Omega-3 Absorption: Triglyceride vs Ethyl Ester Fish Oil

Showing 60 of 554 Cmax/Tmax/AUC values (human first). All 719 values are in /api/supplements/omega-3.

1. Human Marsen TA, Pollok M, Oette K, Baldamus CA. Pharmacokinetics of omega-3-fatty acids during ingestion of fish oil preparations. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 1992;46(3):191-6. PMID 1387231. doi:10.1016/0952-3278(92)90069-u PubMed · DOI · other (sequential open-label comparison of two preparations in the same volunteers, three dose groups; Ameu then washout then MaxEPA; labelled Controlled Clinical Trial in PubMed), n=12
2. Human Pawlosky RJ, Hibbeln JR, Salem N. Compartmental analyses of plasma n-3 essential fatty acids among male and female smokers and nonsmokers. Journal of lipid research. 2007;48(4):935-43. PMID 17234605. doi:10.1194/jlr.M600310-JLR200 PubMed · DOI · observational (specify): four-group comparison of smokers vs nonsmokers by sex, single tracer dose with compartmental modeling, n=20
3. Human Silverman DI, Ware JA, Sacks FM, Pasternak RC. Comparison of the absorption and effect on platelet function of a single dose of n-3 fatty acids given as fish or fish oil. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1991;53(5):1165-70. PMID 1826984. doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1165 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover, single dose per period, n=10
4. Human Wakil A, Mackenzie G, Diego-Taboada A, Bell JG, Atkin SL. Enhanced bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid from fish oil after encapsulation within plant spore exines as microcapsules. Lipids. 2010;45(7):645-9. PMID 20495964. doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3427-y PubMed · DOI · other (specify): open-label, non-randomized sequential two-visit crossover (visit 1 EE alone, visit 2 exine-encapsulated), n=6
5. Human Wakil A, Mir M, Mellor DD, Mellor SF, Atkin SL. The bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid from reconstituted triglyceride fish oil is higher than that obtained from the triglyceride and monoglyceride forms. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2010;19(4):499-505. PMID 21147710. PubMed · randomized crossover (double blind), n=7
6. Human Davidson MH, Johnson J, Rooney MW, Kyle ML, Kling DF. A novel omega-3 free fatty acid formulation has dramatically improved bioavailability during a low-fat diet compared with omega-3-acid ethyl esters: the ECLIPSE (Epanova(®) compared to Lovaza(®) in a pharmacokinetic single-dose evaluation) study. Journal of clinical lipidology. 2012;6(6):573-84. PMID 23312053. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.01.002 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover (open-label, 4-period, 2-sequence, single-dose), n=54 randomized; 51 completed
7. Human Lawson LD, Hughes BG. Absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil triacylglycerols or fish oil ethyl esters co-ingested with a high-fat meal. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1988;156(2):960-3. PMID 2847723. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80937-9 PubMed · DOI · parallel, n=16
8. Human Lawson LD, Hughes BG. Human absorption of fish oil fatty acids as triacylglycerols, free acids, or ethyl esters. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1988;152(1):328-35. PMID 3358766. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80718-6 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover, n=8
9. Rodent Degrace P, Caselli C, Rayo JM, Bernard A. Intestinal lymph absorption of butter, corn oil, cod liver oil, menhaden oil, and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl esters in rats. Lipids. 1996;31(4):405-14. PMID 8743053. doi:10.1007/BF02522927 PubMed · DOI · parallel (five groups of rats, one lipid each), n=26
10. Human Dyerberg J, Madsen P, Møller JM, Aardestrup I, Schmidt EB. Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2010;83(3):137-41. PMID 20638827. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2010.06.007 PubMed · DOI · parallel (randomized to six groups; four double-blind, two single-blind), n=72
11. Human Jung YS, Im AG, Kwon SD, Kim TG, Chae DW. Pharmacokinetic comparisons between liposome formulation and non-liposome formulation of omega-3 fatty acids: a randomized clinical study. Journal of liposome research. 2026:1-10. PMID 42821481. doi:10.1080/08982104.2026.2721669 PubMed · DOI · RCT (randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active-controlled), n=45
12. Rodent Murota K, Takagi M, Watanabe Y, Tokumura A, Ohkubo T. Roe-derived phospholipid administration enhances lymphatic docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipid absorption in unanesthetized rats. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2018;139:40-48. PMID 28684067. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.011 PubMed · DOI · other (parallel groups of lymph-cannulated rats; in vitro digestion sub-study)

no clear separation under matched conditions; not graded. No head-to-head grade; indirect only.

matched single-form evidence only; non-overlapping ranges in 2 matched set(s), up to 1 studies per form. No head-to-head grade; indirect only.

no clear separation under matched conditions; not graded. No head-to-head grade; indirect only.

1. HumanThe Relative Bioavailability of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Presence of Omega-3 Supplements and Their Effect on Oxidative Stress Levels in Humans: A Pilot Study.
   Nutrients, 2026 · Design: randomized · n: 10 men · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
   PMID 42356301DOI 10.3390/nu18121914PMC13304827 (free full text)
   Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
   • Key findings · abstract:There is a lack of information on the bioavailability of the two compounds in the presence and absence of omega-3 fatty acids in L+Z supplements which are commonly prescribed to treat macular degeneration.
   • Key findings · abstract:Despite growing interest in L+Z supplementation, there remains a limited understanding of their short-term bioavailability dynamics and the potential added value of omega-3 co-supplementation.
   • Key findings · abstract:This pilot study reports on the bioavailability of serum responses to L+Z supplements in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids and evaluates time-resolved analytical approaches using Area Under the C[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
   • AUC · abstract:This pilot study reports on the bioavailability of serum responses to L+Z supplements in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids and evaluates time-resolved analytical approaches using Area Under the Curve.
   • AUC · abstract:Total exposure assessed by AUC7-13 and AUC13-19 did not differ significantly between the groups (p > 0.05).
   • AUC · full text, Table 7:Serum lutein+zeaxanthin (L+Z) concentration of AUC and iAUC (control vs. intervention). Outcome Control (n = 9) Intervention (n = 7) p-Value † Cohen’s d (95% CI) AUC0–7 (µg·day/mL) 15.59 12.90 0.69 0.21 (−0.77, 1.18) AUC7–13 (µg·day/mL) 15.12 11.49 0.58 −0.29 (−1.28, 0.71) AUC13–19 (µg·day/mL) 17.3
   • Form comparison · full text, Table 7:Serum lutein+zeaxanthin (L+Z) concentration of AUC and iAUC (control vs. intervention). Outcome Control (n = 9) Intervention (n = 7) p-Value † Cohen’s d (95% CI) AUC0–7 (µg·day/mL) 15.59 12.90 0.69 0.21 (−0.77, 1.18) AUC7–13 (µg·day/mL) 15.12 11.49 0.58 −0.29 (−1.28, 0.71) AUC13–19 (µg·day/mL) 17.39 16.94 0.96 0.03 (−0.
2. HumanEnhanced bioavailability of a krill oil-based milk thistle extract formulation: in vitro and human studies.
   Food Nutr Res, 2026 · Design: randomized; crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
   PMID 41583423DOI 10.29219/fnr.v70.13256PMC12829531 (free full text)PDF
   Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
   • Key findings · abstract:Consistent with these findings, a significant enhancement of bioavailability (P < 0.0001) was demonstrated for the krill oil-based formulation in comparison to the milk thistle extract resulting in an 8.59-fold higher AUC0-8h and a 15.08-fold greater Cmax of silybin and faster uptake kinetic after single dose intake.
   • Cmax · abstract:Consistent with these findings, a significant enhancement of bioavailability (P < 0.0001) was demonstrated for the krill oil-based formulation in comparison to the milk thistle extract resulting in an 8.59-fold higher AUC0-8h and a 15.08-fold greater Cmax of silybin and faster uptake kinetic after single dose intake.
   • AUC · abstract:Consistent with these findings, a significant enhancement of bioavailability (P < 0.0001) was demonstrated for the krill oil-based formulation in comparison to the milk thistle extract resulting in an 8.59-fold higher AUC0-8h and a 15.08-fold greater Cmax of silybin and faster uptake kinetic after single dose intake.
   • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Consistent with these findings, a significant enhancement of bioavailability (P < 0.0001) was demonstrated for the krill oil-based formulation in comparison to the milk thistle extract resulting in an 8.59-fold higher AUC0-8h and a 15.08-fold greater Cmax of silybin and faster uptake kinetic after single dose intake.
   • Cmax · full text, Table 4:Geometric mean ratio of silybin for AUC and Cmax Milk thistle extractLS mean (95% CI) MTKOLS mean (95% CI) Geometric mean ratio P AUC0-8h [ng/mL*h] 31.6 (23.4–42.6) 271.2 (201.1–365.9) 8.59 <0.0001 Cmax [ng/mL] 8.8 (6.3–12.2) 132.0 (94.9–183.6) 15.08 <0.0001
   • Cmax · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic parameters':Also, the time to reach Cmax differed significantly between the formulations (P = 0.0016), with the maximum concentration of silybin after intake of the combined krill oil formulation being reached after 0.89 h (median 0.5 h) versus 1.56 h (median 1.5 h) after administration of milk thistle extract.
   • AUC · full text, Table 4:Geometric mean ratio of silybin for AUC and Cmax Milk thistle extractLS mean (95% CI) MTKOLS mean (95% CI) Geometric mean ratio P AUC0-8h [ng/mL*h] 31.6 (23.4–42.6) 271.2 (201.1–365.9) 8.59 <0.0001 Cmax [ng/mL] 8.8 (6.3–12.2) 132.0 (94.9–183.6) 15.08 <0.0001
   • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic parameters':As illustrated in Fig. 4, the intake of the combined krill oil formulation resulted in a significantly higher (8.59-fold) AUC0-8h of silybin compared to powdered milk thistle extract (P < 0.0001, see Table 4).
   • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic parameters':The utilization of sex (P = 0.7394) and BMI (P = 0.1306) as covariates did not demonstrate a significant impact on AUC0-8h.
   • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Effect of krill oil on silybin uptake':Silybin concentration in the basal compartment is increased by approximately 2.5-fold from 82.18 ± 3.4 ng/mL to 209.7 ± 12.3 ng/mL (P < 0.001), when delivered in krill oil formulation.
   • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic parameters':As illustrated in Fig. 4, the intake of the combined krill oil formulation resulted in a significantly higher (8.59-fold) AUC0-8h of silybin compared to powdered milk thistle extract (P < 0.0001, see Table 4).
   • Food effect · full text, Section 'Sampling and data collection':Participants remained in a fasting state until 4 h after study product administration.
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Effect of krill oil on silybin uptake':In addition, within the krill oil formulations, the silybin concentration in the basal compartment increased with increasing milk thistle extract concentration (209.7 ± 12.3 ng/mL vs. 337.2 ± 14.0 ng/mL vs. 469.2 ± 32.2 ng/mL [P < 0.001]).
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic parameters':As illustrated in Fig. 4, the intake of the combined krill oil formulation resulted in a significantly higher (8.59-fold) AUC0-8h of silybin compared to powdered milk thistle extract (P < 0.0001, see Table 4).
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic parameters':Also, the time to reach Cmax differed significantly between the formulations (P = 0.0016), with the maximum concentration of silybin after intake of the combined krill oil formulation being reached after 0.89 h (median 0.5 h) versus 1.56 h (median 1.5 h) after administration of milk thistle extract.
3. HumanOmega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Did Not Reduce Inflammation to Improve Iron Absorption in South African Women Living with Overweight or Obesity.
   J Nutr, 2026 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
   PMID 41456679DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101280
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: Using stable iron isotopes, we determined the effect of omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation on fractional iron absorption (FIA) from a meal containing iron as ferrous sulfate without and with ascorbic acid (AA).
   • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: Addition of AA to the test meal, rather than omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation, improved iron absorption in South African women with overweight or obesity.
   • Key findings · abstract:This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05220735 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05220735?cond=obesity&term=iron%20absorption&rank=4).
   • Food effect · abstract:OBJECTIVES: Using stable iron isotopes, we determined the effect of omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation on fractional iron absorption (FIA) from a meal containing iron as ferrous sulfate without and with ascorbic acid (AA).
   • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: In this single-blind, uncontrolled, before-after intervention stable isotope study, 30 South African women aged 18-35 y with body mass index ≥28 kg/m2, systemic inflammation, and a low omega-3 LCPUFA status, consumed a noninhibitory meal containing 6 mg iron, without and with AA, before and after 3 mo of daily supplementation with 2.1 g omega-3 LCPUFA.
   • Food effect · abstract:At baseline a
4. HumanComparative Bioavailability of DHA and EPA from Microalgal and Fish Oil in Adults.
   Int J Mol Sci, 2025 · Design: randomized; double-blind · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
   PMID 41096614DOI 10.3390/ijms26199343PMC12524788 (free full text)
   Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
   • Key findings · abstract:We analyzed the plasma phospholipid levels of 74 adult men and women after 6 and 14 weeks of consuming omega-3 supplements derived from either microalgal or fish oil in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group clinical trial.
   • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.3. Comparison of Plasma Phospholipid L':The total plasma level of DHA and EPA increased significantly at week 6 and continued to be elevated at week 14 for both the microalgal (212 ± 106% and 213 ± 102%, respectively) and fish oil (161 ± 89% and 154 ± 61%, respectively) groups compared to the placebo group (10 ± 24% and 7 ± 31%, respectively) (p < 0.0001) (Supplementary Figure S3;
   • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.3. Comparison of Plasma Phospholipid L':The comparison of algal oil vs. placebo and fish oil vs. placebo at week 14 yielded power > 99.9%.
   • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.3. Comparison of Plasma Phospholipid L':We found that the total plasma phospholipid DHA and EPA bioavailability was non-inferior in microalgal vs. fish oil groups (GMR = 111% with 94–132% Confidence Interval (CI)) (Figure 2;
5. HumanOmega-3 supplementation increases 13C-EPA but not 13C-DHA kinetics in healthy older adults after 13C-DHA single dose intake: A secondary analysis.
   Nutrition, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
   PMID 40378464DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2025.112803
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: To investigated whether post supplementation, 13C-DHA is less incorporated into plasma phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) compared to pre-supplementation considering that these are the two most prominent delivery pools of DHA to tissues.
   • Key findings · abstract:Participants received a single oral dose of 40 mg 13C-DHA in 2 kinetic studies: 1 prior to and 1 during the last month of supplementation with 3.2 g/day of ω3 PUFA. 13C enrichment analyses were performed on plasma samples at baseline, 4, 6, 24 hours, 7 days, and 28 days post-tracer intake.
   • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) for 13C-D[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
   • AUC · abstract:RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) for 13C-DHA in PL and TG did not show statistically significant differences before and during supplementation.
   • AUC · abstract:However, the AUC for 13C-EPA in PL and TG increased by 45% and 48% with supplementation, respectively.
6. HumanMulti-modified β-Lg-stabilized fish oil emulsions: physicochemical stability, antioxidant capacity, and bioavailability in Caco-2 cells.
   Food Chem, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
   PMID 41232331DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.147064
   Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
   • Key findings · abstract:In vitro digestion studies coupled with a Caco-2 cell model investigation evaluated the emulsions' cellular uptake, transmembrane transport, and antioxidant properties.
   • Key findings · abstract:These findings demonstrate that modified β-Lactoglobulin fibrils improved physical and oxidative stability of emulsions and show promise to enhance bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids.
7. HumanSuperior bioavailability of EPA and DHA from a L-lysine salt formulation: a randomized, three-way crossover study.
   Food Nutr Res, 2024 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 21 healthy subjects · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
   PMID 39781273DOI 10.29219/fnr.v68.11028PMC11708499 (free full text)PDF
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   • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of EPA and DHA in AvailOm® omega-3-lysine salt (Lys-FFA) versus standard ethyl ester (EE) and triglyceride (TG) formulations after a single oral dose in healthy subjects.
   • Key findings · abstract:The Lys-FFA formulation showed significantly higher uptake of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA+DHA combined and each individually) compared to EE.
   • Key findings · abstract:Specifically, Lys-FFA had a 9.33-fold (0-12 h) and 8.09-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability of EPA+DHA than EE and a 1.57-fold (0-12 h) and 1.44-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability than TG. ΔCmax and Tmax[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
   • Cmax · abstract:Specifically, Lys-FFA had a 9.33-fold (0-12 h) and 8.09-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability of EPA+DHA than EE and a 1.57-fold (0-12 h) and 1.44-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability than TG. ΔCmax and Tmax also favored Lys-FFA over EE.
   • Tmax · abstract:Specifically, Lys-FFA had a 9.33-fold (0-12 h) and 8.09-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability of EPA+DHA than EE and a 1.57-fold (0-12 h) and 1.44-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability than TG. ΔCmax and Tmax also favored Lys-FFA over EE.
   • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Specifically, Lys-FFA had a 9.33-fold (0-12 h) and 8.09-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability of EPA+DHA than EE and a 1.57-fold (0-12 h) and 1.44-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability than TG. ΔCmax and Tmax also favored Lys-FFA over EE.
   • Tmax · full text, Table 4:Tmax values of the plasma profile of EPA+DHA: median and IQR range of the PK parameters Tmax0–12h and Tmax0–24h of Lys-FFA, EE and TG. Wilcoxon test is used for comparison. EPA + DHA Lys-FFA EE TG Lys-FFA vs EE Lys-FFA vs TG Median (Q1, Q3) Median (Q1, Q
   • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Primary endpoint iAUC0–12h for EPA + DHA':In terms of relative bioavailability (as measured by the geometric LS-mean for iAUC0–12h), Lys-FFA resulted in approximately 9.33 times the value for total EPA+DHA compared to EE and 1.57 times the value for total EPA+DHA compared to TG (see Table 3).
   • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Primary endpoint iAUC0–12h for EPA + DHA':The higher bioavailability of Lys-FFA was also confirmed for the observation time frame of 0 to 24 h with 8.09-fold higher availability of EPA+DHA in comparison to the EE supplement and a 1.44-fold higher availability than the TG supplement.
   • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Primary endpoint iAUC0–12h for EPA + DHA':For both outcomes, there was a significant difference between Lys-FFA and the EE supplement, whereas greater differences were observed for EPA (iAUC0–12h ratio of geometric LS-means 25.54-fold) in comparison to DHA (iAUC0–12h ratio of geometric LS-means 4.69-fold).
   • Food effect · full text, Section 'Blood sampling and assessments':Blood sampling at screening and each kinetic day was performed after at least 10 h overnight fast for the analysis of blood routine parameters including hemogram, lipid profile, hsCRP, creatine, and uric acid for kidney function and fasting glucose to confirm health status of the subjects.
   • Form comparison · full text, Table 3:meters iAUC0–12h, iAUC0–24h, ΔCmax0–12h, ΔCmax0–24h for EPA+DHA dose adjusted. The ratios are shown corresponding to the comparisons. EPA+DHA Lys-FFA vs EE P Lys-FFA vs TG P Geo LS mean ratio (90% CI) Geo LS mean ratio (90% CI) iAUC0–12h 9.33 (4.12, 21.12) <0.0001 1.57 (1.25, 1.99) 0.0005 iAUC0–24h 8.09 (3.06, 21.41) 0.0002 1.44 (1.15, 1.79) 0.0039 ΔCmax, 0–12h 5.5 (3.26, 9.28) <0.0001 1.29 (0
   • Form comparison · full text, Table 4:d IQR range of the PK parameters Tmax0–12h and Tmax0–24h of Lys-FFA, EE and TG. Wilcoxon test is used for comparison. EPA + DHA Lys-FFA EE TG Lys-FFA vs EE Lys-FFA vs TG Median (Q1, Q3) Median (Q1, Q3) Median (Q1, Q3) Wilcoxon test P Wilcoxon test P Tmax, 0–12h 5 (3.5, 6) 8 (5.5, 12) 3.5 (3.5, 5) 0.0181 0.4202 Tmax, 0–24h 5 (3.5, 6) 8 (6, 24) 3.5 (3.5, 8) 0.0047 0.9433
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Primary endpoint iAUC0–12h for EPA + DHA':For EE, the increase was less pronounced with only a significant difference versus baseline at 3.5 h and 8 to 24 h (see Figs. 2 and 3).
8. HumanEicosapentaenoic Acid Improves Endothelial Nitric Oxide Bioavailability Via Changes in Protein Expression During Inflammation.
   J Am Heart Assoc, 2024 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
   PMID 38958135DOI 10.1161/JAHA.123.034076PMC11292741 (free full text)
   Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
   • Key findings · abstract:IL-6 challenge induced proinflammatory responses from the ECs as evidenced by increased release of sICAM-1 and TNF-α, which correlated with a loss of NO bioavailability.
   • Key findings · abstract:ECs pretreated with EPA modulated expression of 327 proteins by >1-fold (P<0.05), compared with IL-6 alone.
   • Relative bioavailability · abstract:ECs pretreated with EPA modulated expression of 327 proteins by >1-fold (P<0.05), compared with IL-6 alone.
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Inflammatory Effects of IL‐6':Following 24‐hour incubation, IL‐6 treatment significantly increased levels of sICAM‐1 (83%, P<0.0001) and TNF‐α (83%, P<0.01) in the cell culture supernatant compared with vehicle‐treated controls.
9. HumanSex, Body Mass Index, and APOE4 Increase Plasma Phospholipid-Eicosapentaenoic Acid Response During an ω-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation: A Secondary Analysis.
   J Nutr, 2024 · Design: randomized; double-blind · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
   PMID 38513888DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.013PMC11130699 (free full text)
   Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
   • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: The brain is concentrated with omega (ω)-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs), and these FAs must come from the plasma pool.
   • Key findings · abstract:We hypothesized that the plasma concentrations of these ω-3 FAs can be modulated by sex, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), age, and the presence of the apolipoprotein (APO) E-ε4 allele in response to the supplementation.
   • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: This secondary analysis aimed to determine the concentration of EPA and DHA within plasma PL and in the NEFA form after an ω-3 FA or a placebo supplementation and to investigate whether the factors change the response to the supplement.
   • Key findings · abstract:In[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes':After 1 and 6 months of ω-3 FAs supplementation, δ over baseline of EPA in PLs were 24% and 15% higher in participants with a BMI < 25 compared to participants with a BMI > 25 (Figure 3D) (PBMI = 0.0109 and Pint = 0.0097). δ over baseline of DHA in the PLs was not different by BMI groups (Figure 3C,D).
   • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes':There was a genotype by diet interaction (P = 0.0228) where the APOE4 carriers had a 14% and 28% higher δ over baseline of PL-EPA after 1 and 6 months of ω-3 FAs supplementation compared to the noncarriers. δ over baseline concentrations of EPA and DHA in the NEFAs were not statistically different by sex, BMI, APOE4 status, and age (Figure 4).
10. HumanA Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, Crossover Study of the Comparative Bioavailability of EPA and DHA in a Novel Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticle-Based Formulation of ω-3 Acid Ethyl Ester Versus Omacor® Soft Capsule among Healthy Adults.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2023 · Design: randomized; crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 38139029DOI 10.3390/ijms242417201PMC10743492 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:This randomized, open-label, crossover study engages a cohort of 24 healthy adult subjects, utilizing key PK parameters like Cmax, AUC, Tmax, t½, and Ke to conduct a comprehensive evaluation.
    • Key findings · abstract:The IMD-Omega soft cap exhibited an impressive 110% increase in bioavailability for EPA and a remarkable 134% surge for DHA in comparison to the Omacor® soft cap over a span of 72 h.
    • Key findings · abstract:Intriguingly, intra-participant variability for AUC0-72 h and Cmax were calculated at 45.04% and 34.26%, respectively.
    • Cmax · abstract:This randomized, open-label, crossover study engages a cohort of 24 healthy adult subjects, utilizing key PK parameters like Cmax, AUC, Tmax, t½, and Ke to conduct a comprehensive evaluation.
    • Cmax · abstract:Intriguingly, intra-participant variability for AUC0-72 h and Cmax were calculated at 45.04% and 34.26%, respectively.
    • Tmax · abstract:This randomized, open-label, crossover study engages a cohort of 24 healthy adult subjects, utilizing key PK parameters like Cmax, AUC, Tmax, t½, and Ke to conduct a comprehensive evaluation.
    • Tmax · abstract:It is noteworthy that the parameters of Tmax for EPA (≈6.00 h) and DHA (≈5.00 h), t½ for both EPA and DHA ≈ 30-40 h, and Kel around 0.18-0.22 h-1 for EPA and ≈0.008-0.02 h-1 for DHA, displayed comparability between the IMD-Omega and Omacor® formulations.
    • AUC · abstract:This randomized, open-label, crossover study engages a cohort of 24 healthy adult subjects, utilizing key PK parameters like Cmax, AUC, Tmax, t½, and Ke to conduct a comprehensive evaluation.
    • AUC · abstract:Intriguingly, intra-participant variability for AUC0-72 h and Cmax were calculated at 45.04% and 34.26%, respectively.
    • Cmax · full text, Table 3:V (%) Intra-Patient CV (%) Test DrugN = 12 Reference Drug N = 12 Total EPA AUCt (μg‧h/mL) 876.1 799.9 1.1 109.5 0.9 ≤ δ ≤ 1.3 14.7 34.2 Cmax (μg/mL) 40.3 32.7 1.2 122.9 0.9 ≤ δ ≤ 1.5 12.5 45.1 Total DHA AUCt (μg‧h/mL) 347.1 466.2 1.3 134.3 1.1 ≤ δ ≤ 1.7 7.3 43.7 Cmax (μg/mL) 21.0 31.9 1.5 151.5 1.3 ≤ δ ≤ 1.9 12.9 41.9
    • Cmax · full text, Section '2.2. Pharmacokinetics Comparison of IMD-':Notably, the Cmax values for EPA and DHA were significantly higher for IMD-Omega in contrast to Omacor® (EPA: 43.5 ± 17.3 μg/mL vs. 40.6 ± 23.7 μg/mL;
    • Cmax · full text, Section '2.3. Bioavailability':Omacor® is briefly summarized in Table 3, which specifies the crucial AUC0–72 h and Cmax ratios.
