Iron Absorption: Bisglycinate vs Ferrous Sulfate and Other Forms

Showing 60 of 293 Cmax/Tmax/AUC values (human first). All 1921 values are in /api/supplements/iron.

1. Human Salhab AS, Zmeili SM, Gharaibeh MN, Elayan HH, Sallam E, al Deleq S. The bioequivalence study of folifer-Z: a new formulation of sustained-release iron and zinc. International journal of pharmaceutics. 1999;178(2):171-81. PMID 10205637. doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00368-8 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover, n=30

non-overlapping ranges but <2 studies per form (single-study ranges). No head-to-head grade; indirect only.

no clear separation under matched conditions; not graded. No head-to-head grade; indirect only.

matched single-form evidence only; non-overlapping ranges in 1 matched set(s), up to 1 studies per form. No head-to-head grade; indirect only.

1. HumanEffect of food on iron absorption in patients with iron deficiency anemia treated with ferric citrate hydrate.
   Int J Hematol, 2026 · Design: randomized; crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
   PMID 41239076DOI 10.1007/s12185-025-04108-8PMC12967394 (free full text)
   Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
   • Key findings · abstract:A randomized, open-label, two-cohort, two-period, single-dose crossover study was conducted to assess the effect of food on iron absorption when 500 mg ferric citrate hydrate (approximately 120 mg of ferric iron) was administered under fasted and fed (immediately after a meal) conditions.
   • Key findings · abstract:Twelve patients aged 20-45 years with iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin: male 8.0-13.0 g/dL, female 8.0-12.0 g/dL; serum ferritin < 12 ng/mL; transferrin saturation ≤ 16%), participated.
   • Key findings · abstract:The maximum serum iron concentration change was defined as ΔCmax, and the area under the serum iron concentration chan[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
   • Cmax · abstract:The maximum serum iron concentration change was defined as ΔCmax, and the area under the serum iron concentration change versus time curve from baseline to 24 h after administration as ΔAUC0-24.
   • Cmax · abstract:Serum iron levels increased regardless of fasting or fed conditions, and the ΔCmax and ΔAUC0-24 values were 39% and 29% higher, respectively, under fed versus fasting conditions.
   • AUC · abstract:The maximum serum iron concentration change was defined as ΔCmax, and the area under the serum iron concentration change versus time curve from baseline to 24 h after administration as ΔAUC0-24.
   • Food effect · abstract:A randomized, open-label, two-cohort, two-period, single-dose crossover study was conducted to assess the effect of food on iron absorption when 500 mg ferric citrate hydrate (approximately 120 mg of ferric iron) was administered under fasted and fed (immediately after a meal) conditions.
   • Food effect · abstract:Serum iron levels increased regardless of fasting or fed conditions, and the ΔCmax and ΔAUC0-24 values were 39% and 29% higher, respectively, under fed versus fasting conditions.
   • Cmax · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':When a single oral dose of 500 mg ferric citrate hydrate was administered under fasted conditions, the serum iron concentration also increased, reaching a Cmax of 182.4 ± 46.7 μg/dL and a tmax of 2.500 h (median, range 1.00–3.00) after administration (Table 3), and then decreased with a t1/2 of 5.340 ± 2.290 h.
   • Cmax · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':Under fed conditions, the mean ± SD serum iron concentration increased, reaching a Cmax of 250.8 ± 86.9 μg/dL and a tmax of 4.000 h (median, range 2.00–6.00) after administration, and then decreased with a t1/2 of 5.270 ± 0.759 h (Table 3).
   • Tmax · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':When a single oral dose of 500 mg ferric citrate hydrate was administered under fasted conditions, the serum iron concentration also increased, reaching a Cmax of 182.4 ± 46.7 μg/dL and a tmax of 2.500 h (median, range 1.00–3.00) after administration (Table 3), and then decreased with a t1/2 of 5.340 ± 2.290 h.
   • Tmax · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':Under fed conditions, the mean ± SD serum iron concentration increased, reaching a Cmax of 250.8 ± 86.9 μg/dL and a tmax of 4.000 h (median, range 2.00–6.00) after administration, and then decreased with a t1/2 of 5.270 ± 0.759 h (Table 3).
   • Tmax · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':Table 3Descriptive statistics of pharmacokinetic parameters (pharmacokinetic analysis set)Fasted (n = 12)Fed (n = 12)Control (n = 12)tmax (h)a2.500 (1.00–3.00)4.000 (2.00–6.00)3.000 (0.00–24.00)t1/2 (h)5.340 ± 2.290b5.270 ± 0.759c–dCmax (μg/dL)182.4 ± 46.7250.8 ± 86.931.6 ± 10.1ΔCmax (μg/dL)157.8 ± 48.0225.3 ± 86.23.4 ± 4.0AUC0–24 (μg·h/dL)1971.6 ± 658.32548.9 ± 1190.5624.9 ± 198.7ΔAUC0–24 (μg·h/d
   • AUC · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':Table 3Descriptive statistics of pharmacokinetic parameters (pharmacokinetic analysis set)Fasted (n = 12)Fed (n = 12)Control (n = 12)tmax (h)a2.500 (1.00–3.00)4.000 (2.00–6.00)3.000 (0.00–24.00)t1/2 (h)5.340 ± 2.290b5.270 ± 0.759c–dCmax (μg/dL)182.4 ± 46.7250.8 ± 86.931.6 ± 10.1ΔCmax (μg/dL)157.8 ± 48.0225.3 ± 86.23.4 ± 4.0AUC0–24 (μg·h/dL)1971.6 ± 658.32548.9 ± 1190.5624.9 ± 198.7ΔAUC0–24 (μg·h/d
   • AUC · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':Table 4Analysis results of the food effect on iron absorption following administration of ferric citrate hydrate (pharmacokinetic analysis set)Geometric LSMRatio of geometric LSMs in the fed vs fasted (90% CI)Fasted (n = 12)Fed (n = 12)ΔCmax (μg/dL)151.3209.61.39 (1.17–1.64)ΔAUC0–24 (μg·h/dL)1199.81548.21.29 (0.96–1.74)ΔAUC0–24, area under the concentration change versus time curve from baseline t
   • Food effect · full text, Table 1:Demographics and baseline characteristics (safety analysis set) Cohort AFasted first(n = 6) Cohort BFed first(n = 6) Total(n = 12) Age (years) 32.7 ± 8.4 32.2 ± 8.4 32.4 ± 8.0 Sex  Male 2 (33.3%) 1 (16.7%) 3 (25.0%)  Female 4 (66.7%) 5 (83.3%) 9 (75.0%) Menopausal status (women only)  Premenopausal 4 (100.0%) 5 (100.0%)
   • Food effect · full text, Table 4:ct on iron absorption following administration of ferric citrate hydrate (pharmacokinetic analysis set) Geometric LSM Ratio of geometric LSMs in the fed vs fasted (90% CI) Fasted (n = 12) Fed (n = 12) ΔCmax (μg/dL) 151.3 209.6 1.39 (1.17–1.64) ΔAUC0–24 (μg·h/dL) 1199.8 1548.2 1.29 (0.96–1.74)
   • Food effect · full text, Section 'Patients and baseline characteristics':Table 1Demographics and baseline characteristics (safety analysis set)Cohort AFasted first(n = 6)Cohort BFed first(n = 6)Total(n = 12)Age (years)32.7 ± 8.432.2 ± 8.432.4 ± 8.0Sex Male2 (33.3%)1 (16.7%)3 (25.0%) Female4 (66.7%)5 (83.3%)9 (75.0%)Menopausal status (women only) Premenopausal4 (100.0%)5 (100.0%)9 (100.0%)Height (cm)160.30 ± 6.18160.25 ± 10.78160.28 ± 8.38Body weight (kg)54.72 ± 8.2552.
   • Form comparison · full text, Table 4:n iron absorption following administration of ferric citrate hydrate (pharmacokinetic analysis set) Geometric LSM Ratio of geometric LSMs in the fed vs fasted (90% CI) Fasted (n = 12) Fed (n = 12) ΔCmax (μg/dL) 151.3 209.6 1.39 (1.17–1.64) ΔAUC0–24 (μg·h/dL) 1199.8 1548.2 1.29 (0.96–1.74)
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':Table 3Descriptive statistics of pharmacokinetic parameters (pharmacokinetic analysis set)Fasted (n = 12)Fed (n = 12)Control (n = 12)tmax (h)a2.500 (1.00–3.00)4.000 (2.00–6.00)3.000 (0.00–24.00)t1/2 (h)5.340 ± 2.290b5.270 ± 0.759c–dCmax (μg/dL)182.4 ± 46.7250.8 ± 86.931.6 ± 10.1ΔCmax (μg/dL)157.8 ± 48.0225.3 ± 86.23.4 ± 4.0AUC0–24 (μg·h/dL)1971.6 ± 658.32548.9 ± 1190.5624.9 ± 198.7ΔAUC0–24 (μg·h/d
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Serum iron and its pharmacokinetic param':The geometric least-squares mean ratios of serum iron after ferric citrate hydrate administration under fed conditions compared with fasting conditions were 1.39 (90% CI: 1.17–1.64) μg/dL for ΔCmax and 1.29 (90% CI: 0.96–1.74) μg·h/dL for ΔAUC0–24 (Table 4).
2. HumanEnhancing Iron Bioavailability with Sprinkle Food Containing Steam-Blasted and Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Soybean: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adolescent Girls.
   J Am Nutr Assoc, 2026 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
   PMID 41289521DOI 10.1080/27697061.2025.2585830
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted involving 106 female adolescents, comparing serum ferritin levels before and after an eight-week intervention with either the hydrolysate-fortified or control sprinkle product.
   • Key findings · abstract:RESULT: A significant increase in serum ferritin levels was observed among participants with low baseline ferritin (<11 ng/mL) who consumed the soy-hydrolysate-fortified formula, indicating enhanced iron absorption.
3. HumanDigested casein-stabilized co-dissolution of calcium and iron in oxalate system for enhanced metal bioavailability.
   Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2026 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
   PMID 42508282DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.116015
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:Thermodynamic analysis revealed that iron(II) oxalate exhibited higher solubility product (Ksp) and weaker association (Ka = 4655) compared to calcium oxalate (Ka = 25126) at 25 ℃.
   • Key findings · abstract:Critically, Caco-2 cell studies demonstrated that digested casein-mediated nanoparticles restored both calcium and iron absorption despite oxalate presence, operating primarily through caveolin-mediated endocytosis rather than classical mineral transporters.
4. HumanAn explanatory in vitro study on the effect of copper gluconate on ferrous gluconate absorption in a Caco-2 cell model.
   BMC Res Notes, 2026 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
   PMID 41952175DOI 10.1186/s13104-026-07804-8PMC13188721 (free full text)
   Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
   • Key findings · abstract:To address this question, the iron absorption from ferrous gluconate was measured using the Caco-2 cell model, by determining apparent permeability (Papp) of ferrous gluconate with or without presence of copper gluconate.
   • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Under experimental conditions, a 4.9-fold increase in iron Papp values was seen when ferrous gluconate was incubated with copper gluconate.
   • Relative bioavailability · abstract:RESULTS: Under experimental conditions, a 4.9-fold increase in iron Papp values was seen when ferrous gluconate was incubated with copper gluconate.
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Conclusions':This exploratory in vitro study showed that the presence of copper, at the concentration found in the Tot’hema® formulation (0.5 mg/mL), significantly enhanced the apparent permeability of iron from ferrous gluconate by almost five-fold compared to ferrous gluconate alone.
5. HumanThe mucosal redox gateway for dietary iron absorption: integrating gastrointestinal mucus, Fe(II)/Fe(III) speciation and ligand-centred valence tautomerism.
   Arch Biochem Biophys, 2026 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
   PMID 42772623DOI 10.1016/j.abb.2026.111011
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:Canonical models place ferrireduction by duodenal cytochrome b and Fe(II) transport by divalent metal transporter 1 at the centre of absorption, but usually treat gastrointestinal mucus as a passive diffusion barrier.
6. HumanThe binding mechanism of an iron-chelating peptide from duck plasma and insights into its absorption-enhancing effect in Caco-2 cells.
   Food Res Int, 2026 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
   PMID 42083210DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119166
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:This study aimed to elucidate the Fe2+ chelation mechanism of a duck plasma-derived peptide (RCLQ) and its iron bioavailability-enhancing potential, exploring a high-value strategy for duck blood by-product utilization.
   • Key findings · abstract:A Caco-2 monolayer model evaluated iron absorption efficacy via cellular ferritin levels and key iron metabolism-related gene/protein expression.
   • Key findings · abstract:In Caco-2 cells, ferritin levels in RCLQ-Fe-treated groups exceeded those in ferrous sulfate groups; the high-concentration RCLQ-Fe group showed 6.16-fold greater iron transport than controls at 120 min, via upregulating Dmt1, IRP[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
   • Relative bioavailability · abstract:In Caco-2 cells, ferritin levels in RCLQ-Fe-treated groups exceeded those in ferrous sulfate groups; the high-concentration RCLQ-Fe group showed 6.16-fold greater iron transport than controls at 120 min, via upregulating Dmt1, IRP1, Dcytb and Epn1.
7. HumanOmega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Did Not Reduce Inflammation to Improve Iron Absorption in South African Women Living with Overweight or Obesity.
   J Nutr, 2026 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
   PMID 41456679DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101280
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: Using stable iron isotopes, we determined the effect of omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation on fractional iron absorption (FIA) from a meal containing iron as ferrous sulfate without and with ascorbic acid (AA).
   • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: Addition of AA to the test meal, rather than omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation, improved iron absorption in South African women with overweight or obesity.
   • Key findings · abstract:This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05220735 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05220735?cond=obesity&term=iron%20absorption&rank=4).
   • Food effect · abstract:OBJECTIVES: Using stable iron isotopes, we determined the effect of omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation on fractional iron absorption (FIA) from a meal containing iron as ferrous sulfate without and with ascorbic acid (AA).
   • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: In this single-blind, uncontrolled, before-after intervention stable isotope study, 30 South African women aged 18-35 y with body mass index ≥28 kg/m2, systemic inflammation, and a low omega-3 LCPUFA status, consumed a noninhibitory meal containing 6 mg iron, without and with AA, before and after 3 mo of daily supplementation with 2.1 g omega-3 LCPUFA.
   • Food effect · abstract:At baseline a
8. HumanFabrication and characterization of whey protein-tannic acid-ferrous ion complexes with improved iron stability and bioavailability.
   Food Chem, 2026 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
   PMID 42302518DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.150061
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:Conventional food iron fortification strategies face great challenges due to the instability and lower bioavailability of Fe2+.
9. HumanA Combination of Inulin and Long-Chain Fructooligosaccharides Enhances in Vitro Iron Bioavailability and Supports a Favorable Infant Gut Microbiome.
   J Agric Food Chem, 2026 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
   PMID 41811133DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13296PMC13022871 (free full text)
   Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
   • Key findings · abstract:Inulin:lcFOS increased small-intestinal IB (1.2-fold).
   • Key findings · abstract:SCFA from Inulin:lcFOS and scGOS:lcFOS increased colonic IB by 3.7- and 5.0-fold, respectively.
   • Key findings · abstract:When combining small-intestinal and colonic IB, overall IB increased ∼1.5-fold versus the control.
   • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Inulin:lcFOS increased small-intestinal IB (1.2-fold).
   • Relative bioavailability · abstract:SCFA from Inulin:lcFOS and scGOS:lcFOS increased colonic IB by 3.7- and 5.0-fold, respectively.
   • Relative bioavailability · abstract:When combining small-intestinal and colonic IB, overall IB increased ∼1.5-fold versus the control.
   • Food effect · full text, Section ' In Vitro Fermentation':Under anaerobic conditions, fecal samples from four healthy individual, mixed fed infant donors between 6 and 12 months old were thawed and prepared as 10% (w/v) suspensions.
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Effect of Prebiotics on Small Intestinal':Quantitative PCR analysis revealed no statistically significant changes in DMT1 mRNA expression in either prebiotic group compared to the control group at both 0.5 and 2 h post-treatment, although Inulin:lcFOS(1:1), at 2 h. tended toward a higher DMT1 mRNA expression compared to lcFOS (p = 0.0972) (Figure B)
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Mechanism of Acetic Acid Effect on Colon':A solution of iron from FeSO4 at 1.75 × 10–3 g/L had a higher iron bioavailability (3.4 ± 0.1 ng/mg ferritin) compared to that of iron at 1.75 × 10–3 g/L from digested IMF (1.4 ± 0.1 ng/mg ferritin); this indicates potential inhibitory activity of dairy proteins or calcium in the IMF matrix.
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Mechanism of Acetic Acid Effect on Colon':A mix of FeSO4 and ferrous acetate at a 1:1 molar ratio for iron incubated for 1 h at 37 °C showed a higher iron bioavailability compared to FeSO4 alone (Figure B).
10. HumanA genetic association study of iron absorption in adults of East Asian or Northern European ancestry from the Iron Genes in East Asian and Northern European Adults Study (FeGenes).
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2026 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 253 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 41895699DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101298PMC13173465 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Over 100 genetic variants are linked to iron (Fe) biomarkers in European populations, but their effects on nonheme Fe absorption remain unknown.
    • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption was assessed using the erythrocyte Fe isotope incorporation method, normalized to a serum ferritin (SF) of 40 μg/L.
    • Key findings · abstract:Two variants remained significant after Bonferroni correction (P-interaction < 0.007), rs1672992 in hepsin and rs9423600 in urocortin 3 (UCN3), indicating ancestry-specific genetic effects on Fe absorption.
    • Key findings · abstract:The C allele of rs1672992 was associated with a 26% decrease in Fe absorption in NE (P = 0.04) but w[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
11. HumanEnhancement of iron, zinc, and calcium bioaccessibility and bioavailability in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) supplemented with buttermilk through phytate reduction: an in vitro dietary evaluation.
    Front Nutr, 2026 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 41693945DOI 10.3389/fnut.2026.1756171PMC12900709 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Moreover, the bioavailability of these micronutrients is evaluated by treating Caco-2 cells with the final digest and analyzing them using ICP-MS.
    • Key findings · abstract:Improved bio accessibility and bioavailability were underlined by a significant rise of 68% in iron, 57% in calcium, and 23% in zinc in the buttermilk treated samples.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Bio accessibility and bioavailability of':Although zinc bio accessibility increased by 19%, a lesser extent compared to iron and calcium, this trend is consistent with earlier reports indicating that zinc bio accessibility is strongly influenced by the presence of chelating compounds and antinutritional factors; fermentation and probiotic activity in buttermilk may partially mitigate these inhibitory effects by degrading zinc-binding comp
12. HumanIn situ construction, characterization, and bioavailability of nano-iron oxide-whey protein isolate amyloid fibrils carriers.
    Food Res Int, 2026 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 41703834DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118367
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:In this study, FeCl2·4H2O and FeCl3·6H2O (3,1, 2,1, 1,1, 1,2, and 1:3) were dissolved in a whey protein isolate amyloid fibrils (WPF) solution, followed by reaction under alkaline conditions at 60 °C for 50 min to form an iron oxide-WPF complex (Fe-WPF) with high bioavailability.
    • Key findings · abstract:And, in vitro digestion indicated that the fibril of the Fe-WPF remained intact and the release of free Fe2+ was only 2.0 μg/mL, which effectively increased the bioavailability of iron and reduced the irritation of Fe2+ to the gastrointestinal mucosa.
    • Key findings · abstract:Fe-WPF prepared at a 1:1 ratio of FeCl2·4H2O and FeCl3·6H2O exh[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
13. HumanControllable preparation of whey protein isolate fibrils-oxidized dextran covalent complex as a delivery vehicle for enhancing iron bioavailability.
    Food Res Int, 2026 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 41703854DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118392
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:After 15 days of storage at 50 °C and 75% relative humidity, its ferrous retention remained at 45.6%, which is 18.6 times higher than that of WPF-Fe.
    • Key findings · abstract:Cell experiments confirmed the good biocompatibility of the material, with iron uptake by Caco-2 cells being 1.3 times that of the ferrous sulfate group.
14. HumanGlycoprotein Matrix-Bound Iron Improves Absorption Compared to Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate and Ferrous Fumarate: A Randomized Crossover Trial.
    Cureus, 2025 · Design: crossover; double-blind · n: 17 participants · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 40190969DOI 10.7759/cureus.80224PMC11972659 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:On average, participants had iron concentrations that were 27.1 mcg/dL (95% CI: 2.8 to 51.4) higher after consuming GPM iron compared to the FF reference condition.
    • Key findings · abstract:Changes in iron concentrations from the baseline were 16.6 mcg/dL (95% CI: 1.5 to 31.7) higher after GPM consumption compared to FF.
    • Key findings · abstract:When expressed as percentage changes from baseline, iron concentrations in the GPM condition were 9.4% to 35.0% higher than FF and 5.9% to 32.6% higher than FBC.
    • Key findings · abstract:Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a significant effect of condition on the iAUC (p = 0.047), but no significant effects for Cmax (p =[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a significant effect of condition on the iAUC (p = 0.047), but no significant effects for Cmax (p = 0.15) or Tmax (p = 0.81).
    • Tmax · abstract:Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a significant effect of condition on the iAUC (p = 0.047), but no significant effects for Cmax (p = 0.15) or Tmax (p = 0.81).
    • Cmax · full text, Table 3:were analyzed using the Friedman test due to statistical assumption violations for one-way repeated measures ANOVA or due to the nature of the data. Cmax was analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. iAUC: incremental area under the curve; Cmax: maximal observed concentration; Tmax: time of maximal observed concentration; GPM: glycoprotein matrix-bound iron; FBC: ferrous bisglycinate chelate
    • Tmax · full text, Table 3:Pharmacokinetic resultsiAUC and Tmax were analyzed using the Friedman test due to statistical assumption violations for one-way repeated measures ANOVA or due to the nature of the data. Cmax was analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. iAUC: incremental area under the curve; Cma
    • AUC · full text, Table 3:ions for one-way repeated measures ANOVA or due to the nature of the data. Cmax was analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. iAUC: incremental area under the curve; Cmax: maximal observed concentration; Tmax: time of maximal observed concentration; GPM: glycoprotein matrix-bound iron; FBC: ferrous bisglycinate chelate; FF: ferrous fumarate; IQR: interquartile range Outcome Condition Mean SD
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Results':On average, participants had iron concentrations that were 27.1 (95% CI: 2.8 to 51.4) mcg/dL higher after GPM consumption as compared to the reference condition (i.e., FF consumption).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Results':Additionally, changes in iron concentrations from the baseline were 16.6 (95% CI: 1.5 to 31.7) mcg/dL higher after GPM consumption as compared to the reference condition.
15. HumanInfluence of Sourdough Fermentation-Induced Dephytinization on Iron Absorption from Whole Grain Rye Bread-Double-Isotope Crossover and Single-Blind Absorption Studies.
    Nutrients, 2025 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 8 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 41470836DOI 10.3390/nu17243891PMC12735527 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The study examined non-heme iron absorption in healthy women from two portions (80 g and 120 g) of identical whole grain bread, baked with or without phytate-degrading techniques.
    • Key findings · abstract:Results: Iron absorption from the 80 g high-phytate bread was 7.0 ± 4.1% (mean ± SD, n = 8).
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from the 80 g dephytinized bread was 19.1 ± 15.1% (mean ± SD) and thus on average 2.8 times higher compared to the absorption from the high-phytate bread (p = 0.001).
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from the 120 g high-phytate bread was 4.6 ± 2.9% (mean ± SD, n = 17).
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from the 120 g dephytinized bread[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:Subjects were served meals containing whole grain rye bread, which was either baked from scalded flour or sourdough-fermented flour labeled with 55Fe or 59Fe.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.1. Trial 1':In contrast, the absorption from the same amount of dephytinized, low-phytate bread was 19.1 ± 15.1% (mean ± SD), representing an average increase of 2.8-fold compared to the high-phytate bread (ratio = 2.84, p < 0.001).
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.2. Trial 2':In contrast, the absorption from the dephytinized bread was 15.0 ± 9.2% (mean ± SD), representing an average increase of 3.5-fold compared to the high-phytate bread (ratio = 3.47, p < 0.001).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section '3.1. Trial 1':The mean fractional absorption of non-heme iron from 80 g high-phytate bread was 7.0 ± 4.1% (n = 8, mean ± SD).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section '3.2. Trial 2':The mean fractional absorption of non-heme iron from 120 g high-phytate bread was 4.6 ± 2.9% (mean ± SD, n = 17).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section '4.5. Absolute Iron Absorption and Nutrit':Although fractional absorption was substantially higher from sourdough bread, the absolute amount of iron absorbed per meal remained small due to the low iron content of rye bread (approximately 1.2 mg/100 g).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Trial 1':In contrast, the absorption from the same amount of dephytinized, low-phytate bread was 19.1 ± 15.1% (mean ± SD), representing an average increase of 2.8-fold compared to the high-phytate bread (ratio = 2.84, p < 0.001).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.2. Trial 2':In contrast, the absorption from the dephytinized bread was 15.0 ± 9.2% (mean ± SD), representing an average increase of 3.5-fold compared to the high-phytate bread (ratio = 3.47, p < 0.001).
16. HumanA Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, Parallel-Group Bioequivalence Study of Ferric Carboxymaltose Injection Under Fasting Conditions in Chinese Adult Subjects With Iron Deficiency Anemia.
    Pharmacol Res Perspect, 2025 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 40842412DOI 10.1002/prp2.70137PMC12371256 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of total serum iron and Cmax, AUC0-t of serum transferrin-bound iron were within the predefined bioequivalence criterion of 80%-125%, indicating bioequivalence between the T and R preparations under fasting conditions.
    • Cmax · abstract:The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of total serum iron and Cmax, AUC0-t of serum transferrin-bound iron were within the predefined bioequivalence criterion of 80%-125%, indicating bioequivalence between the T and R preparations under fasting conditions.
    • AUC · abstract:The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of total serum iron and Cmax, AUC0-t of serum transferrin-bound iron were within the predefined bioequivalence criterion of 80%-125%, indicating bioequivalence between the T and R preparations under fasting conditions.
    • Food effect · abstract:The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of total serum iron and Cmax, AUC0-t of serum transferrin-bound iron were within the predefined bioequivalence criterion of 80%-125%, indicating bioequivalence between the T and R preparations under fasting conditions.
    • AUC · full text, TABLE 3:PK parameters GMR 90% CI (%) T R (T/R) (%) Corrected C max (μg/mL) 213.17 217.19 98.15 93.31–103.24 AUC0−t (μg·h/mL) 3867.20 3891.46 99.38 93.39–105.75 AUC0−∞ (μg·h/mL) 3926.67 3952.75 99.34 93.34–105.73 Uncrrected C max (μg/mL) 213.47 217.45 98.17 93.33–103.26 AUC0−t (μg·h/mL) 3887.67 3910.54 99.42 93.41–105.80 AUC0−∞ (μg·h/mL) 3953.15 3976.95 99.40 93.39–105.80
    • AUC · full text, TABLE 4:PK parameters GMR 90% CI (%) T R (T/R) (%) Uncorrected a C max (μg/mL) 3.64 3.75 97.17 91.81–102.84 AUC0−t (μg·h/mL) 184.28 187.30 98.39 90.10–107.43 AUC0−∞ (μg·h/mL) 555.65 637.42 87.17 69.80–108.87
17. HumanOat protein nanofibril-iron hybrids offer a stable, high-absorption iron delivery platform for iron fortification.
    Nat Food, 2025 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: n = 52 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 41214296DOI 10.1038/s43016-025-01260-6PMC12717008 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:In a prospective cross-over stable-isotope absorption trial in young iron-deficient women (n = 52), OatNF reduced with sodium ascorbate carried mainly ferrous iron and showed high fractional absorption with water and with polyphenol-rich food, showing 1.76- and 1.65-fold higher absorption, respectively, compared with ferrous sulfate.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:In a prospective cross-over stable-isotope absorption trial in young iron-deficient women (n = 52), OatNF reduced with sodium ascorbate carried mainly ferrous iron and showed high fractional absorption with water and with polyphenol-rich food, showing 1.76- and 1.65-fold higher absorption, respectively, compared with ferrous sulfate.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:In a prospective cross-over stable-isotope absorption trial in young iron-deficient women (n = 52), OatNF reduced with sodium ascorbate carried mainly ferrous iron and showed high fractional absorption with water and with polyphenol-rich food, showing 1.76- and 1.65-fold higher absorption, respectively, compared with ferrous sulfate.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Main':Yet, in those studies, iron bioavailability remained lower than that of FeSO4, and, in humans, achieved only 72% relative bioavailability to FeSO4.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Clinical iron absorption study in iron-d':This corresponds to 77% relative bioavailability compared with FeSO4 (that is, 0.77 times) which is considered a moderate-to-high iron bioavailability value for potential iron fortificants5.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Main':These hybrids were also well absorbed and achieved 77% and 75% bioavailability compared with FeSO4 when administered with water and a polyphenol-rich meal, respectively.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Sensory study in fortified foods and bev':We next assessed the sensory performance of the OatNF-SA-Fe and OatNF-NaOH-Fe hybrids compared with several commercial compounds when added to three food and beverage matrices (water, apple juice and cow’s milk yogurt 1.1% fat).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Clinical iron absorption study in iron-d':This corresponds to 77% relative bioavailability compared with FeSO4 (that is, 0.77 times) which is considered a moderate-to-high iron bioavailability value for potential iron fortificants5.
18. HumanWhole White Beans and White Bean Pasta Exhibit High Iron Bioavailability Relative to Whole Black Beans and Black Bean Pasta: Studies in Caco-2 Cells and Poultry.
    J Nutr, 2025 · Design: not stated · n: n = 15 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 40998124DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.019
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare Fe bioavailability in diets containing 42% whole white or whole black beans with Fe bioavailability in diets containing 42% white bean pasta or black bean pasta in which bean cotyledon cell walls are disrupted due to the pasta-making process.
    • Key findings · abstract:The diets were evaluated using the Caco-2 cell bioassay and poultry (n = 15 male birds/diet) models of human Fe bioavailability.
    • Key findings · abstract:Fecal Fe retention (24 h) was measured at 5 wk.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: White bean pasta had the highest Fe bioavailability, followed closely by white beans, as indicated by significant in[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:Equal amounts were fed for 6 wk with weekly monitoring of Fe status, body weight, and food consumption.
19. HumanEffect of blueberries on non-heme iron absorption in adult women.
    J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2025 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 40967138DOI 10.1016/j.jtemb.2025.127753
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were taken on days 14 and 28 to measure the iron bioavailability and nutritional status.
    • Key findings · abstract:The iron bioavailability in the different groups was (geometric mean and range ±1 SD): C= 30.2 % (13.8-66.0 %), B= 6.8 % (2.1-21.7 %), A= 7.5 % (2.3-24.0 %), and D= 5.7 % (1.5-22.4 %);[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:On day 1, the subjects received FeSO4 solution as control (C); on day 2, FeSO4 + 100 g of blueberry (B); on day 14, FeSO4 + 100 g of blueberry + standardized breakfast (A); and on day 15, FeSO4 + breakfast (D).
20. HumanDietary Adaptation of Non-Heme Iron Absorption in Vegans: A Controlled Trial.
    Mol Nutr Food Res, 2025 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 40320969DOI 10.1002/mnfr.70096PMC12189169 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were taken at baseline, 120 and 150 min after consumption to measure serum iron.
    • Key findings · abstract:The main outcome was the area under the curve (AUC) of serum iron The AUC for serum iron was significantly higher in vegans (1002.8 ± 143.9 µmol/L/h) compared to omnivores (853 ± 268.2 µmol/L/h) (p = 0.04;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:The main outcome was the area under the curve (AUC) of serum iron The AUC for serum iron was significantly higher in vegans (1002.8 ± 143.9 µmol/L/h) compared to omnivores (853 ± 268.2 µmol/L/h) (p = 0.04;
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Results':The AUC for serum iron was significantly higher in vegan participants (1002.8 ± 143.9 µmol/L/h) compared to omnivorous participants (853 ± 268.2 µmol/L/h) (p = 0.04;
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Study Protocol':To ensure accurate and reliable measurements, participants adhered to specific conditions, including overnight fasting, refraining from strenuous activity, and avoiding alcohol and caffeine intake for 24 h before testing.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Results':The increase in iron levels at 120 min after the test meal consumption was higher in vegan participants (17.3 µg/dL ± 9.9) compared to omnivorous participants (7.4 µg/dL ± 6.8) (p = 0.03;
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Results':The AUC for serum iron was significantly higher in vegan participants (1002.8 ± 143.9 µmol/L/h) compared to omnivorous participants (853 ± 268.2 µmol/L/h) (p = 0.04;
21. HumanMilk osteopontin has high iron-binding capacity and facilitates iron absorption in intestinal cells.
    J Dairy Sci, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (gold)
    PMID 39694241DOI 10.3168/jds.2024-25305
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The cellular uptake of iron was investigated by measuring intracellular ferritin formation and mRNA expression of divalent metal transporter 1 in Caco-2 cells.
