADMET & DMPK, 2021 · Design: other (in vitro nanoparticle synthesis and cell assays) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 35300372DOI 10.5599/admet.1023 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroHydrophilic co-assemblies of two hydrophobic biomolecules improving the bioavailability of silybin.Food & function, 2020 · Design: other (in vitro formulation characterisation and cell assays) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 33237069DOI 10.1039/d0fo01882aVerification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroFormulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of supersaturatable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems containing silymarin.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2019 · Design: parallel · n: 9 (4 Legalon + 5 S-SNEDDS) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 30448315DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.036Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroDesign, optimization and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of smart nanocaged carrier delivery of multifunctional PEG-chitosan stabilized silybin nanocrystals.International journal of biological macromolecules, 2019 · Design: parallel · n: 9 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 30502425DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.258Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroIntestinal Permeability Study of Clinically Relevant Formulations of Silibinin in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers.International journal of molecular sciences, 2019 · Design: other (in vitro permeability) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 30935093DOI 10.3390/ijms20071606 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroFormulation of Nanomicelles to Improve the Solubility and the Oral Absorption of Silymarin.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2019 · Design: other (in vitro formulation characterization) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 31052197DOI 10.3390/molecules24091688 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroNanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of silymarin: Improving its absorption and in vivo efficacy in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome model.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2019 · Design: other (in vitro formulation study plus mouse efficacy) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 31715362DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118838Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroFabrication, characterization and in vitro evaluation of silibinin nanoparticles: an attempt to enhance its oral bioavailability.Drug design, development and therapy, 2017 · Design: other (in vitro formulation characterization) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 28553075DOI 10.2147/DDDT.S133806 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroA New Type of Liquid Silymarin Proliposome Containing Bile Salts: Its Preparation and Improved Hepatoprotective Effects.PloS one, 2015 · Design: other (in vitro everted gut sac, liposome vs solution) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yesPMID 26674103DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0143625 (free full text)Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroBinary lipids-based nanostructured lipid carriers for improved oral bioavailability of silymarin.Journal of biomaterials applications, 2014 · Design: randomized crossover (three-period crossover) · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 24008629DOI 10.1177/0885328213485141Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroSilymarin loaded liposomes for hepatic targeting: in vitro evaluation and HepG2 drug uptake.European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013 · Design: other (in vitro formulation characterization) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 23851081DOI 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.06.012Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroOral bioavailability of silymarin formulated as a novel 3-day delivery system based on porous silica nanoparticles.Acta biomaterialia, 2012 · Design: parallel (4 groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 22343518DOI 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.011Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroEnhancement of the in-vitro dissolution and in-vivo oral bioavailability of silymarin from liquid-filled hard gelatin capsules of semisolid dispersion using Gelucire 44/14 as a carrier.Die Pharmazie, 2012 · Design: parallel (3 groups, randomly classified) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 22530301Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroIn vitro and in vivo evaluation of silybin nanosuspensions for oral and intravenous delivery.Nanotechnology, 2010 · Design: other (parallel groups, formulation comparison; oral and IV) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 20332565DOI 10.1088/0957-4484/21/15/155104Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitroIncreasing bioavailability of silymarin using a buccal liposomal delivery system: preparation and experimental design investigation.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2006 · Design: in vitro/ex vivo formulation experiments with 2^3 factorial designs · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 16356669DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.006Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitro[Bioavailability of silymarin, 3: splitting of silybin dihemisuccinate by plasma and liver esterases].Archiv der Pharmazie, 1983 · Design: other (in vitro enzyme incubation) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 6870500DOI 10.1002/ardp.19833160508Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
- In vitro[Bioavailability of silymarin, I: Volumes of distribution of silybin, silydianin, and silychristin from in-vitro data (author's transl)].Archiv der Pharmazie, 1981 · Design: other (calculation from in-vitro data) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: noPMID 7283681DOI 10.1002/ardp.19813140608Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
Reviewer
PhD, molecular pathology (UAB); BS, molecular biology & biochemistry (St. Olaf College). Reviews the science and evidence (not medical advice).
Draft, pending sign-off Next review: set at sign-off
Animal and lab findings are labeled and never presented as proof of effects in people. Claims are limited to what the cited studies report. See our methodology.