    • Tmax · full text, Section '2.2. Pharmacokinetics Comparison of IMD-':The specific Tmax values for EPA were 6 h for both the test and reference samples, while for DHA, they were 5 h for the test and 6 h for the reference.
    • Tmax · full text, Section '4.6. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation and Stat':The PK parameters examined during the clinical trial were Cmax, AUC from 0 to 72 h (AUC0–72), AUC∞, Tmax, Kel, and t½.
    • Tmax · full text, Section '4.6. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation and Stat':Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to log-transformed AUC0–72 h and Cmax, while untransformed Tmax, Kel, and t½ of EPA and DHA were subjected to PROC general linear model procedures.
    • AUC · full text, Table 3:ter Geometric LS-GMR Average Ratio (%) 90% CI Inter-Patient CV (%) Intra-Patient CV (%) Test DrugN = 12 Reference Drug N = 12 Total EPA AUCt (μg‧h/mL) 876.1 799.9 1.1 109.5 0.9 ≤ δ ≤ 1.3 14.7 34.2 Cmax (μg/mL) 40.3 32.7 1.2 122.9 0.9 ≤ δ ≤ 1.5 12.5 45.1 Total DHA AUCt (μg‧h/mL) 347.1 466.2 1.3 134.3 1.1 ≤ δ ≤ 1.7 7.3 43.7 Cmax (μg/mL) 21.0 31.9 1.5 151.5 1.3 ≤ δ ≤ 1.9 12.9 41.9
    • AUC · full text, Section '2.2. Pharmacokinetics Comparison of IMD-':This evaluation was presented through Figure 1, which visually depicted the mean plasma concentration–time curve profiles, along AUC data, encompassing total EPA and total DHA concentrations over a 72 h interval following drug administration.
    • AUC · full text, Section '2.2. Pharmacokinetics Comparison of IMD-':The AUC0–72 h values for IMD-Omega similarly displayed a favorable increase relative to the commercialized Omacor® (EPA: 929.8 ± 284.6 μg‧h/mL vs. 914.0 ± 463.6 μg‧h/mL;
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.2. Pharmacokinetics Comparison of IMD-':Notably, the Cmax values for EPA and DHA were significantly higher for IMD-Omega in contrast to Omacor® (EPA: 43.5 ± 17.3 μg/mL vs. 40.6 ± 23.7 μg/mL;
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.2. Pharmacokinetics Comparison of IMD-':DHA: 35.7 ± 16.6 μg/mL vs. 26.1 ± 16.4 μg/mL).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.2. Pharmacokinetics Comparison of IMD-':The AUC0–72 h values for IMD-Omega similarly displayed a favorable increase relative to the commercialized Omacor® (EPA: 929.8 ± 284.6 μg‧h/mL vs. 914.0 ± 463.6 μg‧h/mL;
11. HumanSoft-capsule formulation of a re-esterified triglyceride omega-3 employing self-emulsifying technology and bioavailability evaluation in healthy volunteers.
    Heliyon, 2023 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind · n: n = 44 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 37767491DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20376PMC10520819 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Despite the superior clinical efficacy of the re-esterified triglyceride (rTG) form compared to the ethylester form, few studies have been conducted on improving the bioavailability of the rTG form of omega-3 oil.
    • Key findings · abstract:The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of self emulsifying formulation on the improvement of bioavailability of rTG form of omega-3 oil.
    • Key findings · abstract:The selected, optimized rTG SEDS formulation was filled into a soft capsule (NOVASEDS) and applied to a sequence-randomized, double-blind, single-dose, and two-way crossover clinical study (n = 44), and the the bioavailability of NOVASEDS w[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:Cmax and AUC from 0 to 24 h for NOVASEDS, calculated from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and as the sum of DHA and EPA, were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than corresponding values for rTG OMEGA3.
    • AUC · abstract:Cmax and AUC from 0 to 24 h for NOVASEDS, calculated from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and as the sum of DHA and EPA, were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than corresponding values for rTG OMEGA3.
    • Cmax · full text, Table 5:Pharmacokinetic parameters for rTG OMEGA3 and NOVASEDS. PK parameter rTG OMEGA3 NOVASEDS DHA Cmax (μg/mL) 24.66 ± 8.96 40.41 ± 9.63 Tmax (h) 6 6 AUC0–24h (μg∙h/mL) 165.34 ± 82.57 276.15 ± 91.60 EPA Cmax (μg/mL) 3.66 ± 1.20 5.01 ± 1.22 Tmax (h) 6 6 AUC0–24h (μg∙h/mL) 11.24 ± 9.14 23.68 ± 13.08 DHA + EPA Cmax (μg/mL) 28.29 ± 9.32 45.42 ± 10.21 Tma
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Calculation of pharmacokinetic parameter':Maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), and areas under the plasma drug concentration–time curves from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24h) and infinity (AUCinf) were obtained calculated by trapezoidal method.
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation':In addition, PK parameters such as AUC0–24h, Cmax, and Tmax values for DHA, EPA, and the sum of DHA and EPA are summarized in Table 5.
    • Tmax · full text, Table 5:Pharmacokinetic parameters for rTG OMEGA3 and NOVASEDS. PK parameter rTG OMEGA3 NOVASEDS DHA Cmax (μg/mL) 24.66 ± 8.96 40.41 ± 9.63 Tmax (h) 6 6 AUC0–24h (μg∙h/mL) 165.34 ± 82.57 276.15 ± 91.60 EPA Cmax (μg/mL) 3.66 ± 1.20 5.01 ± 1.22 Tmax (h) 6 6 AUC0–24h (μg∙h/mL) 11.24 ± 9.14 23.68 ± 13.08 DHA + EPA Cmax (μg/mL) 28.29 ± 9.32 45.42 ± 10.21 Tmax (h) 6 6 AUC0–24h (μg∙h/mL) 176.58 ± 8
    • Tmax · full text, Section 'Calculation of pharmacokinetic parameter':Maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), and areas under the plasma drug concentration–time curves from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24h) and infinity (AUCinf) were obtained calculated by trapezoidal method.
    • Tmax · full text, Section 'Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation':In addition, PK parameters such as AUC0–24h, Cmax, and Tmax values for DHA, EPA, and the sum of DHA and EPA are summarized in Table 5.
    • AUC · full text, Table 5:Pharmacokinetic parameters for rTG OMEGA3 and NOVASEDS. PK parameter rTG OMEGA3 NOVASEDS DHA Cmax (μg/mL) 24.66 ± 8.96 40.41 ± 9.63 Tmax (h) 6 6 AUC0–24h (μg∙h/mL) 165.34 ± 82.57 276.15 ± 91.60 EPA Cmax (μg/mL) 3.66 ± 1.20 5.01 ± 1.22 Tmax (h) 6 6 AUC0–24h (μg∙h/mL) 11.24 ± 9.14 23.68 ± 13.08 DHA + EPA Cmax (μg/mL) 28.29 ± 9.32 45.42 ± 10.21 Tmax (h) 6 6 AUC0–24h (μg∙h/mL) 176.58 ± 85.32 299.83
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Calculation of pharmacokinetic parameter':Maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), and areas under the plasma drug concentration–time curves from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24h) and infinity (AUCinf) were obtained calculated by trapezoidal method.
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation':In addition, PK parameters such as AUC0–24h, Cmax, and Tmax values for DHA, EPA, and the sum of DHA and EPA are summarized in Table 5.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation':Cmax values for DHA, EPA, and the sum of DHA and EPA were 1.64, 1.38, and 1.61 times higher, respectively, in the NOVASEDS versus rTG OMEGA3 group.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation':AUC0–24 values for DHA, EPA, and the sum of DHA and EPA were 1.67, 2.11, and 1.70 times higher, respectively, in the NOVASEDS versus rTG OMEGA3 group.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Evaluation of droplet size and distribut':For example, Bremell et al. reported that the oral bioavailability of ω-3 was increased compared to the control group when ω-3 in the form of EE was 15%.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Turbidity evaluation':A common feature of these formulations, except F12, was that the coconut oil concentration in the OSC blend was relatively low (10%) compared to other formulations.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation':Cmax values for DHA, EPA, and the sum of DHA and EPA were 1.64, 1.38, and 1.61 times higher, respectively, in the NOVASEDS versus rTG OMEGA3 group.
12. HumanPharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Oral Administration of a Self-emulsifying Formulation of Highly Purified Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester (MND-2119) Compared With the Nonself-emulsifying Formulation in Healthy Male Subjects.
    Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev, 2023 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 36205347DOI 10.1002/cpdd.1177
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:MND-2119 is a self-emulsifying formulation of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) designed to be administered once daily due to improved absorption compared with the nonself-emulsifying formulation.
    • Key findings · abstract:This study showed that Cmax and AUC0-72h of plasma EPA concentration after single administration were higher under fed conditions than under fasted conditions, for all doses.
    • Key findings · abstract:In this study, the rate of rise in Cmin of the plasma EPA concentration with MND-2119 decreased from days 6 to 8 after administration and was thought to have reached a steady state on day 11.
    • Key findings · abstract:The me[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:This study showed that Cmax and AUC0-72h of plasma EPA concentration after single administration were higher under fed conditions than under fasted conditions, for all doses.
    • AUC · abstract:This study showed that Cmax and AUC0-72h of plasma EPA concentration after single administration were higher under fed conditions than under fasted conditions, for all doses.
    • AUC · abstract:The mean Css,max of MND-2119 administered as 1 g once daily, and the mean Css,min and the mean AUCss,0-24h of MND-2119 administered as 2 g once daily were higher than those of EPA-E administered as 0.9 g twice daily.
    • Food effect · abstract:In the single administration study, MND-2119 (0.5-4 g) was administered under fed and fasted conditions to evaluate MND-2119 pharmacokinetics and safety under these conditions.
    • Food effect · abstract:This study showed that Cmax and AUC0-72h of plasma EPA concentration after single administration were higher under fed conditions than under fasted conditions, for all doses.
    • Food effect · abstract:In the multiple administration study, subjects received either MND-2119 (0.5-4 g) immediately after breakfast or EPA-E (0.9 g) immediately after breakfast and dinner for 11 days to compare pharmacokinetics and safety of MND-2119 to EPA-E.
13. HumanComparison of the effects of a phospholipid-enhanced fish oil versus krill oil product on plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids after acute administration: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study.
    Nutrition, 2023 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind · n: N = 24 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 37413768DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112090
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: This randomized, double-blind, crossover study evaluated the bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA+DHA) in a phospholipid-enhanced fish oil (PEFO) product versus a krill oil (KO) product (337 versus 206 mg EPA+DHA/1 g capsule) in healthy adults (N = 24).
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: Participants consumed a single dose of the assigned product, and plasma was obtained at baseline and periodically for 24 h after dosing.
    • Key findings · abstract:The baseline-adjusted maximum concentration of EPA+DHA was greater for PEFO than KO (GMR: 1.25; 90% CI, 1.03-1.51).
14. HumanEqual bioavailability of omega-3 PUFA from Calanus oil, fish oil and krill oil: A 12-week randomized parallel study.
    Lipids, 2023 · Design: randomized · n: n = 21 · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 36960737DOI 10.1002/lipd.12369PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFA) can be affected by the form in which they are bound.
    • Key findings · abstract:Recent studies have shown that n3 PUFA from CO are bioavailable to humans, but CO has not been compared to other marine oils such as FO or KO.
    • Key findings · abstract:The study confirms that CO can increase the n3 PUFA status comparable to FO and KO and is therefore an alternative marine source of bioavailable n3 PUFA, especially with regard to sustainability.
    • Food effect · full text, p.3:spun for 15 min at DHA was 14% and 16%, respectively. Subjects were 2000 rpm for 15 min to isolate the RBC fraction. After asked to take the capsules with mealtimes (breakfast, removal of the plasma and buffycoat, 100 μL of packed lunch, or dinner) with plenty of liquid (at least 200 mL). RBC were mixed with 100 μL of an “Erythrosolve” solution Subjects were considered compliant only if they (3 mg
    • Form comparison · full text, p.1:and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, shown that n3 PUFA from CO are bioavailable to humans, but CO has not been Germany. compared to other marine oils such as FO or KO. Therefore, the aim of this Email: schuchardt@nutrition.uni-hannover.de study was to investigate the influence of 12 weeks supplementation with CO, FO and KO on the long-term n3 PUFA status in healthy vo
    • Form comparison · full text, p.2:e; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 130 LIPIDS marine n3 oils. The dry mass of CO contains up to 60% CO on the O3I compared to FO with rTAG-bound n3 lipids. 80%–90% of all fatty acids contained in CO are PUFA and KO with n3 PUFA mainly bound as PL. We bound as wax esters (WE), while triacylglycerides (TAG) hypothesized that the increase in O3I after 12 weeks of a
    • Form comparison · full text, p.5:ation to EPA + DHA dose) O3I increase Omega-3 Index Other fatty acids in red blood cell membranes Baseline O3I values were slightly higher in the COG compared to the FOG and the KOG, but the differences In all three groups, a shift in the n6/n3 ratio was between groups were not significant (Figure 2a, observed, as the levels of several n6 PUFA decreased. Table 3). After 12 weeks of intervention, t
15. HumanComparative Pharmacokinetic of Curcuminoids Formulations with an Omega-3 Fatty Acids Monoglyceride Carrier: A Randomized Cross-Over Triple-Blind Study.