22. HumanDevelopment and characterization of a walnut protein hydrolysate-Fe-vitamin C complex: Enhancing iron bioavailability through phytase-assisted modification.
    Food Chem, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 41086629DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.146646
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Caco-2 assays revealed that vitamin C mitigated the inhibitory effect of phytic acid and significantly enhanced Fe2+ uptake via the DMT1 pathway, reaching 9.47 ± 0.13 μg/well at 120 min.
23. HumanContent and bioavailability of iron from cyanobacteria and microalgae as food sources.
    Food Chem, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 41076894DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.146681
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of iron was measured using the Caco-2 cell model via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and compared with that of beef and crickets.
    • Key findings · abstract:Three of the six cyanobacteria and microalgae samples had bioaccessible iron levels greater than 5 g/100 g.
    • Key findings · abstract:Arthrospira platensis exhibited the highest bioavailable Fe content (0.167 μg/mg protein).
24. HumanIron absorption and loss, and efficacy of iron supplementation with and without prebiotics in children with virally suppressed HIV: three prospective studies in South Africa.
    Nat Commun, 2025 · Design: randomized; double-blind; stable-isotope · n: n = 43 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 41233303DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-64998-4PMC12615833 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Here, we investigate iron absorption, losses, and the efficacy and safety of oral iron supplementation with versus without prebiotics in three prospective studies in children with virally suppressed HIV in South Africa (NCT03572010, NCT04931641).
    • Key findings · abstract:In the first study, using stable iron isotopes, we show that iron absorption from iron-fortified maize porridge, a lipid-based nutrient supplement, and an oral iron supplement is comparable between children with HIV (n = 43) and without HIV (n = 45).
    • Key findings · abstract:In the second study, we use a stable iron isotope dilution method over a 6-month period to demonst[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Study 1: iron absorption from common iro':Each child received three single-dose iron interventions on non-consecutive days under fasting conditions: (1) iron-fortified maize porridge labelled with 2 mg of 58Fe as ferrous fumarate, (2) a LNS labelled with 6 mg of 57Fe as ferrous sulphate, and (3) an oral iron supplement (55 mg elemental iron) labelled with 6 mg of 57Fe as ferrous sulphate.
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Study 2: iron absorption from the habitu':A total of 180 children (with HIV: n = 90; without HIV: n = 90), aged 8–13 years, were labelled with 12 mg of 57Fe as ferrous sulphate, either during Study 1 or via a single oral dose under fasting conditions.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Study 2: iron absorption from the habitu':This corresponds to a 24% lower relative iron absorption in children with HIV compared to their uninfected peers.
25. HumanDifferences in nonheme iron absorption between healthy adults of East Asian or Northern European ancestry from the Iron Genes in East Asian and Northern European Adults Study (FeGenes): A cross-sectional stable iron isotope study.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2025 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 253 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 39909711DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.11.015PMC11863334 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Percent Fe absorption was calculated based on erythrocyte 57Fe enrichment 2 wk postdosing measured using magnetic sector thermal ionization mass spectrometry and normalized to a fixed serum ferritin (SF) level.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: SF-corrected % Fe absorption was higher in EA females [27.4 (95% confidence interval (CI): 23.4, 32.0)] and males [19.8 (95% CI: 14.9, 26.4)] compared with NE females [14.8 (95% CI: 11.8, 18.2)] and males [14.9 (95% CI: 11.8, 18.9)], respectively (both P < 0.001).
    • Key findings · abstract:Percent Fe absorption was consistently associated with hepcidin in EA males [β = -0.64; standard error (SE) = 0[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
26. HumanThe impact of wheat sprouting on iron and zinc bioaccessibility and bioavailability to Caco-2 cells.
    Food Chem, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 40974644DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.146332
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Subsequent application of in vitro digests to Caco-2 cells showed that sprouting for 120 h at 26 °C did not enhance wheat Fe bioavailability, while it increased Zn bioavailability 1.6-fold.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Subsequent application of in vitro digests to Caco-2 cells showed that sprouting for 120 h at 26 °C did not enhance wheat Fe bioavailability, while it increased Zn bioavailability 1.6-fold.
27. HumanImpact of dietary components and processing on mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability in Iron-biofortified lentils.
    Food Res Int, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 41214957DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117447
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:To evaluate Fe bioavailability, ferritin formation was measured using the Caco-2 cell bioassay.
    • Key findings · abstract:Among the minerals, Fe bioaccessibility was highest in FLF (76.1%), while Cu (99.0%), Zn (62.6%), Ca (60.2%), Mg (22.9%) and S (22.6%) bioaccessibility were higher in boiled lentil flour (BLF).
    • Key findings · abstract:In vitro bioavailability results showed that Fe (69.4%) and Ca (50.3%) were most bioavailable in FLF, whereas Zn (52.3%), Cu (81.2%), S (17.0%) and Mg (20.1%) showed higher bioavailability in BLF.
28. HumanIs Ferric the Same as Ferrous? Effect of Nutritionally Relevant Iron Species in C. elegans: Bioavailability, Iron Homeostasis, Oxidative Stress, and Cell Death.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 39899691DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c10463
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:While the bioavailability of Fe was highest with FeCl2 and lowest with FAC, the effects on tested endpoints, such as superoxide dismutase activity, translocation of the transcription factor daf-16 (human FOXO3), mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and apoptotic cells were similar.
29. HumanPreparation of highly-dispersed iron pyrophosphate nanoparticles via ultrasound-assistant carboxymethyl cellulose modification to enhance their liposome encapsulation and cell absorption.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 41072683DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148186
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Furthermore, in comparation with the unencapsulated MN-FePP, MN-FePP-Lip exhibited increased cellular absorption efficiency (intracellular iron concentrations of 171.54 μmol/L vs. 115.24 μmol/L) and total antioxidant levels (9.04 U/mg prot vs. 7.28 U/mg prot) in cells.
30. HumanA multifaceted analysis: Unveiling the complexities of wheat genotypes, fortification, and processing on iron and zinc bioavailability in whole wheat flour and chapati.
    Food Chem, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 39869989DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.142907
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
31. HumanAcidic hydrothermal processing of wheat using citrate buffer largely enhances iron and zinc bioaccessibility and bioavailability to Caco-2 cells.
    Food Chem, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (green)
    PMID 39667302DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142340PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The in vitro digests were supplied to Caco-2 cells, showing that mineral bioavailabilities in these processed wheat grains were 6-fold (Fe) and 12-fold (Zn) higher than in unprocessed wheat.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The in vitro digests were supplied to Caco-2 cells, showing that mineral bioavailabilities in these processed wheat grains were 6-fold (Fe) and 12-fold (Zn) higher than in unprocessed wheat.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.2:luble 27 chelates. The in vitro digests were supplied to Caco-2 cells, showing that mineral bioavailabilities 28 in these processed wheat grains were 6-fold (Fe) and 12-fold (Zn) higher than in unprocessed 29 wheat. Thus, hydrothermal processing of wheat using citrate buffer can be used for developing 30 whole grain-based products with increased Fe and Zn bioavailability. 31 32 Keywords: cereals;
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.22:ocessing of wheat at 412 those conditions led to bioaccessible Fe and Zn contents of 17.4 mg/kg dm and 8.9 mg/kg dm, 413 respectively, which is about 6.5-fold higher than noted for unprocessed wheat. Earlier, Ekholm et 414 al. (2000) found a dose-dependent relationship between citric acid content (up to 30 mg/g) and 415 Zn bioaccessibility (up to 80%) in oat bran and flakes. Further, Hemalatha et
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.26:lain the somewhat lower Fe uptake in some of the processes (Table 2). 475 The total Zn uptake by Caco-2 cells, as a fraction of bioaccessible Zn, was 5 times higher than 476 that of Fe. Total Fe uptake could be more adversely affected than total Zn uptake by lower inositol 477 phosphates (IP3 - IP5) formed during hydrothermal processing of wheat. Indeed, Lönnerdal et al. 478 (1989) and Sandström &
    • Fractional absorption · full text, p.29:ity values (see 3.2). Earlier, Fredlund et al. (2006) found that the absorption of Zn 509 from wheat rolls with a molar phytate: Zn ratio of 28.6 (Zn absorption of 5.5%) in humans (n = 510 19) did not significantly increase when this ratio was reduced to 11.5. In contrast, Hallberg et al. 511 (1989) found a dose-dependent effect of phytate content in wheat rolls on Fe absorption in humans 512 (n =
    • Form comparison · full text, p.8:R2) and 133 the actual-by-predicted plot (Supplementary Data, Figure S1). The effects of the different 134 incubation media on phytate reduction were compared to the effect of water. 135 2.4 Moisture content analysis 136 Moisture contents were determined in triplicate according to the AACC Method 44-15.02 137 (AACC International, 1999) from the weight loss of 1.0 g of accurately weighed whole meal
    • Form comparison · full text, p.21:sibility in wheat. Here, hydrothermal processing (60 °C, pH 4.0, 24 h) of wheat using 393 acetate buffer resulted in a phytate: Fe molar ratio of 8.9 compared to the phytate: Fe molar ratio 394 of 20.7 in unprocessed wheat. The phytate: Zn molar ratio of wheat hydrothermally processed 395 under such conditions amounted to 15.0, while it was 37.5 in unprocessed wheat (data not shown). 396 To meet t
    • Form comparison · full text, p.29:labilities of 1.5 and 9.1%, respectively, and thereby 4- and 9-fold higher bioavailable Fe 516 and Zn contents (0.47 and 1.66 mg/kg dm, respectively) compared to unprocessed wheat. Almost 517 all of these positive effects are explained by the effects on bioaccessibility, i.e. by the combination 518 of reduction in phytate and the chelation with citrate. It was shown earlier in a randomized in vivo
32. HumanAdvancements in Nano-Mandoor Bhasma: Unravelling the Particle Size-Ascorbic Acid Synergy for Enhanced Iron Bioavailability for Anemia Treatment.
    Biol Trace Elem Res, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 39008216DOI 10.1007/s12011-024-04304-3
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:GIT digestae of MB microparticles and nano-AA-MB were found to be biocompatible in human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells, with the latter showing threefold higher iron uptake.
    • Key findings · abstract:Subsequently, a dose-dependent increase in cellular ferritin protein was observed in the nano-AA-MB digestae-treated Caco-2 cells, indicating the enhanced bioavailability and storage of dissolved iron.
33. HumanIron Absorption from an Iron-Fortified Follow-Up Formula with and without the Addition of a Synbiotic or a Human-Identical Milk Oligosaccharide: A Randomized Crossover Stable Isotope Study in Young Thai Children.
    J Nutr, 2024 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: n = 26 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 39179207DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.016PMC11522886 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: We determined the effect of adding 1) a synbiotic [galacto-oligosaccharide [GOS] + Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri)] or 2) the HiMO 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) to iron-fortified FUF on iron absorption in young Thai children.
    • Key findings · abstract:Fractional iron absorption [FIA (%)] was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of isotopic labels 14 d (n = 26) and 28 d (n = 76) after consumption of the last test FUF.
    • Key findings · abstract:FIA from all FUF did not differ when measured after 14 and 28 d of erythrocyte incorporation (Time, P = 0.368;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':Adjusting for FUF administration sequence did not affect the results (synbiotic compared with control, P = 0.70; sequence, P = 0.34; sequence × FUF, P = 0.86 and 2′FL compared with control, P = 0.61; sequence, P = 0.23; sequence × FUF, P = 0.59).FIGURE 2Fractional iron absorption (FIA) (%) in young Thai children from follow-up formulas (FUF) containing 0.5 mg native iron and 2.20 mg isotopically l
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':FUF, P = 0.435; time × FUF, P = 0.937) (Figure 3).FIGURE 3Fractional iron absorption (FIA) (%) in young Thai children from follow-up formulas (FUF) containing 0.5 mg native iron and 2.20 mg isotopically labeled iron and 1) synbiotic (galacto-oligosaccharides + L. reuteri) (n = 26), 2) 2′FL (n = 26), and 3) without synbiotic or 2′FL (control; n = 26) measured after a 14-d and 28-d isotope incorpora
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Factors associated with iron absorption':Fecal pH was negatively associated with FIA from all 3 test FUF [control, β: −7.93 (−11.5, −4.36); synbiotic, −6.11 (−10.11, −2.11); 2′FL, −6.89 (−10.66, −3.11)].TABLE 2Multiple linear regression models investigating fractional iron absorption (%) from iron-fortified follow-up formula (FUF) with and without the addition of synbiotic or 2′-fucosyllactose in 8–14 months-old Thai children.TABLE 2Foll
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Composition and preparation of follow-up':We then added 2 mL isotopically labeled 58FeSO4, 57FeSO4, and 54FeSO4 solution (2.2 mg iron) to the feeding bottle containing FUF supplemented with synbiotic (GOS and L. reuteri DSM 17938), 2′FL, and no synbiotic or 2′FL (control), respectively, and immediately fed it to the children.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':Adjusting for FUF administration sequence did not affect the results (synbiotic compared with control, P = 0.70; sequence, P = 0.34; sequence × FUF, P = 0.86 and 2′FL compared with control, P = 0.61; sequence, P = 0.23; sequence × FUF, P = 0.59).FIGURE 2Fractional iron absorption (FIA) (%) in young Thai children from follow-up formulas (FUF) containing 0.5 mg native iron and 2.20 mg isotopically l
34. HumanAssessing the Protein Quality, In Vitro Intestinal Iron Absorption and Human Faecal Microbiota Impacts of Plant-Based Mince.
    Nutrients, 2024 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 39064781DOI 10.3390/nu16142339PMC11279466 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The use of ferrous sulphate as an iron source improved in vitro intestinal iron absorption by ~50% in comparison to other forms of iron (p < 0.05), although levels were ~3-fold lower than beef mince, even in the presence of ascorbic acid.
    • Key findings · abstract:In conclusion, the current study identified some favourable nutritional attributes of plant-based v2food® mince, specifically microbiota and SCFA changes, as well as other areas where further reformulation could be considered to further enhance the bioavailability of key nutrients.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The use of ferrous sulphate as an iron source improved in vitro intestinal iron absorption by ~50% in comparison to other forms of iron (p < 0.05), although levels were ~3-fold lower than beef mince, even in the presence of ascorbic acid.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.6.1. Sample Formulations':All v2food® mince combinations were compared to lean beef mince (i.e., 10% fat), which typically contains 2 mg iron/100 g mince (wet weight).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.2. Protein Digestibility':The overall digestibility of SAAs was lower for v2food® mince compared to beef mince (beef mince, 64.6 ± 1.7%; v2food® mince, 51.4 ± 2.0%; p = 0.011;
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3.1. Fibre Content and Composition':The v2food® mince product had a total fibre content of 6.7 ± 0.1% wet weight, most of which was insoluble fibre (5.0 ± 0.1% wet weight of insoluble fibre vs. 1.8 ± 0.1% wet weight of soluble fibre).
35. HumanThe effect of iron absorption in ferrous gluconate form from enriched rice flour using an in vitro digestion model and a Caco-2 cell model.
    Food Funct, 2024 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 39109657DOI 10.1039/d4fo01441c
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:In low phytic acid and high phytic acid systems, the iron absorption rate of ferrous gluconate is 11.53% and 13.45% higher than that of ferrous fumarate, respectively (p < 0.05).
36. HumanMicronization of wholewheat flour increases iron bioavailability from hydrothermally processed wheat flour dough.
    Food Res Int, 2024 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 39593362DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115149PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Mineral bioavailability from food digests was measured using human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron (but not zinc) bioavailability from wheat foods made using the micronized flour (2.5 ± 0.5 nmol/mg cell protein) was increased significantly compared with foods produced from standard milled flour (1.3 ± 0.1 nmol/mg cell protein;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:Iron (but not zinc) bioavailability from wheat foods made using the micronized flour (2.5 ± 0.5 nmol/mg cell protein) was increased significantly compared with foods produced from standard milled flour (1.3 ± 0.1 nmol/mg cell protein;
    • Food effect · full text, p.1:(but not zinc) bioavailability from wheat foods made using the micronized flour (2.5 ± 0.5 nmol/mg cell protein) was increased significantly compared with foods produced from standard milled flour (1.3 ± 0.1 nmol/mg cell protein; P = 0.031). Micronization of wheat flour has the potential to increase the absorption of the endogenous iron present in cereal foods and this might have health benefits f
    • Form comparison · full text, p.1:ls. Iron (but not zinc) bioavailability from wheat foods made using the micronized flour (2.5 ± 0.5 nmol/mg cell protein) was increased significantly compared with foods produced from standard milled flour (1.3 ± 0.1 nmol/mg cell protein; P = 0.031). Micronization of wheat flour has the potential to increase the absorption of the endogenous iron present in cereal foods and this might have health b
    • Form comparison · full text, p.3:. Image stacks of significantly increased in samples made using micro-milled flour flour samples at 63× magnification and dough samples at 20x magni­ compared with standard milled flour (Fig. 3B). However, while zinc fication were collected, and average z-projections were generated using bioavailability was marginally higher in micro-milled samples, this did Fiji image analysis software (https://f
    • Form comparison · full text, p.5:h, study, micronization of flour reduced median particle size by two-thirds and this in turn can impact nutrient digestion and/or absorption kinetics compared with standard roller-milled flour. Fluorescence imaging (Edwards et al., 2015b). To build on our previous work with uncooked showed that the cellular structure of wholewheat flour and the corre­ wholewheat flour (Latunde-Dada et al., 2014),
37. HumanDigestion and absorption characteristics of iron-chelating silver carp scale collagen peptide and insights into their chelation mechanism.
    Food Res Int, 2024 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 38945620DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114612
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The results of in vitro iron absorption promotion showed that the iron bioavailability of SCSCP-Fe was higher than that of FeSO4.
38. HumanIron Absorption in Highly Trained Male Runners: Does it Matter When and Where You Eat Your Iron?
    Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2024 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: n = 18 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 38098150DOI 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003272
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Our aims were to: (i) compare the effects of preexercise versus postexercise iron intake on iron absorption; and (ii) compare the impact of training at altitude (1800 m) on iron absorption preexercise.
    • Key findings · abstract:We collected venous blood samples preexercise and postexercise for markers of iron status and regulation, and 14 d later to measure erythrocyte isotope incorporation.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: No differences in fractional iron absorption were evident when test meals were consumed preexercise (7.3% [4.4, 12.1]) or postexercise (6.2% [3.1, 12.5]) (n = 18;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption preexercise was greater at altitude ([excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Preexercise iron absorption increases 2.6-fold at altitude compared with near sea-level, likely due to the homeostatic response to provide iron for enhanced erythropoiesis and maintain iron stores.
    • Food effect · abstract:In a randomized order, preexercise and postexercise test meals labeled with 4 mg of 57Fe or 58Fe were consumed 30 min before or 30 min after exercise.
    • Food effect · abstract:Then, the same exercise trial was performed after living and training at altitude (~1800 m) for 7 d, with the labeled test meal consumed 30 min preexercise.
    • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: No differences in fractional iron absorption were evident when test meals were consumed preexercise (7.3% [4.4, 12.1]) or postexercise (6.2% [3.1, 12.5]) (n = 18;
39. HumanMeasurement of iron absorption and iron gains from birth to 6 months in breastfed and formula-fed infants using iron isotope dilution.
    Sci Adv, 2024 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 8 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 38985881DOI 10.1126/sciadv.ado4262PMC11235178 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:In breastfed (BF, n = 8), formula-fed (FF, n = 7), or mixed feeding (MF, n = 8) infants, median (interquartile range) iron intake was 0.27, 11.19 (10.46-15.55), and 4.13 (2.33-6.95) mg/day; iron absorbed was 0.128 (0.095-0.180), 0.457 (0.374-0.617), and 0.391 (0.283-0.473) mg/day (BF versus FF, P < 0.01); and total iron gains were 0.027 (-0.002-0.055), 0.349 (0.260-0.498), and 0.276 (0.175-0.368) mg/day (BF versus FF, P < 0.001;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:In breastfed (BF, n = 8), formula-fed (FF, n = 7), or mixed feeding (MF, n = 8) infants, median (interquartile range) iron intake was 0.27, 11.19 (10.46-15.55), and 4.13 (2.33-6.95) mg/day; iron absorbed was 0.128 (0.095-0.180), 0.457 (0.374-0.617), and 0.391 (0.283-0.473) mg/day (BF versus FF, P < 0.01); and total iron gains were 0.027 (-0.002-0.055), 0.349 (0.260-0.498), and 0.276 (0.175-0.368) mg/day (BF versus FF, P < 0.001;
    • Food effect · abstract:In breastfed (BF, n = 8), formula-fed (FF, n = 7), or mixed feeding (MF, n = 8) infants, median (interquartile range) iron intake was 0.27, 11.19 (10.46-15.55), and 4.13 (2.33-6.95) mg/day; iron absorbed was 0.128 (0.095-0.180), 0.457 (0.374-0.617), and 0.391 (0.283-0.473) mg/day (BF versus FF, P < 0.01); and total iron gains were 0.027 (-0.002-0.055), 0.349 (0.260-0.498), and 0.276 (0.175-0.368) mg/day (BF versus FF, P < 0.001;
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'RESULTS':FF infants absorbed 3.6-fold higher amounts of iron than BF infants (median, 0.457 versus 0.128 mg/day;
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'RESULTS':Estimated iron bioavailability (that is, the fraction of the available iron absorbed) from breast milk was 13-fold higher than from formula (median, 42.3% versus 3.2%;
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'RESULTS':For the 23 women whose infants were included in this study, median [interquartile range (IQR)] fractional iron absorption from the 12 mg of 57Fe or 58Fe added to the labeled test meals consumed during pregnancy was 7.81% (4.31%, 13.62%) (14).
    • Food effect · full text, Table 5.:Daily iron intake, iron absorbed, iron lost, and iron gained from birth to 6 months in fully breastfed infants, fully formula-fed infants, and infants on mixed feeding with breast milk and formula.Data are expressed as medians (IQR). Iron intake from breast milk estimated using consensus values for mean iron concentration (0.35 mg/liter) and milk intake (780 ml/day) for the fi
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'RESULTS':Seven infants (Mexico: n = 7) were exclusively formula-fed with high-iron formula containing 1.2 mg of iron/100 ml as ferrous sulfate until 6 months.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'RESULTS':FF infants absorbed 3.6-fold higher amounts of iron than BF infants (median, 0.457 versus 0.128 mg/day;
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'RESULTS':Estimated iron bioavailability (that is, the fraction of the available iron absorbed) from breast milk was 13-fold higher than from formula (median, 42.3% versus 3.2%;
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'RESULTS':In contrast, FF infants and MF infants had iron gains of 0.349 and 0.276 mg/day, respectively (versus BF infants, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively).
40. HumanIn vitro evaluation of the effect of yogurt acid whey fractions on iron bioavailability.
    J Dairy Sci, 2024 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (gold)
    PMID 37709016DOI 10.3168/jds.2023-23643
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Milk and YAW showed the same effectiveness on both Fe bioavailability and the expression of relative genes (DCYTB, DMT1, FPN1, and HEPH).
    • Key findings · abstract:Focusing further on YAW fractions, by comparison with their blank digest control counterparts, it resulted that YAW 3- to 10-kDa digests fraction had a superior effect over the 0- to 3-kDa fraction on Fe-uptake, which was accompanied by a similar effect on the expression of Fe metabolism-related genes (DCYTB, FPN1, and HEPH).
    • Key findings · abstract:Finally, although the 3- to 10-kDa fraction of bovine YAW digests resulted in a nonsignificant increased Fe uptake, compared with[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
41. HumanIron absorption in adults with sickle cell anemia: a stable-isotope approach.
    Eur J Nutr, 2024 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 13 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 38722385DOI 10.1007/s00394-024-03417-8
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 14 days after isotope administration.
    • Key findings · abstract:Patients with ≥ 1000 ng/mL serum ferritin were considered to present iron overload (IO) (SCAio+; n = 3) and others classified without IO (SCAio-; n = 10).
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Iron absorption in the control group ranged from 0.3 to 26.5% (median = 0.9%), while it varied from 0.3 to 5.4% in SCAio+ (median = 0.5%) and from 0.3 to 64.2% in the SCAio- (median = 6.9%).
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was associated with ferritin level (r = - 0.641; p = 0.018) and liver iron concentration (LIC; r =[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
42. HumanErythropoietin enhances iron bioavailability in HepG2 cells by downregulating hepcidin through mTOR, C/EBPα and HIF-1α.
    Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res, 2024 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 39047915DOI 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119800
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
43. HumanPrebiotics increase iron absorption and reduce the adverse effects of iron on the gut microbiome and inflammation: a randomized controlled trial using iron stable isotopes in Kenyan infants.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2024 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: n = 191 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 38042412DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.018PMC10884607 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Primary outcome was fractional iron absorption (FIA) from the cereal with or without prebiotics regardless of dose, before and after 3 wk of consumption.
    • Key findings · abstract:FIA from the meal consumed without prebiotics after intervention was 22.9% (8.5%-32.4%), 41% higher than from the meal without prebiotics before intervention (Cohen d = 0.36;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:FIA from the meal consumed with prebiotics after intervention was 26.0% (12.2%-36.1%), 60% higher than from the meal without prebiotics before intervention (Cohen d = 0.45;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:After 3 wk, compared with the iron group, the following results were observed: 1) Lactobacil[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:A subset of infants in the 2 prebiotic+iron groups (n = 66) consumed 4 stable iron isotope-labeled test meals without and with prebiotics, both before and after the intervention.
    • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: Median (25th-75th percentiles) FIAs from meals before intervention were as follows: 16.3% (8.0%-27.6%) without prebiotics compared with 20.5% (10.4%-33.4%) with prebiotics (Cohen d = 0.53;
    • Food effect · abstract:FIA from the meal consumed without prebiotics after intervention was 22.9% (8.5%-32.4%), 41% higher than from the meal without prebiotics before intervention (Cohen d = 0.36;
    • Food effect · abstract:FIA from the meal consumed with prebiotics
44. HumanRoxadustat and Oral Iron Absorption in Chinese Patients with Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 4 Study (ALTAI).
    Adv Ther, 2024 · Design: randomized · n: n = 13 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 38280066DOI 10.1007/s12325-023-02741-5PMC10879385 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: ALTAI, a randomized, active-controlled, phase 4 trial, investigated the efficacy of roxadustat versus recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on gastrointestinal iron absorption in patients with anemia of CKD (stage 4/5).
    • Key findings · abstract:The primary endpoint was change from baseline to day 15 in gastrointestinal iron absorption (serum iron area under the concentration-time curve;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:AUC0-3h) following single-dose oral iron.
    • Key findings · abstract:Change from baseline to day 15 in serum iron AUC0-3h was not statistically significantly different between the roxadustat and rHuEPO groups.
    • Key findings · abstract:Mean (SD) change from baseline[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:The primary endpoint was change from baseline to day 15 in gastrointestinal iron absorption (serum iron area under the concentration-time curve;
    • AUC · abstract:AUC0-3h) following single-dose oral iron.
    • AUC · abstract:Change from baseline to day 15 in serum iron AUC0-3h was not statistically significantly different between the roxadustat and rHuEPO groups.
    • AUC · abstract:Mean (SD) change from baseline in serum iron AUC0-3h was 11.3 (28.2) g × 3 h/dl in the roxadustat group and - 0.3 (9.7) g × 3 h/dl in the rHuEPO group.
    • AUC · full text, Table 1:(24.0)  Other etiologiesc 3 (23.1) 4 (33.3) 7 (28.0) hs-CRP, mg/l, n (%)  ≤ 10.0 11 (84.6) 12 (100.0) 23 (92.0)  > 10.0 2 (15.4) 0 2 (8.0) Serum iron AUC, g × 3 h/dl, mean (SD) 21.4 (23.3) 18.7 (25.6) 20.1 (24.0) Serum iron, μmol/l, mean (SD) 14.0 (4.0) 14.9 (6.9) 14.4 (5.5) Ferritin, μg/l, mean (SD) 398.1 (376.2) 431.4 (349.7) 414.1 (356.5) TIBC, µmol/l, mean (SD) 39.8 (5.3) 37.2 (6.8) 38.6 (6.1)
    • AUC · full text, Table 2:Overview of absolute change from baseline (day 1) to day 15 for serum iron AUC0–3 h and relative change from baseline for serum iron, serum ferritin, TIBC, TSAT, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, and hepcidin (full analysis set) Roxadustatestimate (SE/GSE)(n = 13) rHuEPOestimate (SE/GSE)(n = 12) Difference in estimat
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Endpoints':The primary endpoint was the change from baseline (day 1) to day 15 in gastrointestinal iron absorption (serum iron AUC0–3 h) following administration of a single dose of oral iron, compared between roxadustat and rHuEPO.
45. HumanBioavailability Assessment of an Iron Formulation Using Differentiated Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells.
    Foods, 2023 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 37628015DOI 10.3390/foods12163016PMC10453055 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:To address this issue, this study aimed at demonstrating the advantages of Ferro Supremo formulation (composed of encapsulated iron, vitamins, and micronutrients), in terms of capacity to improve iron intestinal absorption, in comparison with standard FeSO4.
    • Key findings · abstract:Hence, differentiated Caco-2 cells have been used for assessing the in vitro bioavailability and safety of FS and FeSO4.
    • Key findings · abstract:Furthermore, the quantitative and qualitative analysis, conducted by atomic absorption spectrometry and fluorescence determinations, revealed that FS can enter, accumulate in the cytoplasm, and be transported by inte[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
46. HumanFerric Pyrophosphate Forms Soluble Iron Coordination Complexes with Zinc Compounds and Solubilizing Agents in Extruded Rice and Predicts Increased Iron Solubility and Bioavailability in Young Women.
    J Nutr, 2023 · Design: not stated · n: n = 21 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 36931746DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.003PMC10127525 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to 1) investigate the ligand coordination of iron, zinc, and solubilizers in extruded rice and test associations with iron solubility and absorption, 2) assess whether co-extrusion of FePP + CA/TSC rice can protect against inhibition of iron absorption by PA; 3) determine the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) compared with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), and 4) quantify iron absorption from FePP + NaPP rice.
    • Key findings · abstract:We measured in vitro iron solubility and fractional iron absorption (FIA) in young women (n = 21, age: 22 ± 2 y, BMI: 21.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2 geometric mean plasma ferritin, 28.5[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
47. HumanIron Bioavailability Should be Considered when Modeling Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Diets.
    J Nutr, 2023 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 37182693DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.011PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:For each meal, absorbable iron concentrations were estimated by using 2 constant absorption factors (18% and 10%) and 2 diet-dependent absorption equations (Conway and Hallberg).
    • Food effect · abstract:For each meal, absorbable iron concentrations were estimated by using 2 constant absorption factors (18% and 10%) and 2 diet-dependent absorption equations (Conway and Hallberg).
    • Form comparison · full text, p.1:goal programming, iron bioavailability, menu planning, mixed-integer linear programming, protein transition Background absorption (1%–15%) in humans compared with heme iron found in animal-sourced foods (15%–40%) [14]. This is because To reduce the environmental impact of human food consump- of the higher content of phytate and polyphenols in vegetarian tion, multiple stakeholders have advocated f
    • Form comparison · full text, p.3:s based presented in Table 1. Furthermore, the absorbable iron content on the DRI provided by IOM [30] (Table 1). The DRIs were of the menu plans was compared with the content estimated by adopted for women (19–50 y) as iron deficiency is most each of the other iron absorption methods. Thus for the omniv- commonly observed in women of reproductive age, and dietary orous menu plan optimized based on
    • Form comparison · full text, p.4:h) (Figure 1A, Supple- Methods 4.3). mental Table 6). All IOM’s menu plans complied with the RDA for FIGURE 1. Average absorbable iron content (mg/d) compared with the EAR and RDA (women 19–50 y). The absorption of iron was estimated using a serum ferritin concentration of 15 μg/L. (A–D) The different absorption methods that have been applied by the diet model to optimize absorbable iron quantitie
48. HumanVegetables with Enhanced Iron Bioavailability-German Consumers' Perceptions of a New Approach to Improve Dietary Iron Supply.
    Nutrients, 2023 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 37242174DOI 10.3390/nu15102291PMC10222764 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3. Factors Relevant to the Market Intr':For men, the probability of purchase decreased by 8% when the label “rich in iron and iodine” was used, compared to only “rich in iron”.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '4.3. Impact of Consumer Perceptions on N':The label “rich in iron and vitamin C” not only achieved high acceptance in the survey but also led to a 10% increase in the overall purchase probability compared to “rich in iron”.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '5. Conclusions':Potential customers for iron-biofortified vegetables are willing to pay an average price premium of 23% compared to corresponding common goods.