    Nutrients, 2022 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 36558506DOI 10.3390/nu14245347PMC9783836 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The objective was to perform a 24 h pharmacokinetics in humans receiving a single dose of curcuminoid formulated by three different means, and to compare their plasma curcuminoids concentration.
    • Key findings · abstract:Twenty-four hours after a single dose intake, the total plasma curcuminoids area under the curve (AUC) reached 166.8 ± 17.8 ng/mL*h, 134.0 ± 12.7 ng/mL*h and 163.1 ± 15.3 ng/mL*h when curcuminoids were provided with MAG-OM3, with rice oil or in powder, respectively.
    • Key findings · abstract:The Cmax of total curcuminoids reached between 11.9-17.7 ng/mL at around 4 h (Tmax).
    • Key findings · abstract:One-hour post-dose, the curcuminoids plasma con[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:The Cmax of total curcuminoids reached between 11.9-17.7 ng/mL at around 4 h (Tmax).
    • Tmax · abstract:The Cmax of total curcuminoids reached between 11.9-17.7 ng/mL at around 4 h (Tmax).
    • AUC · abstract:Twenty-four hours after a single dose intake, the total plasma curcuminoids area under the curve (AUC) reached 166.8 ± 17.8 ng/mL*h, 134.0 ± 12.7 ng/mL*h and 163.1 ± 15.3 ng/mL*h when curcuminoids were provided with MAG-OM3, with rice oil or in powder, respectively.
    • Cmax · full text, Table 4:Pharmacokinetics parameters of each curcuminoid when provided with a different formulation 1. Curcuminoid Formulation 2 Tmax (h) p-Value 3 Cmax (ng/mL) p-Value C24 h(ng/mL) p-Value C1 h (ng/mL) p-Value AUC 0–24 h (ng/mL*h) p-Value AUC 0–6 h (ng/mL*h) p-Value Curcumin MAG-OM3 4.2 ± 0.6 0.2502 12.9 ± 1.6 0.1152 2.3 ± 0.3 0.9675 8.6 ± 1.2 A <0.0001 134.3 ± 14.3 0.0307 39.3 ± 4.4 A 0.0337
    • Cmax · full text, Section '3.1. Primary Outcomes':The primary outcomes were to determine the AUC (0–24 h), AUC (0–6 h), Cmax and Tmax pharmacokinetics parameters for total curcuminoids upon receiving the three curcuminoids formulations.
    • Tmax · full text, Table 4:Pharmacokinetics parameters of each curcuminoid when provided with a different formulation 1. Curcuminoid Formulation 2 Tmax (h) p-Value 3 Cmax (ng/mL) p-Value C24 h(ng/mL) p-Value C1 h (ng/mL) p-Value AUC 0–24 h (ng/mL*h) p-Value AUC 0–6 h (ng/mL*h) p-Value Curcumin MAG-OM3 4.2 ± 0.6 0.2502 12.9 ± 1.6 0.1152 2.3 ± 0.3 0.9675 8.6 ± 1.2 A <0.0001 134.3 ± 14.3 0.0307 39
    • Tmax · full text, Section '3.1. Primary Outcomes':The primary outcomes were to determine the AUC (0–24 h), AUC (0–6 h), Cmax and Tmax pharmacokinetics parameters for total curcuminoids upon receiving the three curcuminoids formulations.
    • AUC · full text, Table 4:provided with a different formulation 1. Curcuminoid Formulation 2 Tmax (h) p-Value 3 Cmax (ng/mL) p-Value C24 h(ng/mL) p-Value C1 h (ng/mL) p-Value AUC 0–24 h (ng/mL*h) p-Value AUC 0–6 h (ng/mL*h) p-Value Curcumin MAG-OM3 4.2 ± 0.6 0.2502 12.9 ± 1.6 0.1152 2.3 ± 0.3 0.9675 8.6 ± 1.2 A <0.0001 134.3 ± 14.3 0.0307 39.3 ± 4.4 A 0.0337 Rice oil 5.1 ± 0.5 9.1 ± 0.9 2.1 ± 0.2 5.2 ± 0.7 A
    • AUC · full text, Section '3.1. Primary Outcomes':The primary outcomes were to determine the AUC (0–24 h), AUC (0–6 h), Cmax and Tmax pharmacokinetics parameters for total curcuminoids upon receiving the three curcuminoids formulations.
    • AUC · full text, Section '3.1. Primary Outcomes':Total curcuminoids 0–24 h AUC was 24% higher when provided with MAG-OM3 compared to rice oil (p = 0.0297) (Figure 3B).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Primary Outcomes':Total curcuminoids 0–24 h AUC was 24% higher when provided with MAG-OM3 compared to rice oil (p = 0.0297) (Figure 3B).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Primary Outcomes':The 0–6 h AUC was 42% higher when curcuminoids were provided with MAG-OM3 compared to rice oil formulation (p = 0.0230) (Table 4).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.2. Secondary Outcomes':Plasma concentration of total curcuminoids, curcumin, DMC and BDMC 1 h after the single dose intake were significantly higher when provided with MAG-OM3 compared to when they were provided in powder (Figure 4).
16. HumanBioequivalence of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from foods enriched with a novel vegetable-based omega-3 delivery system compared to gel capsules: a randomized controlled cross-over acute trial.
    Eur J Nutr, 2022 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 27 men · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 35041046DOI 10.1007/s00394-021-02795-7PMC9106597 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:PURPOSE: To evaluate bioavailability of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from foods enriched with novel vegetable-based encapsulated algal oil across Australian and Singaporean populations.
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples for analysis of plasma DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were taken pre-meal and after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h.
    • Key findings · abstract:Primary analyses comparing 24-h incremental area under the plasma DHA, EPA and DHA + EPA concentration (µg/ml) curves (iAUC0-24 h) between test foods were performed using linear mixed models by including ethnicity as an interaction term.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Plasma iAU[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:Primary analyses comparing 24-h incremental area under the plasma DHA, EPA and DHA + EPA concentration (µg/ml) curves (iAUC0-24 h) between test foods were performed using linear mixed models by including ethnicity as an interaction term.
    • Food effect · abstract:They consumed, in random order 1-week apart after an overnight fast, standard breakfast meals including 400 mg docosahexanoic acid (DHA) from either extruded rice snacks or soup both containing cauliflower-encapsulated HiDHA® algal oil or gel capsules containing HiDHA® algal oil.
    • Food effect · abstract:Blood samples for analysis of plasma DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were taken pre-meal and after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h.
    • Food effect · abstract:CONCLUSION: The vegetable-based omega-3 LCPUFA delivery system did not affect bioavailability of omega-3 LCPUFA in healthy young Australian and Singaporean men as assessed after a single meal
    • Cmax · full text, Table 2:Cmax and Tmax for plasma DHA, EPA and EPA + DHA by treatment Soup Extruded rice snack Gel capsule P valuea Mean 95% CI Mean 95% CI Mean 95% CI DHA Cmax (µg/mL) 52.4 [50.0, 54.9] 51.5 [49.1, 54.0] 55.2 [52.8, 57.6] 0.06 EPA Cmax (µg/mL) 18.5 [17.9, 19.1
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Plasma fatty acids':Descriptive statistics estimated from raw data for DHA, EPA and DHA + EPA iAUC0-24 h, Cmax and Tmax are summarised in Supplemental Table 1.
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Plasma fatty acids':DHA, EPA, DHA + EPA iAUC0-24 h (Fig. 2), Cmax and Tmax (Table 2) did not significantly differ between study products and the effects were also not significantly different between Australian European and Singaporean Chinese groups (treatment*ethnicity interaction, P = 0.43).
    • Tmax · full text, Table 2:Cmax and Tmax for plasma DHA, EPA and EPA + DHA by treatment Soup Extruded rice snack Gel capsule P valuea Mean 95% CI Mean 95% CI Mean 95% CI DHA Cmax (µg/mL) 52.4 [50.0, 54.9] 51.5 [49.1, 54.0] 55.2 [52.8, 57.6] 0.06 EPA Cmax (µg/mL) 18.5 [17.9, 19.1] 18.4 [1
    • Tmax · full text, Section 'Plasma fatty acids':Descriptive statistics estimated from raw data for DHA, EPA and DHA + EPA iAUC0-24 h, Cmax and Tmax are summarised in Supplemental Table 1.
    • Tmax · full text, Section 'Plasma fatty acids':DHA, EPA, DHA + EPA iAUC0-24 h (Fig. 2), Cmax and Tmax (Table 2) did not significantly differ between study products and the effects were also not significantly different between Australian European and Singaporean Chinese groups (treatment*ethnicity interaction, P = 0.43).
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Plasma fatty acids':However, as different laboratories were used for the plasma EPA and DHA analysis, no conclusions can be made from this observation.Fig. 2Adjusted mean (95% CI) incremental area under the curve (iAUC0-24 h) for plasma DHA (A), EPA (B) and DHA + EPA (C) by treatment.
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Plasma fatty acids':EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; iAUC0-24 h; incremental area under the curve over 24 h.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Plasma fatty acids':In the Australian European group, gel capsules resulted in significantly higher plasma DHA and DHA + EPA concentrations at 6 h compared to soup and extruded rice snack (for DHA) and soup (for EPA + DHA) while no significant treatment*time effects were seen in the Singaporean Chinese group.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Plasma fatty acids':The differences at 6 h were a result of a slight delay in increases in plasma DHA concentrations from gel capsules, causing peak concentrations to be reached later (at 6 h) compared to soup and extruded rice snack that started to decrease after 4 h.
17. HumanKrill Protein Hydrolysate Provides High Absorption Rate for All Essential Amino Acids-A Randomized Control Cross-Over Trial.
    Nutrients, 2021 · Design: randomized; crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 34579064DOI 10.3390/nu13093187PMC8465607 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Serum postprandial AA concentrations were determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: whey and krill resulted in significantly higher AA concentrations compared to soy between 20-60 min and 20-40 min after consumption, respectively.
    • Food effect · abstract:Serum postprandial AA concentrations were determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Amino Acid Concentrations':For total AAs, all of the three protein treatments significantly increased serum concentrations at all timepoints between 20–120 min compared to CON.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Amino Acid Concentrations':WHEY and KRILL consumption resulted in significantly higher total AA concentrations compared to SOY between 20–60 min and 20–40 min after consumption, respectively (Figure 2A). iAUC analysis showed higher overall total AA concentrations after WHEY consumption compared to SOY (∆ WHEY vs.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Amino Acid Concentrations':The analysis of the total EAA concentration revealed significantly higher serum concentration from 20–60 min after WHEY and KRILL consumption compared to SOY.
18. HumanIn vitro dissolution behaviour and absorption in humans of a novel mixed l-lysine salt formulation of EPA and DHA.
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2021 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 33360684DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102232PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: The in vitro dissolution characteristics, oral bioavailability and 48 h plasma profiles of EPA and DHA (as triacylglycerides) of Lys-FFA, relative to a commercially available oil-based EE supplement.
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma profiles of EPA and DHA were described by Area Under the Curve (AUC; 0-12 h), Cmax and Tmax.
    • Key findings · abstract:In volunteers Lys-FFA showed rapid absorption and high bioavailability indicated by significant differences in both the AUC0-12hr and Cmax when compared to the EE comparator (p<0.001), with AUC0-12hr which was for EPA 5 times higher with Lys-FFA than with the EE formulation.
    • Cmax · abstract:Plasma profiles of EPA and DHA were described by Area Under the Curve (AUC; 0-12 h), Cmax and Tmax.
    • Cmax · abstract:In volunteers Lys-FFA showed rapid absorption and high bioavailability indicated by significant differences in both the AUC0-12hr and Cmax when compared to the EE comparator (p<0.001), with AUC0-12hr which was for EPA 5 times higher with Lys-FFA than with the EE formulation.
    • Tmax · abstract:Plasma profiles of EPA and DHA were described by Area Under the Curve (AUC; 0-12 h), Cmax and Tmax.
    • AUC · abstract:Plasma profiles of EPA and DHA were described by Area Under the Curve (AUC; 0-12 h), Cmax and Tmax.
    • AUC · abstract:In volunteers Lys-FFA showed rapid absorption and high bioavailability indicated by significant differences in both the AUC0-12hr and Cmax when compared to the EE comparator (p<0.001), with AUC0-12hr which was for EPA 5 times higher with Lys-FFA than with the EE formulation.
    • Cmax · full text, p.1:s 378 mg DHA) was studied over 48 h, in eight female volunteers. Plasma profiles of EPA and DHA were described by Area Under the Curve (AUC; 0–12 h), Cmax and Tmax. Results: Dissolution studies with Lys-FFA showed complete dissociation under both conditions. In volunteers Lys- FFA showed rapid absorption and high bioavailability indicated by significant differences in both the AUC0–12hr and Cmax w
    • Cmax · full text, p.3:points (Table 1), the descriptive kinetic values of = 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48 h after ingestion maximum peak height (Cmax) and time-to-peak (Tmax) were directly using tubes containing EDTA + aprotinin and centrifuged at 4 ◦ C within estimated from the individual plasma curves. Baseline-adjusted Area minutes after centrifugation. Plasma samples were stored at − 80 ◦
    • Cmax · full text, p.4:5 6.73 5.73 (90% CI: < irritation resulting from the in-dwelling cannula was noted. No serious ml) 3.9 - 8.42) 0.00006 adverse effects were reported. Cmax (μg/ml) 6.75 9.71 7.84 < 0.004 TOTAL DHA: AUC(0,12) (μg hour/ 2.92 14.65 5.83 < 0.004 3.2.3. Plasma TAG-derived EPA and DHA concentrations ml) The plasma TAG-derived concentrations for EPA and DHA, after a Cmax (μg/ml) 4.1 6.91 5.22 < 0.004 sing
    • Tmax · full text, p.1:DHA) was studied over 48 h, in eight female volunteers. Plasma profiles of EPA and DHA were described by Area Under the Curve (AUC; 0–12 h), Cmax and Tmax. Results: Dissolution studies with Lys-FFA showed complete dissociation under both conditions. In volunteers Lys- FFA showed rapid absorption and high bioavailability indicated by significant differences in both the AUC0–12hr and Cmax when compa
    • Tmax · full text, p.3:scriptive kinetic values of = 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48 h after ingestion maximum peak height (Cmax) and time-to-peak (Tmax) were directly using tubes containing EDTA + aprotinin and centrifuged at 4 ◦ C within estimated from the individual plasma curves. Baseline-adjusted Area minutes after centrifugation. Plasma samples were stored at − 80 ◦ C until Under the Curve
    • Tmax · full text, p.4:s for detected are at the top and bottom respectively; outliers are denoted as the other quantities refer to a sign test for the median. dots. At the Tmax of 3 h for Lys-FFA, the median peak concentration of EPA for EE is 2.1 µg/ml and lies in the IQR interval [1.738, 3.558]. At the null hypothesis H0: the median of the ratios x_j/y_j is equal 1. H0 can same time point, the median peak concentrati
    • AUC · full text, p.1:02 mg DHA) versus EE (504 mg EPA plus 378 mg DHA) was studied over 48 h, in eight female volunteers. Plasma profiles of EPA and DHA were described by Area Under the Curve (AUC; 0–12 h), Cmax and Tmax. Results: Dissolution studies with Lys-FFA showed complete dissociation under both conditions. In volunteers Lys- FFA showed rapid absorption and high bioavailability indicated by significant differen
    • AUC · full text, p.3:curves. Baseline-adjusted Area minutes after centrifugation. Plasma samples were stored at − 80 ◦ C until Under the Curve from T = 0 until T = 12 h (AUC0–12 h) were calculated analysis. All adverse events were recorded, either spontaneously re­ for each participant separately by the trapezoid rule. A baseline ported by the research subject or observed by the research staff, adjustment of AUC0–12 h
    • AUC · full text, p.4:tio was reported. Mild nausea was reported once, but its relation to the TOTAL EPA: study product was unclear. On two occasions some transient venous AUC(0,12) (μg hour/ 5.45 6.73 5.73 (90% CI: < irritation resulting from the in-dwelling cannula was noted. No serious ml) 3.9 - 8.42) 0.00006 adverse effects were reported. Cmax (μg/ml) 6.75 9.71 7.84 < 0.004 TOTAL DHA: AUC(0,12) (μg hour/ 2.92 14.65
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.1:ty indicated by significant differences in both the AUC0–12hr and Cmax when compared to the EE comparator (p<0.001), with AUC0–12hr which was for EPA 5 times higher with Lys-FFA than with the EE formulation. Conclusion: This first-in-man study of Lys-FFA demonstrated rapid absorption of EPA and DHA and a considerably higher bioavailability compared to an EE supplement under fasting conditions. The
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.4:04, while the median ratio between Lys-FFA-Cmax ences or ‘synthetic’ mixtures thereof. In all cases, an emulsion was and EE-Cmax is 6.73. In terms of relative bioavailability (as measured by initially formed by stirring, which then separated into two phases when the geometric mean for AUC(0–12)), Lys-FFA resulted in approximately stirring was stopped. These observations led to the conclusion the n
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.5:lowing administration compared to that of the bound to- and incorporated in different pools in a time-dependant comparator preparation was on average 5.7 times higher for EPA. manner; as free fatty acids (non-covalently bound to albumin), as Notwithstanding the kinetic advantages of EPA and DHA in the form of TAGs and cholesteryl-esters in circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, free fatty aci
    • Food effect · full text, p.1:rst-in-man study of Lys-FFA demonstrated rapid absorption of EPA and DHA and a considerably higher bioavailability compared to an EE supplement under fasting conditions. The release and absorption characteristics from this solid form offer several new options in terms of formulation technology and dosing. vital roles as components of biological membranes and precursors of Abbreviations several imp
    • Food effect · full text, p.2:e method, www.usp.org) was used to which the n-3 LC PUFAs appear in the blood post-absorption). A very according to the corresponding monograph, with fed state simulated common form of EPA/DHA supplement on the market is an ethyl ester, small intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) at pH 5, considered representative for where the natural triglyceride form of EPA and DHA is trans-esterified to duodenum and jejun
    • Food effect · full text, p.3:fter the sampling period, power (β), 0.05 level of significance (α) with expected means (±SD) of 1) the second morning (48 h), subjects were provided with a breakfast. control (1 g EPA ethyl-ester): 28 ± 4.7 (SEM with n = 4), EPA to amino On each first test day, participants arrived at the research facility in acid plasma ratio at t = 5 h and 2) treatment (1 g EPA arginine):89 ± 26 the morning in
    • Form comparison · full text, p.1:nd intestinal (3 h) conditions. In an open label, randomized, two-way cross-over design, oral administration of Lys- FFA (500 mg EPA plus 302 mg DHA) versus EE (504 mg EPA plus 378 mg DHA) was studied over 48 h, in eight female volunteers. Plasma profiles of EPA and DHA were described by Area Under the Curve (AUC; 0–12 h), Cmax and Tmax. Results: Dissolution studies with Lys-FFA showed complete di
    • Form comparison · full text, p.3:cid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid. AUC(0,12), area under the protocol [14]. In short, 650 µL EDTA plasma was extracted using hexane plasma concentration versus time curve from time 0 to 12 h postdose; Cmax, in the presence of a C19:0 TAG internal standard, and lipids were maximum measured plasma concentration. 3
    • Form comparison · full text, p.4:A and DHA concentrations ml) The plasma TAG-derived concentrations for EPA and DHA, after a Cmax (μg/ml) 4.1 6.91 5.22 < 0.004 single dose of Lys-FFA versus EE in the fasted state are presented in Fig. 1 TOTAL EPA+DHA: and Tables 1 and 2. AUC(0,12) (μg hour/ 5.04 6.59 5.54 < 0.004 ml) Fig. 1A displays the boxplots of the baseline-adjusted plasma EPA Cmax (μg/ml) 6.73 6.72 6.07 < 0.004 concentratio
19. HumanPharmacokinetics of Supplemental Omega-3 Fatty Acids Esterified in Monoglycerides, Ethyl Esters, or Triglycerides in Adults in a Randomized Crossover Trial.
    J Nutr, 2021 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 11 men · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 33564872DOI 10.1093/jn/nxaa458PMC8112767 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the 24-h AUC of the plasma concentrations of EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA when provided esterified in monoglycerides (MAGs), EEs, or TGs, (primary outcomes) and evaluate their side effects over 24 h (secondary outcome).
    • Key findings · abstract:Eleven blood samples over 24 h were collected from each participant, and the plasma n-3 FAs were quantified.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The 24-h AUC of plasma EPA was ∼2 times and ∼1 time higher after the MAG compared with the EE and TG forms of n-3 FAs, respectively (P ≤ 0.0027).
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: The plasma n-3 FA concentration in adults is great[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the 24-h AUC of the plasma concentrations of EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA when provided esterified in monoglycerides (MAGs), EEs, or TGs, (primary outcomes) and evaluate their side effects over 24 h (secondary outcome).
    • AUC · abstract:RESULTS: The 24-h AUC of plasma EPA was ∼2 times and ∼1 time higher after the MAG compared with the EE and TG forms of n-3 FAs, respectively (P ≤ 0.0027).
    • Food effect · abstract:Eleven women and 11 men between 18 and 50 y of age ingested, in random order, a single oral dose of ∼1.2 g of EPA and DHA esterified in MAGs, EEs, and TGs with low-fat meals provided during the 24-h follow-up.
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes: Cmax, %max, T24h, %2':The plasma EPA Cmax was 3.5 and 1.3 times higher with the MAG form versus the EE and TG forms, respectively (P = 0.0003, P < 0.0001).
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes: Cmax, %max, T24h, %2':The plasma EPA+DHA Cmax with the MAG supplement was 2.6 and 1.1 times higher than the EE and TG supplements, respectively (P = 0.0009, P = 0.0046).
    • Tmax · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes: Cmax, %max, T24h, %2':EPA Tmax was 5.5 h when provided as MAG and was earlier than the EE and TG forms that reached EPA Tmax 8.6 and 7.4 h after the dose intake, respectively (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0125).
    • Tmax · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes: Cmax, %max, T24h, %2':EPA+DHA Tmax was 5.6 h when provided as MAGs, 7.5 h when provided as EEs (not significant), and 9.0 h when provided as TGs (P = 0.0117).
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic parameters':The AUC of the concentration and the relative percentage of n–3 FAs over 24 h were calculated using GraphPad Prism 7.03 software.
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Primary outcomes: AUC of EPA, DHA, and E':The AUC of plasma EPA concentrations over 24 h was ∼2 and ∼1 times higher when n–3 FAs were esterified in MAGs vs.
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Primary outcomes: AUC of EPA, DHA, and E':The AUC of plasma EPA+DHA relative percentage to other FAs over 24 h (Figure 2C, F) was ∼1 time higher when provided in MAG versus EE and TG esterified forms (P = 0.0046, P = 0.0009).
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Primary outcomes: AUC of EPA, DHA, and E':The AUC of plasma EPA concentrations over 24 h was ∼2 and ∼1 times higher when n–3 FAs were esterified in MAGs vs.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes: Cmax, %max, T24h, %2':The plasma EPA Cmax was 3.5 and 1.3 times higher with the MAG form versus the EE and TG forms, respectively (P = 0.0003, P < 0.0001).
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes: Cmax, %max, T24h, %2':The plasma EPA %max was 2.9 and 1.5 times higher with the MAG form versus the EE and TG forms, respectively (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Primary outcomes: AUC of EPA, DHA, and E':The AUC of plasma EPA concentrations over 24 h was ∼2 and ∼1 times higher when n–3 FAs were esterified in MAGs vs.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Primary outcomes: AUC of EPA, DHA, and E':The AUC of plasma EPA+DHA relative percentage to other FAs over 24 h (Figure 2C, F) was ∼1 time higher when provided in MAG versus EE and TG esterified forms (P = 0.0046, P = 0.0009).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Secondary outcomes: Cmax, %max, T24h, %2':The plasma EPA Cmax was 3.5 and 1.3 times higher with the MAG form versus the EE and TG forms, respectively (P = 0.0003, P < 0.0001).
20. HumanSalmon food matrix influences digestion and bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
    Food Funct, 2021 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: n = 13 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 34100498DOI 10.1039/d1fo00475a
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The present study aimed to investigate whether fish (salmon) matrix influences the transit of LCn-3PUFAs during in vitro digestion and affects bioavailability in healthy females.
    • Key findings · abstract:Results: showed that plasma concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly higher after participants consumed intact salmon compared to the other meals (covariate analysis p < 0.001).
    • Food effect · abstract:Healthy female participants (n = 13) consumed the meals in a postprandial crossover study and blood was collected at regular time points for 6 h post meal consumption.
    • Food effect · abstract:In parallel, in vitro digestion of the meals was performed using a human gastric simulator (HGS) and digesta samples were collected at regular time points for 6 h.
    • Food effect · abstract:Results: showed that plasma concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly higher after participants consumed intact salmon compared to the other meals (covariate analysis p < 0.001).
21. HumanComparison of pharmacokinetics of omega-3 fatty acid supplements in monoacylglycerol or ethyl ester in humans: a randomized controlled trial.
    Eur J Clin Nutr, 2021 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 33011737DOI 10.1038/s41430-020-00767-4PMC8035073 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: A diet low in omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) results in low plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the two main long chain n-3 FA. n-3 FA supplements on the market are esterified in triglycerides (TG) or ethyl ester (EE); the latter is absorbed less than other esterification forms.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: After receiving the MAG form, plasma EPA and DHA peaked at a concentration 3 and 2.5 times higher, respectively, than with the EE form.
    • Key findings · abstract:When provided in MAG form, n-3 FA plasma concentration during the absorption phase was on average 3-5 times high[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:BACKGROUND: A diet low in omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) results in low plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the two main long chain n-3 FA. n-3 FA supplements on the market are esterified in triglycerides (TG) or ethyl ester (EE); the latter is absorbed less than other esterification forms.