49. HumanRegulation of iron absorption in infants.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2023 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 269 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 36811475DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.10.003
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: Our aims were to 1) investigate determinants of iron absorption in infants aged 3-15 mo and assess whether regulation of iron absorption is fully mature during this period and 2) define the threshold ferritin and hepcidin concentrations in infancy that trigger upregulation of iron absorption.
    • Key findings · abstract:In infants, iron absorption begins to increase at threshold ferritin and hepcidin values of ∼46 μg/L and ∼3 nmol/L, respectively, similar to adult values.
50. HumanInvestigation of Relationship Between Small Noncoding RNA (sncRNA) Expression Levels and Serum Iron, Copper, and Zinc Levels in Clinical Diagnosed Multiple Sclerosis Patients.
    Mol Neurobiol, 2023 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 36383327DOI 10.1007/s12035-022-03135-4
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Serum iron levels were detected significantly higher in the 16 MS patients compared to the 16 controls.
51. HumanEffect of dietary factors and time of day on iron absorption from oral iron supplements in iron deficient women.
    Am J Hematol, 2023 · Design: not stated · n: n = 34 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 37357807DOI 10.1002/ajh.26987
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:In iron-depleted women (n = 34; median serum ferritin 19.4 μg/L), we administered 100 mg iron doses labeled with 54 Fe, 57 Fe, or 58 Fe in each of six different conditions with: (1) water (reference) in the morning;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:Fractional iron absorption (FIA) from these n = 204 doses was calculated based on erythrocyte incorporation of multiple isotopic labels.
    • Key findings · abstract:Serum hepcidin was higher (p < .001) and FIA was 37% lower (p = .059) in the afternoon compared to the morning.
    • Key findings · abstract:Compared to consuming a 100 mg iron dose in the morning with coffee or breakfast, consuming it with orange juice alone results in[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Compared to consuming a 100 mg iron dose in the morning with coffee or breakfast, consuming it with orange juice alone results in a ~ 4-fold increase in iron absorption, and provides ~20 more mg of absorbed iron per dose.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:Compared to consuming a 100 mg iron dose in the morning with coffee or breakfast, consuming it with orange juice alone results in a ~ 4-fold increase in iron absorption, and provides ~20 more mg of absorbed iron per dose.
    • Food effect · abstract:(5) breakfast including coffee and orange juice (containing ~90 mg AA); and (6) water in the afternoon.
    • Food effect · abstract:Compared to the reference: 80 mg AA increased FIA by 30% (p < .001) but 500 mg AA did not further increase FIA (p = .226); coffee decreased FIA by 54% (p = .004); coffee with breakfast decreased FIA by 66% (p < .001) despite the presence of ~90 mg of AA.
    • Food effect · abstract:Compared to consuming a 100 mg iron dose in the morning with coffee or breakfast, consuming it with orange juice alone results in a ~ 4-fold increase in iron absorption, and provides ~20 more mg of absorbed iron per dose.
52. HumanIron Bioavailability from Ferrous Ammonium Phosphate, Ferrous Sulfate, and Ferric Pyrophosphate in an Instant Milk Drink-A Stable Isotope Study in Children.
    Nutrients, 2022 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind; stable-isotope · n: 39 children · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 35458201DOI 10.3390/nu14081640PMC9031871 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:A double-blind randomized crossover study with two parallel arms was used to evaluate the iron absorption from FAP added to reconstituted milk powder in comparison to that from ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and ferric pyrophosphate (FePP).
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was measured in 39 children aged 3- to 6-years-old using erythrocyte incorporation of stable Fe isotopes (57Fe, 58Fe).
    • Key findings · abstract:The geometric mean iron absorption in iron replete children from FAP, FeSO4 and FePP from milk was 8.3%, 7.6% and 2.1%, respectively.
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from FAP and FeSO4 fortified milk was not significantly different (p = 0.19[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Iron bioavailability from FAP and FePP relative to FeSO4 (relative bioavailability (RBV)) was 110% and 33%, respectively.
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section '2.7. Calculation of Iron Absorption':For the calculations of fractional absorption, 90% incorporation of the absorbed iron into red blood cells was assumed.
53. HumanKinetics of iron absorption from ferrous fumarate with and without galacto-oligosaccharides determined from stable isotope appearance curves in women.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2022 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: n = 11 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 34726703DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqab361PMC8895218 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: We studied: 1) in vitro, the effect of GOS on iron solubility and dialyzability from FeFum; 2) in volunteers, the absorption kinetics of FeFum given with and without GOS using stable isotope appearance curves (SIAC).
    • Key findings · abstract:In crossover design, iron-depleted women [n = 11; median serum ferritin (SF) 15.2;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:Multiple blood samples were collected over a time period of 24 h and 14 d later to determine SIAC and fractional iron absorption (FIA), respectively.
    • Key findings · abstract:SIAC data were fitted using nonlinear mixed effects modeling to a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption, and AUC and time[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Tmax · abstract:SIAC data were fitted using nonlinear mixed effects modeling to a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption, and AUC and time of peak serum isotope concentration (tmax) were calculated.
    • Tmax · abstract:Mean ±SD tmax was not altered with GOS (3.08 ± 0.47 h with GOS; 2.80 ±0.50 h for control;
    • AUC · abstract:SIAC data were fitted using nonlinear mixed effects modeling to a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption, and AUC and time of peak serum isotope concentration (tmax) were calculated.
    • AUC · abstract:Mean ± SD AUC (5830.9 ± 4717.3 μg/min with GOS, 4454.0 ± 3260.7 μg/min for control), and median (IQR) FIA (20.3% (8.6%-38.7%) with GOS, and 15.6% (10.6%-24.8% f)or control) were not different with compared to without GOS (P = 0.064;
54. HumanIron Bioavailability from Infant Cereals Containing Whole Grains and Pulses: A Stable Isotope Study in Malawian Children.
    J Nutr, 2022 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: n = 30 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 34958374DOI 10.1093/jn/nxab406PMC8891185 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: We measured iron bioavailability from ferrous fumarate (Fefum) added to commercial infant cereals containing 1) refined wheat flour (reference meal), 2) WG wheat and lentil flour (WG-wheat-lentil), 3) WG wheat and chickpea flour (WG-wheat-chickpeas), and 4) WG oat flour (WG-oat) and from ferrous bisglycinate (FeBG) added to the same oat-based cereal (WG-oat-FeBG).
    • Key findings · abstract:Fractional iron absorption (FIA) was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of isotopes after 14 d.
    • Key findings · abstract:In addition, FIAs from WG-wheat-lentil and WG-wheat-chickpeas were significantly higher than from WG-oat (P = 0.002 and[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:OBJECTIVE: We measured iron bioavailability from ferrous fumarate (Fefum) added to commercial infant cereals containing 1) refined wheat flour (reference meal), 2) WG wheat and lentil flour (WG-wheat-lentil), 3) WG wheat and chickpea flour (WG-wheat-chickpeas), and 4) WG oat flour (WG-oat) and from ferrous bisglycinate (FeBG) added to the same oat-based cereal (WG-oat-FeBG).
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: In a prospective, single-blinded randomized crossover study, 6- to 14-mo-old Malawian children (n = 30) consumed 25-g servings of all 5 test meals containing 2.25 mg stable isotope-labeled iron and 13.5 mg ascor
    • Fractional absorption · full text, TABLE 3:Total AA and Fe content, AA:Fe and PA:Fe molar ratio, FIA, amount of absorbed iron, and percentage of daily requirement for absorbed iron met per serving (25g dry powder) of each cereal consumed by the participating Malawian children1 Characteristic Total AA, mg Total Fe,2 mg AA:Fe PA:Fe FIA, % Absorbed,3 mg Percent of requirement4 met WG-lentil + 54Fefum 14.0 2.6 1.7 2.0 15.8 0.4 57.5 WG-chickpea
55. HumanHigher Extrusion Temperature Induces Greater Formation of Less Digestible Type V and Retrograded Starch in Iron-Fortified Rice Grains But Does Not Affect Iron Bioavailability: Stable Isotope Studies in Young Women.
    J Nutr, 2022 · Design: clinical trial · n: n = 22 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 34967894DOI 10.1093/jn/nxab435
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:In standardized rice and vegetable test meals consumed by young women (n = 22; mean age: 23 y; geometric mean plasma ferritin: 29.3 μg/L), we measured iron absorption from the fortified rice grains intrinsically labeled with 57ferric pyrophosphate (57FePP), compared with ferrous sulfate (58FeSO4) solution added extrinsically to the meals.
    • Key findings · abstract:The geometric mean fractional iron absorption of iron from fortified rice extruded with CA/TSC (8.2%; 95% CI: 7.9%, 11.0%) was more than twice that from extruded rice without CA/TSC (3.0%; 95% CI: 2.7%, 3.4%;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:In standardized rice and vegetable test meals consumed by young women (n = 22; mean age: 23 y; geometric mean plasma ferritin: 29.3 μg/L), we measured iron absorption from the fortified rice grains intrinsically labeled with 57ferric pyrophosphate (57FePP), compared with ferrous sulfate (58FeSO4) solution added extrinsically to the meals.
56. HumanPhytate-iron molar ratio and bioavailability of iron in Bangladesh.
    Trop Med Int Health, 2022 · Design: stable-isotope · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 35383403DOI 10.1111/tmi.13750PMC9322336 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:Estimating the phytate-iron molar ratio is a traditional method to assess the bioavailability of dietary iron, and a ratio >1 is suggestive of poor absorption of iron through the intestinal mucosa.
57. HumanAbsorption of iron from edible house crickets: a randomized crossover stable-isotope study in humans.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2022 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 36026477DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac223PMC9535517 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Six iron-balanced experimental meals were randomly administered crossover to 20 iron-depleted females (serum ferritin <25 µg/L; 18-30 y old), in 2 time-blocks of 3 consecutive days, 2 wk apart.
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were drawn to assess the 14-d isotope enrichment in erythrocytes, and meal-specific fractional iron absorption was calculated.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Mean fractional iron absorption from 57Fe-labeled house crickets with refined maize porridge (3.06%) and from refined maize porridge with unlabeled crickets (4.92%) was lower than from the reference meal (14.2%), with respective mean differences of -11[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:Six iron-balanced experimental meals were randomly administered crossover to 20 iron-depleted females (serum ferritin <25 µg/L; 18-30 y old), in 2 time-blocks of 3 consecutive days, 2 wk apart.
    • Food effect · abstract:Three meals consisted of refined maize flour porridge with either [57Fe]-labeled crickets, [58Fe]SO4 (reference meal), or unlabeled crickets plus [54Fe]SO4.
    • Food effect · abstract:The other 3 meals consisted of nonrefined maize flour porridge with the same respective additions.
    • Food effect · abstract:Blood samples were drawn to assess the 14-d isotope enrichment in erythrocytes, and meal-specific fractional iron absorption was calculated.
    • Food effect · abstract:R
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Results':Despite randomization of all meal orders across the 2 time series, mean fractional iron absorption was lower in the second series of meals (3.82%; 95% CI: 2.96%, 4.68%) than in the first series of meals (6.99%; 95% CI: 5.21%, 8.78%;
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Results':Estimated marginal mean fractional iron absorption from the refined flour meal without crickets was distinctly higher (14.2%; 95% CI: 12.9%, 15.5%) than fractional iron absorption from any of the other meals, which ranged from 2.2% to 4.9% (Table 5).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Results':Mean fractional iron absorption from 57Fe-labeled house crickets with refined maize porridge (3.06%; 95% CI: 1.75%, 4.37%) did not substantially differ from that from 57Fe-labeled house crickets with unrefined maize porridge (2.17%; 95% CI: 0.57%, 3.76%).
58. HumanMaternal iron kinetics and maternal-fetal iron transfer in normal-weight and overweight pregnancy.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2022 · Design: clinical trial · n: n = 43 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 34910118DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqab406PMC8970997 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Compared with the NW, the OW pregnant women had 1) 43% lower fractional iron absorption (FIA) in the third trimester (P = 0.033) with median [IQR] FIA of 23.9% [11.4%-35.7%] and 13.5% [10.8%-19.5%], respectively; and 2) 17% lower maternal-fetal iron transfer from the first tracer (P = 0.051) with median [IQR] maternal-fetal iron transfer of 4.8% [4.2%-5.4%] and 4.0% [3.6%-4.6%], respectively.
    • Key findings · abstract:These impairments were associated with inflammation independently of serum hepcidin.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02747316.
    • Food effect · abstract:We administered 57Fe and 58Fe in test meals mid-second and mid-third trimester, and measured tracer kinetics throughout pregnancy and infancy.
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':In a study of US pregnant women (n= 50; 21 OW, 29 NW; 38% anemia), at pregnancy weeks 31–33, median [IQR] iron absorption was 11.2% [8.3%] in the NW group and 7.7% [8.9%] in the OW group; the 45% higher absorption in the NW group was not significant (P = 0.23) (20).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':In contrast, in another study of US pregnant women (n   = 18, 50% NW, 50% OW) (51), at pregnancy weeks 32–35 mean iron absorption was 40.4%; absorption was not correlated with prepregnancy BMI or serum hepcidin (51).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':In a study of UK NW pregnant women (n   = 9) iron absorption was 21.1% and 37.4% at pregnancy week 24 and 36, respectively (52).
59. HumanThe effect of a natural polyphenol supplement on iron absorption in adults with hereditary hemochromatosis.
    Eur J Nutr, 2022 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: n = 14 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 35320401DOI 10.1007/s00394-022-02829-8PMC9363374 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:In a multi-center, single-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study, we assessed the effect of the PPS on iron absorption from an extrinsically labelled test meal and test drink in patients (n = 14) with HH homozygous for the p.C282Y variant in the HFE gene.
    • Key findings · abstract:In the iron absorption study, the PPS reduced FIA by ~ 40%: FIA from the meal consumed with the PPS was lower (3.01% (1.60, 5.64)) than with placebo (5.21% (3.92, 6.92)) (p = 0.026)), and FIA from the test drink with the PPS was lower (10.3% (7.29 14.6)) than with placebo (16.9% (12.8 22.2)) (p = 0.002).
    • Food effect · abstract:In a multi-center, single-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study, we assessed the effect of the PPS on iron absorption from an extrinsically labelled test meal and test drink in patients (n = 14) with HH homozygous for the p.C282Y variant in the HFE gene.
    • Food effect · abstract:In the iron absorption study, the PPS reduced FIA by ~ 40%: FIA from the meal consumed with the PPS was lower (3.01% (1.60, 5.64)) than with placebo (5.21% (3.92, 6.92)) (p = 0.026)), and FIA from the test drink with the PPS was lower (10.3% (7.29 14.6)) than with placebo (16.9% (12.8 22.2)) (p = 0.002).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':The geometric mean and 95% CI of the total iron absorption from the meal with and without the PPS (Meal-PPS vs.
60. HumanNutritional Composition and Estimated Iron and Zinc Bioavailability of Meat Substitutes Available on the Swedish Market.
    Nutrients, 2022 · Design: not stated · n: n = 44 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 36235566DOI 10.3390/nu14193903PMC9571894 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3. Estimated Bioavailability of Iron a':In a recent paper, we showed that non-heme iron absorption from a meal with texturized fava bean meal was as low as 4%, compared with 22% from a beef protein meal, in healthy females [59].
61. HumanFetal iron uptake from recent maternal diet and the maternal RBC iron pool.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2022 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 35102365DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac020PMC8971007 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Absorption was measured at T2 and T3.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Iron absorption averaged 9% at T2 and increased significantly to 20% (P = 0.01) by T3.
    • Key findings · abstract:The net increase in iron absorption from T2 to T3 was strongly associated with net loss in maternal total body iron (TBI) from T2 to T3 (P = 0.01).
    • Key findings · abstract:Mean time for the labeled RBC 57Fe turnover based on change in RBC enrichment was 94.9 d (95% CI: 43.5, 207.1 d), and a greater decrease in RBC 57Fe enrichment was associated with higher iron absorption in T2 (P = 0.001).
    • Key findings · abstract:Women with a greater decrease in RBC 57Fe enrichment transferred more RBC-derived iron t[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
62. HumanTea Consumption Reduces Iron Bioavailability from NaFeEDTA in Nonanemic Women and Women with Iron Deficiency Anemia: Stable Iron Isotope Studies in Morocco.
    J Nutr, 2021 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 46 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 34038558DOI 10.1093/jn/nxab159
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: We recruited 2 groups of healthy Moroccan women (n = 46): women with IDA (n = 25; hemoglobin <12 g/dL,  serum ferritin <15 μg/L) and nonanemic women (n = 21).
    • Key findings · abstract:Fractional iron absorption (FIA) was measured by the erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron isotopes after 14 d.
    • Key findings · abstract:Tea consumption reduced iron absorption from NaFeEDTA by >85% in both IDA and nonanemic women.
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: FIA from wheat flour-based meals without and with tea was ∼2-fold higher in women with IDA than in nonanemic women.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: FIA from wheat flour-based meals without and with tea was ∼2-fold higher in women with IDA than in nonanemic women.
    • Food effect · abstract:Each group received in random order 2 standardized test meals containing 6 mg Fe as isotopically labeled NaFeEDTA and either 300 mL of tea or water.
    • Food effect · abstract:Median (IQR) FIA (%) in women with IDA from test meals consumed without and with tea was 36.7 (24.2-39.8) and 4.1 (2.8-6.1), respectively (P < 0.001).
    • Food effect · abstract:Median (IQR) FIA (%) in nonanemic women from test meals consumed without and with tea was 16.7 (9.2-24.2) and 1.4 (0.8-2.9), respectively (P < 0.001).
    • Food effect · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: FIA from wheat flour-based meals without and with tea was ∼2-fold higher in women with IDA than in nonanemic women.
63. HumanThe <em>TMPRSS6</em> variant (SNP rs855791) affects iron metabolism and oral iron absorption - a stable iron isotope study in Taiwanese women.
    Haematologica, 2021 · Design: not stated · n: n=79 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 33054130DOI 10.3324/haematol.2020.264556PMC8561285 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Fractional iron absorption was measured by erythrocyte incorporation of the tracers 14 days after administration.
    • Key findings · abstract:Compared to the CC variant, in the TT variant serum iron and transferrin saturation were lower (P=0.001;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:P<0.001, respectively) and serum hepcidin/transferrin saturation and serum hepcidin/serum iron ratios were higher (P=0.042;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:Serum hepcidin did not differ between groups (P=0.862).
    • Key findings · abstract:Geometric mean (95% CI) fractional iron absorption, corrected to a serum ferritin of 15 μg/L, was 26.6% (24.0, 29.5) in the CC variant and 18.5% (16.2, 21.1) in the TT variant (P=0.002).
    • Key findings · abstract:Over[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:In nonanemic Taiwanese women (n=79, 44 TT variant, 35 CC variant), we administered standardized rice-based test meals containing 4 mg of labeled 57Fe or 58Fe as FeSO4 on alternate days.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Fractional iron absorption':FIA corrected to a SF concentration of 15 μg/L was significantly lower in the TT 18.5% (95% CI: 16.2-21.1), compared to the CC variant 26.6% (95% CI: 24.0-29.5) (P=0.002;
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Fractional iron absorption':When corrected to a SF of 50 μg/L, the TT variant had significantly higher FIA than the CC variant: 7.59% (95% CI: 6.66-8.66), compared to 5.70% (95% CI: 5.15-6.31) (P=0.012).
64. HumanAbsorption of nonheme iron during gastric acid suppression in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and healthy controls.
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2021 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (green)
    PMID 33949198DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.00371.2020PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Form comparison · full text, p.3:significantly during PPI use in the HH patients, while no changes were observed in the HCs. 61 Hepcidin concentrations were lower in the HH patients compared with the HCs both before 62 and during PPI use. In both groups hepcidin levels did not significantly decrease during the 63 treatment. 64 Conclusions: Seven day PPI use significantly reduces iron absorption in HH patients but not in 65 HCs. C
    • Form comparison · full text, p.9:gnificant 202 difference (mean difference of 0.02 µmol/l, p=0.985). In the HH patients, lower serum iron 203 concentrations were found during PPI use compared with before PPI use with a mean 204 difference of 4.35 µmol/l (p< 0.001) (Fig 2a). 205 206 Similar results were obtained for transferrin saturation (Tsat) (Fig 2b). HH patients had 207 higher Tsat percentages at all-time points, both before
    • Form comparison · full text, p.10:10 209 patients, significantly lower Tsat percentages were shown during PPI use compared with 210 before PPI use (mean difference 10.33%, p< 0.001). In the HC group no significant difference 211 was found in Tsat comparing before and during PPI use (mean difference 0.60, p=0.760). 212 213 Hepcidin 214 HH patients had significantly lower hepc
65. HumanThe bioavailability of iron picolinate is comparable to iron sulfate when fortified into a complementary fruit yogurt: a stable iron isotope study in young women.
    Eur J Nutr, 2020 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: n = 19 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 31187261DOI 10.1007/s00394-019-01989-4PMC7230063 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: The bioavailability of Fe picolinate was determined using stable iron isotopes in a double blind, randomized cross-over design in non-anemic Swiss women (n = 19; 25.1 ± 4.6 years).
    • Key findings · abstract:Fractional Fe absorption was measured from Fe picolinate (2.5 mg 57Fe per serving in two servings given morning and afternoon) and from Fe sulfate (2.5 mg 54Fe per serving in two servings given morning and afternoon) in a fortified dairy complementary food (i.e. yogurt containing fruits).
    • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption was determined based on erythrocyte incorporation of isotopic labels 14 days after consumption of the[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Relative bioavailability of Fe picolinate versus Fe sulfate was 0.99 (0.85-1.15).
    • Food effect · abstract:Fe absorption was determined based on erythrocyte incorporation of isotopic labels 14 days after consumption of the last test meal.
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Calculation of iron absorption':For the calculation of fractional iron absorption, 80% incorporation of the absorbed iron into red blood cells was assumed [17].
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Fe absorption':The geometric mean fractional iron absorption from the shelf stable strawberry yogurt fortified with 57Fe picolinate and 54Fe sulfate was 5.2% (95% CI 3.8–7.2%) and 5.3% (95% CI 3.8–7.3%).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Fe absorption':The time effect was significant (p = 0.04) and the point estimate was 0.84 indicating the fractional absorption on day 2 was 0.84 times less than on day 1.
66. HumanPolyphenol-rich tea decreases iron absorption from fortified wheat bread in Senegalese mother-child pairs and bioavailability of ferrous fumarate is sharply lower in children.
    Eur J Clin Nutr, 2020 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: n = 17 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 32203231DOI 10.1038/s41430-020-0601-z
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from ferrous fumarate (FeFum) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) in adults is generally comparable.
    • Key findings · abstract:FAFe was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron-isotopes 14 days after administration.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: In children, relative bioavailability (RBV) from FeFum was 51 and 64% compared with FeSO4 when served with TK or water (both, P < 0.05).
    • Key findings · abstract:After adjustment for plasma ferritin, there was a positive correlation between FAFe in mothers and children (r = 0.4142, P = 0.001).
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:RESULTS: In children, relative bioavailability (RBV) from FeFum was 51 and 64% compared with FeSO4 when served with TK or water (both, P < 0.05).
    • Food effect · abstract:While FeFum is commonly used to fortify infant foods, FAFe from FeFum in young children and infants may be decreased compared with FeSO4 and this effect has not been assessed in inhibitory vs noninhibitory meals.
    • Food effect · abstract:In mothers, the presence of TK decreased FAFe by 56% (P < 0.05) and 50% (P = 0.077) and in children by 65 and 72% (both, P < 0.0001), in the meals with 58FeSO4 and 57FeFum, respectively.
67. HumanIron bioavailability from bouillon fortified with a novel ferric phytate compound: a stable iron isotope study in healthy women (part II).
    Sci Rep, 2020 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: n = 22 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 32210349DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-62307-1PMC7093532 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:In a randomised single blind, cross-over study, we measured iron absorption in healthy adult women (n = 22).
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from Fe-PA-HCP was 1.5% and 4.1% in bouillon with and without inhibitory matrix, respectively.
    • Key findings · abstract:Relative iron bioavailability to FeSO4 was 2.4 times higher than from FePP in bouillon (17% vs 7%) and 5.2 times higher when consumed with the inhibitory meal (41% vs 8%).
    • Food effect · abstract:Relative iron bioavailability to FeSO4 was 2.4 times higher than from FePP in bouillon (17% vs 7%) and 5.2 times higher when consumed with the inhibitory meal (41% vs 8%).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Table 2:Fractional iron absorption (FIA) (n = 22) from: (1) FeSO4, FePP and Fe-PA-HCP fortified reconstituted bouillon; and (2) FeSO4, FePP and Fe-PA-HCP fortified reconstituted bouillon co-ingested with an inhibitory meal rich in phytatea. (%) Bouillon Bouillon + inhibitory meal ge
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Table 3:Fractional iron absorption (FIA) according to iron status (plasma ferritin (PF) concentration) of the participants from bouillon and bouillon co-ingested with an inhibitory meal rich in phytate, fortified with FeSO4, FePP and Fe-PA-HCPa. (%) Bouillon Bouillon + inhibitory m
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Calculation of iron bioavailability':For calculations of fractional absorption, 80% incorporation of the absorbed iron into red blood cells was assumed47.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Sample size':The RBV of Fe-PA-HCP for the inhibitory meal vs the RBV of Fe-PA-HCP for the bouillon was expected to be 10%/7%/10%/10%~ = 1.4.
68. HumanFractional iron absorption from enteric-coated ferrous sulphate tablet.
    Indian J Med Res, 2020 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n=9 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 32461401DOI 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1464_18PMC7371052 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: Iron absorption was measured from stable isotope-labelled enteric-coated ferrous sulphate ([57]Fe, ECFS) and uncoated ferrous sulphate ([58]Fe, UCFS) tablets in iron-deficient (n=9) women, aged 18-40 yr with no infection or inflammation.
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were collected before dosing, and on day 15, to measure iron absorption from the shift in iron isotopic ratios in haemoglobin.
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was found to be significantly lower in ECFS compared to UCFS (3.5 vs. 12%, P <0.05) consumption.
    • Food effect · abstract:The two types of tablets (ECFS and UCFS) were administered on consecutive days, 60 min after breakfast, and the sequence being random.
69. HumanA Review of Nutrients and Compounds, Which Promote or Inhibit Intestinal Iron Absorption: Making a Platform for Dietary Measures That Can Reduce Iron Uptake in Patients with Genetic Haemochromatosis.
    J Nutr Metab, 2020 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 33005455DOI 10.1155/2020/7373498PMC7509542 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • AUC · full text, Section '4.1. Gastric Acid Inhibitors':In patients with HFE-haemochromatosis, consecutive measurements of serum iron demonstrated a 50% decrease in the area under the curve (AUC) from a test meal after 7 days of proton pump inhibitor therapy, indicating decreased absorption of nonheme iron [83].
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1.4. Lactic Acid':Lactic acid sourdough fermentation was more efficient than yeast fermentation in reducing the phytate content in whole-grain wheat bread, 62% versus 38% reduction, respectively.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '4.6. Soya Bean Protein':Soya beans are rich in calcium, the content varying from 150 to 277 mg/100 g [113, 115] compared to 126 mg/100 g in partly skimmed milk [113, 115].
70. HumanIron absorption from supplements is greater with alternate day than with consecutive day dosing in iron-deficient anemic women.
    Haematologica, 2020 · Design: crossover; stable-isotope · n: n=19 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 31413088DOI 10.3324/haematol.2019.220830PMC7193469 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:In iron-depleted women without anemia, oral iron supplements induce an increase in serum hepcidin (SHep) that persists for 24 hours, decreasing iron absorption from supplements given later on the same or next day.
    • Key findings · abstract:The primary objective of this study was to assess whether, in women with IDA, alternate-day administration of 100 and 200 mg iron increases iron absorption compared to consecutive-day iron administration.
    • Key findings · abstract:We performed a cross-over iron absorption study in women with IDA (n=19; median hemoglobin 11.5 mg/dL; mean serum ferritin 10 mg/L) who received either 100 or 200 mg iron as fer[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Hepcidin profiles and iron absorption du':Summing the 3 doses from each supplementation period, there was a significant dose effect (100 vs. 200 mg iron) on both FIA and total iron absorption (TIA) (P<0.001 for both), but no significant time-dose interaction on FIA or TIA (P=0.737;
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'The effects of high oral iron doses on i':There was a significant dose (100 vs. 200 mg iron) and time effect on serum ferritin (SF) (P<0.01, P<0.001).
71. HumanImpact of Ascorbic Acid on the In Vitro Iron Bioavailability of a Casein-Based Iron Fortificant.
    Nutrients, 2020 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 32932834DOI 10.3390/nu12092776PMC7551990 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The objective was to assess the impact of ascorbic acid (AA) on its in vitro bioavailability in comparison with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and ferric pyrophosphate (FePP).
    • Key findings · abstract:The Caco-2 cell results in milk showed that the addition of AA (2:1 molar ratio) enhanced iron uptake from the ICCs and FeSO4 to a similar level (p = 0.582; p = 0.852) and to a significantly higher level than that from FePP (p < 0.01).
    • Key findings · abstract:This translated into a relative in vitro bioavailability to FeSO4 of 36% for FePP and 114 and 104% for the two ICCs.
    • Key findings · abstract:However, ICC absorption remained similar to that from FeSO4 (p = 0.666;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:Therefore, even though iron from ICC does not fully dissociate under gastric digestion, iron uptake suggested that ICCs are absorbed to a similar amount as FeSO4 in the presence of AA and thus provide an excellent source of iron.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.3.2. In the Presence of AA':This translates into in vitro relative bioavailability (iRBV) to FeSO4 of 37 and 121% for FePP and ICC (2.8%), respectively.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.3.2. In the Presence of AA':As shown in Figure 3B, the addition of AA to milk, at a molar ratio of AA to iron of 2:1, increased the iron bioavailability of the four compounds by ≈3.2-, 1.8-, 2.3- and 1.6-fold from FeSO4, FePP, ICC (2.8%) and ICC (2.9%), respectively.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.2. Solubility and Iron Dissociation at':The in vitro solubility of the ICCs was compared with that of FeSO4 heptahydrate (20.08% iron, Dr.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3.2. In the Presence of AA':When compared with the data generated without AA, this enhancement was significantly different for FeSO4 (p = 0.006) and ICC (2.8%) (p = 0.023), but not for FePP (p = 0.068) and ICC (2.9%) (p = 0.122).
72. HumanAddition of Whole Wheat Flour During Injera Fermentation Degrades Phytic Acid and Triples Iron Absorption from Fortified Tef in Young Women.
    J Nutr, 2020 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 22 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 32805002DOI 10.1093/jn/nxaa211
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: We investigated ways to increase iron absorption from FeSO4-fortified tef injera in normal-weight healthy women (aged 21-29 y).
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: Study A (n = 22) investigated the influence on fractional iron absorption (FIA) from FeSO4-fortified injera of 1) replacing 10% tef flour with whole wheat flour (a source of wheat phytase), or 2) adding an isolated phytase from Aspergillus niger.
    • Key findings · abstract:In both studies, the iron fortificants were labeled with stable isotopes and FIA was calculated from erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron isotopes 14 d after administration.
    • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: In study A, the median (IQR) FIA from the 100% tef injera meal was 1.5% (0.7-2.8%).
    • Food effect · abstract:PA content of the 3 meals was 0.62, 0.20, and 0.02 g/meal, respectively.
    • Food effect · abstract:In study B, the median (IQR) FIA from the 100% tef injera meal was 3.3% (1.1-4.4%) and did not change significantly (P > 0.05) on replacing 50% or 75% of FeSO4 with NaFeEDTA.
73. HumanIron bioavailability of a casein-based iron fortificant compared with that of ferrous sulfate in whole milk: a randomized trial with a crossover design in adult women.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2019 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: 21 healthy women · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 31573611DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqz237PMC6885464 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: A randomized comparator-controlled trial with a crossover design was conducted using the erythrocyte incorporation dual stable isotope (57Fe, 58Fe) technique.
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from the iron-casein complex was compared with that from ferrous sulfate in 21 healthy women aged 20-38 y with normal iron status.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Fractional iron absorption (geometric mean; -SD, +SD) from the iron-casein complex (3.4%; 1.4%, 5.4%) and from ferrous sulfate (3.9%; 1.7%, 6.1%) were not statistically different (P > 0.05).
    • Key findings · abstract:The relative bioavailability value of the iron-casein complex to ferrous sulfat[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The relative bioavailability value of the iron-casein complex to ferrous sulfate was determined to be 0.87 (-1 SD, +1 SD: -0.90, +2.64).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Sample size':Fractional iron absorption from milk was estimated from the literature to be on the order of 5% for ferrous sulfate for women with normal iron status.
    • Fractional absorption · full text, TABLE 3:Fractional iron absorption and the ratio of mean fractional iron absorption of the isotopic labels administered as [57Fe]-iron–casein complex and [58Fe]-ferrous sulfate in young women1 [57Fe]-iron–casein complex [58Fe]-ferrous sulfate Ratio of mean fractional absorption Geometric mean 3.41 3.91 0.87 −1 SD, +1 SD of geometric mean 1.39, 5.43 1.72, 6.10 −0.90, 2.64 95% CI of geometric mean 2.48, 4.
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Isotopic labeling of iron fortificants':The solution was then fed into a laboratory spray dryer (Mini Spray Dryer B-290, BUCHI) at a feed capacity rate of 16–18%, an inlet temperature of 150°C, and outlet temperature of 70°C.
    • Form comparison · full text, TABLE 4:RBVs for different iron fortificants compared with ferrous sulfate determined using the erythrocyte dual stable isotope incorporation technique1 Compound Subjects n Mean ferritin concentration, µg/L Meal Fe dose Ascorbic acid RBV, % Reference Ferrous ammonium phosphate Young females 19 17.8 Reconstituted milk drink 2.5 mg √ 71 (19) Ferric pyrophosphate Young females 19 16.8 Reconstituted milk dr
74. HumanPredicting iron absorption from an effervescent iron supplement in obese patients before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a preliminary study.
    J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2019 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (green)
    PMID 30732902DOI 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.12.002PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: The pharmacokinetic properties of 695 mg effervescent iron gluconate (80 mg Fe2+) were assessed in 13 obese patients (female = 10; mean age ± SD: 45.2 ± 12.5years) pre- and six months post-RYGB by measuring serum iron concentrations during 24 hours and by calculating the adjusted for baseline AUC0-24h, Cmax and Tmax.
    • Key findings · abstract:The absorption of effervescent iron gluconate was similar pre- and post-RYGB [AUC0-24h,pre-RYGB: 28.6 ± 10.8 μg/dL*h;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:AUC0-24h,post-RYGB: 27.5 ± 9.11 μg/dL*h (P = 0.84)].
    • Key findings · abstract:Post-RYGB, iron AUC0-24h showed a strong negative correlation with both hepcidin concentrations[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:METHODS: The pharmacokinetic properties of 695 mg effervescent iron gluconate (80 mg Fe2+) were assessed in 13 obese patients (female = 10; mean age ± SD: 45.2 ± 12.5years) pre- and six months post-RYGB by measuring serum iron concentrations during 24 hours and by calculating the adjusted for baseline AUC0-24h, Cmax and Tmax.
    • Tmax · abstract:METHODS: The pharmacokinetic properties of 695 mg effervescent iron gluconate (80 mg Fe2+) were assessed in 13 obese patients (female = 10; mean age ± SD: 45.2 ± 12.5years) pre- and six months post-RYGB by measuring serum iron concentrations during 24 hours and by calculating the adjusted for baseline AUC0-24h, Cmax and Tmax.
    • AUC · abstract:METHODS: The pharmacokinetic properties of 695 mg effervescent iron gluconate (80 mg Fe2+) were assessed in 13 obese patients (female = 10; mean age ± SD: 45.2 ± 12.5years) pre- and six months post-RYGB by measuring serum iron concentrations during 24 hours and by calculating the adjusted for baseline AUC0-24h, Cmax and Tmax.
    • AUC · abstract:The absorption of effervescent iron gluconate was similar pre- and post-RYGB [AUC0-24h,pre-RYGB: 28.6 ± 10.8 μg/dL*h;
    • AUC · abstract:AUC0-24h,post-RYGB: 27.5 ± 9.11 μg/dL*h (P = 0.84)].
    • AUC · abstract:Post-RYGB, iron AUC0-24h showed a strong negative correlation with both hepcidin concentrations
    • Cmax · full text, p.7:AUC0-24h was determined using 150 the linear trapezoidal rule [12]. Based on the concentration-versus-time curves, the peak plasma 151 concentration (Cmax) and the time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax) were determined. For 152 visualisation of the mean changes in serum iron concentration, serum iron concentrations at the different 153 time points after administration of both supplements were ad
    • Cmax · full text, p.8:rs are given in Table 3. No significant differences of the 183 pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between pre- and post-RYGB. The AUC0-24h, the Cmax and 184 the Tmax was similar pre-RYGB and post-RYGB. 185 Correlations between serum hepcidin concentrations and TSAT and iron AUC0-24h are shown in Figure 186 2. Post-RYGB, iron AUC0-24h showed a significant negative correlation with hepcidin co
    • Cmax · full text, p.12:pre- and six months post- 291 RYGB by measuring serum iron concentrations during 24 hours and by calculating the adjusted for 292 baseline AUC0-24h, Cmax and Tmax. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to investigate the 293 effect of hepcidin concentrations, iron and hematologic indices; personal and anthropometric 294 characteristics on iron absorption. Subsequently, Receiver Operatin
    • Tmax · full text, p.7:ezoidal rule [12]. Based on the concentration-versus-time curves, the peak plasma 151 concentration (Cmax) and the time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax) were determined. For 152 visualisation of the mean changes in serum iron concentration, serum iron concentrations at the different 153 time points after administration of both supplements were adjusted for the basal iron concentration by 154 su
    • Tmax · full text, p.8:able 3. No significant differences of the 183 pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between pre- and post-RYGB. The AUC0-24h, the Cmax and 184 the Tmax was similar pre-RYGB and post-RYGB. 185 Correlations between serum hepcidin concentrations and TSAT and iron AUC0-24h are shown in Figure 186 2. Post-RYGB, iron AUC0-24h showed a significant negative correlation with hepcidin concentrations 187
    • Tmax · full text, p.12:six months post- 291 RYGB by measuring serum iron concentrations during 24 hours and by calculating the adjusted for 292 baseline AUC0-24h, Cmax and Tmax. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to investigate the 293 effect of hepcidin concentrations, iron and hematologic indices; personal and anthropometric 294 characteristics on iron absorption. Subsequently, Receiver Operating Charact
    • AUC · full text, p.7:administration μg/dL 148 serum iron concentration before administration μg/dL 149 Subsequently, the concentration-versus-time curves were plotted and AUC0-24h was determined using 150 the linear trapezoidal rule [12]. Based on the concentration-versus-time curves, the peak plasma 151 concentration (Cmax) and the time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax) were determined. For 152 visualisation of the
    • AUC · full text, p.8:netic parameters are given in Table 3. No significant differences of the 183 pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between pre- and post-RYGB. The AUC0-24h, the Cmax and 184 the Tmax was similar pre-RYGB and post-RYGB. 185 Correlations between serum hepcidin concentrations and TSAT and iron AUC0-24h are shown in Figure 186 2. Post-RYGB, iron AUC0-24h showed a significant negative correlation wi
    • AUC · full text, p.10:of standardised methodologies. 239 In our patients, both serum hepcidin concentration and TSAT continued to show a negative correlation 240 with iron AUC0-24h in both obese and RYGB patients. This could indicate that low hepcidin 241 concentrations and low TSAT values are potentially predictive for oral iron absorption in post-RYGB- 242 patients. Before RYGB, the same trend was observed, but no st
    • Fractional absorption · full text, p.6:human serum (Peninsula Laboratories International, San Carlos, USA). 139 Sample size calculations 140 Ruz et al. demonstrated a decrease in oral iron absorption of 40% after RYGB. Therefore, we pre- 141 defined a 40% decrease in oral iron absorption post-RYGB as the difference we wanted to be able to 142 detect. Based on this decrease and the variability observed, we calculated that a sample size
    • Food effect · full text, p.5:the patients had to remain semi-supine in bed. After the 10-h blood sample, the subjects 120 were discharged and they had to return the next morning fasted for the 24-h blood sampling. The
    • Form comparison · full text, p.7:7 serum iron concentration after administration μg/dL 148 serum iron concentration before administration μg/dL 149 Subsequently, the concentration-versus-time curves were plotted and AUC0-24h was determined using 150 the linear trapezoidal rule [12]. Based on the concentration-versus-time curves, the peak plasma 151 concentration (Cmax) and the time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax) were determi
    • Form comparison · full text, p.8:and post-surgery. No significant 179 differences were found in the postoperative iron status markers of the patients who received 180 supplementation compared to the patients who did not received supplementation. 181 The mean serum iron changes after administration of the oral iron supplement are shown in Figure 1 182 and the pharmacokinetic parameters are given in Table 3. No significant differen
    • Form comparison · full text, p.12:a are expressed as mean±SD. 297 Results Low iron status persisted after surgery as there was no significant difference observed in TSAT 298 (17.3±5.2 vs. 20.2±6.6%), ferritin (91.8±68.6 vs. 136.2±176.9 µg/L) and hepcidin concentration 299 (32.0±30.1 vs. 28.3±21.3 ng/mL) after RYGB. The absorption of effervescent iron gluconate was similar 300 pre- and post-RYGB [AUC0-24h,pre-RYGB: 28.6±10.8 µg/dL*
75. HumanThe Impact of Morning versus Afternoon Exercise on Iron Absorption in Athletes.
    Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2019 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 31058762DOI 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002026
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: Sixteen endurance-trained runners (10 male, 6 female) with serum ferritin (sFer) < 50 μg·L completed a 90-min running protocol (65% vV˙O2max) in the morning (AM), or the afternoon (PM), in a crossover design.
    • Key findings · abstract:Venous blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 3 h after the exercise and control conditions to measure sFer, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and serum hepcidin-25.
    • Key findings · abstract:A final venous blood sample was collected 14 d after each trial to determine the erythrocyte iron incorporation, which was used to calculate iron absorption.
    • Key findings · abstract:Fractional iron absorption was signif[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: Although exercise resulted in increased concentrations of IL-6 and hepcidin, iron was best absorbed in the morning after exercise, indicating there may be a transient mechanism during the acute postexercise window to promote iron absorption opposing the homeostatic regulation by serum hepcidin elevations.
    • Food effect · abstract:An iron-fortified fluid labeled with stable iron isotopes (Fe or Fe) was administered with a standardized meal 30 min following the exercise and control conditions during each trial, serving as a breakfast and dinner meal.
    • Food effect · abstract:Fractional iron absorption was significantly greater at breakfast after the AM run, compared with both the rested condition (0.778%;
76. HumanAsymptomatic Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Preschool Children and Young Women Does Not Predict Iron Bioavailability from Iron-Fortified Foods.
    Nutrients, 2019 · Design: stable-isotope · n: 80 women · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 31487815DOI 10.3390/nu11092093PMC6770439 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The analysis included 213 iron bioavailability measurements from 80 women and 235 measurements from 90 children; 51.3% of women and 54.4% of children were seropositive for H. pylori.
    • Key findings · abstract:Geometric mean (95% CI) fractional iron absorption (%), adjusted for SF, was 8.97% (7.64, 10.54) and 6.06% (4.80, 7.67) in H. pylori positive and negative women (p = 0.274), and 9.02% (7.68, 10.59) and 7.44% (6.01, 9.20) in H. pylori positive and negative children (p = 0.479).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section '3. Results':In the H. pylori infected and non-infected women fractional iron absorption was 9.73% (8.24, 11.48) and 8.52% (6.99, 10.39), respectively, and did not predict absorption (p = 0.231) in a model including iron compound (p = 0.179), test meal matrix (p = 0.154), and whether the test meal contained an iron absorption inhibitor (p < 0.001).
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section '3. Results':After adjusting for differences in SF, fractional iron absorption was 8.97% (7.64, 10.54) and 6.06% (4.80, 7.76), respectively.
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section '3. Results':In children, fractional iron absorption in the H. pylori infected group was 9.77% (8.39, 11.4) and 8.94% (7.57, 10.6) in the non-infected group.
77. HumanA sulfated polysaccharide from abalone influences iron uptake by the contrary impacts of its chelating and reducing activities.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2019 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 31301396DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.072
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The Fe(III) chelating activity and resulting Fe(III)-chelates of AGSP and its desulfated derivative (dS-AGSP) were studied, their ferric reducing activity and Fe(II) chelating activity were compared, and their inhibition effects on the Fe absorption were evaluated by using Caco-2 cell models treated with Fe(III) and Fe(II).
78. HumanHigh Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women.
    J Nutr, 2019 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind; stable-isotope · n: n = 24 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 31004134DOI 10.1093/jn/nxz003PMC6499105 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron bioavailability was assessed by measuring 57Fe incorporation into erythrocytes 16 d after each 5 d NaPP: 57Fe feeding period.
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron bioavailability was 10.8, 9.8, and 11.0% for the 0:1, 3:1, and 6:1 NaPP:57Fe treatments, respectively.
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial, women (n = 24; aged 18-40 y; mean BMI 20.5 kg/m2) consumed a Nigerian breakfast and lunch for 5 d prepared with bouillon cubes containing 2.5 mg 57Fe (as FePP) and 3 different molar ratios of NaPP: 57Fe (0:1, 3:1, and 6:1).
79. HumanIron Absorption from Iron-Enriched Aspergillus oryzae Is Similar to Ferrous Sulfate in Healthy Female Subjects.
    Curr Dev Nutr, 2018 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 16 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 30019027DOI 10.1093/cdn/nzy004PMC6041945 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the iron absorption of iron-enriched Aspergillus oryzae [Aspiron (ASP)] with FeSO4 in humans.
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: Iron absorption was assessed using stable isotope and serum iron response methods after oral intake of iron by healthy women in 2 separate studies.
    • Key findings · abstract:Changes in serum iron were measured at regular intervals for 4 h after supplementation.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The first study showed that the difference in iron absorption from FeSO4 and ASP was not significant (17.18% ± 14.2% compared to 15.14% ± 12.3%;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:The results of the second study suggested tha[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:The results of the second study suggested that the iron from ASP was released slowly compared to FeSO4 and the area under the curve did not reflect the absorption of ASP iron, but rather the rate of iron release.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: Iron-enriched A. oryzae has high relative bioavailability and may cause lower iron surges into the blood compared to FeSO4.
    • Food effect · abstract:Subjects (n = 16, 18-35 y) were randomly assigned to consume liquid semipurified meals labelled with 2 stable iron isotopes, 57FeSO4 (10 mg) and ASP containing 2 mg 58Fe and 8 mg natural abundance iron, in 2 visits.
    • Food effect · abstract:Isotope enrichment was measured 2 wk after the last meal was eaten.
    • Food effect · abstract:In the second study, 17 subjects were randomly assigned to consume a test meal with 3 iron supplements during 3 separate visits: FeSO4, 10 mg Fe, and ASP in 2 iron doses, 10 mg and 20 mg.
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Serum iron response':The AUCs for FeSO4 10 mg Fe, 10-mg ASP, and 20-mg ASP were 1674 ± 376, 869 ± 117, and 900 ± 193 (mean ± SE), respectively.
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Serum iron response':The mean concentrations of CRP ranged from 1.64–1.76 mg/L before feeding each iron supplement and were not significantly different among the treatments, suggesting that the differences in AUC among the treatments were not due to CRP status (Table 2).
    • AUC · full text, TABLE 2:Mean of AUC, % Fe recovery at max, and CRP (n = 17)1 AUC % Fe recovery at max CRP, mg/L FeSO4 10 mg 1675 ± 1548 11.59 ± 2.10a 1.76 ± 0.44 10-mg ASP 869 ± 481 6.97 ± 0.89a,b 1.67 ± 0.45 20-mg ASP2 890 ± 771 4.08 ± 0.72b 1.64 ± 0.41
    • Fractional absorption · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':The geometric mean fractional iron absorption of 57FeSO4 was 17.1% (range 3.4–51.5%) compared to 15.2% (range 5.5–35.4%) with 58FeASP (Figure 1).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Iron absorption':The geometric mean fractional iron absorption of 57FeSO4 was 17.1% (range 3.4–51.5%) compared to 15.2% (range 5.5–35.4%) with 58FeASP (Figure 1).
80. HumanIron absorption from beans with different contents of iron, evaluated by stable isotopes.
    Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2018 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: 13 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 29779806DOI 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.03.120
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Isotopic evaluation of iron for measurement of iron incorporation into erythrocytes was performed 14 days after consumption.
    • Key findings · abstract:Mean iron absorption from the meal with common beans was 0.409% (±0.040%) and mean iron incorporation from the meal with target beans for biofortification 0.407% (±0.038%) and did not differ between the groups.
    • Food effect · abstract:Mean iron absorption from the meal with common beans was 0.409% (±0.040%) and mean iron incorporation from the meal with target beans for biofortification 0.407% (±0.038%) and did not differ between the groups.
81. HumanRelative Bioavailability of Iron in Bangladeshi Traditional Meals Prepared with Iron-Fortified Lentil Dal.
    Nutrients, 2018 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 29543712DOI 10.3390/nu10030354PMC5872772 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Thus, in the present study, lentil was Fe-fortified (using a fortificant Fe concentration of 2800 µg g-1) and used in 30 traditional Bangladeshi meals with broad differences in concentrations of iron, phytic acid (PA), and relative Fe bioavailability (RFeB%).
    • Food effect · abstract:Thus, in the present study, lentil was Fe-fortified (using a fortificant Fe concentration of 2800 µg g-1) and used in 30 traditional Bangladeshi meals with broad differences in concentrations of iron, phytic acid (PA), and relative Fe bioavailability (RFeB%).
    • Food effect · abstract:A significant (p ≤ 0.01) Pearson correlation was observed between Fe concentration and RFeB% and between RFeB% and PA:Fe molar ratio in meals with fortified lentil, but not for the meal with unfortified lentil.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.1. Fe Concentration, RFeB%, and PA Con':The meal model that included rice (50%), fish (25%), vegetables (25%), and no lentil (model 13) contained a very low amount of Fe (8.7 µg g−1) but it was of higher relative bioavailability, which could be due to the low amount of PA in the meal.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Fe Concentration, RFeB%, and PA Con':Models 4, 8, 18, and 22 contained similar amounts of vegetable (5%), but model 8 and 22 contained 10% more rice and 5% less fish and dal compared to models 4 and 18.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.2. Comparison between Meal Models Cont':Specifically, the average Fe concentration was significantly (p ≤ 0.001) higher in meal models with fortified lentil (136.2 µg g−1) compared to those with unfortified lentil (13.5 µg g−1).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.2. Comparison between Meal Models Cont':Ferritin formation (52.5 vs. 15.8 ng ferritin/mg protein) and RFeB% (290.0 vs. 51.2%) also were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in meal models with fortified lentil.
82. HumanEffect of various calcium salts on non-heme iron bioavailability in fasted women of childbearing age.
    J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2018 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: 27 women · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 29895376DOI 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.04.029
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron was labeled with the radioisotopes 59Fe or 55Fe, and the absorption of iron was measured by erythrocyte incorporation of radioactive Fe RESULTS: 800 mg of elemental calcium as calcium citrate produced a significant decrease in non-heme iron bioavailability (repeated measures ANOVA, F = 3.79, p = 0.018).
83. HumanPectin Esterification Degree in the Bioavailability of Non-heme Iron in Women.
    Biol Trace Elem Res, 2018 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 28500577DOI 10.1007/s12011-017-1036-9
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Radioactivity incorporated into erythrocytes was determined in blood samples 14 days after the marked Fe doses were consumed.
    • Key findings · abstract:On days 18 and 36 of study, 30 and 20 mL blood samples were obtained, respectively, and blood sample radioactivity incorporated into erythrocytes was determined.
    • Key findings · abstract:Whole body blood volume was estimated for calculate iron bioavailability; it was assumed that 80% of absorbed radioactivity was incorporated into the Hb.
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron bioavailability (mean geometric ±1 SD) alone (control) was 18.2% (12.3-27.1%), iron + pectin27 was 17.2% (10.2-29.2%), iron + pectin36 was 15.3% (9[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:Whole body blood volume was estimated for calculate iron bioavailability; it was assumed that 80% of absorbed radioactivity was incorporated into the Hb.
84. HumanThe stage of seed development influences iron bioavailability in pea (Pisum sativum L.).
    Sci Rep, 2018 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 29720667DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-25130-3PMC5932076 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron uptake studies using Caco-2 cells showed that the iron in microwaved immature peas was more bioavailable than in boiled mature peas, despite similar levels of soluble iron in the digestates.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Accumulation of ferritin-iron during see':However, as the seeds increased in size and dry weight, the iron content per seed increased by more than 7-fold, from 1.7 ± 0.08 µg iron per seed at 16 DAF to 12 ± 0.4 µg iron in individual mature seeds.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Iron is more bioavailable in cooked gard':Conversely, the addition of phytase enzyme to the simulated digestion of boiled mature peas significantly increased the iron uptake in Caco-2 cells by 3-fold (from an average of 7.7 to 23.1 ng ferritin/mg protein).
85. HumanIron bioavailability from fresh cheese fortified with iron-enriched yeast.
    Eur J Nutr, 2017 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 27029918DOI 10.1007/s00394-016-1200-6
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption from fresh cheese fortified with iron-enriched yeast (2.5 mg 58Fe) was compared to that from ferrous sulfate (2.5 mg 57Fe) when ingested with fresh cheese alone or with fresh cheese consumed with bread and butter.
    • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was determined based on erythrocyte incorporation of isotopic labels 14 days after consumption of the last test meal.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Geometric mean fractional iron absorption from fresh cheese fortified with iron-enriched yeast consumed alone was significantly lower than from the cheese fortified with FeSO4 (20.5 vs. 28.7 %; p = 0.0007).
    • Key findings · abstract:When the fresh c[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The relative bioavailability of the iron-enriched yeast compared to ferrous sulfate was 0.72 for the cheese consumed alone and 0.82 for cheese consumed with bread and butter (p = 0.157).
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: Iron from iron-enriched yeast was 72-82 % as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate indicating that the yeast lysed during digestion and released its iron.
    • Food effect · abstract:Iron absorption was determined based on erythrocyte incorporation of isotopic labels 14 days after consumption of the last test meal.
86. HumanDietary nonheme iron is equally bioavailable from ferritin or ferrous sulfate in thalassemia intermedia.
    Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2017 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 29232169DOI 10.1080/08880018.2017.1395935
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Serial serum iron concentrations were measured during the 24 hours following consumption of 1 mg/kg of elemental iron as ferritin or ferrous sulfate.
    • Key findings · abstract:Serum iron concentrations were also measured for one TI patient and one control patient 2 hours after the ingestion of 2 mg/kg of dietary iron in ferritin or ferrous sulfate.
    • Key findings · abstract:Maximum serum iron concentrations were observed 4 hours after the consumption of either dietary iron source.
87. HumanIron Pharmacokinetics in Women with Iron Deficiency Anaemia Following A Single Oral Dose of a Novel Formulation of Tardyferon (Prolonged Release Ferrous Sulphate).
    Drug Res (Stuttg), 2017 · Design: clinical trial · n: 29 participants · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 28724166DOI 10.1055/s-0043-113636
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The aim of this multicenter open-label study was to characterize the serum pharmacokinetics of iron in non-pregnant women aged 23-45 years with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) following single oral administration of 160 mg Tardyferon® under fasting conditions.
    • Key findings · abstract:In these patients, median time to maximum serum concentrations (Tmax) was 4 h.
    • Key findings · abstract:Serum profiles were consistent with prolonged release; iron levels were elevated up to 12 h after dosing, with mean C12h still more than 7 times higher than baseline (CT0), and mean C2h and C8h representing 69.7% and 81.9% of the Cmax, respectively.
    • Key findings · abstract:A sing[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:Serum profiles were consistent with prolonged release; iron levels were elevated up to 12 h after dosing, with mean C12h still more than 7 times higher than baseline (CT0), and mean C2h and C8h representing 69.7% and 81.9% of the Cmax, respectively.
    • Tmax · abstract:In these patients, median time to maximum serum concentrations (Tmax) was 4 h.
    • Food effect · abstract:The aim of this multicenter open-label study was to characterize the serum pharmacokinetics of iron in non-pregnant women aged 23-45 years with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) following single oral administration of 160 mg Tardyferon® under fasting conditions.
    • Food effect · abstract:A single oral dose of 160 mg Tardyferon® administered under fasting conditions to this target population resulted in a long-lasting release of iron in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to optimal iron absorption.
88. HumanConsumption of galacto-oligosaccharides increases iron absorption from a micronutrient powder containing ferrous fumarate and sodium iron EDTA: a stable-isotope study in Kenyan infants.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2017 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 50 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 28814396DOI 10.3945/ajcn.116.145060
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Background: Whether consumption of prebiotics increases iron absorption in infants is unclear.Objective: We set out to determine whether prebiotic consumption affects iron absorption from a micronutrient powder (MNP) containing a mixture of ferrous fumarate and sodium iron EDTA (FeFum+NaFeEDTA) in Kenyan infants.Design: Infants (n = 50; aged 6-14 mo) consumed maize porridge that was fortified with an MNP containing FeFum+NaFeEDTA and 7.5 g galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) (Fe+GOS group, n = 22) or the same MNP without GOSs (Fe group, n = 28) each day for 3 wk.
    • Key findings · abstract:Comparisons within and between g[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:Then, on 2 consecutive days, we fed all infants isotopically labeled maize porridge and MNP test meals containing 5 mg Fe as 57FeFum+Na58FeEDTA or ferrous sulfate (54FeSO4).
89. HumanIron Bioavailability Studies of the First Generation of Iron-Biofortified Beans Released in Rwanda.
    Nutrients, 2017 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 28754026DOI 10.3390/nu9070787PMC5537901 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:The objective of the present study was to demonstrate how the Caco-2 cell bioassay for Fe bioavailability can be utilized to assess the nutritional quality of Fe in such varieties and how they may interact with diets and meal plans of experimental studies.
    • Food effect · abstract:The objective of the present study was to demonstrate how the Caco-2 cell bioassay for Fe bioavailability can be utilized to assess the nutritional quality of Fe in such varieties and how they may interact with diets and meal plans of experimental studies.
    • Food effect · abstract:Overall, the results provide evidence that the Caco-2 cell bioassay represents an effective approach to evaluate the nutritional quality of Fe-biofortified beans, both separate from and within a targeted diet or meal plan.
90. HumanIron Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate in Extruded Rice Cofortified with Zinc Sulfate Is Greater than When Cofortified with Zinc Oxide in a Human Stable Isotope Study.
    J Nutr, 2017 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 28148685DOI 10.3945/jn.116.241778
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:However, it is uncertain if the addition of zinc to iron-fortified rice affects iron absorption and whether this is zinc-compound specific.Objective: We investigated whether zinc, added as zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), affects human iron absorption from extruded rice fortified with ferric pyrophosphate (FePP).Methods: In 19 iron-depleted Swiss women (plasma ferritin ≤16.5 μ/L) aged between 20 and 39 y with a normal body mass index (in kg/m2; 18.7-24.8), we compared iron absorption from 4 meals containing fortified extruded rice with 4 mg Fe and 3 mg Zn.
    • Key findings · abstract:We also measured relative[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:P = 0.08).Conclusions: In iron-depleted women, iron absorption from FePP-fortified extruded rice cofortified with ZnSO4 was 1.6-fold (95% CI: 1.4-, 1.9-fold) that of rice cofortified with ZnO.
    • Food effect · abstract:However, it is uncertain if the addition of zinc to iron-fortified rice affects iron absorption and whether this is zinc-compound specific.Objective: We investigated whether zinc, added as zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), affects human iron absorption from extruded rice fortified with ferric pyrophosphate (FePP).Methods: In 19 iron-depleted Swiss women (plasma ferritin ≤16.5 μ/L) aged between 20 and 39 y with a normal body mass index (in kg/m2; 18.7-24.8), we compared iron absorption from 4 meals containing fortified extruded rice with 4 mg Fe and 3 mg Zn.
    • Food effect · abstract:Three of the meals contain
91. HumanIron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women: two open-label, randomised controlled trials.
    Lancet Haematol, 2017 · Design: randomized · n: 40 women · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 29032957DOI 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30182-5
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: We did two prospective, open-label, randomised controlled trials assessing iron absorption using (54Fe)-labelled, (57Fe)-labelled, or (58Fe)-labelled ferrous sulfate in iron-depleted (serum ferritin ≤25 μg/L) women aged 18-40 years recruited from ETH Zurich and the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
    • Key findings · abstract:In study 2, women were assigned to two groups, stratified by serum ferritin so that two groups with similar iron statuses could be formed.
    • Key findings · abstract:The co-primary outcomes in both studies were iron bioavailability (total and fractional iron absorption), assessed by measuring the isotopic label[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
92. HumanPrediction of human iron bioavailability using rapid c-ELISAs for human plasma hepcidin.
    Clin Chem Lab Med, 2017 · Design: not stated · n: n=37 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 28628474DOI 10.1515/cclm-2017-0097
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:We analyzed plasma samples (n=37) selected to represent a broad range of hepcidin concentrations from a subgroup of healthy, iron-depleted women in a study assessing fractional absorption from iron supplements.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: In single regressions, all three c-ELISA assays were predictors of fractional iron absorption: R2=0.363 (DRG), R2=0.281 (Peninsula) and R2=0.327 (Hepcidinanalysis.com).
    • Key findings · abstract:In multiple regressions, models including hepcidin measured with either DRG-, Peninsula or Hepcidinanalysis.com explained 55.7%, 44.5% and 52.5% of variance in fractional absorption, and hepcidin was a stron[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: The biological variability in plasma hepcidin, (inter-sample CV) was 5-10-fold higher for both the Peninsula and DRG assay than the analytical variably (inter-run within-sample CV) suggesting substantial discriminatory power to distinguish biological hepcidin variation.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:We analyzed plasma samples (n=37) selected to represent a broad range of hepcidin concentrations from a subgroup of healthy, iron-depleted women in a study assessing fractional absorption from iron supplements.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:In multiple regressions, models including hepcidin measured with either DRG-, Peninsula or Hepcidinanalysis.com explained 55.7%, 44.5% and 52.5% of variance in fractional absorption, and hepcidin was a strong predictor of fractional absorption irrespective of the hepcidin assays used.
93. HumanPrebiotics increase heme iron bioavailability and do not affect non-heme iron bioavailability in humans.
    Food Funct, 2017 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 28485415DOI 10.1039/c6fo01833e
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:These studies used 55Fe and 59Fe radioactive isotopes as markers of heme Fe and non-heme Fe, respectively, and Fe absorption was measured by the incorporation of radioactive Fe into erythrocytes.
    • Key findings · abstract:Heme Fe bioavailability of the prebiotic group increased significantly by 56% post-prebiotic intake.
94. HumanSodium pyrophosphate enhances iron bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with ferric pyrophosphate.
    Br J Nutr, 2016 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
    PMID 27267429DOI 10.1017/S0007114516002191PDF
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate Fe bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with either FePP only, FePP+NaPP, ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) only, or FeSO4+NaPP.
    • Key findings · abstract:Second, Fe absorption from bouillon prepared from intrinsically labelled cubes (2·5 mg stable Fe isotopes/cube) was assessed in twenty-four Fe-deficient women, by measuring Fe incorporation into erythrocytes 2 weeks after consumption.
    • Key findings · abstract:Fe bioavailability in humans increased by 46 % (P<0·005) when comparing bouillons fortified with FePP only (4·4 %) and bouillons fortified with FePP+NaPP (6·4 %).
    • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption f[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
95. HumanAcute Copper and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Inhibits Non-heme Iron Absorption in Humans.
    Biol Trace Elem Res, 2016 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 26715577DOI 10.1007/s12011-015-0605-z
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of iron radioisotopes (55)Fe and (59)Fe.
    • Key findings · abstract:Geometric mean (range ± SD) absorption of Fe at 4/1 and 6/1 Cu/Fe molar ratios (and AA/Cu 2/1 molar ratio) and Fe alone was 57.4 % (35.7-92.1 %), 64.2 % (45.8-89.9 %), and 38.8 % (20.4-73.8 %), respectively (ANOVA for repeated measures p < 0.001; post hoc test Scheffé, p < 0.05).
    • Key findings · abstract:This is attributable to the enhancing effect of AA on non-heme Fe absorption; however, Fe absorption at Cu/Fe 8/1 molar ratio was 47.3 % (27.7-80.8) (p = NS compared with Fe alone).
    • Key findings · abstract:It was expected that Fe absorption[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
96. HumanDissolution behaviour of ferric pyrophosphate and its mixtures with soluble pyrophosphates: Potential strategy for increasing iron bioavailability.
    Food Chem, 2016 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 27132828DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.078
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:In the presence of pyrophosphate ions the solubility of FePP strongly increases at pH 5-8.5 due to formation a soluble complex between Fe(III) and pyrophosphate ions, which leads to an 8-10-fold increase in the total ionic iron concentration.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:In the presence of pyrophosphate ions the solubility of FePP strongly increases at pH 5-8.5 due to formation a soluble complex between Fe(III) and pyrophosphate ions, which leads to an 8-10-fold increase in the total ionic iron concentration.
97. HumanTotal Iron Bioavailability from the US Diet Is Lower Than the Current Estimate.
    J Nutr, 2015 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 26377760DOI 10.3945/jn.115.210484
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Total (heme and nonheme) iron bioavailability from the US diet has been estimated to be 18% based on a single human absorption study.