    • Cmax · full text, Table 3:entation with monoacylglycerol and ethyl ester. Pharmacokinetic parameters ConcentrationEPA + DHA % areaEPA + DHA Mean ± SD P value Mean ± SD P value Cmax —EE 3.6 ± 1.9 <0.0001 0.8 ± 0.4 <0.0001 —MAG 9.7 ± 4.0 3.2 ± 1.2 Concentration T = 24 h —EE 1.3 ± 1.3 0.005 0.4 ± 0.4 <0.0001 —MAG 2.5 ± 1.2 1.0 ± 0.3 AUC 0–5 h —EE 3.3 ± 2.5 <0.0001 0.8 ± 0.6 <0.0001 —MAG 13.0 ± 4.1 4.4 ± 1.6
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'MAG vs EE omega-3 supplements':AUC = area under the curve. ns p value > 0.05 (t-test), *p value = 0.0136 (t-test), **p value = 0.005 (Wilcoxon test), ***p value < 0.001 (Wilcoxon test), ****p value < 0.0001 (t-test).Table 3Pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid after supplementation with monoacylglycerol and ethyl ester.Pharmacokinetic parametersConcentrationEPA + DHA% areaEPA + DHAMea
    • AUC · full text, Table 3:1.9 <0.0001 0.8 ± 0.4 <0.0001 —MAG 9.7 ± 4.0 3.2 ± 1.2 Concentration T = 24 h —EE 1.3 ± 1.3 0.005 0.4 ± 0.4 <0.0001 —MAG 2.5 ± 1.2 1.0 ± 0.3 AUC 0–5 h —EE 3.3 ± 2.5 <0.0001 0.8 ± 0.6 <0.0001 —MAG 13.0 ± 4.1 4.4 ± 1.6 AUC 0–24 h —EE 38.4 ± 12.4 <0.0001 8.9 ± 3.2 <0.0001 —MAG 89.6 ± 17.0 31.2 ± 4.2
    • AUC · full text, Section 'MAG vs EE omega-3 supplements':AUC = area under the curve. ns p value > 0.05 (t-test), *p value = 0.0136 (t-test), **p value = 0.005 (Wilcoxon test), ***p value < 0.001 (Wilcoxon test), ****p value < 0.0001 (t-test).Table 3Pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid after supplementation with monoacylglycerol and ethyl ester.Pharmacokinetic parametersConcentrationEPA + DHA% areaEPA + DHAMea
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'MAG vs EE omega-3 supplements':When expressing the results in relative % to other FAs, 24-h plasma concentrations of EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA were respectively 2.8, 5.8, and 3.5 times higher with the MAG supplement than the EE form (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 2b-c-d).
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'MAG vs EE omega-3 supplements':Also, the maximum plasma concentrations (mg/dL) and relative % to other fatty acids of EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA were on average 2.7 times and 4 times higher, respectively, with the MAG formulation than the EE form (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 2).
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Comparisons of the pharmacokinetics in m':The results show that following supplementation with the EE form, females had a plasma concentration 2.7 times higher during the absorption phase (p = 0.0111), 1.8 times higher 24-h plasma concentration (p = 0.0006) and 1.7 times higher maximum concentration (p = 0.0295) compared to males (Fig. 3a).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Comparisons of the pharmacokinetics in m':The results show that following supplementation with the EE form, females had a plasma concentration 2.7 times higher during the absorption phase (p = 0.0111), 1.8 times higher 24-h plasma concentration (p = 0.0006) and 1.7 times higher maximum concentration (p = 0.0295) compared to males (Fig. 3a).
22. HumanOral Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Carotenoids from the Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum in Healthy Young Adults.
    Mar Drugs, 2021 · Design: randomized; crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 34940699DOI 10.3390/md19120700PMC8709223 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The intake of PT resulted in a similar increase in the n-3 PUFA and EPA content and a decrease in the PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio in plasma.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.3. Change of Plasma Fatty Acids upon I':PT increased EPA plasma concentrations from 0.4% to 1.3%, (Δ0.9%) higher compared to FO increase by 0.4% to 1.0% (Δ0.5%, p = 0.04).
23. HumanOmega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have distinct effects on endothelial fatty acid content and nitric oxide bioavailability.
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2021 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 34464785DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102337
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:We compared the effects of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) on bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and fatty acid composition.
    • Key findings · abstract:EPA levels increased 10-fold to 4.59 mg/g protein (p < 0.001) with EPA treatment and the EPA/AA ratio increased by 10-fold (p < 0.001) compared to vehicle.
    • Key findings · abstract:Only EPA increased docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, omega-3) levels by 2-fold (p < 0.001).
    • Key findings · abstract:AA alone decreased the EPA/AA ratio 4-fold (p<0.001).
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:EPA levels increased 10-fold to 4.59 mg/g protein (p < 0.001) with EPA treatment and the EPA/AA ratio increased by 10-fold (p < 0.001) compared to vehicle.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Only EPA increased docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, omega-3) levels by 2-fold (p < 0.001).
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:AA alone decreased the EPA/AA ratio 4-fold (p<0.001).
24. HumanDocosahexaenoic Acid Modulates Paracellular Absorption of Testosterone and Claudin-1 Expression in a Tissue-Engineered Skin Model.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2021 · Design: not stated · n: n = 3 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 34884896DOI 10.3390/ijms222313091PMC8658185 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
25. HumanNovel Nanoliposome Codelivered DHA and Anthocyanidin: Characterization, In Vitro Infant Digestibility, and Improved Cell Uptake.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2021 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 34344151DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02817
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:In this study, novel docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-anthocyanidin-codelivery liposomes (DA-LPs) were fabricated and characterized, and their digestive and absorptive behaviors were evaluated using the in vitro infant digestive method combined with the Caco-2 cell model.
26. HumanFABP7 Facilitates Uptake of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Glioblastoma Neural Stem-like Cells.
    Nutrients, 2021 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 34444824DOI 10.3390/nu13082664PMC8402214 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:We show that DHA treatment increases DHA levels and the DHA:AA ratio in GBM neural stem-like cells, with FABP7 facilitating the DHA uptake.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.1. Fatty Acid Profiles of Total Lipids':Strikingly, DHA treatment increased DHA content by more than 100-fold (an increase from 0.1% of fatty acids to 11.2% of fatty acids) in A4-004N total lipids compared to 8-fold (1.01% to 8.09%) in A4-004Adh (Figure 3A).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Fatty Acid Profiles of Total Lipids':The most prevalent forms of ω-6 PUFA were C20:2ω-6 (3.25% of total fatty acids in A4-004N vs. 0.95% in A4-004Adh) and C20:4ω-6 (AA) (1.01% in A4-004N vs. 3.01% in A4-004Adh) (Figure 2D).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Fatty Acid Profiles of Total Lipids':Cells were cultured in their respective “neurosphere” versus “adherent” media, supplemented with BSA (control), 30 μM AA or 30 μM DHA for 24 h before they were harvested for lipid extraction.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Fatty Acid Profiles of Total Lipids':Strikingly, DHA treatment increased DHA content by more than 100-fold (an increase from 0.1% of fatty acids to 11.2% of fatty acids) in A4-004N total lipids compared to 8-fold (1.01% to 8.09%) in A4-004Adh (Figure 3A).
27. HumanMonoacylglycerol Form of Omega-3s Improves Its Bioavailability in Humans Compared to Other Forms.
    Nutrients, 2020 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 32272659DOI 10.3390/nu12041014PMC7230359 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:However, bioavailability and clinical efficacy depend on numerous factors, including OM3 form, food matrix effects (especially the lipid content of the diet), and metabolic capacity.
    • Key findings · abstract:Here, we show in humans that a "pre-digested" OM3-sn-1(3)-monoacylglycerol lipid structure (OM3-MAG) has a significantly greater absorption at high therapeutic doses (2.9 g/day) than the most commonly OM3-ethyl ester (3.1 g/day) form (used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia), and a comparable profile to other pre-digested OM3 free fatty acids (OM3-FFA) structure (3.2 g/day).
    • Key findings · abstract:These results suggest that b[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:These results suggest that both forms of pre-digested OM3-MAG and OM3-FFA are effectively absorbed and re-incorporated effectively into triacylglycerols inside the enterocytes, before being exported into the chylomicrons lipid transport system.
    • Food effect · abstract:However, bioavailability and clinical efficacy depend on numerous factors, including OM3 form, food matrix effects (especially the lipid content of the diet), and metabolic capacity.
    • Cmax · full text, Table 4:23) MAG-Ethyl Ester FFA-Ethyl Ester MAG-FFA AUC0-24 h EPA 1486 ± 626 1496 ± 734 163 ± 251 3.41-fold p < 0.001 3.60-foldp < 0.001 0.95-fold, p = 0.60 C max EPA 143 ± 71 124 ± 48 17 ± 10 9.96-fold p < 0.001 8.58-foldp < 0.001 1.16-fold, p = 0.31 T max EPA 6.3 ± 4.4 5.2 ± 0.9 9.7 ± 6.5 3 h, p = 0.003 3 h, p < 0.001 0 h, p = 0.47 AUC0-24h DHA 1206 ± 600 1356 ± 676 562 ± 695 2.10-fold p < 0.001 2.34-fo
    • Cmax · full text, Table 6:postprandial. Study Groups Study Group Comparison OM3-MAG(n = 29) OM3-TAG(n = 30) OM3-MAG/OM3-TAG AUC0-24h EPA 278 ± 108 236 ± 76.8 16% higher # C max EPA 18.2 ± 8.27 17.3 ± 6.8 29% higher # T max EPA 5 (3, 12) * 6 (5, 12) 5 vs. 6 p < 0.05 AUC0-24h DHA 173 ± 98 189 ± 105 11% lower ## C max DHA 113 ± 55 117 ± 39 No difference T max DHA 5 (3, 10) * 6 (4, 12) 5 vs. 6 p < 0.05
    • Cmax · full text, Section '3.2.2. Incorporation of EPA and DHA in P':The GMRs of Cmax for baseline corrected EPA between OM3-MAG and OM3-TAG were 129.44 (95% CI: 114.60, 146.20), indicating an increase of 29% in the OM3-MAG when compared with OM3-TAG.
    • Tmax · full text, Table 4:-fold p < 0.001 3.60-foldp < 0.001 0.95-fold, p = 0.60 C max EPA 143 ± 71 124 ± 48 17 ± 10 9.96-fold p < 0.001 8.58-foldp < 0.001 1.16-fold, p = 0.31 T max EPA 6.3 ± 4.4 5.2 ± 0.9 9.7 ± 6.5 3 h, p = 0.003 3 h, p < 0.001 0 h, p = 0.47 AUC0-24h DHA 1206 ± 600 1356 ± 676 562 ± 695 2.10-fold p < 0.001 2.34-fold, p < 0.001 0.90-fold, p = 0.49 C max DHA 113 ± 55 117 ± 39 44 ± 25 2.37-fold p < 0.001 2.48
    • Tmax · full text, Table 6:ison OM3-MAG(n = 29) OM3-TAG(n = 30) OM3-MAG/OM3-TAG AUC0-24h EPA 278 ± 108 236 ± 76.8 16% higher # C max EPA 18.2 ± 8.27 17.3 ± 6.8 29% higher # T max EPA 5 (3, 12) * 6 (5, 12) 5 vs. 6 p < 0.05 AUC0-24h DHA 173 ± 98 189 ± 105 11% lower ## C max DHA 113 ± 55 117 ± 39 No difference T max DHA 5 (3, 10) * 6 (4, 12) 5 vs. 6 p < 0.05
    • Tmax · full text, Section '3.1.2. Incorporation of EPA and DHA in P':The EPA+DHA baseline-adjusted Tmax was reached 7 h before, with OM3-MAG and OM3-FFA compared to ethyl ester (p < 0.001).
    • AUC · full text, Table 4:Clinical Trial A: EPA and DHA summary statistics (mean and SD), baseline-adjusted, for AUC over 24 h postprandial. OM3 Study Group OM3 Study Group Comparison MAG(n = 21) FFA(n = 21) Ethyl Ester(n = 23) MAG-Ethyl Ester FFA-Ethyl Ester MAG-FFA AUC0-24 h EPA 1486 ± 626 1496 ± 734 163 ± 251 3.41-fold p < 0.001 3.60-foldp < 0.001 0.95-fol
    • AUC · full text, Table 6:Clinical Trial B: EPA and DHA summary statistics, baseline-adjusted, for AUC over 24 h postprandial. Study Groups Study Group Comparison OM3-MAG(n = 29) OM3-TAG(n = 30) OM3-MAG/OM3-TAG AUC0-24h EPA 278 ± 108 236 ± 76.8 16% higher # C max EPA 18.2 ± 8.27 17.3 ± 6.8 29% higher # T max EPA 5 (3, 12) * 6 (5, 12) 5 vs. 6
    • AUC · full text, Table:capacity FVC forced expiratory volume per second MEF 25/75 mean exploratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity FAME fatty acid methyl esters AUC area under the curve GMR geometric least-square means LSMs least square means SAEs serious adverse events AEs adverse events TEAEs treatment-emergent adverse events GMRs geometric least-square mean ratios
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Table 4:Group Comparison MAG(n = 21) FFA(n = 21) Ethyl Ester(n = 23) MAG-Ethyl Ester FFA-Ethyl Ester MAG-FFA AUC0-24 h EPA 1486 ± 626 1496 ± 734 163 ± 251 3.41-fold p < 0.001 3.60-foldp < 0.001 0.95-fold, p = 0.60 C max EPA 143 ± 71 124 ± 48 17 ± 10 9.96-fold p < 0.001 8.58-foldp < 0.001 1.16-fold, p = 0.31 T max EPA 6.3 ± 4.4 5.2 ± 0.9 9.7 ± 6.5 3 h, p = 0.003 3 h, p < 0.001 0 h, p = 0.47 AUC0-24h DHA
    • Food effect · full text, Section '2.5. Assessment of Accretion':At visit 2, blood sampling was performed in fasting conditions (24 h) and a standard breakfast was provided.
    • Food effect · full text, Section '2.5. Assessment of Accretion':Next visit, blood sampling was performed in fasting conditions (24 h) and standard breakfast was provided.
    • Form comparison · full text, Table 6:0) OM3-MAG/OM3-TAG AUC0-24h EPA 278 ± 108 236 ± 76.8 16% higher # C max EPA 18.2 ± 8.27 17.3 ± 6.8 29% higher # T max EPA 5 (3, 12) * 6 (5, 12) 5 vs. 6 p < 0.05 AUC0-24h DHA 173 ± 98 189 ± 105 11% lower ## C max DHA 113 ± 55 117 ± 39 No difference T max DHA 5 (3, 10) * 6 (4, 12) 5 vs. 6 p < 0.05
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1.2. Incorporation of EPA and DHA in P':Absorption of OM3-MAG was better than that of OM3-ethyl ester and resulted in higher AUC0-24 h of EPA + DHA (2692 vs. 725 AUC in nmol·h/mL).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1.2. Incorporation of EPA and DHA in P':EPA + DHA AUC0-24 h (Figure 4A) after OM3-FFA oil intake was also higher (2852 vs. 725 AUC in nmol·h/mL), with an estimated difference of 2228 nmol·h/mL (95% CI 1560-2896 nmol·h/mL, p < 0.001) when compared with OM3-ethyl ester.
28. HumanA self-emulsifying Omega-3 ethyl ester formulation (AquaCelle) significantly improves eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid bioavailability in healthy adults.
    Eur J Nutr, 2020 · Design: randomized; double-blind · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 31637467DOI 10.1007/s00394-019-02118-x
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:In this study we assessed the ability of a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), AquaCelle®, as an additive to enhance the oral absorption of Omega-3 ethyl esters (EE) in healthy subjects under low-fat diet conditions.
    • Key findings · abstract:A single dose (680 mg dose of oil containing 272 mg of EPA EE and 204 mg of DHA EE), randomized, double-blind, study measured uptake of EPA and DHA over 24 h in healthy adults.
    • Key findings · abstract:The study revealed a significant difference in absorption (Cmax and AUC0-24h) between the AquaCelle® group and the control group.
    • Key findings · abstract:The AquaCelle® group was capable of increasing maximum plas[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:The study revealed a significant difference in absorption (Cmax and AUC0-24h) between the AquaCelle® group and the control group.
    • AUC · abstract:The study revealed a significant difference in absorption (Cmax and AUC0-24h) between the AquaCelle® group and the control group.
    • AUC · abstract:The AquaCelle® group was capable of increasing maximum plasma concentrations and absorption (AUC0-24h) of total Omega-3 (EPA + DHA) 3.7- and 7.1-fold, respectively, compared to the control.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The AquaCelle® group was capable of increasing maximum plasma concentrations and absorption (AUC0-24h) of total Omega-3 (EPA + DHA) 3.7- and 7.1-fold, respectively, compared to the control.
    • Food effect · abstract:CONCLUSION: Formulating Omega-3 EE with a SEDSS concentrate (AquaCelle®) demonstrated a significant improvement in the oral absorption of Omega-3 fatty acids without requiring a high-fat meal.
29. HumanDocosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Bioavailability in Humans after Oral Intake of DHA-Containing Triacylglycerol or the Structured Phospholipid AceDoPC®.
    Nutrients, 2020 · Design: randomized; stable-isotope · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 31963708DOI 10.3390/nu12010251PMC7020088 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:In this study we aimed to know the bioavailability of 13C-labeled DHA after oral intake of a single dose of 13C-AceDoPC®, in comparison with 13C-DHA in triglycerides (TAG), using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) to assess the 13C enrichment of DHA-containing lipids. 13C-DHA enrichment in plasma phospholipids was significantly higher after intake of AceDoPC® compared with TAG-DHA, peaking after 24 h in both cases.
    • Key findings · abstract:In red cells, 13C-DHA enrichment in choline phospholipids was comparable from both sources of DHA, with a maximum after 72 h, whereas the 13[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.1. 13C-DHA Incorporation into Plasma P':However, the 13 C-DHA peak was 2-fold higher from AceDoPC (5386 pmol/mL) compared to TAG-DHA (3247 pmol/mL).
    • Food effect · full text, Section '2.1. Human Volunteers':In whole blood of fasting subjects, glycaemia was less than 7 mmol/L, total cholesterol was less or equal to 7 mmol/L, triglycerides level was less than 1.7 mmol/L, and hemoglobin was more than 130 g/L.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. 13C-DHA Incorporation into Plasma P':However, the 13 C-DHA peak was 2-fold higher from AceDoPC (5386 pmol/mL) compared to TAG-DHA (3247 pmol/mL).
30. HumanMicroencapsulated Tuna Oil Results in Higher Absorption of DHA in Toddlers.
    Nutrients, 2020 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 31963702DOI 10.3390/nu12010248PMC7019307 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the bioavailability of microencapsulated omega-3 DHA formulations in healthy toddlers compared with high DHA fish oil for a one-month period and (b) to assess the effect of DHA supplementation on children's sleep and cry patterns.
31. HumanPharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Doses of Omega-3 Carboxylic Acids in Healthy Chinese Subjects: A Phase I, Open-Label Study.
    Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev, 2020 · Design: not stated · n: 14 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 32567203DOI 10.1002/cpdd.800
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Following single and multiple oral doses of OM3-CA, the absorption of EPA, DHA, and EPA plus DHA was steady with median tmax occurring at 5.5-6 hours after both single and multiple dosing.
    • Key findings · abstract:Close to steady-state concentrations in plasma were reached after 14 days of continuous once-daily dosing, and accumulation was confirmed for EPA, DHA, and EPA plus DHA.
    • Tmax · abstract:Following single and multiple oral doses of OM3-CA, the absorption of EPA, DHA, and EPA plus DHA was steady with median tmax occurring at 5.5-6 hours after both single and multiple dosing.
32. HumanPharmacokinetics of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with severe sepsis compared with healthy volunteers: A prospective cohort study.
    Clin Nutr, 2020 · Design: not stated · n: n = 15 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 31005335DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.040PMC6785383 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: While incorporation of n-3 FAs into PBMC and neutrophil membranes was relatively similar between healthy volunteers and sepsis patients receiving identical high doses of fish oil for one week, serum EPA and DHA were significantly lower in sepsis patients.
    • Key findings · abstract:Furthermore, lower serum EPA and DHA concentrations suggest that either these n-3 FAs were being metabolized rapidly in sepsis patients or that absorption of enteral medications and pharmaconutrients, including fish oil, may be impaired in sepsis patients.
33. HumanA randomized trial comparing omega-3 fatty acid plasma levels after ingestion of emulsified and non-emulsified cod liver oil formulations.
    Curr Med Res Opin, 2019 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 47 healthy adults · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 30106311DOI 10.1080/03007995.2018.1512479
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVES: Emulsified formulations of omega-3 fatty acids may increase plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) compared with non-emulsified formulations.
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were collected for 24 h after dosing to analyze DHA and EPA plasma concentrations using a validated methodology.
    • Key findings · abstract:The incremental area under the plasma concentration curve at 24 h (iAUC0-24 h) for DHA + EPA was the primary endpoint.
    • Key findings · abstract:The emulsified cod liver oil formulation produced iAUC0-24 h values for DHA + EPA, DHA, and EPA that were 1.66, 1.78, and 1.64 times higher, respecti[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:The incremental area under the plasma concentration curve at 24 h (iAUC0-24 h) for DHA + EPA was the primary endpoint.
34. HumanPlasma Kinetics of Choline and Choline Metabolites After A Single Dose of SuperbaBoostTM Krill Oil or Choline Bitartrate in Healthy Volunteers.
    Nutrients, 2019 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 31652561DOI 10.3390/nu11102548PMC6835836 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Cmax · full text, Table 2:AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 23.28 13.61–32.95 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 29.57 21.26–37.87 0.4144 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 30.36 12.88–47.85 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 4.21 3.43–4.99 0.2690 Cmax (µmol/L) (CB) 3.67 2.82–4.51 Tmax (h) (SB) 4.17 2.9–5.43 0.0076 Tmax (h) (CB) 2.67 2.04–3.29
    • Cmax · full text, Table 3:AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 168.4 137.4–199.4 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 317.1 255.3–378.9 0.2394 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 286.9 229.0–344.8 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 22.55 18.62–26.48 0.0122 Cmax (µmol/L) (CB) 18.87 15.31–22.42 Tmax (h) (SB) 7.67 6.93–8.40 1.0 Tmax (h) (CB) 7.67 6.36–8.98
    • Cmax · full text, Table 4:0890 AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 5.17 2.55–7.78 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 15.79 10.11–21.46 0.1546 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 12.74 7.13–18.35 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 1.22 0.81–1.61 0.1614 Cmax (µmol/L) (CB) 0.95 0.64–1.27 Tmax (h) (SB) 12.0 8.25–15.75 0.9336 Tmax (h) (CB) 13.33 8.21–18.45
    • Tmax · full text, Table 2:29.57 21.26–37.87 0.4144 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 30.36 12.88–47.85 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 4.21 3.43–4.99 0.2690 Cmax (µmol/L) (CB) 3.67 2.82–4.51 Tmax (h) (SB) 4.17 2.9–5.43 0.0076 Tmax (h) (CB) 2.67 2.04–3.29
    • Tmax · full text, Table 3:255.3–378.9 0.2394 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 286.9 229.0–344.8 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 22.55 18.62–26.48 0.0122 Cmax (µmol/L) (CB) 18.87 15.31–22.42 Tmax (h) (SB) 7.67 6.93–8.40 1.0 Tmax (h) (CB) 7.67 6.36–8.98
    • Tmax · full text, Table 4:15.79 10.11–21.46 0.1546 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 12.74 7.13–18.35 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 1.22 0.81–1.61 0.1614 Cmax (µmol/L) (CB) 0.95 0.64–1.27 Tmax (h) (SB) 12.0 8.25–15.75 0.9336 Tmax (h) (CB) 13.33 8.21–18.45
    • AUC · full text, Table 2:Pharmacokinetic parameters of choline. Variable Mean 1 95% CI 1 p-Value 2 AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 26.07 19.72–32.42 0.2966 AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 23.28 13.61–32.95 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 29.57 21.26–37.87 0.4144 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 30.36 12.88–47.85 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 4.21 3.43–4.99 0.2690 Cmax (µmol
    • AUC · full text, Table 3:Pharmacokinetic parameters of betaine. Variable Mean 95% CI p-Value 1 AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 185.8 154–217.6 0.0641 AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 168.4 137.4–199.4 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 317.1 255.3–378.9 0.2394 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 286.9 229.0–344.8 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 22.55 18.62–26.48 0.0122 Cmax (µmo
    • AUC · full text, Table 4:Pharmacokinetic parameters of DMG. Variable Mean 95% CI p-Value 1 AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 6.75 3.99–9.51 0.0890 AUC0–12 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 5.17 2.55–7.78 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (SB) 15.79 10.11–21.46 0.1546 AUC0–24 h ((µmol/L)*h) (CB) 12.74 7.13–18.35 Cmax (µmol/L) (SB) 1.22 0.81–1.61 0.1614 Cmax (µmol/L) (CB
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.2. Choline Pharmacokinetics Upon Intak':AUC0–24 h, AUC0–12 h and Cmax of free choline were comparable between choline bitartrate and SuperbaBoostTM, but significantly higher compared to fish oil.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of ':AUC0–24 h and AUC0–12 h of free betaine were slightly higher, and Cmax was significantly higher upon intake of SuperbaBoostTM compared to choline bitartrate.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of ':AUC0–12 h and AUC0–24 h of DMG were increased by trend upon intake of SuperbaBoostTM compared to choline bitartrate (Table 4).
35. HumanEffects of a Self-micro-emulsifying Delivery System Formulation Versus a Standard ω-3 Acid Ethyl Ester Product on the Bioavailability of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: A Study in Healthy Men and Women in a Fasted State.
    Clin Ther, 2018 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 11 women · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 30454850DOI 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.10.014
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:PURPOSE: Intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with several potential health benefits, but standard ethyl ester (EE) formulations of these ω-3 fatty acids require the co-ingestion of fat for adequate absorption.
    • Key findings · abstract:The objective of this research was to assess the relative bioavailability of EPA and DHA administered in a proprietary self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) formulation compared with EPA and DHA in a standard ω-3 acid EE product in healthy men and women in a fasted state.