    • Key findings · abstract:We implemented 2 different approaches to estimate total iron absorption.
    • Key findings · abstract:In the first approach, we included all survey participants but adjusted the geometric mean of nonheme iron absorption to 15 μg ferritin/L serum to mimic values of individuals with no iron stores; in the second approach, absorption was estimated for only nonanemic subjects with no iron stores.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The geometric mean (95% CI) of unadjusted nonheme iron absorption for al[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
98. HumanIron bioavailability from commercially available iron supplements.
    Eur J Nutr, 2015 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 25526967DOI 10.1007/s00394-014-0815-8
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: Iron bioavailability was measured using Caco-2 cells with ferritin formation as a surrogate marker for iron uptake.
99. HumanBioavailability of iron from plant and animal ferritins.
    J Nutr Biochem, 2015 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · not checked (off-topic)
    PMID 25727353DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.12.006
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Furthermore, ferritin was labeled with (59)Fe, and bioavailability of iron from ferritin was assessed by uptake into Caco-2 cells.
    • Key findings · abstract:Our results indicate that iron is taken up from the ferritins and that iron bioavailability from soybean ferritin (rH-1:rH-2=1:1) is the highest.
100. HumanDifferences in relative iron bioavailability in traditional Bangladeshi meal plans.
     Food Nutr Bull, 2014 · Design: not stated · n: n = 23 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 25639128DOI 10.1177/156482651403500405
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: To examine the concentration and relative bioavailability of iron in several models (n = 23) of traditional Bangladeshi meals (rice, lentils/dal, vegetable, and fish), as well as the effect of removal of the lentil seed coat on the nutritional quality of iron.
     • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: The relative bioavailability of iron was assessed by the in vitro/Caco-2 cell culture method, iron concentration by an inductively coupled argon-plasma emission spectrometer (ICAP-ES), and phytic acid concentration by colorimetric assay.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: While the iron concentrations of recipes containing dehulled dal wer[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:OBJECTIVE: To examine the concentration and relative bioavailability of iron in several models (n = 23) of traditional Bangladeshi meals (rice, lentils/dal, vegetable, and fish), as well as the effect of removal of the lentil seed coat on the nutritional quality of iron.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:METHODS: The relative bioavailability of iron was assessed by the in vitro/Caco-2 cell culture method, iron concentration by an inductively coupled argon-plasma emission spectrometer (ICAP-ES), and phytic acid concentration by colorimetric assay.
     • Food effect · abstract:OBJECTIVE: To examine the concentration and relative bioavailability of iron in several models (n = 23) of traditional Bangladeshi meals (rice, lentils/dal, vegetable, and fish), as well as the effect of removal of the lentil seed coat on the nutritional quality of iron.
101. HumanIron absorption from NaFeEDTA-fortified oat beverages with or without added vitamin C.
     Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2014 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 24059906DOI 10.3109/09637486.2013.836739
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:MATERIALS AND METHODS: Iron absorption in 19 apparently healthy 6-year-old children was studied.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The mean fractional iron absorption from the fortified oat beverage without vitamin C (5.65 ± 0.54%) was significantly lower than that from the beverage with vitamin C (7.14 ± 0.90%; p < 0.05).
     • Key findings · abstract:The addition of vitamin C improved iron absorption by an additional 1.5%.
102. HumanFerrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH₄PO₄) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink.
     Eur J Nutr, 2013 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 22956195DOI 10.1007/s00394-012-0445-y
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption was determined in 38 young women using the erythrocyte incorporation dual stable isotope technique (⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁸Fe).
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Geometric mean Fe absorption from ferrous sulfate, FAP and FPP was 10.4, 7.4 and 3.3 %, respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:Fe from FAP was significantly better absorbed from milk than Fe from FPP (p < 0.0001).
     • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption from FAP was significantly lower than Fe absorption from ferrous sulfate, which was used as water-soluble reference compound (p = 0.0002).
     • Key findings · abstract:Absorption ratios of FAP and FPP relative to ferrous sulfate as a measure of relative bioavailability were 0.71 an[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Absorption ratios of FAP and FPP relative to ferrous sulfate as a measure of relative bioavailability were 0.71 and 0.32, respectively.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Fe from FAP was significantly better absorbed from milk than Fe from FPP (p < 0.0001).
103. HumanIron bioavailability from a lipid-based complementary food fortificant mixed with millet porridge can be optimized by adding phytase and ascorbic acid but not by using a mixture of ferrous sulfate and sodium iron EDTA.
     J Nutr, 2013 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 23761652DOI 10.3945/jn.113.175075
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:To optimize iron bioavailability from an LNS named complementary food fortificant (CFF), 3 stable isotope studies were conducted in 52 young Beninese children.
     • Key findings · abstract:Study 1 compared iron absorption from FeSO4-fortifed meals with meals fortified with a mixture of FeSO4 and NaFeEDTA.
     • Key findings · abstract:Study 2 compared iron absorption from FeSO4-fortifed meals without or with extra AA.
     • Key findings · abstract:Study 3 compared iron absorption from FeSO4-fortified meals with meals containing phytase added prior to consumption, once without or once with extra AA.
     • Key findings · abstract:In study 1, iron absorption from FeSO4 (8.4%) was higher than that from the[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Study 1 compared iron absorption from FeSO4-fortifed meals with meals fortified with a mixture of FeSO4 and NaFeEDTA.
     • Food effect · abstract:Study 2 compared iron absorption from FeSO4-fortifed meals without or with extra AA.
     • Food effect · abstract:Study 3 compared iron absorption from FeSO4-fortified meals with meals containing phytase added prior to consumption, once without or once with extra AA.
     • Food effect · abstract:In study 3, absorption from meals containing phytase without or with extra AA (15.8 and 19.9%, respectively) increased compared with meals without phytase (8.0%;
     • Food effect · abstract:The addition of extra AA to meals containing phytase increased absorption
104. HumanInclusion of guava enhances non-heme iron bioavailability but not fractional zinc absorption from a rice-based meal in adolescents.
     J Nutr, 2013 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 23596161DOI 10.3945/jn.112.171702PMC3652882 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:We studied the bioavailability of iron and zinc from a rice-based meal in 16 adolescent boys and girls, 13-15 y of age, from 2 government-run residential schools.
     • Key findings · abstract:Zinc absorption was assessed by using (70)Zn, administered intravenously, and (67)Zn given orally with meals.
     • Key findings · abstract:There were no sex differences in the indicators of iron and zinc status except for a higher hepcidin concentration in boys (P < 0.05).
     • Key findings · abstract:The molar ratio of iron to phytic acid was >1:1, but the modified diet had 20 times greater ascorbic acid content.
     • Key findings · abstract:The absorption of (57)Fe from the modified meal, compared with regula[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:We studied the bioavailability of iron and zinc from a rice-based meal in 16 adolescent boys and girls, 13-15 y of age, from 2 government-run residential schools.
     • Food effect · abstract:Participants were given a standardized rice meal (regular) and the same meal with 100 g of guava fruit (modified) with (57)Fe on 2 consecutive days.
     • Food effect · abstract:Zinc absorption was assessed by using (70)Zn, administered intravenously, and (67)Zn given orally with meals.
     • Food effect · abstract:The regular and modified meals were similar in total iron (10-13 mg/meal) and zinc (2.7 mg/meal) content.
     • Food effect · abstract:The absorption of (57)Fe from the modified meal, compared with r
105. HumanBioavailability of stabilised ferrous gluconate with glycine in fresh cheese matrix: a novel iron compound for food fortification.
     Biol Trace Elem Res, 2013 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 23271679DOI 10.1007/s12011-012-9574-7
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The iron bioavailability of fresh cheese fortified with either FGSG and with or without zinc and FGSG in aqueous solution and a water solution of ferrous ascorbate (reference dose) was studied using double radio iron ((55)Fe and (59)Fe) erythrocyte incorporation in 15 male subjects.
     • Key findings · abstract:The geometric mean of iron bioavailability for the water solution of FGSG was 38.2 %, adjusted to 40 % from reference doses (N.S.).
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron bioavailability in fresh cheese fortified with Ca and Zn was 15.4 % and was 23.1 % without Zn, adjusted to 40 % from reference doses (N.S.).
106. HumanSugars increase non-heme iron bioavailability in human epithelial intestinal and liver cells.
     PLoS One, 2013 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 24340076DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0083031PMC3858368 (free full text)PDF
     Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
     • Key findings · abstract:In this study we measured the effects of sugars on non-heme iron bioavailability in human intestinal Caco-2 cells and HepG2 hepatoma cells using ferritin formation as a surrogate marker for iron uptake.
     • Key findings · abstract:In conclusion, fructose increases iron bioavailability in human intestinal Caco-2 and HepG2 cells.
107. HumanBioavailability of zinc oxide added to corn tortilla is similar to that of zinc sulfate and is not affected by simultaneous addition of iron.
     Food Nutr Bull, 2012 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 23424892DOI 10.1177/156482651203300406PMC3909684 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The mean (+/- SEM) fractional zinc absorption from unfortified tortilla, tortilla fortified with zinc oxide, and tortilla fortified with zinc sulfate did not differ among treatments: 0.35 +/- 0.07, 0.36 +/- 0.05, and 0.37 +/- 0.07, respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:The three treatment groups with 0, 30, and 60 mg/kg of added iron had similar fractional zinc absorption (0.32 +/- 0.04, 0.33 +/- 0.02, and 0.32 +/- 0.05, respectively) and similar amounts of zinc absorbed (4.8 +/- 0.7, 4.5 +/- 0.3, and 4.8 +/- 0.7 mg/day, respectively).
     • Key findings · abstract:Simultaneous addition of zinc and iron to corn tortilla does not modi[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The three treatment groups with 0, 30, and 60 mg/kg of added iron had similar fractional zinc absorption (0.32 +/- 0.04, 0.33 +/- 0.02, and 0.32 +/- 0.05, respectively) and similar amounts of zinc absorbed (4.8 +/- 0.7, 4.5 +/- 0.3, and 4.8 +/- 0.7 mg/day, respectively).
108. HumanPharmacokinetics of iron isomaltoside 1000 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
     Drug Des Devel Ther, 2012 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 12 subjects · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 22419860DOI 10.2147/DDDT.S30015PMC3299547 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values in h * μg/mL for IBI following 100 mg and 200 mg doses were 888 and 2141 respectively, and for TI following 100 mg and 200 mg doses, the AUC values were 1010 and 2319 respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:The corresponding maximum serum concentration (C(max)) values in μg/mL were 35.6 and 68.6 for IBI, and 37.3 and 71.1 for TI.
     • Key findings · abstract:Only approximately 1% of the doses administered were excreted in the urine.
     • Cmax · abstract:The corresponding maximum serum concentration (C(max)) values in μg/mL were 35.6 and 68.6 for IBI, and 37.3 and 71.1 for TI.
     • AUC · abstract:The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values in h * μg/mL for IBI following 100 mg and 200 mg doses were 888 and 2141 respectively, and for TI following 100 mg and 200 mg doses, the AUC values were 1010 and 2319 respectively.
     • Cmax · full text, Table 2:nd (h * μg/mL) 809 (24) 1885 (20) 894 (21) 2017 (19) 82.6 (19) 129 (15) AUC0–inf (h * μg/mL) 888 (22) 2141 (23) 1010 (19) 2319 (21) 163 (67) 228 (51) Cmax (μg/mL) 35.6 (39) 68.6 (26) 37.3 (38) 71.1 (26) 2.1 (30) 3.0 (16) Tmax (minutes) 37 (109) 27 (104) 38 (151) 28 (112) 218 (166) 221 (191) C0 (μg/mL) 28.3 (32) 64.5 (29) 28.9 (32) 66.7 (28) 1.7 (36) 2.9 (37) Ke (1/hour) 0.033 (12) 0.031 (24) 0.030
     • Cmax · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic results':A more than twofold increase was observed in the mean AUC and Cmax for the 200 mg dose compared to the 100 mg dose.
     • Tmax · full text, Table 2:AUC0–inf (h * μg/mL) 888 (22) 2141 (23) 1010 (19) 2319 (21) 163 (67) 228 (51) Cmax (μg/mL) 35.6 (39) 68.6 (26) 37.3 (38) 71.1 (26) 2.1 (30) 3.0 (16) Tmax (minutes) 37 (109) 27 (104) 38 (151) 28 (112) 218 (166) 221 (191) C0 (μg/mL) 28.3 (32) 64.5 (29) 28.9 (32) 66.7 (28) 1.7 (36) 2.9 (37) Ke (1/hour) 0.033 (12) 0.031 (24) 0.030 (15) 0.029 (23) 0.011 (85) 0.013 (87) T1/2 (hour) 20.8 (12) 22.5 (24) 2
     • AUC · full text, Table 2:int Isomaltoside-bound iron Total iron Transferrin-bound iron Treatment Treatment Treatment 100 mg 200 mg 100 mg 200 mg 100 mg 200 mg AUC0–end (h * μg/mL) 809 (24) 1885 (20) 894 (21) 2017 (19) 82.6 (19) 129 (15) AUC0–inf (h * μg/mL) 888 (22) 2141 (23) 1010 (19) 2319 (21) 163 (67) 228 (51) Cmax (μg/mL) 35.6 (39) 68.6 (26) 37.3 (38) 71.1 (26) 2.1 (30) 3.0 (16) Tmax (minutes) 37 (109)
     • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic results':A more than twofold increase was observed in the mean AUC and Cmax for the 200 mg dose compared to the 100 mg dose.
     • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic results':The ratio between AUC for TBI and TI was 16% for the 100 mg dose and 10% for the 200 mg dose.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic results':A more than twofold increase was observed in the mean AUC and Cmax for the 200 mg dose compared to the 100 mg dose.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic results':The Ke was slightly lower, and T½ was slightly longer for 200 mg versus 100 mg for IBI and TI (Table 2).
109. HumanEffect of trypsin and mucin on heme iron bioavailability in humans.
     Biol Trace Elem Res, 2012 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 23011661DOI 10.1007/s12011-012-9483-9
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Subjects ingested 100 mg trypsin and 1.7 g mucin on 5 mg heme iron bioavailability on days 1, 2, 14, and 15, respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:In study B, which assessed the effect of mucin on heme iron bioavailability, the subjects ingested hemin, hemin plus mucin, hemoglobin (Hb), and Hb plus mucin, on days 1, 2, 14, and 15, respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: In study A, the geometric means ± 1 SD of heme iron absorption were 5.1 % (3.1-8.3), 2.9 % (1.6-5.1), 7.3 % (4.1-13.1), and 6 % (2.7-13) for hemin, hemin plus trypsin, Hb plus trypsin, and Hb plus mucin plus trypsin, respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:In study B, the geometric means[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
110. HumanA comparison of the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate in non-anemic Mexican women and children consuming a sweetened maize and milk drink.
     Eur J Clin Nutr, 2011 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 20842166DOI 10.1038/ejcn.2010.185
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Two recent studies in young children have reported that it is only 30% as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was calculated based on incorporation of isotopes into erythrocytes after 14 days.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Within each population group, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in iron absorption were found between ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate.
     • Key findings · abstract:Mean iron absorption from ferrous fumarate vs ferrous sulfate was 17.5 vs 20.5% in women (relative bioavailability (RBV) =86), 7.0 vs 7.2% in infants (RBV = 97) and 6.3 vs 5.9% in young children (RBV = 106).
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Mean iron absorption from ferrous fumarate vs ferrous sulfate was 17.5 vs 20.5% in women (relative bioavailability (RBV) =86), 7.0 vs 7.2% in infants (RBV = 97) and 6.3 vs 5.9% in young children (RBV = 106).
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Two recent studies in young children have reported that it is only 30% as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate.
111. HumanIron deficiency up-regulates iron absorption from ferrous sulphate but not ferric pyrophosphate and consequently food fortification with ferrous sulphate has relatively greater efficacy in iron-deficient individuals.
     Br J Nutr, 2011 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 21205385DOI 10.1017/S0007114510004903PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Our objectives were therefore (1) to compare the up-regulation of Fe absorption at low Fe status from ferrous sulphate (FS) and ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) and (2) to compare the efficacy of FS with FPP in a fortification trial to increase body Fe stores in Fe-deficient children v.
     • Key findings · abstract:Using stable isotopes in test meals in young women (n 49) selected for low and high Fe status, we compared the absorption of FPP with FS.
     • Key findings · abstract:Plasma ferritin was a strong negative predictor of Fe bioavailability from FS (P < 0·0001) but not from FPP.
     • Key findings · abstract:In the efficacy trials, body Fe at baseline was a negative predic[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Using stable isotopes in test meals in young women (n 49) selected for low and high Fe status, we compared the absorption of FPP with FS.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.3:of Hb, serum ferritin (SF) and serum RBV of FPP Table 1. Age, height, weight, Hb, plasma ferritin (PF), C-reactive protein (CRP), iron absorption and relative bioavailability (RBV) from ferrous sulphate (FS)- and ferric pyrophosphate (FPP)-labelled transferrin receptor (sTfR). In both studies, these measures 8·3 12·8 were repeated 10 months later(11,12). Laboratory analysis 0·4 – 2·8 0·4 – 4·2 Ran
     • Food effect · full text, p.2:studies of the Fe fortification of with the same meal. iodised salt in northern Morocco, one using FS and another Study design. On days 1 and 2, the fasting subjects using FPP. The methods and results have been described consumed labelled test meals (described below) fed in detail previously(11,12). In the FS study, Fe was added under standardised conditions and close supervision. On at a level of
112. HumanAnalysis of total and transferrin-bound iron in human serum for pharmacokinetic studies of iron-sucrose formulations.
     Bioanalysis, 2011 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 21877893DOI 10.4155/bio.11.180
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
113. HumanPolyphenols and phytic acid contribute to the low iron bioavailability from common beans in young women.
     J Nutr, 2010 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 20861210DOI 10.3945/jn.110.125369
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:To evaluate the influence of bean PP relative to PA on iron absorption in humans, 6 stable iron isotope absorption studies were conducted in women (16 or 17 per study).
     • Key findings · abstract:Studies 4- 6 investigated the influence on iron absorption of PP removal and dephytinization of whole red bean porridge and PP removal from dephytinized porridge.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was lowered by 14% with 50 mg PP (P < 0.05) and by 45% with 200 mg PP (P < 0.001).
     • Key findings · abstract:The mean iron absorption from whole bean porridge was 2.5%.
     • Key findings · abstract:PP and PA removal increased absorption 2.6-fold (P < 0.001) and removal of PP from dephytinized porri[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:PP and PA removal increased absorption 2.6-fold (P < 0.001) and removal of PP from dephytinized porridge doubled absorption (P < 0.001).
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Between-study comparisons indicated that dephytinization did not increase iron absorption in the presence of PP, but in their absence, absorption increased 3.4-fold (P < 0.001).
     • Food effect · abstract:Bean PP (20, 50, and 200 mg) were added in studies 1-3 as red bean hulls to a bread meal.
114. HumanIron bioavailability and dietary reference values.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2010 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 20200263DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674F
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:On the basis of intake data and isotope studies, iron bioavailability has been estimated to be in the range of 14-18% for mixed diets and 5-12% for vegetarian diets in subjects with no iron stores, and these values have been used to generate dietary reference values for all population groups.
115. HumanAcute copper supplementation does not inhibit non-heme iron bioavailability in humans.
     Biol Trace Elem Res, 2010 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 19820904DOI 10.1007/s12011-009-8536-1
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:To measure the effect of acute copper (Cu) administration, given as an aqueous solution, on the absorption of iron (Fe), 29 healthy adult women participated in two iron absorption studies.
     • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of iron radioisotopes (55)Fe and (59)Fe.
     • Key findings · abstract:Geometric mean (range +/- SD) absorption of Fe alone or at 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 Cu/Fe molar ratios were 34.4% (17.3-68.5%), 40.9% (24.9-67.2%), 48.3% (24.8-94.1%), and 50.2% (25.3-99.5%), respectively (ANOVA, p = 0.12).
     • Key findings · abstract:Geometric mean (range +/- SD) absorption of Fe alone or at 4:1, 6:1, 8:1 Cu/Fe molar ratios w[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
116. HumanNicotianamine, a novel enhancer of rice iron bioavailability to humans.
     PLoS One, 2010 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 20419136DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0010190PMC2855712 (free full text)PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Polished rice is a staple food for over 50% of the world's population, but contains little bioavailable iron (Fe) to meet human needs.
     • Key findings · abstract:Bioavailability of Fe from the high NA grain, as measured by ferritin synthesis in an in vitro Caco-2 cell model that simulates the human digestive system, was twice as much as that of the control line.
     • Key findings · abstract:When added at 1:1 molar ratio to ferrous Fe in the cell system, NA was twice as effective when compared to ascorbic acid (one of the most potent known enhancers of Fe bioavailability) in promoting more ferritin synthesis.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Overexpressing OsNAS1 leads to elevated ':In unpolished grain, the NA concentrations in EN1 to EN4 transgenic ranged from 41.0 to 65.0 µg g−1 of dry weight (DW), which were 3.3 to 5.2 times greater than that in the WT grain.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Overexpressing OsNAS1 leads to elevated ':The NA concentrations in the transgenic polished grain were 23.5–47.0 µg g−1 DW, which were 4.1 to 8.2 times greater when compared with the WT counterparts (Fig. 2A).
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Greater potency of NA in enhancing Fe bi':At a molar ratio of 1∶1 (Fe:enhancer), AA increased the ferrous and ferric Fe bioavailability by approximately 2 fold whereas NA enhanced ferrous and ferric Fe bioavailability by 4.7- and 2.3-fold, respectively (Fig. 3C).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Overexpressing OsNAS1 leads to elevated ':The NA concentrations in the transgenic polished grain were 23.5–47.0 µg g−1 DW, which were 4.1 to 8.2 times greater when compared with the WT counterparts (Fig. 2A).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Enhancement of iron bioavailability in r':Furthermore, ferritin concentrations in Caco-2 cells treated with EN1 and EN2 transgenic rice grain digests were 2.3 and 2.0 fold higher compared to the WT grains (Fig. 3A) (P<0.001).
117. HumanDifructose anhydride III enhances bioavailability of water-insoluble iron in anemic Vietnamese women.
     J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 2010 · Design: randomized; double-blind · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (gold)
     PMID 20651460DOI 10.3177/jnsv.56.191PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:After 6 mo, mean (+/-SE) Hb concentration was higher in Group A (121.6+/-1.7 g/L), Group B (126.4+/-1.5 g/L) and Group C (126.8+/-1.6 g/L) compared to Group D (107.0+/-1.7 g/L, p<0.0001).
     • Key findings · abstract:Mean change in BI was twofold greater in Group B (5.0+/-0.5 mg/kg) than that in Group A (2.5+/-0.6 mg/kg, p=0.008).
     • Food effect · full text, p.2:status would be required in each Assessments. Blood samples were collected before group to demonstrate a significant difference in hemo- breakfast in fasting condition at baseline (T0), and after globin (Hb) concentration of 8 g/L at 90% power and 2 mo (T2), 4 mo (T4) and 6 mo (T6) intervals. Concen- 5% significance (two side test). Power calculations were trations of Hb, serum ferritin (SF) and t
     • Form comparison · full text, p.1:mpleted the trial. After 6 mo, mean (SE) Hb concentration was higher in Group A (121.61.7 g/L), Group B (126.41.5 g/L) and Group C (126.81.6 g/L) compared to Group D (107.01.7 g/L, p
       0.0001). Mean change in BI was twofold greater in Group B (5.00.5 mg/kg) than that in Group A (2.50.6 mg/ kg, p0.008). The percentage of anemia was significantly reduced in Group B (18.8%) com- pared to Group
     • Form comparison · full text, p.5:with different superscript letters are significantly different, p
       0.05. were also not different among the four groups at T6 higher Hb and iron stores compared to Group D (p0.05). (p
       0.0001). At baseline, mean Hb and SF did not differ among the The improvements of Hb and BI level in Group B four groups; however, TfR was significantly higher and compared to Group A were 132% (Hb: 19.3 g/L com- BI w
118. HumanNonheme-iron absorption in first-degree relatives is highly correlated: a stable-isotope study in mother-child pairs.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2010 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: n = 18 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 20016013DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28800
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was calculated on the basis of incorporation of isotopes into erythrocytes after 14 d and was adjusted for differences in iron status.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: There was a wide variation in iron absorption from the test meals: in the mothers and children, the median fractional absorption of ferrous sulfate was 22.55% (range: 1.65-54.83%) and 5.51% (range: 2.23-17.20%), respectively (P < 0.0001).
     • Key findings · abstract:Despite this broad range of iron absorption, corrected fractional iron absorption from the ferrous fumarate-fortified (r(2) = 0.582) and the ferrous sulfate-fortified test meals (r(2) = 0.557) was[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:RESULTS: There was a wide variation in iron absorption from the test meals: in the mothers and children, the median fractional absorption of ferrous sulfate was 22.55% (range: 1.65-54.83%) and 5.51% (range: 2.23-17.20%), respectively (P < 0.0001).
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: We provided 72 test meals based on degermed maize flour and milk powder and fortified with [(57)Fe]ferrous fumarate or [(58)Fe]ferrous sulfate to healthy Mexican preschool children [n = 18; mean (+/-SD) age: 3.6 +/- 1.0 y] and their mothers [n = 18; mean (+/-SD) age: 28.0 +/- 5.2 y].
     • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: There was a wide variation in iron absorption from the test meals: in the mothers and children, the median fractional absorption of ferrous sulfate was 22.55% (range: 1.65-54.83%) and 5.51% (range: 2.23-17.20%), respectively (P < 0.0001).
     • Food effect · abstract:Despite this broad range of iron absorption, corrected
119. HumanBioavailability and catalytic properties of copper and iron for Fenton chemistry in human cerebrospinal fluid.
     Redox Rep, 2010 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 20196926DOI 10.1179/174329210X12650506623087PMC7067315 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
120. HumanIn vitro bioavailability of iron from the heme analogue sodium iron chlorophyllin.
     J Agric Food Chem, 2010 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 20025224DOI 10.1021/jf903177q
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:We have used an in vitro model that combines gastric and intestinal digestion followed by intestinal iron uptake in Caco-2 cells to determine the bioavailability of iron from sodium iron chlorophyllin.
     • Key findings · abstract:Our results demonstrate that sodium iron chlorophyllin is stable under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and is able to deliver bioavailable iron to Caco-2 cells.
121. HumanRelative bioavailability of iron and folic acid from a new powdered supplement compared to a traditional tablet in pregnant women.
     BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2009 · Design: randomized; crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 19635145DOI 10.1186/1471-2393-9-33PMC2724426 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Following ingestion of each supplement, the changes (over baseline) in serum iron and folate over 8 hours were determined.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Overall absorption of iron from the powdered supplement was significantly lower than the tablet (p = 0.003).
     • Key findings · abstract:Based on the differences in the area under the curve and doses, the relative bioavailability of iron from powdered supplement was lower than from the tablet (0.22).
     • AUC · abstract:Based on the differences in the area under the curve and doses, the relative bioavailability of iron from powdered supplement was lower than from the tablet (0.22).
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Based on the differences in the area under the curve and doses, the relative bioavailability of iron from powdered supplement was lower than from the tablet (0.22).
     • AUC · full text, Section 'Serum Iron 'Area Under the Curve' (AUC)':The changes in serum iron concentrations over time were used to calculate the area under the plasma curve (AUC0–8h) using the linear trapezoid rule [24].
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'AUC Measures for Iron':Relative bioavailability for micronized dispersible FePP in powdered supplement was 22% compared to the ferrous fumarate in tablet supplement.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'AUC Measures for Iron':Relative bioavailability for micronized dispersible FePP in powdered supplement was 22% compared to the ferrous fumarate in tablet supplement.
122. HumanIron absorption from meat pate fortified with ferric pyrophosphate in iron-deficient women.
     Nutrition, 2009 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (green)
     PMID 18752926DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.002PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were taken at baseline and each hour for 6 h after eating the meal and serum iron was determined.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Serum iron concentration evolution during the postprandial study was similar with the three meals, and maximum concentrations were obtained between hours 2 and 4.
     • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: Seventeen women with low iron stores (ferritin <30 microg/L) took part in a three-way, randomized, crossover, double-blind postprandial intervention.
     • Food effect · abstract:Test meals consisted of 80 g of the three different enriched meat pate products, which were spread on two slices of white bread.
     • Food effect · abstract:Blood samples were taken at baseline and each hour for 6 h after eating the meal and serum iron was determined.
     • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: Serum iron concentration evolution during the postprandial study was similar with the three meals, and maximum concentrations were obtained between hours 2 and 4.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.7:s18. Particle size of 13 ferric pyrophosphate also influences iron bioavailability17. Particle size reduction, from 14 2ꞏ5 μm to 0ꞏ5 μm, improved the relative bioavailability of pyrophosphate. Lipofer has a 15 size of 7 μm and yielded iron bioavailability results as good as ferrous sulphate in the 16 present study, which suggests that this salt is excellent for fortification of meat-based 17 produ
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.13:25:163-165. 12 36. Moretti D, Zimmermann MB, Wegmüller R, Walczyk T, Zeder C and Hurrell 13 RF (2006) Iron status and food matrix strongly affect the relative bioavailability 14 of ferric pyrophosphate in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 83:632-638. 15 37. Lisbona F, Reyes-Andrada MD, López-Aliaga I, Barrionuevo M, Alférez MJM 16 and Campos MS (1999) The importante of the proportion of heme/nonheme iron 17
     • Food effect · full text, p.5:ndomized, crossover, double-blind intervention. Women visited the 11 laboratory facilities 3 times at 1-week intervals. On each occasion the subjects fasted 12 overnight for 12 h. After a cannula (ABOCATH 20G, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott 13 Park, Illinois, USA) was inserted into a vein for blood sampling, baseline samples were 14 obtained and the volunteers received the pate with the sliced bread
123. HumanComparing soluble ferric pyrophosphate to common iron salts and chelates as sources of bioavailable iron in a Caco-2 cell culture model.
     J Agric Food Chem, 2009 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 19449807DOI 10.1021/jf900328t
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Our objectives were to compare the effects of pH and selected enhancers and inhibitors and food matrices on the bioavailability of iron in soluble ferric pyrophosphate (SFP) to other iron fortificants using a Caco-2 cell culture model with or without the combination of in vitro digestion.
     • Key findings · abstract:Exposure to pH 2 followed by adjustment to pH 7 markedly decreased FeSO(4) bioavailability but had a smaller effect on bioavailabilities from SFP and sodium iron(III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA), suggesting that chelating agents minimize the effects of pH on iron bioavailability.
     • Key findings · abstract:Adding ascorbi[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Adding ascorbic acid (AA) and cysteine to SFP in a 20:1 molar ratio increased ferritin formation by 3- and 2-fold, respectively, whereas adding citrate had no significant effect on the bioavailability of SFP.
124. HumanPlasma hepcidin is a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans, whereas oral iron loading, measured by stable-isotope appearance curves, increases plasma hepcidin.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2009 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 98 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 19740974DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28129
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: In the first study, young women (n = 98) with an iron status varying from iron deficiency anemia to iron sufficiency (women with serum ferritin concentrations 25-40 microg/L were not included) were given stable isotope-labeled test meals (n = 196) containing ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or ferric pyrophosphate, after which plasma hepcidin and iron bioavailability were measured.
     • Key findings · abstract:The stable isotope appearance curve was determined, and the plasma hepcidin response was measured over 6 h.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: In study 1, plasma hepcidin and plasma ferritin were strongly correlated (r = 0.79,[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:In study 2, the 3.8-mg dose increased mean circulating absorbed iron to a peak of 0.42 micromol/L at 60 min but did not increase plasma hepcidin, The 60-mg dose increased mean circulating absorbed iron to a peak of 5.9 micromol/L at 120 min and produced an approximately 30% increase in mean plasma hepcidin at 6 h (P < 0.01).
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: In the first study, young women (n = 98) with an iron status varying from iron deficiency anemia to iron sufficiency (women with serum ferritin concentrations 25-40 microg/L were not included) were given stable isotope-labeled test meals (n = 196) containing ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or ferric pyrophosphate, after which plasma hepcidin and iron bioavailability were measured.
125. HumanEffects of dietary factors on iron uptake from ferritin by Caco-2 cells.
     J Nutr Biochem, 2008 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 17509858DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.02.001PMC2265087 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Ft-Fe from plants and animals is absorbed well (25-30%) by human subjects, but little is known about dietary factors affecting its absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:We used human intestinal Caco-2 cells and compared Fe absorption from animal Ft and FeSO4 to determine the effects of inhibitors and enhancers, such as phytic acid, ascorbic acid, tannic acid, calcium and heme.
     • Key findings · abstract:When postconfluent cells were coincubated with 59Fe-labeled (1 microM) FeSO4 and dietary factors, at different molar ratios of dietary factor to Fe (phytic acid:Fe, 10:1; ascorbic acid:Fe, 50:1; tannic acid:Fe, 50:1; calcium:Fe, 10:1 and hemi[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Ft-Fe from plants and animals is absorbed well (25-30%) by human subjects, but little is known about dietary factors affecting its absorption.
126. HumanLack of an effect of oral iron administration on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in stable renal transplant recipients.
     Pharmacotherapy, 2007 · Design: crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · not checked (off-topic)
     PMID 17723081DOI 10.1592/phco.27.9.1272
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:We found no significant differences in the dose-standardized area under the concentration-time curve from 0-12 hours (AUC(0-12)) for MPA between the control phase (39.66 +/- 8.70 mg mg x hr/L) and the concomitant ferrous sulfate or dose-separated ferrous sulfate (37.56 +/- 9.95 or 32.84 +/- 8.43 mg x hr/L, respectively, p>0.05) phases.
     • Key findings · abstract:Dose-standardized AUC(0-12) values for MPA did not significantly differ after the concomitant administration of polysaccharide iron complex from that of the control phase (48.46 +/- 9.68 and 43.80 +/- 9.46 mg x hr/L, respectively, p=0.065).
     • Key findings · abstract:However, the AUC([excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • AUC · abstract:We found no significant differences in the dose-standardized area under the concentration-time curve from 0-12 hours (AUC(0-12)) for MPA between the control phase (39.66 +/- 8.70 mg mg x hr/L) and the concomitant ferrous sulfate or dose-separated ferrous sulfate (37.56 +/- 9.95 or 32.84 +/- 8.43 mg x hr/L, respectively, p>0.05) phases.
     • AUC · abstract:Dose-standardized AUC(0-12) values for MPA did not significantly differ after the concomitant administration of polysaccharide iron complex from that of the control phase (48.46 +/- 9.68 and 43.80 +/- 9.46 mg x hr/L, respectively, p=0.065).
     • AUC · abstract:However, the AUC(
127. HumanIron absorption prediction equations lack agreement and underestimate iron absorption.
     J Nutr, 2007 · Design: not stated · n: n = 317 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 17585024DOI 10.1093/jn/137.7.1741
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Throughout the course of conducting a large feeding trial in 10 convents in Manila, we collected weighed food intake data (n = 317) and directly compared the performance of these prediction equations to each other and to the change in serum ferritin (SF).
     • Key findings · abstract:The Monsen and Balintfy equation predicted higher median absorption efficiency (7.3%) than did the equations of Hallberg and Hulthen (6.1%) and Reddy et al.
     • Key findings · abstract:The iron absorption efficiencies calculated using the Monsen and Balintfy equation correlated with those using the Hallberg and Hulthen equation (r = 0.91, P < 0.001).
     • Key findings · abstract:The median ef[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
128. HumanGastric digestion of pea ferritin and modulation of its iron bioavailability by ascorbic and phytic acids in caco-2 cells.
     World J Gastroenterol, 2007 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 17465452DOI 10.3748/wjg.v13.i14.2083PMC4319129 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:AIM: To understand the digestive stability and mechanism of release and intestinal uptake of pea ferritin iron in caco-2 cell line model.
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of ferritin iron was assessed using coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid and phytic acid.
     • Key findings · abstract:Caco-2 cell ferritin formation was used as a surrogate marker of iron uptake.
129. HumanImproved iron bioavailability in an oat-based beverage: the combined effect of citric acid addition, dephytinization and iron supplementation.
     Eur J Nutr, 2007 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 17225920DOI 10.1007/s00394-006-0637-4
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:An oat beverage was developed for 1- to 3-year-old children and different treatments were used to improve the iron bioavailability.
     • Key findings · abstract:On day 18 the retention of 59Fe was measured by a whole-body counter and the erythrocytes uptake of 55Fe and 59Fe by a liquid-scintillation counter.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Citric acid improved iron absorption by 54% from 3.9% in product A to 6.0% in product B (p = 0.051).
     • Key findings · abstract:Phytase treatment increased iron absorption by 78% (from 6.0 to 10.7%, p = 0.003) by reducing the phytate-phosphorus content per portion from 16.3 mg in product B to 2.8 mg in product C.
     • Key findings · abstract:The two compou[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: A 240 g portion of a 55Fe-labeled test product (T) or a 59Fe-labeled reference dose (R) was served as breakfast after overnight fasting on four consecutive days in the order of TRRT.
130. HumanZinc inhibits nonheme iron bioavailability in humans.
     Biol Trace Elem Res, 2007 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 17873388DOI 10.1007/BF02698079
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron bioavailability was measured on the basis of erythrocyte incorporation of 55Fe or 59Fe 14 d after administration.
     • Key findings · abstract:No significant effect of zinc on iron absorption was found at Zn:Fe molar ratios up to 2:1.
     • Key findings · abstract:At 5:1,10:1, and 20:1 molar ratios, a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on iron absorption was observed (28-40% of iron absorption inhibition; one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, F=4.48, p=0.02).
131. HumanNew insights about iron bioavailability inhibition by zinc.
     Nutrition, 2007 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 17350802DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2007.01.006
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron bioavailability was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of iron radioisotopes (55)Fe and (59)Fe.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: No significant effect of Zn on Fe bioavailability was observed at lower doses; however, at higher doses Fe bioavailability was inhibited by 56% (P < 0.001, repeated measures analysis of variance).
132. HumanIron status and food matrix strongly affect the relative bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in humans.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2006 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: n = 26 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 16522911DOI 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.632
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: A crossover design was used to measure iron absorption in young women (n = 26) from test meals fortified with isotopically labeled [57Fe]-MDFP and [58Fe]-ferrous sulfate, based on erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotope labels 14 d later.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Geometric mean iron absorption from the wheat-based meal fortified with MDFP was 2.0% and that from the meal fortified with ferrous sulfate was 3.2% (RBV = 62).
     • Key findings · abstract:The addition of ascorbic acid at a molar ratio of 4:1 to iron increased iron absorption from MDFP to 5.8% and that from ferrous sulfate to 14.8% (RBV = 39).
     • Key findings · abstract:In the rice meal[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: A crossover design was used to measure iron absorption in young women (n = 26) from test meals fortified with isotopically labeled [57Fe]-MDFP and [58Fe]-ferrous sulfate, based on erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotope labels 14 d later.
     • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: Geometric mean iron absorption from the wheat-based meal fortified with MDFP was 2.0% and that from the meal fortified with ferrous sulfate was 3.2% (RBV = 62).
     • Food effect · abstract:In the rice meals, mean iron absorption from MDFP added to the rice at the time of feeding was 1.7%, and that from ferrous sulfate was 11.6% (RBV = 15).
133. HumanThe relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification.
     Eur J Nutr, 2006 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind · n: n = 3 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 15864409DOI 10.1007/s00394-005-0560-0
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:RBV was obtained by comparing the increase in serum iron concentration induced by the elemental iron with the increase induced by FeSO(4).
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: All elemental iron powders studied were significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4).
     • Key findings · abstract:The electrolytic iron given with 50-mg AA was as well absorbed as FeSO(4) (molar ratio = 1:6, AA:Fe).
     • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSION: Based on a validated method this doubleblinded cross-over study in humans showed that the evaluated elemental iron powders currently available for commercial use are significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4).
     • Key findings · abstract:The results indi[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:RESULTS: All elemental iron powders studied were significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4).
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The electrolytic iron given with 50-mg AA was as well absorbed as FeSO(4) (molar ratio = 1:6, AA:Fe).
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:CONCLUSION: Based on a validated method this doubleblinded cross-over study in humans showed that the evaluated elemental iron powders currently available for commercial use are significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4).
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The results indicate that the reduced iron powder was absorbed to a lower extent compared to the other iron powders and only 36% compared to FeSO(4).
134. HumanChili, but not turmeric, inhibits iron absorption in young women from an iron-fortified composite meal.
     J Nutr, 2006 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: n = 10 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 17116705DOI 10.1093/jn/136.12.2970
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Being rich in phenolic compounds, they would be expected to bind iron (Fe)(3) in the intestine and inhibit Fe absorption in humans.
     • Key findings · abstract:Three experiments were conducted in healthy young women (n = 10/study) to assess the effect of chili and turmeric on Fe absorption from a rice-based meal containing vegetables and iron fortified fish sauce in vivo.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was determined by erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotope labels ((57)Fe/(58)Fe) using a randomized crossover design.
     • Key findings · abstract:Addition of freeze-dried chili (4.2 g dry powder, 25 mg polyphenols as gallic acid equivalents) reduced Fe ab[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Three experiments were conducted in healthy young women (n = 10/study) to assess the effect of chili and turmeric on Fe absorption from a rice-based meal containing vegetables and iron fortified fish sauce in vivo.
     • Food effect · abstract:Addition of freeze-dried chili (4.2 g dry powder, 25 mg polyphenols as gallic acid equivalents) reduced Fe absorption from the meal by 38% (6.0% with chili vs. 9.7% without chili, P = 0.0017).
     • Food effect · abstract:A possible effect of chili on gastric acid secretion was indirectly assessed by comparing Fe absorption from acid soluble [(57)Fe]-ferric pyrophosphate relative to water soluble [(58)Fe]-f
135. HumanEffect of oral calcium disodium EDTA on iron absorption in a human model of iron overdose.
     Clin Toxicol (Phila), 2006 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 16496492DOI 10.1080/15563650500394761
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: Anecdotal case reports and animal models have suggested that the administration of CaNa2EDTA (EDTA) may be effective in reducing the absorption of iron after an oral iron overdose.
     • Key findings · abstract:The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the following comparisons between treatment groups: baseline serum iron levels, area under time-concentration curves (AUCs) from baseline to 12 hours and baseline to 24 hours, and peak iron levels.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Baseline serum iron levels did not differ among the three treatment groups (p = 0.844).
     • Key findings · abstract:AUCs were not different among groups (p = 0.746 for 12 hr, p = 0.925 f[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • AUC · abstract:The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the following comparisons between treatment groups: baseline serum iron levels, area under time-concentration curves (AUCs) from baseline to 12 hours and baseline to 24 hours, and peak iron levels.
     • AUC · abstract:AUCs were not different among groups (p = 0.746 for 12 hr, p = 0.925 for 24 hr).
     • AUC · abstract:AUC medians (with 95% binomial confidence bounds) for control, EDTA, EDTA + AC groups, respectively, for 12 hr were: 2813 (2298, 3561), 2570 (1669, 3476), and 2654 (2125, 3600); and for 24 hr were: 4083 (3488,5314), 4139 (2666, 5547), and 4274 (3336, 5577).
136. HumanDemonstrating zinc and iron bioavailability from intrinsically labeled microencapsulated ferrous fumarate and zinc gluconate Sprinkles in young children.
     J Nutr, 2006 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 16549451DOI 10.1093/jn/136.4.920
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The objectives of this randomized controlled trial were as follows: 1) to compare the absorption of zinc at 2 doses given as Sprinkles; and 2) to examine the effect of zinc and ascorbic acid (AA) on iron absorption from Sprinkles.
     • Key findings · abstract:The percentage of zinc absorbed did not differ between LoZn (geometric mean = 6.4%; min-max: 1.7-14.6) and HiZn (geometric mean = 7.5%; min-max: 3.3-18.0) groups.
     • Key findings · abstract:However, total zinc absorbed was significantly different between the LoZn (geometric mean = 0.31 mg; min-max: 0.08-0.73) and HiZn (geometric mean = 0.82 mg; min-max: 0.33-1.82) groups (P = 0.0004).
     • Key findings · abstract:Ge[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The percentage of zinc absorbed did not differ between LoZn (geometric mean = 6.4%; min-max: 1.7-14.6) and HiZn (geometric mean = 7.5%; min-max: 3.3-18.0) groups.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:However, total zinc absorbed was significantly different between the LoZn (geometric mean = 0.31 mg; min-max: 0.08-0.73) and HiZn (geometric mean = 0.82 mg; min-max: 0.33-1.82) groups (P = 0.0004).
137. HumanIron absorption from soybean ferritin in nonanemic women.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2006 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: n = 16 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 16400057DOI 10.1093/ajcn/83.1.103
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron from animal ferritin is absorbed as well as is iron from FeSO4 in women.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: There was no significant difference in whole-body iron absorption from soybean ferritin (29.9 +/- 19.8%) and that from FeSO4 (34.3 +/- 23.6%) or in iron absorption calculated from red blood cell incorporation (33.0 +/- 20.1% for soybean ferritin and 35.3 +/- 23.4% for FeSO4), which confirmed previous results with animal ferritin that was mineralized and labeled similarly.
     • Key findings · abstract:An inverse relation was observed between serum ferritin and iron absorption from both ferritin and FeSO4, which suggested that sensors[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Iron from animal ferritin is absorbed as well as is iron from FeSO4 in women.
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: Healthy, nonanemic women (n = 16) were fed a standardized meal (bagel, cream cheese, and apple juice) containing 1 microCi 59Fe/meal as FeSO4 or (extrinsically labeled) as iron-free soybean ferritin reconstituted with the high phosphate characteristic of plant ferritin (iron:phosphorus = 4:1).
     • Food effect · abstract:In a randomized crossover design, the other labeled meal, which contained FeSO4 or ferritin, was given after 4 wk.
138. HumanStatistical model for predicting non-heme iron bioavailability from vegetarian meals.
     Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2006 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 17162323DOI 10.1080/09637480600836833
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The model was validated with in vitro iron dialyzability of 66 meals and in vivo iron absorption in five ileostomized adults.
     • Key findings · abstract:Good agreement was seen between observed and predicted dialyzability (r=0.90) and human absorption (r=0.89).
     • Food effect · abstract:Radioisotopic measurements of in vitro iron dialyzability of 208 out of 274 meals representing vegetarian diets from Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America and the meal contents of iron, zinc, copper, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, riboflavin, thiamin, folic acid, tannic acid, fiber and degraded phytate forms (IP6-IP1) were used for development of the model.
     • Food effect · abstract:The model was validated with in vitro iron dialyzability of 66 meals and in vivo iron absorption in five ileostomized adults.
139. HumanAscorbyl palmitate enhances iron bioavailability in iron-fortified bread.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2006 · Design: not stated · n: 14 women · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 17023710DOI 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.830
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: The iron bioavailability of wheat flour fortified with either ferrous sulfate alone or ferrous sulfate plus AP was studied with the use of double radio iron (55Fe and 59Fe) erythrocyte incorporation in 14 women.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Geometric mean (+/- range of 1 SD) iron absorption from the bread fortified with ferrous sulfate was 10.5% (4.1-27.0%).
     • Key findings · abstract:The addition of AP at molar ratios of AP to Fe of 2:1 and 4:1 significantly increased iron absorption [14.6% (5.9-36.1%) and 20.2% (10.6-38.6%), respectively;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
140. HumanIron bioavailability: UK Food Standards Agency workshop report.
     Br J Nutr, 2006 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 17092392DOI 10.1017/bjn20061894PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.3:suggested the addition of tion are simplistic, they can provide quantitative information vitamin A to maize bread increased Fe bioavailability on the relative bioavailability from complex meals. (Garcia-Casal et al. 1998); however, a subsequent study in Swiss and Swedish subjects found that vitamin A added to Discussion maize bread had no influence on Fe bioavailability (Walczyk et al. 2003). The
     • Food effect · full text, p.3:le reason why no effect was observed. nutrition, due to the absence of haem Fe and meat in their However, the addition of vitamin A to maize porridge fed to diets and generally higher quantities of inhibitors of Fe Ivorian children, a population with low vitamin A status and absorption, for example, phytate, tannins and Ca (Hallberg low Fe status, had the effect of decreasing Fe bioavailability &
141. HumanFerrous sulfate is more bioavailable among preschoolers than other forms of iron in a milk-based weaning food distributed by PROGRESA, a national program in Mexico.
     J Nutr, 2005 · Design: randomized · n: n = 54 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 15623834DOI 10.1093/jn/135.1.64
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from ferrous sulfate (7.9 +/- 9.8%) was greater than from either ferrous fumarate (2.43 +/- 2.3%) or reduced iron + Na(2)EDTA (1.4 +/- 1.3%) (P < 0.01).
     • Key findings · abstract:The absorption of log-(58)Fe sulfate given with the iron source correlated with serum ferritin (s-ferritin) concentration (n = 13, r = 0.63, P = 0.01) and log-(57)Fe absorption (reference dose) (n = 14, r = -0.52, P = 0.02).
     • Key findings · abstract:Absorption from ferrous fumarate and reduced iron + Na2EDTA did not correlate with s-ferritin or absorption of (57)Fe.
     • Key findings · abstract:The recommended daily portion of the fortified complementary food provides an ave[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The recommended daily portion of the fortified complementary food provides an average of 0.256, 0.096, 0.046 mmol (1.44, 0.54, and 0.26 mg) of absorbed iron, if fortified with sulfate, fumarate and reduced iron + Na(2)EDTA, respectively.
142. HumanComparative assessment of the bioavailability, efficacy and safety of a modified-release (MR) carbonyl iron tablet and oral conventional iron preparation in adult Indian patients with nutritional iron deficiency anaemia.
     J Indian Med Assoc, 2005 · Design: randomized; double-blind · n: 60 patients · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 16225161
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The objective of the study is to evaluate the bioavailability, efficacy and safety of a new modified-release (MR) formulation of carbonyl iron (45 mg) relative to a commercially available conventional formulation of ferrous fumarate (300 mg) in adult Indian patients with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of nutritional iron deficiency anaemia.
     • Key findings · abstract:There was also an increase in mean serum iron and ferritin levels and a corresponding decrease in total iron binding capacity in MR carbonyl iron group compared to ferrous fumarate group at the end of 12 weeks therapy.
     • Key findings · abstract:The estimated overall bioavaila[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
143. HumanKinetics of two different iron formulations and their effect on diurnal variation of serum iron levels.
     Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 2004 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 15349137
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of ferrous sulfate was significantly greater as compared with IPC with greater Cmax and AUC (p < 0.05).
     • Cmax · abstract:The bioavailability of ferrous sulfate was significantly greater as compared with IPC with greater Cmax and AUC (p < 0.05).
     • AUC · abstract:The bioavailability of ferrous sulfate was significantly greater as compared with IPC with greater Cmax and AUC (p < 0.05).
144. HumanBioavailability of elemental iron powder in white wheat bread.
     Eur J Clin Nutr, 2004 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 14985696DOI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601844
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:We aimed to measure the bioavailability of H(2)-reduced elemental iron powder in white wheat bread made from 72% extraction flour.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: When normalized to 40% absorption of the reference dose, the geometric mean (+/-range of 1 s.d.) bioavailability of reduced (58)Fe in wheat bread rolls was 6.5% (3.7-11.8).
     • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: When compared to previous radioiron studies of ferrous sulfate showing 10% absorption from an identical meal in adult women, the relative bioavailability can be estimated at about 65%.
     • Key findings · abstract:However, the bioavailability of this smaller particle size (58)Fe (15 microm) is li[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: When compared to previous radioiron studies of ferrous sulfate showing 10% absorption from an identical meal in adult women, the relative bioavailability can be estimated at about 65%.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:RESULTS: When normalized to 40% absorption of the reference dose, the geometric mean (+/-range of 1 s.d.) bioavailability of reduced (58)Fe in wheat bread rolls was 6.5% (3.7-11.8).
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: When compared to previous radioiron studies of ferrous sulfate showing 10% absorption from an identical meal in adult women, the relative bioavailability can be estimated at about 65%.
     • Food effect · abstract:In all, 12 5- to 7-y-old children were fed bread with 4 mg of H(2)-reduced (58)Fe /100 g of flour.
     • Food effect · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: When compared to previous radioiron studies of ferrous sulfate showing 10% absorption from an identical meal in adult women, the relative bioavailability can be estimated at about 65%.
145. HumanThe poor bioavailability of elemental iron in corn masa flour is not affected by disodium EDTA.
     J Nutr, 2004 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: n = 12 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 14747675DOI 10.1093/jn/134.2.380
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Our goals were to measure the bioavailability of elemental iron in Mexican style corn masa flour tortillas and to evaluate the effects of Na(2)EDTA.
     • Key findings · abstract:In one group, Na(2)EDTA was incorporated at a ratio of 1:2 mol/mol.
     • Key findings · abstract:When normalized to 40% absorption of the reference dose, the geometric mean (+/-range 1 SD) bioavailability of reduced iron in tortilla was 3.8% (2.7-5.3).
     • Key findings · abstract:This observed low absorption was compounded by the use of iron isotopes with smaller particle size (mean diameter 15 micro m) than typical of commercial elemental iron powder (<45 micro m).
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:When normalized to 40% absorption of the reference dose, the geometric mean (+/-range 1 SD) bioavailability of reduced iron in tortilla was 3.8% (2.7-5.3).
     • Food effect · abstract:Two groups of 5- to 7-y-old children (n = 12/group) were fed tortillas to which was added 3 mg/100 g of H(2)-reduced (58)Fe with a mean particle size of 15 micro m.
146. HumanIron absorption by heterozygous carriers of the HFE C282Y mutation associated with hemochromatosis.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2004 · Design: not stated · n: 256 healthy volunteers · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 15447900DOI 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.924
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: We compared the absorption of heme and nonheme iron from minimally or highly fortified test meals between HFE C282Y-heterozygous and wild-type control subjects.
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: After prospective genotyping of 256 healthy volunteers, 11 C282Y-heterozygous and 12 wild-type control subjects were recruited, and their iron absorption was compared by using a hamburger test meal with or without added iron and ascorbic acid.
     • Key findings · abstract:After retrospective genotyping of 103 participants in previous iron-absorption studies, 5 C282Y-heterozygous subjects were compared with 72 wild-type control subjects.
     • Key findings · abstract:RE[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Compound heterozygotes (those who had both HFE C282Y and H63D mutations) absorbed more nonheme (but not heme) iron from meals with high (but not low) iron bioavailability.
     • Food effect · abstract:OBJECTIVE: We compared the absorption of heme and nonheme iron from minimally or highly fortified test meals between HFE C282Y-heterozygous and wild-type control subjects.
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: After prospective genotyping of 256 healthy volunteers, 11 C282Y-heterozygous and 12 wild-type control subjects were recruited, and their iron absorption was compared by using a hamburger test meal with or without added iron and ascorbic acid.
     • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: HFE C282Y-heterozygous subjects did not differ significantly from wild-type control subjects in their absorption of either heme or nonheme iron from minimally or h
147. HumanNa2EDTA enhances the absorption of iron and zinc from fortified rice flour in Sri Lankan children.
     J Nutr, 2004 · Design: randomized · n: 48 children · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 15514271DOI 10.1093/jn/134.11.3031
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Absorption of (58)Fe from a meal was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the groups administered FeSO(4) + Na(2)EDTA (4.7 +/- 3.6%) than in those administered FeSO(4) without Na(2)EDTA (2.2 +/- 1.3%).
     • Key findings · abstract:Fractional absorption of zinc was 13.5 +/- 6.0% in the FeSO(4) + Na(2)EDTA group and 8.8 +/- 2.0% in the FeSO(4) group (P = 0.037).
     • Key findings · abstract:Although zinc absorption was low, our results demonstrated a benefit in using Na(2)EDTA to improve both iron and zinc absorption.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Fractional absorption of zinc was 13.5 +/- 6.0% in the FeSO(4) + Na(2)EDTA group and 8.8 +/- 2.0% in the FeSO(4) group (P = 0.037).
     • Food effect · abstract:Absorption of (58)Fe from a meal was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the groups administered FeSO(4) + Na(2)EDTA (4.7 +/- 3.6%) than in those administered FeSO(4) without Na(2)EDTA (2.2 +/- 1.3%).
148. HumanEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) does not increase iron uptake or ferritin synthesis by Caco-2 cells.
     J Nutr Biochem, 2004 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 15135149DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.10.004
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:To further evaluate the usefulness of this compound we performed iron uptake experiments with EDTA using the Caco-2 cell system.
     • Key findings · abstract:Furthermore, iron uptake from electrolytic iron was inhibited when Na(2) or K(2)-EDTA were included.
     • Key findings · abstract:Further studies are required to evaluate incorporation of iron from NaFe-EDTA to a common iron pool and the requirements for iron uptake by Caco-2 cells.
149. HumanHelicobacter pylori infection, iron absorption, and gastric acid secretion in Bangladeshi children.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2004 · Design: stable-isotope · n: n = 13 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 15213042DOI 10.1093/ajcn/80.1.149
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from ferrous sulfate was significantly greater than that from ferrous fumarate both before (geometric : 19.7% compared with 5.3%;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
150. HumanSingle-dose pharmacokinetics of sodium ferric gluconate complex in iron-deficient subjects.
     Pharmacotherapy, 2004 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 15162891DOI 10.1592/phco.24.6.574.34750
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Serum iron from SFGC became rapidly available (< 24 hrs) as transferrin-bound iron, but only after passage through another compartment, presumably the reticuloendothelial system (RES).
151. HumanIron absorption from fish sauce and soy sauce fortified with sodium iron EDTA.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2003 · Design: randomized · n: 10 women · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 12885708DOI 10.1093/ajcn/78.2.274
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to evaluate iron absorption from NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce and soy sauce against a reference fortificant (FeSO(4)), to compare iron absorption from NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce and soy sauce, and to evaluate the influence of fish sauce and soy sauce per se on iron absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: Five separate iron-absorption studies were made in adult women (10 women per study).
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption was measured on the basis of erythrocyte incorporation of (57)Fe or (58)Fe 14 d after the intake of labeled meals of rice or rice and vegetables.
     • Key findings · abstract:Fish sauce or soy sauce ([excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Iron absorption was measured on the basis of erythrocyte incorporation of (57)Fe or (58)Fe 14 d after the intake of labeled meals of rice or rice and vegetables.
     • Food effect · abstract:Fish sauce or soy sauce (10 g) fortified with 5 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA or FeSO(4) was fed with selected meals.
     • Food effect · abstract:Soy sauce inhibited iron absorption from rice-based meals (8.5% without and 6.0% with soy sauce;
152. HumanIron bioavailability in corn-masa tortillas is improved by the addition of disodium EDTA.
     J Nutr, 2003 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 14519802DOI 10.1093/jn/133.10.3158
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:We also examined the in vivo bioavailability in humans with double radioiron erythrocyte incorporation of ferrous fumarate with and without Na2EDTA, bisglycine iron, NaFeEDTA and native iron plus Na2EDTA, beans and rice.
     • Key findings · abstract:In vivo radioiron studies showed that iron forms without Na2EDTA also had low bioavailability (< or =1%).
     • Key findings · abstract:NaFeEDTA had the highest bioavailability (5.3%).
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of all iron forms improved significantly when tested with Na2EDTA (<0.05).
     • Key findings · abstract:Adding Na2EDTA to ferrous fumarate increased bioavailability from 0.87% to 2.9% (P < 0.001).
     • Key findings · abstract:We conclude that NaFeEDTA[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:We conclude that NaFeEDTA is the form of iron best absorbed, but alternatively, ferrous fumarate plus Na2EDTA comprises a feasible option as a fortificant.
153. HumanIron and ascorbic Acid: proposed fortification levels and recommended iron compounds.
     J Nutr, 2003 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 12949396DOI 10.1093/jn/133.9.2978S
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron reserves and the small amount of highly bioavailable iron in human milk are adequate to satisfy the iron requirements of breast-fed infants of adequate birth weight for the 1st 6 mo of life.
     • Food effect · abstract:Iron reserves and the small amount of highly bioavailable iron in human milk are adequate to satisfy the iron requirements of breast-fed infants of adequate birth weight for the 1st 6 mo of life.
154. HumanWomen with low iron stores absorb iron from soybeans.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2003 · Design: clinical trial · n: n = 11 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 12499339DOI 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.180
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Worldwide, 30% of the population, a greater proportion of whom are women and children, is iron deficient.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The mean (55)Fe absorption from either soup or muffins was 27% and that from the reference dose was 61%.
     • Key findings · abstract:There was an expected inverse correlation (r = -0.793, P < 0.001) between red cell radioactivity and serum ferritin concentration.
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: Eighteen women, most with marginal iron deficiency, consumed meals with intrinsically labeled ((55)Fe) soybeans (hydroponically grown and nonnodulating) as soup (n = 11) or muffins (n = 7) and a reference dose of (59)Fe as ferrous sulfate in ascorbate solution.
155. HumanIron absorption from ferrous fumarate in adult women is influenced by ascorbic acid but not by Na2EDTA.
     Br J Nutr, 2003 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 14641967DOI 10.1079/bjn2003995PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Ascorbic acid and Na2EDTA enhance Fe absorption from the water-soluble Fe compound FeSO4 but their effect on poorly water-soluble Fe compounds such as ferrous fumarate is less well established.
     • Key findings · abstract:In the present study, the effects of ascorbic acid and Na2EDTA on Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate were evaluated in adult women (ten women/study) from the erythrocyte incorporation of Fe stable isotopes ((57)Fe or (58)Fe) 14 d after administration.
     • Key findings · abstract:In study 1a, the comparison between Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate- and FeSO4-fortified cereal showed that adult women absorb Fe as well from fe[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Two separate studies were made with test meals of Fe-fortified infant cereal (5 mg Fe/meal).
     • Food effect · abstract:In study 2, Fe absorption was compared from ferrous fumarate-fortified meals with and without ascorbic acid added at a 4:1 molar ratio (relative to fortification Fe) and the results showed that ascorbic acid increased Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate significantly (6.3 v. 10.4 %, P=0.02).
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.4:l. (1991) and Davidsson et al. of ascorbic acid at a 4·4:1 ascorbic acid : Fe molar ratio, a (2002) it is unclear whether ascorbic acid and Na2EDTA 1·6-fold increase (P¼ 0·14) was observed in this earlier also enhance Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate and study. Based on the results from the present study, showing the present study was performed for clarification. that ascorbic acid enhances Fe
     • Food effect · full text, p.2:and added to the different test meals as described ence of Na2EDTA on Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate later (pp. 1082 –1083). All test meals were fed between and ferrous sulfate and to further evaluate the influence of 07.00 and 09.00 hours, after an overnight fast, under stan- ascorbic acid on Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate. Fe dardised conditions. A crossover study design was used absor
156. HumanIron supplements inhibit zinc but not copper absorption in vivo in ileostomy subjects.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2003 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 14594790DOI 10.1093/ajcn/78.5.1018
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Iron supplements may inhibit intestinal zinc and copper uptake because these elements may compete for binding to a transporter molecule (divalent metal transporter 1) that is located on the apical side of the small intestinal epithelium.
     • Key findings · abstract:Mean (+/- SEM) zinc absorption was significantly higher in the absence of iron than with the concomitant ingestion of 100 or 400 mg Fe (44 +/- 22% compared with 26 +/- 14% and 23 +/- 6%, respectively;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Key findings · abstract:P < 0.05), whereas zinc absorption did not differ significantly between the 100- and 400-mg Fe doses.
     • Key findings · abstract:Apparent copper absorption was 48 +/- 14%
157. HumanPharmacokinetics and red cell utilization of 52Fe/59Fe-labelled iron polymaltose in anaemic patients using positron emission tomography.
     Br J Haematol, 2003 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 12614222DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.03590.x
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
158. HumanBioavailability of iron from micro-encapsulated iron sprinkle supplement.
     Food Nutr Bull, 2002 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: 39 infants · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 12362781
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Relative absorption of iron from this supplement was determined in a prospective randomized study with 39 infants (mean age 33.6 +/- 5.2 weeks) with initial hemoglobin values greater than 100 g/L.
     • Key findings · abstract:They were fed two complementary foods (rice-based and wheat-based) in which the supplement labeled with stable isotopes of iron 57Fe and 58Fe was incorporated.
     • Key findings · abstract:The incorporation of iron was significantly higher 11.9% p < .001 and 13.3% p < .001 and no difference was observed with the type of cereal in complementary foods.
     • Food effect · abstract:To improve the iron status of infants an effort was made to increase the iron content of complementary foods by adding 12.5 mg of elemental iron to the meal in the form of micro-encapsulated ferrous fumarate coated with a lipid.
     • Food effect · abstract:They were fed two complementary foods (rice-based and wheat-based) in which the supplement labeled with stable isotopes of iron 57Fe and 58Fe was incorporated.
159. HumanIron bioavailability from iron-fortified Guatemalan meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2002 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 11864860DOI 10.1093/ajcn/75.3.535
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: The goal was to evaluate the bioavailability of iron from meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste that were fortified with ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, or NaFeEDTA and to investigate the potential of Na(2)EDTA to increase the bioavailability of iron from ferrous fumarate.
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: With use of a crossover study design, iron bioavailability was measured in Guatemalan girls aged 12-13 y by a stable-isotope technique based on erythrocyte incorporation 14 d after intake.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Geometric mean iron bioavailability from test meals fortified with ferrous fumarate was 5[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:OBJECTIVE: The goal was to evaluate the bioavailability of iron from meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste that were fortified with ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, or NaFeEDTA and to investigate the potential of Na(2)EDTA to increase the bioavailability of iron from ferrous fumarate.
     • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: Geometric mean iron bioavailability from test meals fortified with ferrous fumarate was 5.5-6.2% and was not improved significantly by the addition of Na(2)EDTA at molar ratios of 1:1 relative to fortification iron or to the total iron content of the fortified corn masa flour.
     • Food effect · abstract:Geometri
160. HumanInitial uptake and absorption of nonheme iron and absorption of heme iron in humans are unaffected by the addition of calcium as cheese to a meal with high iron bioavailability.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2002 · Design: clinical trial · n: n = 17 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 12145016DOI 10.1093/ajcn/76.2.419
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: Whole-gut lavage and whole-body scintillation counting methods were applied to determine the 8-h uptake of nonheme iron and the 2-wk retention (absorption) of heme and nonheme iron in healthy adults (n = 17) after the consumption of meals of radiolabeled food.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The initial uptake and absorption of nonheme iron were 11% and 7%, respectively, and the absorption of heme iron was 15%.
     • Key findings · abstract:Adding calcium (127 mg in cheese) to the meal did not affect absorption.
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: Whole-gut lavage and whole-body scintillation counting methods were applied to determine the 8-h uptake of nonheme iron and the 2-wk retention (absorption) of heme and nonheme iron in healthy adults (n = 17) after the consumption of meals of radiolabeled food.
     • Food effect · abstract:Adding calcium (127 mg in cheese) to the meal did not affect absorption.
161. HumanThe effect of different iron fortificants on iron absorption from iron-fortified rice.
     Food Nutr Bull, 2002 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 12362796
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from rice fortified with different iron fortificants, e.g., ferrous sulfate (FeS04), sodium iron EDTA (NaFeEDTA), ferrous fumarate (FeFum), and ferrous bisglycinate (FeBis) was determined using an in vitro enzymatic digestion method simulating conditions in the small intestine and an in vivo method using radioisotope techniques.
     • Key findings · abstract:The in vitro method showed that the percentage of dialyzable iron from NaFeEDTA (15.7 +/- 0.9) and FeS04-fortified rice (13.2 +/- 1.5) was significantly greater than that from FeFum (6.4 +/- 0.6; p < .05) and FeBis fortified rice (3.3 +/- 0.8; p < .05[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Iron absorption (mg) from a meal consisting of iron-fortified rice, fish, and vegetables was significantly greater from NaFeEDTA (0.88 +/- 0.24) and FeS04 (0.67 +/- 0.10) -fortified rice than from the unfortified rice (0.41 +/- 0.08; p < .05).
162. HumanIron bioavailability in Thai diets.
     J Med Assoc Thai, 2002 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 12117028
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Based on the the latest national nutrition survey of the Thai diet, 1995, the data of nutrient intake per capita per day by region were used for calculating the iron bioavailability at physiological iron store levels; 0, 250, 500 and 1,000 mg of iron.
     • Key findings · abstract:The per cent iron bioavailability values of the Thai diets were within the range 3.7-12.4 per cent of total iron, depending on physiological iron store.
163. HumanBioavailability of iron bis-glycinate chelate in water.
     Arch Latinoam Nutr, 2001 · Design: not stated · n: 14 women · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 11688077
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of iron bis-glycinate chelate given in water was studied using a double-isotopic method in a group of 14 women.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from aqueous solutions of 15 mg/L of elemental iron as either iron bis-glycine chelate or ferrous ascorbate was not significantly different (34.6% and 29.9% respectively).
     • Key findings · abstract:Standardized iron absorption of the iron bis-glycinate was 46.3% (standardized to 40% absorption of the reference dose).
     • Key findings · abstract:There was a significant correlations between (ln) iron absorption of iron bis-glycinate chelate with (ln) serum ferritin (r = -0.60, p < 0.03) and with ([excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Standardized iron absorption of the iron bis-glycinate was 46.3% (standardized to 40% absorption of the reference dose).
164. HumanIron absorption from a breakfast cereal: effects of EDTA compounds and ascorbic acid.
     Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 2001 · Design: randomized; double-blind · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 11339108DOI 10.1024/0300-9831.71.2.117
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The effect of EDTA on iron absorption from fortified cornflakes, given as part of a typical Western breakfast, was determined in a double-blind randomised study with 20 non-anaemic female volunteers, using experimentally prepared iron compounds, enriched with 58Fe, and faecal monitoring.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from all five test meals was measured in each volunteer with a minimum wash-out period of 2 weeks between tests.
     • Key findings · abstract:Geometric mean iron absorption (%) from the 5 tests was 14.1, 17.6, 20.6, 24.4 and 17.5 respectively (equivalent to 0.5-0.9 mg absorbed iron).
     • Key findings · abstract:There was a significantly higher[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Geometric mean iron absorption (%) from the 5 tests was 14.1, 17.6, 20.6, 24.4 and 17.5 respectively (equivalent to 0.5-0.9 mg absorbed iron).
     • Food effect · abstract:The effect of EDTA on iron absorption from fortified cornflakes, given as part of a typical Western breakfast, was determined in a double-blind randomised study with 20 non-anaemic female volunteers, using experimentally prepared iron compounds, enriched with 58Fe, and faecal monitoring.
     • Food effect · abstract:Five meals were compared: hydrogen reduced iron, hydrogen reduced iron plus Na2EDTA (molar ratio EDTA:Fe 1:2), hydrogen reduced iron plus NaFe(III)EDTA at two different molar ratios (EDTA:total Fe 1:3 and 1:2), and hydrogen reduced iron plus 15 mg ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid:Fe 1.3:1).
     • Food effect · abstract:The iron and EDTA c
165. HumanCalcium, iron, and zinc uptake from digests of infant formulas by Caco-2 cells.
     J Agric Food Chem, 2001 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 11453795DOI 10.1021/jf010106t
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Our aim was to estimate the bioavailability of calcium, iron, and zinc from infant formulas using a model that includes in vitro digestion and a Caco-2 cell culture to estimate the uptake.
166. HumanIron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2000 · Design: randomized; crossover; stable-isotope · n: n = 8 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 10837304DOI 10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1597
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: Iron bioavailability was measured as the incorporation of stable iron isotopes into erythrocytes 14 d after administration of labeled test meals (25 g dry wheat and soy infant cereal, 100 g water, and 2.5 mg Fe as [57Fe]ferric pyrophosphate or [57Fe]ferrous fumarate).
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Geometric mean iron bioavailability was significantly higher from [57Fe]ferrous fumarate than from [57Fe]ferric pyrophosphate [4.1% (range: 1.7-14.7%) compared with 1.3% (range: 0. 7-2.7%); n = 8, P = 0.008].
     • Key findings · abstract:In this study, doubling the ascorbic acid content did not further enhance iron bioavailability; the g[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: Iron bioavailability was measured as the incorporation of stable iron isotopes into erythrocytes 14 d after administration of labeled test meals (25 g dry wheat and soy infant cereal, 100 g water, and 2.5 mg Fe as [57Fe]ferric pyrophosphate or [57Fe]ferrous fumarate).
     • Food effect · abstract:Ascorbic acid was added to all test meals (25 mg in study 1 or 25 or 50 mg in study 2).
     • Food effect · abstract:Infants were fed each test meal on 4 consecutive days under standardized conditions.
     • Food effect · abstract:The 2 different test meals within each study were administered 2 wk apart in a crossover design.
     • Food effect · abstract:In this study, doubling the ascorbic acid con
167. HumanPrediction of dietary iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2000 · Design: not stated · n: 31 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 10799377DOI 10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1147
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: The basis for the algorithm was the absorption of iron from a wheat roll (22.1 +/- 0.18%) containing no known inhibitors or enhancers of iron absorption and adjusted to a reference dose absorption of 40%.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Good agreement was seen when measurements of iron absorption from 24 complete meals were compared with results from use of the algorithm (r(2) = 0.987) and when mean iron absorption in 31 subjects served a varied whole diet labeled with heme- and nonheme-iron tracers over a period of 5 d was compared with the mean total iron absorption calculated by using the algorithm (P =[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: Good agreement was seen when measurements of iron absorption from 24 complete meals were compared with results from use of the algorithm (r(2) = 0.987) and when mean iron absorption in 31 subjects served a varied whole diet labeled with heme- and nonheme-iron tracers over a period of 5 d was compared with the mean total iron absorption calculated by using the algorithm (P = 0.958).
168. HumanThe effect of calcium on iron absorption.
     Nutr Res Rev, 2000 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 19087437DOI 10.1079/095442200108729043PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Fractional absorption · full text, p.6:gether with a hamburger meal. Absorption was reduced by 24% when 300 mg Ca was taken with 37 mg Fe as FeSO4 (P ˆ 0
       043). With 600 mg Ca and 18 mg Fe, absorption was 44% lower in subjects with reduced Fe stores (P < 0
       001), but not sig- https://doi.org/10.1079/095442200108729043 Published online by Cambridge University Press
     • Fractional absorption · full text, p.11:er meals that provided most of the dietary Fe, and during the other period the dairy products were provided more evenly throughout the day's diet. Fe absorption was 32% higher when dairy products were eliminated from the main Fe-containing meals. In summary, all but one of the multiple-meal studies indicate that Ca is likely to have a far smaller in¯uence on Fe absorption than would be predicted f
     • Food effect · full text, p.4:eanling rats given large amounts of Ca in their diets (Fuhr & Steenbock, 1943). Young female mice and their litters became anaemic when the dams were fed high doses of CaCO3 (Greig, 1952). Although the majority of experiments carried out in experimental animals have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of Ca, the ®nding has not been universal. Wauben & Atkinson (1999) recently reported that Ca did no
     • Food effect · full text, p.5:le information has been obtained by using radioisotopes or stable isotopes to tag the common Fe pools in food or an Fe supplement given either in the fasting state or with food. Several Ca salts that are recommended as supplements have been evaluated (Tables 1 and 2). Monsen & Cook (1976) demonstrated that the addition of 178 mg Ca as CaCl2 to a meal composed of semi-puri®ed ingredients and contai
     • Food effect · full text, p.6:unt for the observed dif- ference in absorption. Dawson-Hughes et al. (1986) reported that the ingestion of a CaCO3 supplement con- taining 500 mg Ca with a breakfast meal reduced the intrinsic food Fe absorption to about 43% of the control value (P ˆ 0
       002). Cook et al. (1991b) con®rmed and extended their ®ndings. First, they measured the effect of a 600 mg CaCO3 supplement on intrinsic food Fe a
     • Form comparison · full text, p.4:the corresponding percentages for men and children aged 2 ±6 years are 14 and 7
       5 respectively. The median dose (mg/d) is also highest in women, 248 compared with 160 and 88 for men and children respectively. Effect of calcium salts and dairy products on iron absorption The effect of several Ca salts and dairy products on Fe absorption has been tested in both experimental animals and human volunte
     • Form comparison · full text, p.14:vehicles for forti®cation with Fe unless steps are taken to improve bioavailability. References Ames SK, Gorham BM & Abrams SA (1999) Effects of high compared with low calcium intake on calcium absorption and incorporation of iron by red blood cells in small children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, 44 ± 48. https://doi.org/10.1079/095442200108729043 Published online by Cambridge Univer
169. HumanIron bioavailability in humans from breakfasts enriched with iron bis-glycine chelate, phytates and polyphenols.
     J Nutr, 2000 · Design: clinical trial · n: 74 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 10958812DOI 10.1093/jn/130.9.2195
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from ferrochel was about twice the absorption from ferrous sulfate (P: < 0.05).
     • Key findings · abstract:When ferrous sulfate and ferrochel were administered together or in different meals, absorption from ferrochel was about twice the absorption from ferrous sulfate (P: < 0.05).
     • Key findings · abstract:American-type coffee did not modify iron absorption significantly, whereas both espresso-type coffee and tea reduced iron absorption from ferrochel by 50% (P: < 0. 05).
     • Key findings · abstract:Because of its high solubility in aqueous solutions even at pH 6, its low interactions with food and high absorption, ferrochel is a suitable compound fo[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:When ferrous sulfate and ferrochel were administered together or in different meals, absorption from ferrochel was about twice the absorption from ferrous sulfate (P: < 0.05).
     • Food effect · abstract:Because of its high solubility in aqueous solutions even at pH 6, its low interactions with food and high absorption, ferrochel is a suitable compound for food fortification.
170. HumanEstimation of nonheme-iron bioavailability from meal composition.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2000 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 10731500DOI 10.1093/ajcn/71.4.937
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: Radioisotopic measurements of nonheme-iron absorption from 25 meals were made in 86 volunteer subjects by using extrinsic radioiron labeling.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: After adjusting iron absorption for differences in iron status, the significant biochemical predictors of iron absorption as determined by multiple regression analysis were the contents of animal tissue (P = 0.0001), phytic acid (P = 0.0001), and ascorbic acid (P = 0. 0441).
     • Key findings · abstract:Collectively, these 3 variables accounted for 16.4% of the variation in absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:On the basis of the multiple regression analysis, we developed the followin[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:DESIGN: Radioisotopic measurements of nonheme-iron absorption from 25 meals were made in 86 volunteer subjects by using extrinsic radioiron labeling.
     • Food effect · abstract:CONCLUSION: For the 25 meals evaluated, only the contents of animal tissue, phytic acid, and ascorbic acid were useful for estimating nonheme-iron absorption.
171. HumanAdaptation of iron absorption in men consuming diets with high or low iron bioavailability.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2000 · Design: randomized · n: 31 healthy men · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 10617952DOI 10.1093/ajcn/71.1.94
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: Heme- and nonheme-iron absorption from whole diets were measured in 31 healthy men at 0 and 10 wk while the men consumed weighed, 2-d repeating diets with either high or low iron bioavailability for 12 wk.
     • Key findings · abstract:The diets with high and low iron bioavailability contained, respectively, 14.4 and 15.3 mg nonheme Fe/d and 1.8 and 0.1 mg heme Fe/d and had different contents of meat, ascorbic acid, whole grains, legumes, and tea.
     • Key findings · abstract:Total iron absorption decreased from 0.96 to 0.69 mg/d (P < 0.05) and increased from 0.12 to 0.17 mg/d (P < 0.05) after 10 wk of the high- and low-bioavailability die[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:This partial adaptation reduced the difference in iron bioavailability between the diets from 8- to 4-fold.
172. HumanAdaptation in iron absorption: iron supplementation reduces nonheme-iron but not heme-iron absorption from food.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 2000 · Design: randomized · n: n = 57 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 11010941DOI 10.1093/ajcn/72.4.982
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:DESIGN: In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, heme- and nonheme-iron absorption by healthy men and women (n = 57) were measured before and after 12 wk of supplementation with 50 mg Fe/d as ferrous sulfate.
     • Key findings · abstract:Serum and fecal ferritin were measured during supplementation and for 6 mo thereafter.
     • Key findings · abstract:Volunteers who took iron supplements, even those with serum ferritin <21 microg/L (n = 5), adapted to absorb less nonheme iron (3.2% at week 12 compared with 5.0% at week 0, P: < 0.001) but not less heme iron from a beef-based meal.
     • Key findings · abstract:Serum ferritin concentration was slightly but significantly hig[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Fecal ferritin excretion increased 2.5-fold (P: < 0.05) during supplementation.
     • Food effect · abstract:Volunteers who took iron supplements, even those with serum ferritin <21 microg/L (n = 5), adapted to absorb less nonheme iron (3.2% at week 12 compared with 5.0% at week 0, P: < 0.001) but not less heme iron from a beef-based meal.
173. HumanThe bioequivalence study of folifer-Z: a new formulation of sustained-release iron and zinc.
     Int J Pharm, 1999 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 10205637DOI 10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00368-8
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The pharmacokinetic parameters of Folifer-Z were Cmax (103 +/- 46.2 micrograms/dl), Tmax (5.93 +/- 2.94 h) and AUC0-24 h (1937 +/- 706 micrograms/dl per h), whereas the corresponding Fefol-Z values were Cmax (109 +/- 41.5 micrograms/dl), Tmax (6.64 +/- 2.54) and AUC0-24 h (1865 +/- 699 micrograms/h per dl).
     • Key findings · abstract:Analysis of variance on log-transformed data for Cmax and AUC0-24 h revealed lack of significant differences among the two formulations.
     • Key findings · abstract:The mean relative bioavailability of AUCtest/AUCreference was 1.07 (90% confidence interval range: 99-115%) and for Cmax test/Cmax reference was 0.96[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Cmax · abstract:The pharmacokinetic parameters of Folifer-Z were Cmax (103 +/- 46.2 micrograms/dl), Tmax (5.93 +/- 2.94 h) and AUC0-24 h (1937 +/- 706 micrograms/dl per h), whereas the corresponding Fefol-Z values were Cmax (109 +/- 41.5 micrograms/dl), Tmax (6.64 +/- 2.54) and AUC0-24 h (1865 +/- 699 micrograms/h per dl).
     • Cmax · abstract:Analysis of variance on log-transformed data for Cmax and AUC0-24 h revealed lack of significant differences among the two formulations.
     • Cmax · abstract:The mean relative bioavailability of AUCtest/AUCreference was 1.07 (90% confidence interval range: 99-115%) and for Cmax test/Cmax reference was 0.96
     • Tmax · abstract:The pharmacokinetic parameters of Folifer-Z were Cmax (103 +/- 46.2 micrograms/dl), Tmax (5.93 +/- 2.94 h) and AUC0-24 h (1937 +/- 706 micrograms/dl per h), whereas the corresponding Fefol-Z values were Cmax (109 +/- 41.5 micrograms/dl), Tmax (6.64 +/- 2.54) and AUC0-24 h (1865 +/- 699 micrograms/h per dl).
     • Tmax · abstract:Regarding the zinc results, the pharmacokinetic parameters of Folifer-Z values were Cmax (101 +/- 20.7 micrograms/dl), Tmax (4.86 +/- 1.53 h) and AUC0-24 h (1944 +/- 202 micrograms/h per dl), while the corresponding Fefol-Z values were Cmax (102 +/- 20.7), Tmax (4.93 +/- 1.51) and AUC0-24
     • AUC · abstract:The pharmacokinetic parameters of Folifer-Z were Cmax (103 +/- 46.2 micrograms/dl), Tmax (5.93 +/- 2.94 h) and AUC0-24 h (1937 +/- 706 micrograms/dl per h), whereas the corresponding Fefol-Z values were Cmax (109 +/- 41.5 micrograms/dl), Tmax (6.64 +/- 2.54) and AUC0-24 h (1865 +/- 699 micrograms/h per dl).
     • AUC · abstract:Analysis of variance on log-transformed data for Cmax and AUC0-24 h revealed lack of significant differences among the two formulations.
     • AUC · abstract:The mean relative bioavailability of AUCtest/AUCreference was 1.07 (90% confidence interval range: 99-115%) and for Cmax test/Cmax reference was 0.96
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The mean relative bioavailability of AUCtest/AUCreference was 1.07 (90% confidence interval range: 99-115%) and for Cmax test/Cmax reference was 0.96 (90% confidence interval range: 88-105%).
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The mean relative bioavailability of AUCtest/AUCreference was 0.98 (90% confidence interval range; 95-101%) and for Cmax test/Cmax reference was 0.92 (90% confidence interval range: 89-96%).
174. HumanInositol phosphates influence iron uptake in Caco-2 cells.
     J Agric Food Chem, 1999 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 10552423DOI 10.1021/jf980745c
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The objective of this study was to determine if different isomers of InsP(3)-InsP(5) (Ins(1,2,4)P(3), Ins(1,2,3)P(3), Ins(1,2,6)P(3), Ins(1,3,4)P(3), Ins(1,2,3,4)P(4), Ins(1,2,5,6)P(4), Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P(5), and Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P(5)) and InsP(6) affect the uptake of iron.
     • Key findings · abstract:We studied the iron absorption in vitro using the human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2.
     • Key findings · abstract:Addition of a 2-fold molar excess of InsP(6) or InsP(5) in proportion to Fe (1 h incubation at 37 degrees C) reduced iron uptake by 46-52% (p < 0.001).
     • Key findings · abstract:Neither InsP(4) isomers nor InsP(3) isomers affected iron uptake significant[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Addition of a 2-fold molar excess of InsP(6) or InsP(5) in proportion to Fe (1 h incubation at 37 degrees C) reduced iron uptake by 46-52% (p < 0.001).
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:At a molar InsP:Fe level of 20:1 an inhibitory effect of InsP(4) was found, while InsP(3) did not affect the iron absorption even at a 20-fold molar excess.
175. HumanBioavailability of iron glycine as a fortificant in infant foods.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1998 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 9537613DOI 10.1093/ajcn/67.4.664
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Bioavailability, expressed as a percentage of the dose consumed, was measured from isotopic enrichment of hemoglobin 14 d after the last test meal.
     • Key findings · abstract:The effect of chelation was examined by measuring iron bioavailability of iron glycine and ferrous sulfate added to a high-phytate (310 mg/100 g) whole-grain cereal weaning food and comparing it with a lower-phytate (147 mg/100 g) vegetable food, as used in the first study.
     • Key findings · abstract:Both iron compounds had lower bioavailability from the high-phytate food, 5.2+/-0.5% for iron glycine and 3.8+/-0.9% for ferrous sulfate, than the lower-phytate food, 9.8+/-[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Stable, isotopically labeled compounds (57Fe or 58Fe) were mixed into the midday meal (1.4 mg added Fe/serving) and fed to 9-mo-old infants on alternate days for 8 d.
     • Food effect · abstract:Bioavailability, expressed as a percentage of the dose consumed, was measured from isotopic enrichment of hemoglobin 14 d after the last test meal.
176. Human[Effect of altitude on iron absorption].
     Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1998 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 9754401
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Absorption was estimated from a reference dose of ferrous ascorbate and from a standard diet of wheat flour, using extrinsic tag radioisotope technique of 55Fe and 59Fe.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from reference dose of ferrous ascorbate was 32.0% and 31.1% in the study and control groups respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:The geometric mean of iron absorption from the standard diet, corrected to 40% of absorption of reference dose, was 9.0% and 6.9% in the study and control groups respectively (NS).
177. HumanBovine ferritin iron bioavailability in man.
     Eur J Clin Invest, 1997 · Design: not stated · n: 10 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 9088859DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.970645.x
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of ferritin iron was evaluated in human subjects using radiolabelled [55Fe]ferritin isolated from bovine spleen and liver.
     • Key findings · abstract:In 10 subjects, geometric mean absorption from 5 mg of ferritin iron was 3.8% when taken without and 3.2% when taken with food (P > 0.05).
     • Key findings · abstract:These values were significantly lower than absorption from the same dose of iron given as ferrous sulphate, which averaged 24.1% without and 8.2% with food.
     • Key findings · abstract:When the iron dose was increased 10-fold, absorption of ferritin iron averaged only 0.6-0.7% with or without food as compared with 7.9% without and 2.6% wi[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:When the iron dose was increased 10-fold, absorption of ferritin iron averaged only 0.6-0.7% with or without food as compared with 7.9% without and 2.6% with food when the iron was given as ferrous sulphate.
     • Food effect · abstract:In 10 subjects, geometric mean absorption from 5 mg of ferritin iron was 3.8% when taken without and 3.2% when taken with food (P > 0.05).
     • Food effect · abstract:These values were significantly lower than absorption from the same dose of iron given as ferrous sulphate, which averaged 24.1% without and 8.2% with food.
     • Food effect · abstract:When the iron dose was increased 10-fold, absorption of ferritin iron averaged only 0.6-0.7% with or without food as compared with 7.9% without and 2.6% with food when the iron was given as ferrous sulphate.
178. HumanBioavailability in infants of iron from infant cereals: effect of dephytinization.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1997 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 9094872DOI 10.1093/ajcn/65.4.916
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron bioavailability from an infant cereal made of wheat flour with a low extraction rate (70%) and cow milk was measured in infants by using a stable-isotope technique.
     • Key findings · abstract:No difference in iron bioavailability was observed in this study; the geometric mean was 8.7% (range: 3.8-16.9%) and 8.5% (range: 3.4-21.4%) from the cereal with native phytic acid (0.08% phytic acid) and the dephytinized cereal (0.01% phytic acid), respectively.
179. HumanIron uptake is enhanced in Caco-2 cell monolayers by cysteine and reduced cysteinyl glycine.
     J Nutr, 1997 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 9109617DOI 10.1093/jn/127.4.642
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:This study was conducted using Caco-2 cell monolayers as the experimental model to determine whether similar effects on iron absorption occur.
     • Key findings · abstract:We demonstrated the enhancing effect of cysteine and reduced cysteinyl glycine on iron uptake by Caco-2 cells.
     • Key findings · abstract:The similarity between this study and human studies further reinforces that the Caco-2 cell model is a useful tool in studies of iron absorption and bioavailability.
180. HumanIron absorption from the whole diet in men: how effective is the regulation of iron absorption?
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1997 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 9250114DOI 10.1093/ajcn/66.2.347
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from the whole diet, which contained a highly bioavailable form of iron, was measured for 5 d in 31 health men, including 12 blood donors.
     • Key findings · abstract:There was a good inverse relation between total absorption and concentration of serum ferritin up to approximately 60 micrograms/L.
     • Key findings · abstract:In subjects with serum ferritin > 60 micrograms/L there was no relation to iron absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:At this serum ferritin concentration, absorption decreased to a level just sufficient to cover basal iron losses, implying that at a serum ferritin concentration > or = 60 micrograms/L no further accumulation of iro[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
181. HumanEDTA and the absorption of iron from food.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1994 · Design: stable-isotope · n: 127 women · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 8116542DOI 10.1093/ajcn/59.3.644
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Na2EDTA, added to food to prevent oxidation, enhances iron bioavailability by chelating added iron.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from a rice-based meal of low iron bioavailability containing increasing molar ratios of EDTA to iron, was compared in 127 women volunteers by using standard double isotope techniques.
     • Key findings · abstract:Mean standardized absorptions, at EDTA-iron ratios of 0.25, 0.5, and 1, were 11.3%, 13.5%, and 8.8%, respectively, compared with 3.8% when no Na2EDTA was present.
     • Key findings · abstract:In meals of high iron bioavailability, Na2EDTA (EDTA:Fe, 1.0) produced little enhancement (potato-based meal) nor inhibited iron a[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Iron absorption from a rice-based meal of low iron bioavailability containing increasing molar ratios of EDTA to iron, was compared in 127 women volunteers by using standard double isotope techniques.
     • Food effect · abstract:In meals of high iron bioavailability, Na2EDTA (EDTA:Fe, 1.0) produced little enhancement (potato-based meal) nor inhibited iron absorption (apple-based meal).
     • Food effect · abstract:Na2EDTA added to meals with molar ratios of EDTA to iron between 1.0 and 0.25 significantly increases iron absorption provided the meal is of low iron bioavailability.
182. HumanSodium iron EDTA [NaFe(III)EDTA] as a food fortificant: the effect on the absorption and retention of zinc and calcium in women.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1994 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · n: 10 women · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 8030601DOI 10.1093/ajcn/60.2.231
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Six-day chemical balances were made simultaneously to study apparent zinc and calcium retention from the complete diet containing the differently iron-fortified breads (200 g flour; 10 mg added Fe/d).
     • Key findings · abstract:Mean 70Zn absorption from the bread meal increased from 20.9% with FeSO4 to 33.5% with NaFeEDTA (P < 0.05) whereas mean 44Ca absorption was 53.3% from both breads.
     • Key findings · abstract:When NaFeEDTA-fortified bread was consumed, there was a small but significant increase in urinary excretion of 70Zn and 44Ca.
     • Key findings · abstract:There was a similar small increase in urinary zinc excretion during the 6-d balance, although the appar[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:We have used stable isotopes to monitor zinc and calcium metabolism in 10 women consuming a single meal of high-extraction wheat rolls (100 g flour) fortified with 5 mg Fe as either FeSO4 or NaFeEDTA.
     • Food effect · abstract:Mean 70Zn absorption from the bread meal increased from 20.9% with FeSO4 to 33.5% with NaFeEDTA (P < 0.05) whereas mean 44Ca absorption was 53.3% from both breads.
183. HumanAbsorption of non-haem iron from food during normal pregnancy.
     BMJ, 1994 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 8038670DOI 10.1136/bmj.309.6947.79PMC2540564 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum samples were taken for 10 hours after administration of the isotopes; ratios of the isotopes were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the absorption of oral iron was calculated.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) absorption of iron at 12, 24, and 36 weeks' gestation was 7% (5% to 11%), 36% (28% to 47%), and 66% (57% to 76%) respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:At 16-24 weeks after delivery the absorption was 11% (6% to 21%).
     • Key findings · abstract:The mean increase in absorption at 36 weeks (compared with that at 12 weeks) was 9.1 times (6.0 to 13.7).
     • Food effect · abstract:INTERVENTIONS: At 12, 24, and 36 weeks' gestation (within one week) and 16-24 weeks after delivery women ate a breakfast of meat, bread, and orange juice (3.2 mg iron), extrinsically labelled with the stable isotope iron-54 (2.8 mg); the stable isotope iron-57 (200 micrograms) was given intravenously.
184. HumanBioavailability of iron from oral ferric polymaltose in humans.
     Arzneimittelforschung, 1994 · Design: not stated · n: 7 patients · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 8053973
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:From an oral iron dose of 100 mg neutron activated Fe-PM, starved subjects with depleted iron stores absorbed significantly less (p < 0.003) 59Fe (3.91 +/- 2.24%, mean +/- SD) as compared to the reference, aqueous 59Fe(II) ascorbate solution (13.8 +/- 6.19%).
     • Key findings · abstract:Using non-radiolabeled, commercial Fe-PM no postabsorptive serum iron increase was found after oral Fe-PM (100 mg Fe dosage) in a group of 7 patients with haemorrhagic or posthaemorrhagic iron deficiency anemia.
     • Key findings · abstract:When given 100 or 300 mg Fe/d Fe-PM together with meal, 3 out of 6 patients showed a higher iron utilization rate (3.4-11.9%
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:From an oral iron dose of 100 mg neutron activated Fe-PM, starved subjects with depleted iron stores absorbed significantly less (p < 0.003) 59Fe (3.91 +/- 2.24%, mean +/- SD) as compared to the reference, aqueous 59Fe(II) ascorbate solution (13.8 +/- 6.19%).
     • Food effect · abstract:When given 100 or 300 mg Fe/d Fe-PM together with meal, 3 out of 6 patients showed a higher iron utilization rate (3.4-11.9%/d) than given without meal (0.5-7.5%/d).
     • Food effect · abstract:This finding could explain the somewhat higher bioavailability of Fe-PM when given with vitamin C containing meals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
185. Human[Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of iron and folic acid in healthy volunteers].
     Arzneimittelforschung, 1993 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 8369010
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The pharmacokinetics and the relative bioavailability of iron and of folic acid was investigated in a randomized, balanced 2-way cross-over study with 14 healthy male participants.
     • Key findings · abstract:After administration of 2 dragées of the test medication and determination of serum iron level until 9 h p.a., a relative bioavailability of 64%, compared to an equal dose of a ferrous-II-sulfate-ascorbic acid reference solution, was calculated.
     • Key findings · abstract:From the serum folate AUC (0-9 h) the relative bioavailability was evaluated with 97% for the oral formulation compared to the i.m. administration.
     • Key findings · abstract:The ratio of the cu[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • AUC · abstract:From the serum folate AUC (0-9 h) the relative bioavailability was evaluated with 97% for the oral formulation compared to the i.m. administration.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The pharmacokinetics and the relative bioavailability of iron and of folic acid was investigated in a randomized, balanced 2-way cross-over study with 14 healthy male participants.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:After administration of 2 dragées of the test medication and determination of serum iron level until 9 h p.a., a relative bioavailability of 64%, compared to an equal dose of a ferrous-II-sulfate-ascorbic acid reference solution, was calculated.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:From the serum folate AUC (0-9 h) the relative bioavailability was evaluated with 97% for the oral formulation compared to the i.m. administration.
186. HumanDetermination of absorption and endogenous excretion of iron in man by monitoring fecal excretion of a stable iron isotope (58Fe).
     J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1992 · Design: stable-isotope · n: 12 healthy volunteers · abstract only (PubMed) · not checked (off-topic)
     PMID 1294703DOI 10.3177/jnsv.38.435
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The absorption and endogenous excretion of iron in man was studied by monitoring the fecal excretion of a stable iron isotope (58Fe).
     • Key findings · abstract:A new formula was used to calculate the 58Fe absorption ratio reflecting the pool of iron in the intestinal cells, and the ratio was compared with that obtained from Janghorbani's formula, which has been used as one of the common methods.
     • Key findings · abstract:As a result, the 58Fe absorption ratio in group II was statistically significantly higher than that of group I (34.4 +/- 6.1% vs. 15.0 +/- 5.5%, M +/- SD) using Janghorbani's formula.
     • Key findings · abstract:The similar absorption ratio (34.1 +/[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
187. HumanSoy protein, phytate, and iron absorption in humans.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1992 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 1503071DOI 10.1093/ajcn/56.3.573
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The effect of reducing the phytate in soy-protein isolates on nonheme-iron absorption was examined in 32 human subjects.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption increased four- to fivefold when phytic acid was reduced from its native amount of 4.9-8.4 to less than 0.01 mg/g of isolate.
     • Key findings · abstract:Even relatively small quantities of residual phytate were strongly inhibitory and phytic acid had to be reduced to less than 0.3 mg/g of isolate (corresponding to less than 10 mg phytic acid/meal) before a meaningful increase in iron absorption was observed.
     • Food effect · abstract:Even relatively small quantities of residual phytate were strongly inhibitory and phytic acid had to be reduced to less than 0.3 mg/g of isolate (corresponding to less than 10 mg phytic acid/meal) before a meaningful increase in iron absorption was observed.
188. HumanIron absorption from bread in humans: inhibiting effects of cereal fiber, phytate and inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups.
     J Nutr, 1992 · Design: not stated · n: 10 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 1311753DOI 10.1093/jn/122.3.442
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Each experiment had 9-10 subjects and, in each subject, iron absorption was measured from control rolls made from low extraction wheat flour and one kind of test roll using two different radioiron tracers: 55Fe and 59Fe.
189. HumanAbsorption of non-haem iron in normal women measured by the incorporation of two stable isotopes into erythrocytes.
     Clin Sci (Lond), 1992 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 1327638DOI 10.1042/cs0830213
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Fourteen days later the changes in the 57Fe/56Fe and 58Fe/56Fe ratios in the erythrocytes of each subject were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.
     • Key findings · abstract:Concomitant measurements of plasma volume using a dye-dilution technique enabled the estimation of body iron mass and the calculation of iron absorption. 2.
     • Key findings · abstract:The calculated iron absorption ranged from 10% to 34%, and the amount of absorption was related to the iron stores of the subjects.
     • Key findings · abstract:Incorporation of intravenous iron into erythrocytes was on average 81% (range 68-93%). 4.
190. HumanIron absorption and incorporation into red blood cells by very low birth weight infants: studies with the stable isotope 58Fe.
     J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1992 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 1432464DOI 10.1097/00005176-199210000-00007
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Measurements of iron absorption and incorporation into RBCs were obtained with the stable isotope 58Fe, administered as a reference dose, in 11 premature infants with birth weights between 780 and 1,520 g and gestational ages between 24 and 33 weeks.
     • Key findings · abstract:Gastrointestinal absorption of the 58Fe dose as measured by fecal isotope balance was 41.6 +/- 17.6% (mean +/- SD).
     • Key findings · abstract:However, only 12.0 +/- 9.6% of the 58Fe dose (28.7 +/- 22.3% of the absorbed 58Fe dose) was incorporated into RBCs on day 15. 58Fe absorption and 58Fe incorporation into RBCs on day 15 were significantly correlated with the hemog[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:However, only 12.0 +/- 9.6% of the 58Fe dose (28.7 +/- 22.3% of the absorbed 58Fe dose) was incorporated into RBCs on day 15. 58Fe absorption and 58Fe incorporation into RBCs on day 15 were significantly correlated with the hemoglobin concentration and reticulocyte count on day 1.
191. HumanCalcium supplementation: effect on iron absorption.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 1984334DOI 10.1093/ajcn/53.1.106
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The influence of calcium supplements on the absorption of dietary nonheme iron and of iron supplements was evaluated in 61 normal volunteer subjects by use of a double-radioisotope technique.
     • Key findings · abstract:When taken without food, calcium carbonate did not inhibit the absorption of ferrous sulphate with doses of either 300 mg Ca and 37 mg Fe or 600 mg Ca and 18 mg Fe.
     • Key findings · abstract:However, at the latter levels, calcium citrate and calcium phosphate reduced iron absorption significantly by 49% and 62%, respectively.
     • Food effect · abstract:This inhibition was less pronounced from a meal of high iron availability and low calcium content (28%) than from a breakfast meal of low iron availability and high calcium content (55%).
192. HumanCompetitive inhibition of iron absorption by manganese and zinc in humans.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 2058577DOI 10.1093/ajcn/54.1.152
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The effects of zinc and manganese on iron absorption were studied in human subjects by using paired observations and a dual-radioisotope method (55Fe and 49Fe).
     • Key findings · abstract:Adding 2.99 mg Mn to 0.01 mg Fe reduced iron absorption to the same extent as increasing the iron dose 300-fold to 3 mg, strongly indicating a direct competitive inhibition of manganese on iron absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:An intraluminal interaction may occur, because a fivefold excess of zinc to iron (15 mgZn/3 mg Fe) reduced iron absorption by 56% when given in a water solution but not when given with a hamburger meal.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Adding 2.99 mg Mn to 0.01 mg Fe reduced iron absorption to the same extent as increasing the iron dose 300-fold to 3 mg, strongly indicating a direct competitive inhibition of manganese on iron absorption.
     • Food effect · abstract:An intraluminal interaction may occur, because a fivefold excess of zinc to iron (15 mgZn/3 mg Fe) reduced iron absorption by 56% when given in a water solution but not when given with a hamburger meal.
193. HumanIron absorption from typical West African meals containing contaminating Fe.
     Br J Nutr, 1990 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 2223750DOI 10.1079/bjn19900053PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from three typical West African meals was measured in fourteen subjects using the extrinsic-tag technique with 59Fe and 55Fe.
     • Key findings · abstract:When haem-Fe absorption was included, 70.0-160 micrograms Fe was absorbed.
     • Key findings · abstract:Expressed on an energy basis, the bioavailable nutrient density was 3.2-7.0 micrograms/100 kJ (13.4-29.5 micrograms/100 kcal).
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:When haem-Fe absorption was included, 70.0-160 micrograms Fe was absorbed.
     • Food effect · abstract:Iron absorption from three typical West African meals was measured in fourteen subjects using the extrinsic-tag technique with 59Fe and 55Fe.
     • Food effect · abstract:Of the non-haem-Fe in the meals 39-73% did not exchange with the added inorganic radio-Fe tracer, depending on the degree of Fe contamination of meals.
     • Fractional absorption · full text, p.5:ence dose in subjects with depleted Fe stores is about 40 Yo.If we express absorption from the tested meals as the value corresponding to a reference absorption of 40 %, the absorption coefficient will be extrapolated to 1.9'10 for maize meal with vegetable sauce and to 4.9 and 6.0% for maize meal with fish sauce. Non-haem-Fe absorption thus appears to be very low in typical African meals. These r
194. HumanAscorbic acid: effect on ongoing iron absorption and status in iron-depleted young women.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1990 · Design: clinical trial · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 2321571DOI 10.1093/ajcn/51.4.649
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Eleven women were depleted of storage iron (indicated by serum ferritin) through a combination of diet (5.0 mg Fe/2000 kcal for 67-88 d) and phlebotomy.
     • Key findings · abstract:Ascorbic acid improved apparent iron absorption (balance method) [38 +/- 2% (means +/- SEM) vs 27 +/- 2%].
     • Key findings · abstract:In iron-depleted women consuming a diet with predicted poor iron availability, ascorbic acid supplementation enhanced body iron retention for 5.5 wk.
     • Food effect · abstract:They then consumed a diet containing 13.7 mg Fe/2000 kcal, supplemented with placebo or ascorbic acid three times daily (1500 mg total) with meals for 5.5 wk.
195. HumanIron absorption from infant foods.
     Pediatr Res, 1989 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 2587126DOI 10.1203/00006450-198909000-00019
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:To determine the bioavailability of iron from iron-fortified infant foods, we have determined erythrocyte incorporation of the stable isotope, 58Fe, after feeding the following foods extrinsically labeled with 58Fe: 1) rice cereal with apples and bananas ("cereal-fruit product"), 2) Mead Johnson Enriched Baby Food (MJEBF), a vitamin, mineral, and protein-enriched rice cereal, 3) vegetables and beef ("vegetable-beef product"), 4) grape-juice, and 5) MJEBF.
     • Key findings · abstract:Erythrocyte incorporation of the 58Fe label was determined from the increase in the mass isotope ratio, 58Fe/57Fe, from the baseline value[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:These erythrocyte incorporation values are 20 to 26% of the estimated 0.7 mg requirement for absorbed iron, and therefore seem nutritionally important.
     • Food effect · abstract:Blood was obtained at ages 140, 168, and 196 d of age, and the test meal was fed under standardized conditions at 154 d of age.
     • Food effect · abstract:Geometric mean total iron incorporation into erythrocytes from the test meal of MJEBF fortified with ferrous sulfate (food 2) was 0.05 mg, and from the vegetable-beef product test meal (food 3) was 0.08 mg.
     • Food effect · abstract:Geometric mean erythrocyte incorporations of iron from the test meals with foods 1, 4 and 5 were 0.15, 0.14, and 0.18 mg, respectively.
196. HumanThe role of vitamin C in iron absorption.
     Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl, 1989 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 2507689
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The reasons for its action are twofold: (1) the prevention of the formation of insoluble and unabsorbable iron compounds and (2) the reduction of ferric to ferrous iron, which seems to be a requirement for the uptake of iron into the mucosal cells.
197. HumanFood iron absorption in idiopathic hemochromatosis.
     Blood, 1989 · Design: not stated · n: 15 patients · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 2804357
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The relationship between iron status and food iron absorption was evaluated in 75 normal volunteers, 15 patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis, and 22 heterozygotes by using double extrinsic radioiron tags to label independently the nonheme and heme iron components of a hamburger meal.
     • Food effect · abstract:The relationship between iron status and food iron absorption was evaluated in 75 normal volunteers, 15 patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis, and 22 heterozygotes by using double extrinsic radioiron tags to label independently the nonheme and heme iron components of a hamburger meal.
198. HumanBioavailability of iron in oral ferrous sulfate preparations in healthy volunteers.
     CMAJ, 1989 · Design: clinical trial · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (PMC)
     PMID 2776093PMC1451327 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of iron in five ferrous sulfate preparations was studied in 10 healthy male volunteers.
     • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were drawn hourly from 8 am to 6 pm on the day before each study day to assess baseline serum iron concentrations and on the study day.
     • Key findings · abstract:The enteric-coated preparations resulted in AUCs less than 30% of the AUC for the oral solution.
     • AUC · abstract:The enteric-coated preparations resulted in AUCs less than 30% of the AUC for the oral solution.
199. HumanIn vitro studies of iron bioavailability. Probing the concentration and oxidation-reduction of pinto bean iron with ferrous chromogens.
     Biol Trace Elem Res, 1989 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 2484376DOI 10.1007/BF02925447
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
200. HumanIron absorption and phenolic compounds: importance of different phenolic structures.
     Eur J Clin Nutr, 1989 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 2598894
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The smallest amount (5 mg) inhibited absorption by 20 per cent, 25 mg by 67 per cent and 100 mg by 88 per cent.
201. HumanIron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1989 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 2911999DOI 10.1093/ajcn/49.1.140
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The dose-dependent inhibitory effect of sodium phytate on iron absorption was studied in man by serving wheat rolls containing no phytates and rolls to which various amounts (seven dose levels between 2 and 250 mg expressed as phytate phosphorus) were added just before serving.
     • Key findings · abstract:The inhibition of Fe absorption was strongly related to the amount of phytate added; 2 mg inhibited absorption by 18%, (p less than 0.001), 25 mg by 64% (p less than 0.001), and 250 mg by 82% (p less than 0.001).
202. HumanBioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of bivalent and trivalent iron preparations.
     Arzneimittelforschung, 1987 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 3566867
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Intestinal iron absorption in fasting state as measured by 59Fe whole body retention and simultaneous estimation from plasma iron tolerance curves was low for the 59Fe (III)-complex (1.2 +/- 0.1% (means +/- SD] as compared to the 59Fe (II)-ascorbate (43.7 +/- 7.1% (means +/- SD].
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron administration together with a test meal did not affect the absorption from the 59Fe (II)-ascorbate, whereas the 59Fe (III)-complex showed a significant increase in absorption (8.8 +/- 4.7% (means +/- SD].
     • Key findings · abstract:The results of Hb-regeneration after treatment with the Fe (III)-complex were in the range which could b[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Intestinal iron absorption in fasting state as measured by 59Fe whole body retention and simultaneous estimation from plasma iron tolerance curves was low for the 59Fe (III)-complex (1.2 +/- 0.1% (means +/- SD] as compared to the 59Fe (II)-ascorbate (43.7 +/- 7.1% (means +/- SD].
     • Food effect · abstract:Iron administration together with a test meal did not affect the absorption from the 59Fe (II)-ascorbate, whereas the 59Fe (III)-complex showed a significant increase in absorption (8.8 +/- 4.7% (means +/- SD].
     • Food effect · abstract:Haemoglobin (Hb) regeneration after 100 mg of iron as Fe (III)-complex and Fe (II)-sulphate administered
203. HumanEstimation of iron bioavailability in adolescents' meals and snacks.
     J Am Diet Assoc, 1987 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 3598039
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Dietary iron bioavailability was calculated from 24-hour food records of 224 adolescents.
     • Key findings · abstract:Estimation of daily iron bioavailability showed that mean available iron from boys' diets, 1.38 mg, and from girls' diets, 0.91 mg, was not only below recommended levels but also below 10% bioavailability, the basis of the RDA for iron.
204. HumanLow bioavailability of carbonyl iron in man: studies on iron fortification of wheat flour.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1986 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 3942092DOI 10.1093/ajcn/43.1.59
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The ratio of absorbed 55Fe/59Fe is a direct measure of the fraction of carbonyl iron that joins the nonheme iron pool and is made potentially available for absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:This relative bioavailability of carbonyl iron was unexpectedly low and varied from 20 to 5% when the iron fortified wheat rolls were served with different meals.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:This relative bioavailability of carbonyl iron was unexpectedly low and varied from 20 to 5% when the iron fortified wheat rolls were served with different meals.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The ratio of absorbed 55Fe/59Fe is a direct measure of the fraction of carbonyl iron that joins the nonheme iron pool and is made potentially available for absorption.
     • Food effect · abstract:This relative bioavailability of carbonyl iron was unexpectedly low and varied from 20 to 5% when the iron fortified wheat rolls were served with different meals.
205. HumanAbsorption of fortification iron from milk formulas in infants.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1986 · Design: not stated · n: 396 infants · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 3717066DOI 10.1093/ajcn/43.6.917
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of iron added to different types of cows' milk formulas was studied using mono-isotopic and double-isotopic methods in 396 infants aged 5-18 mo.
     • Key findings · abstract:Iron absorption from low-fat milks and full-fat milks varied from 2.9 to 5.1%.
     • Key findings · abstract:A higher range of mean absorption, 5.9 to 11.3%, was observed in the same formulas with the addition of ascorbic acid at concentrations of 100 mg/l or higher (up to 800 mg/l), demonstrating its enhancing effect on iron absorption in fortified milks.
206. HumanExtrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product. 2. Effects on apparent absorption of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in humans.
     Br J Nutr, 1986 · Design: randomized · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 2823864DOI 10.1079/bjn19860032PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:The effect of extrusion cooking, using mild conditions, of a high-fibre cereal product on apparent small bowel absorption of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was studied. 2.
     • Key findings · abstract:The apparent absorption of Zn, Mg and P was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) during the period with extruded product compared with the period with bran-gluten-starch.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The apparent absorption of Zn, Mg and P was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) during the period with extruded product compared with the period with bran-gluten-starch.
     • Food effect · full text, p.3:ponding extruded product (period B) as described previously (Sandberg et al. 1986). The subjects were weighed at the start and end of each period and fasting blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the study for Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, TIBC and Hb analyses. The volunteers collected all ileostomy contents during the two periods. They changed ileostomy bags every 2 h except for the bag used durin
     • Form comparison · full text, p.4:on the day of consumption (Sandberg et al. 1981, 1983). Moreover, on a constant mineral intake, ileal excretion shows much less day-to-day variation compared with mineral faecal excretion in subjects with an intact colon (Isaksson & Sjogren, 1967). Therefore it is possible to obtain reliable results from short-term balance studies on subjects with an ileostomy (Sandberg et al. 1982). Our present s
207. HumanHeme, ferritin and vegetable iron absorption in humans from meals denatured of heme iron during the cooking of beef.
     J Nutr, 1986 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 3761027DOI 10.1093/jn/116.9.1720
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The iron absorption from heme, ferritin and vegetable foods was tested in 63 humans (10 males and 53 females).
     • Key findings · abstract:The iron absorption from ferritin was about 31% of the absorption of the reference dose when administered with meat alone, falling to 11% of the reference dose when administered in a meal containing meat and vegetable foods.
     • Food effect · abstract:The iron absorption from ferritin was about 31% of the absorption of the reference dose when administered with meat alone, falling to 11% of the reference dose when administered in a meal containing meat and vegetable foods.
208. HumanIron absorption from legumes in humans.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1984 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 6741854DOI 10.1093/ajcn/40.1.42
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Mean percentage absorption was uniformly low, ranging from 0.84 to 1.91%.
209. HumanInhibition of food iron absorption by coffee.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1983 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 6402915DOI 10.1093/ajcn/37.3.416
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:A cup of coffee reduced iron absorption from a hamburger meal by 39% as compared to a 64% decrease with tea, which is known to be a potent inhibitor of iron absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:When a cup of drip coffee or instant coffee was ingested with a meal composed of semipurified ingredients, absorption was reduced from 5.88% to 1.64 and 0.97%, respectively, and when the strength of the instant coffee was doubled, percentage iron absorption fell to 0.53%.
     • Key findings · abstract:No decrease in iron absorption occurred when coffee was consumed 1 h before a meal, but the same degree of inhibition as with simultaneous ingestion was s[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:A cup of coffee reduced iron absorption from a hamburger meal by 39% as compared to a 64% decrease with tea, which is known to be a potent inhibitor of iron absorption.
     • Food effect · abstract:When a cup of drip coffee or instant coffee was ingested with a meal composed of semipurified ingredients, absorption was reduced from 5.88% to 1.64 and 0.97%, respectively, and when the strength of the instant coffee was doubled, percentage iron absorption fell to 0.53%.
     • Food effect · abstract:No decrease in iron absorption occurred when coffee was consumed 1 h before a meal, but the same degree of inhibition as with simultaneous ingestion was s
210. HumanOral iron and the bioavailability of zinc.
     Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1983 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 6412928DOI 10.1136/bmj.287.6398.1013PMC1549576 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The oral bioavailability of zinc was studied in nonpregnant adults before and 24 hours after two weeks of oral supplementation with iron and folic acid.
211. HumanCalculating dietary iron bioavailability: refinement and computerization.
     J Am Diet Assoc, 1982 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 7061776
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Even though human beings absorb heme iron at a higher rate than nonheme iron, the major portion of food iron is nonheme (all grain and vegetable iron plus approximately 60 percent of the iron in meat, fish, and poultry).
212. HumanIron absorption from ferritin and ferric hydroxide.
     Scand J Haematol, 1982 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 7123151DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1982.tb00556.x
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:In the present study the absorption of iron from these two compounds was compared in 35 multiparous women when fed in water, in maize porridge and in maize porridge containing 100 mg ascorbic acid.
     • Key findings · abstract:The geometric mean absorption for 3 mg ferritin iron was 0.7% and for ferric hydroxide, 2.4%.
     • Key findings · abstract:When 100 mg ascorbic acid was present in the porridge, absorption was enhanced from both sources, being 12.1% for ferritin and 10.5% for ferric hydroxide.
     • Food effect · abstract:In the present study the absorption of iron from these two compounds was compared in 35 multiparous women when fed in water, in maize porridge and in maize porridge containing 100 mg ascorbic acid.
     • Food effect · abstract:Comparable figures when fed with maize porridge were 0.4% and 0.4% respectively.
213. HumanAbsorption of controlled-release iron.
     Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1982 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 7116769DOI 10.1038/clpt.1982.198
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:A multiple-dose double radioiron technic was used to compare absorption of iron administered as a controlled release (CR) capsule and as an elixir; both formulations contained 50 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate.
     • Key findings · abstract:When taken by normal subjects in the fasting state, mean absorption from the elixir and CR capsule averaged 4.92% and 4.38%, which gave a CR capsule:elixir ratio of 0.89.
     • Key findings · abstract:CR capsule:elixir absorption ratios averaged 1.70 from a meal that is mildly inhibitory and 3.13 from a meal that causes more marked inhibition.
     • Food effect · abstract:When taken by normal subjects in the fasting state, mean absorption from the elixir and CR capsule averaged 4.92% and 4.38%, which gave a CR capsule:elixir ratio of 0.89.
     • Food effect · abstract:CR capsule:elixir absorption ratios averaged 1.70 from a meal that is mildly inhibitory and 3.13 from a meal that causes more marked inhibition.
214. HumanEffect of different drinks on the absorption of non-heme iron from composite meals.
     Hum Nutr Appl Nutr, 1982 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 6896705
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:A reduction in iron absorption was seen when serving tea (62 per cent) or coffee (35 per cent) with the meals.
     • Key findings · abstract:Orange juice increased the iron absorption (85 per cent).
     • Food effect · abstract:A reduction in iron absorption was seen when serving tea (62 per cent) or coffee (35 per cent) with the meals.
215. HumanFactors affecting the absorption of iron from Fe(III)EDTA.
     Br J Nutr, 1981 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 6260128DOI 10.1079/bjn19810097PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:The modification of iron absorption from Fe(III)EDTA by agents known to promote or inhibit absorption was examined in 101 volunteer multiparous Indian women.
     • Key findings · abstract:Finally the urinary excretion of radio-Fe after oral administration of 59Fe(III)EDTA was studied in twenty-four subjects and evidence of intraluminal exchange of Fe was examined. 2.
     • Key findings · abstract:Fe absorption from maize porridge fortified with Fe(III)EDTA was more than twice that from porridge fortified with FeSO4 . 7H2O. 3.
     • Key findings · abstract:Although bran decreased Fe absorption from FeSO4 . 7H2O approximately 11-fold, it had no significant effect on Fe absorpti[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Although bran decreased Fe absorption from FeSO4 . 7H2O approximately 11-fold, it had no significant effect on Fe absorption from Fe(III)EDTA.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Nevertheless tea, which is a more potent inhibitor of Fe absorption, decreased absorption from Fe(III)EDTA 7-fold. 4.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Fe absorption from Fe(III)EDTA given in water was only increased 40% by addition of 3 mol ascorbic acid/mol Fe but by 7-fold when the relative proportions were increased to 6:1.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:In these circumstances, an ascorbate:iron value of 3:1 (which doubles absorption from FeSO4 . 7H2O) produced no significant increase in Fe absorption, whil
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Simple Fe salts, however, are not similarly protected and are absorbed as poorly as the intrinsic food Fe. 9.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.1:effect on Fe absorption from Fe(I1I)EDTA. Nevertheless tea, which is a more potent inhibitor of Fe absorption, decreased absorption from Fe(l1I)EDTA 7-fold. 4. Fe absorption from Fe(lI1)EDTA given in water was only increased 40% by addition of 3 mol ascorbic acid/mol Fe but by 7-fold when the relative proportions were increased to 6: 1. This enhancing effect was blunted when the Fe(ll1)EDTA was gi
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.4:gnificantly greater than from the FeSO, .7H,O fortified meal (3.5) (t 5.5, P < 0.001). The effect of inhibitors on Fe absorption from Fe(IIl)EDTA The 2-fold increase in Fe absorption found in the first study suggested that Fe in the Fe(I1I)EDTA complex is protected from the inhibitors of Fe absorption present in maize porridge. It was therefore decided to determine whether known inhibitors of Fe a
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.6:n when Fe(II1)EDTA was given in water but none when it was given in porridge ( t 0.38, P > 0.1). A dose of 100 mg -= ascorbic acid caused a more than 6-fold increase ( t 6.23, P 0.01) in Fe absorption when the Fe(II1)EDTA was given in water and a 2-fold increase (t 5.71, P < 0.01) when it was given in porridge. When the standardized absorptions of Fe from Fe(1II)EDTA in water were compared with th
     • Fractional absorption · full text, p.9:1 I I 0 I 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 30 Absorption (%) Fig. I . The relationship between the excretion of 6BFein the urine collected over 24 h (% dose) and the absorption of 6BFefrom 3 mg Fe as SBFe(III)EDTAgiven in water to fourteen subjects after an overnight fast ( r -0.58, P < 0.05). was noted between the logarithm of the percentage of the dose absorbed and that excreted in the urine (r -0.58, P < 0.05).
     • Food effect · full text, p.5:3.5 (2.549) 7.2 (3.9-13.2) 23 * Geometric means and SD ranges used because values were positively skewed. t 3 mg Fe as ferrous ascorbate given in the fasting state. 5- 3 Table 2. The eflect of inhibitors on the absorption of iron (5 mg) from FeSO, ,IH,O and Fe(IIl)EDTAfortified sugar (20 g ) given in $ 100 ml water to female subjects on two successive mornings s (Mean values and standard deviation
     • Food effect · full text, p.6:excreted by the kidney (Will & Vilter, 1954) a study was undertaken to assess whether Fe given orally as Fe(II1)EDTA appeared in the urine. Fourteen fasting subjects with normal renal function drank 100 ml water sweetened with 10 mg sugar fortified with 5 mg Fe as 59Fe(III)EDTA.The total urine output for the next 24 h was collected and the percentage of the dose of 59Fe appearing in the urine was
     • Food effect · full text, p.7:mounts of ascorbic acid (AA) on the absorption of iron from Fe(IIl)EDTA (5 mg Fe) given in either 100 ml water ( A ) or 250 g maize porridge ( B ) to fasting female subjects (Mean values and standard deviations) Fe absorption (%)* 3 0 Standardized 3: to 40% Q Serum* Actual absorption Reference7 reference B ferritin No AA AA salt absorption 2 Transferrin @g/l) ~ ~ ~ ~ AA Haemoglobin saturation NoAA
     • Form comparison · full text, p.1:(1II)EDTA by agents known to promote or inhibit absorption was examined in 101 volunteer multiparous Indian women. Fe absorption from Fe(I1I)EDTA was compared with absorption of intrinsic food Fe in a further twenty-eight subjects. Finally the urinary excretion of radio-Fe after oral administration of 58Fe(III)EDTAwas studied in twenty-four subjects and evidence of intraluminal exchange of Fe was
     • Form comparison · full text, p.6:water and a 2-fold increase (t 5.71, P < 0.01) when it was given in porridge. When the standardized absorptions of Fe from Fe(1II)EDTA in water were compared with those obtained from Fe(1II)EDTA-fortified porridge (Table 3), both in the absence of ascorbic acid, it was apparent that the addition of 250 g maize-meal porridge had little or no effect on the absorption from Fe(II1)EDTA (F 1.3, P > 0.1
216. HumanIron absorption in relation to iron status. Model proposed to express results to food iron absorption measurements.
     Scand J Haematol, 1981 · Design: not stated · n: 186 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 7313546
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The absorption from a 3 mg dose of ferrous iron was measured in 250 male subjects.
     • Key findings · abstract:The absorption was related to the log concentration of serum ferritin in 186 subjects of whom 99 were regular blood donors (r = -0.76), and to bone marrow haemosiderin grading in 52 subjects with varying iron status.
     • Key findings · abstract:This information is necessary for food iron absorption studies in order (1) to calculate the absorption of iron from the diet at a given iron status and (2) compare the absorption of iron from different meals studied in different groups of subjects by different investigators.
     • Key findings · abstract:The results sugge[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The results indicate that this 40% absorption value corresponds to a serum ferritin level of 30 microgram/l and that food iron absorption in a group of subjects should be expressed preferably as the absorption corresponding to a reference-dose absorption of 40%, or possibly a serum ferritin level of 30 microgram/l.
     • Food effect · abstract:This information is necessary for food iron absorption studies in order (1) to calculate the absorption of iron from the diet at a given iron status and (2) compare the absorption of iron from different meals studied in different groups of subjects by different investigators.
     • Food effect · abstract:The results suggest that an absorption of about 40% of a 3 mg reference dose of ferrous iron is given in a fasting state, roughly corresponds to the absorption in borderline-iron-deficient subjects.
217. HumanThe inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1981 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 6267927DOI 10.1093/ajcn/34.8.1469
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:When 12 g bran was added to a light meal, absorption decreased by 51 to 74%; this inhibitory effect of bran was shown for meals of both high and low iron availability.
     • Food effect · abstract:When 12 g bran was added to a light meal, absorption decreased by 51 to 74%; this inhibitory effect of bran was shown for meals of both high and low iron availability.
218. HumanAbsorption of iron in young men studied by monitoring excretion of a stable iron isotope (58Fe) in feces.
     J Nutr, 1980 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 7431119DOI 10.1093/jn/110.11.2190
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Fecal excretion of a stable iron isotope (58Fe) in five young adult men consuming a diet enriched with the isotope added as an extrinsic tag was investigated as a possible tool for the study of iron absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:Data are presented to illustrate rapidity and completeness of unabsorbed 58Fe excretion.
     • Key findings · abstract:Procedures are outlined to investigate the extent of 58Fe re-entry into the gastrointestinal tract of the absorbed 58Fe from the label with the cumulative fecal 58Fe method and its limitations are discussed.
     • Key findings · abstract:Two methods of estimating 58Fe absorption are discussed and compared.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Data are presented to illustrate rapidity and completeness of unabsorbed 58Fe excretion.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Procedures are outlined to investigate the extent of 58Fe re-entry into the gastrointestinal tract of the absorbed 58Fe from the label with the cumulative fecal 58Fe method and its limitations are discussed.
219. HumanAbsorption of iron from breakfast meals.
     Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 · Design: stable-isotope · n: 129 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 506972DOI 10.1093/ajcn/32.12.2484
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The absorption of nonheme iron from nine common Western type breakfasts was studied in 129 subjects using extrinsic labeling with radioiron.
     • Key findings · abstract:In one group the iron absorption from a continental type of breakfast served with coffee was standardized against the absorption from a reference dose of derrous ascorbate (3 mg Fe).
     • Key findings · abstract:There was almost a 6-fold idfference in absorption (0.07 to 0.40 mg) despite of the fact that the iron content only varied from 2.8 to 4.2 mg.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:There was almost a 6-fold idfference in absorption (0.07 to 0.40 mg) despite of the fact that the iron content only varied from 2.8 to 4.2 mg.
     • Food effect · abstract:The absorption of nonheme iron from nine common Western type breakfasts was studied in 129 subjects using extrinsic labeling with radioiron.
     • Food effect · abstract:In one group the iron absorption from a continental type of breakfast served with coffee was standardized against the absorption from a reference dose of derrous ascorbate (3 mg Fe).
220. HumanDietary heme iron absorption. A discussion of possible mechanisms for the absorption-promoting effect of meat and for the regulation of iron absorption.
     Scand J Gastroenterol, 1979 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 538407DOI 10.3109/00365527909181403
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Two main findings are reported. 1) The absorption of heme iron from a composite meal was very little if at all influenced by the subject's iron status at doses in the usual physiological range, but at high doses of heme iron there was a strong correlation with the subject's iron status.
     • Key findings · abstract:A hypothesis is presented to explain the regulation of iron absorption, so as to account for the impact of the subject's iron status, which is always evident with non-heme iron absorption but occurred only at high doses with heme iron. 2) Meat enhanced the absorption of heme iron.
     • Food effect · abstract:Two main findings are reported. 1) The absorption of heme iron from a composite meal was very little if at all influenced by the subject's iron status at doses in the usual physiological range, but at high doses of heme iron there was a strong correlation with the subject's iron status.
221. HumanThe effect of tea on iron absorption.
     Gut, 1975 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 1168162DOI 10.1136/gut.16.3.193PMC1410962 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Absorption from solutions of FeCl3 and FeSO4, bread, a meal of rice with potato and onion soup, and uncooked haemoglobin was inhibited whether ascorbic acid was present or not.
     • Food effect · abstract:Absorption from solutions of FeCl3 and FeSO4, bread, a meal of rice with potato and onion soup, and uncooked haemoglobin was inhibited whether ascorbic acid was present or not.
222. HumanFerritin iron absorption in man.
     Blood, 1975 · Design: not stated · n: 108 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 1120190
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The iron absorption from ferritin and hemosiderin biosynthetically labeled with radioiron was studied in 108 subjects.
     • Key findings · abstract:The geometric mean absorption of ferritin iron in both normal and iron-deficient subjects was 1.9 percent.
     • Key findings · abstract:Its mean absorption ranged from 0.9 percent in normal subjects to 2.5 percent in subjects with moderate iron deficiency and 5.7 percent in subjects with marked iron deficiency.