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: This randomized crossover study investigated t[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:The baseline-adjusted, dose-normalized, arithmetic means (SD) of the incremental (i)-AUC0-24h for EPA + DHA were 543 (266) and 102 (88.2) h · μg/mL/g for the SMEDS and EE formulations, respectively (P < 0.001).
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The objective of this research was to assess the relative bioavailability of EPA and DHA administered in a proprietary self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) formulation compared with EPA and DHA in a standard ω-3 acid EE product in healthy men and women in a fasted state.
    • Food effect · abstract:The objective of this research was to assess the relative bioavailability of EPA and DHA administered in a proprietary self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) formulation compared with EPA and DHA in a standard ω-3 acid EE product in healthy men and women in a fasted state.
    • Food effect · abstract:Subjects consumed a single dose of their assigned capsule in a fasting state, and plasma was collected before and for 24 h after dosing.
36. HumanSafety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Oral Doses of an Omega-3-Carboxylic Acid Formulation in Healthy Male Japanese Subjects: A Phase 1 Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
    Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev, 2018 · Design: randomized · n: n = 6 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 28597973DOI 10.1002/cpdd.360
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The maximum plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA were observed 5-6 hours postdose.
37. HumanRelative levels of dietary EPA and DHA impact gastric oxidation and essential fatty acid uptake.
    J Nutr Biochem, 2018 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 29413491DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.11.007PMC6364551 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:In addition, small intestine enterocyte absorption and metabolism were simulated by Caco-2 cell monolayers that were incubated with these same varying proportions of DHA and EPA, and comparing oxidized and nonoxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
38. HumanSystemic Bioavailability and Dose Proportionality of Omega-3 Administered in Free Fatty Acid Form Compared With Ethyl Ester Form: Results of a Phase 1 Study in Healthy Volunteers.
    Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2017 · Design: not stated · n: N = 114 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 28116646DOI 10.1007/s13318-016-0398-2
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to assess systemic EPA and EPA + DHA exposures and plasma lipid parameters following multiple OM3-CA or IPE doses under low-fat dietary conditions, and dose proportionality after OM3-CA administration.
    • Key findings · abstract:Combined molar-equivalent EPA + DHA exposure was 30.6% higher following OM3-CA 4 g/day than IPE 4 g/day.
    • AUC · abstract:RESULTS: Baseline-adjusted steady-state EPA exposure was similar after dosing with OM3-CA 4 g/day versus IPE 4 g/day (LSM ratio, area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 h: 93.9%; 90% CI 85.6, 103.0).
39. HumanA novel self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) formulation significantly improves the fasting absorption of EPA and DHA from a single dose of an omega-3 ethyl ester concentrate.
    Lipids Health Dis, 2017 · Design: crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 29037249DOI 10.1186/s12944-017-0589-0PMC5644165 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Absorption of EPA and DHA from Omega-3-acid ethyl ester (EE) concentrate supplements occurs most efficiently when taken in context of a fatty meal; adequate fat intake is required to release bile salts that emulsify and pancreatic enzymes that digest omega-3-containing lipids in the intestine.
    • Key findings · abstract:Current guidelines recommend reduction in fat intake and therefore there is a need to optimize the absorption of Omega-3 in those consuming low-fat or no-fat meals.
    • Key findings · abstract:To this end, BASF has developed an Absorption Acceleration Technology, a novel self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:Cmax was also increased for both EPA and DHA 2.7- to 9.2-fold.
    • AUC · abstract:RESULTS: Total EPA plus DHA absorption from SMEDS formulation PRF-021 were 6.4 and 11.5 times higher compared to control in low- and high-dose studies respectively, determined as the ratio of baseline corrected, dose normalized AUC0-24h of PRF-021 over that of control.
    • AUC · abstract:EPA and DHA individually showed differing levels of enhancement: the AUC0-24h ratio for EPA was 23.8 and 25.7 in low and high dose studies, respectively, and the AUC0-24h ratio for DHA was 3.6 and 5.6 in low and high dose studies, respectively.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:METHODS: Two separate single dose, crossover studies were conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of omega-3-acid EE concentrate, either as a novel SMEDS formulation (PRF-021) or as control, in healthy fasted male and female adults at two dose levels (Study 1 "low dose": 630 mg EPA + DHA in PRF-021 vs. 840 mg EPA + DHA in control;
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Cmax was also increased for both EPA and DHA 2.7- to 9.2-fold.
    • Food effect · abstract:BACKGROUND: Absorption of EPA and DHA from Omega-3-acid ethyl ester (EE) concentrate supplements occurs most efficiently when taken in context of a fatty meal; adequate fat intake is required to release bile salts that emulsify and pancreatic enzymes that digest omega-3-containing lipids in the intestine.
    • Food effect · abstract:Current guidelines recommend reduction in fat intake and therefore there is a need to optimize the absorption of Omega-3 in those consuming low-fat or no-fat meals.
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: Two separate single dose, crossover studies were conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of omega-3-aci
    • Cmax · full text, Table 5:Baseline-corrected dose normalized total EPA AUC0-24h and Cmax Study Treatment Dose normalized parameter Arithmetic Mean ± SD (N) Geometric mean (N) Ratio of dose normalized geometric meanc N Ratio PRF-021: Control Lower 95% CI Upper 95% CI 1 PRF-021 AUC0-24h/D μg*h/mL/g 355.9 ± 135.4 (20) 326 (20) 19 23.6 12
    • Cmax · full text, Table 6:Baseline-corrected dose normalized total DHA AUC0-24h and Cmax Study Treatment Dose normalized parameter Arithmetic mean ± SD (N) Geometric mean (N) Ratio of dose normalized geometric meanb N Ratio PRF-021: Control Lower 95% CI Upper 95% CI 1 PRF-021 AUC0-24h/D μg*h/mL/g 383.2 ± 202.8 (20) 325 (20) 20 3.63 2.
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Dosing':From a prior study (data not shown) where the control Omega-3 concentrate was administered as a 1000 mg single oral dose, the inter-individual coefficient of variance (CV%) of DHA, AUC and Cmax, were taken as a reference for the sample size calculation of this study.
    • AUC · full text, Table 4:Baseline-corrected, dose normalized total EPA plus DHA AUC0-24h Study Treatment Arithmetic mean ± SD of AUC0-24h/D Geometric mean of AUC0-24h/D Ratio of dose normalized geometric mean of AUC0-24h/Dc μg*h/mL/g (N) μg*h/mL/g (N) N Ratio PRF-021: Control Lower 95% CI Upper 95% CI 1 PRF-021 368.3 ± 156.4 (20)
    • AUC · full text, Table 5:Baseline-corrected dose normalized total EPA AUC0-24h and Cmax Study Treatment Dose normalized parameter Arithmetic Mean ± SD (N) Geometric mean (N) Ratio of dose normalized geometric meanc N Ratio PRF-021: Control Lower 95% CI Upper 95% CI 1 PRF-021 AUC0-24h/D μg*h/mL/g 355.9 ± 135.4 (20) 326 (
    • AUC · full text, Table 6:Baseline-corrected dose normalized total DHA AUC0-24h and Cmax Study Treatment Dose normalized parameter Arithmetic mean ± SD (N) Geometric mean (N) Ratio of dose normalized geometric meanb N Ratio PRF-021: Control Lower 95% CI Upper 95% CI 1 PRF-021 AUC0-24h/D μg*h/mL/g 383.2 ± 202.8 (20) 325 (
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Dose-corrected pharmacokinetic parameter':In Study 1, the formulated omega-3-acid EE had approximately 6-fold higher AUC0-24h, determined as geometric least square means after dose normalization.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Both EPA and DHA absorption are increase':For EPA, PRF-021 exhibited a 7-fold higher Cmax and 24-fold higher AUC0-24h vs. control in Study 1 and a 9-fold higher Cmax and 26-fold higher AUC0-24h vs. control in Study 2.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Both EPA and DHA absorption are increase':For DHA, Cmax was approximately 2.7-fold higher and AUC0-24h was 3.6-fold higher vs. control in Study 1 and Cmax and AUC0-24h were increased more by 4.3 and 5.6 times, respectively vs. control in Study 2.
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Dosing':On each dosing occasion, subjects fasted for at least 10 h overnight before dosing and approximately 4.5 h after dosing, when a standard low-fat (<15 g total fat content) lunch was given.
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Dosing':PRF-021 features Absorption Acceleration Technology, which is a proprietary of ultra-high-concentration fish oil ethyl esters (>80% EPA + DHA) with food-grade excipients - carrier oils, antioxidants, and emulsifiers - designed to promote the spontaneous formation of micron-sized microdroplets in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and optimized degradation by digestive enzymes (BASF internal d
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Results':Baseline corrected plasma concentration vs. time plots demonstrate that both EPA and DHA were significantly (p < 0.05) better absorbed by PRF-021 formulation vs. control (Fig. 3a), despite the absolute dosage of EPA + DHA in PRF-021 was only 75% of that of control.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Results':Though the latter had only 50% of the EPA + DHA dosage vs. the control, the concentration-time plots clearly showed much higher plasma concentrations versus that from control (Fig. 3b).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Both EPA and DHA absorption are increase':For EPA, PRF-021 exhibited a 7-fold higher Cmax and 24-fold higher AUC0-24h vs. control in Study 1 and a 9-fold higher Cmax and 26-fold higher AUC0-24h vs. control in Study 2.
40. HumanMinimal food effect for eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid bioavailability from omega-3-acid ethyl esters with an Advanced Lipid TechnologiesTM (ALT®)-based formulation.
    J Clin Lipidol, 2017 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 24 healthy subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 28502496DOI 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.01.017
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: The absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) omega-3-acid ethyl esters (EEs) is influenced by food.
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article was to assess the effect of food on the bioavailability of DHA and EPA after a single oral dose of 1530 mg omega-3 fatty acids EE (SC401) in 24 healthy subjects under fasted and low-fat (9% of total calories from fat) and high-fat (50% of total calories from fat) meal conditions.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: SC401 showed high bioavailability of both EPA and DHA in fasted, low-fat meal, and high-fat meal conditions. |[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:No differences were found in SC401 DHA AUC0-t (t = 24 hours) among the 3 conditions (91.69% high-fat/fasted, 97.12% low-fat/fasted, and 105.92% low-fat/high-fat;
    • AUC · abstract:In contrast, SC401 EPA AUC0-t was affected by food intake (179.06% high-fat/fasted, P < .0001; 150.05% low-fat/fasted, P < .0001) and the amount of fat taken with SC401 (83.80% low-fat/high-fat;
    • Food effect · abstract:OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article was to assess the effect of food on the bioavailability of DHA and EPA after a single oral dose of 1530 mg omega-3 fatty acids EE (SC401) in 24 healthy subjects under fasted and low-fat (9% of total calories from fat) and high-fat (50% of total calories from fat) meal conditions.
    • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: SC401 showed high bioavailability of both EPA and DHA in fasted, low-fat meal, and high-fat meal conditions.
    • Food effect · abstract:No differences were found in SC401 DHA AUC0-t (t = 24 hours) among the 3 conditions (91.69% high-fat/fasted, 97.12% low-fat/fasted, and 105.92% low-fat/high-fat; |
41. HumanEffects of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Omega-3-Carboxylic Acids in Healthy Japanese Male Subjects: A Phase I, Randomized, Open-label, Three-period, Crossover Trial.
    J Atheroscler Thromb, 2017 · Design: randomized; crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 28344197DOI 10.5551/jat.38737PMC5587524 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: The timing of OM3-CA administration relative to food intake influences the systemic bioavailability of EPA and DHA in healthy Japanese male subjects.
    • AUC · abstract:The baseline-adjusted maximum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 72 h for EPA, DHA, and EPA +DHA were lower in the fasting and before meal conditions than in the after meal condition.
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: In this randomized, open-label, three-period crossover study, Japanese healthy male subjects were administered 4×1 g OM3-CA capsules with continued fasting, before a meal, or after a meal.
    • Food effect · abstract:All subjects fasted for ≥10 h prior to drug/meal administration.
    • Food effect · abstract:The primary objective was to examine the effect of meal timing on the pharmacokinetics of EPA and DHA after OM3-CA administration.
    • Food effect · abstract:The baseline-adjusted maximum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 72 h for EPA, DHA, and EPA +DHA were lower in the fasting and before meal conditions than in the after
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':It is noteworthy that the baseline-adjusted Cmax values for EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA were lower in the fasting (by 65%, 54%, and 62%, respectively, calculated as 100% – ratio of Cmax to after meal values) and before meal (by 56%, 43%, and 52%, respectively) conditions than in the after meal condition, and the 90% CIs for the calculated between-treatment ratios did not cross 1.
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':The between-subject variability in the Cmax for EPA, as estimated from the baseline-adjusted plasma concentrations, was quite broad, with ranges of 10.9 to 271 µg/mL in fasting conditions, 6.40 to 386 µg/mL in before meal conditions, and 72.2 to 378 µg/mL in after meal conditions, indicative of reduced absorption of EPA in some subjects especially in the fasting and before meal treatment condition
    • Tmax · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':The median tmax for EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA appeared later in the fasting condition (EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA; 6.0, 6.0, and 6.0 h, respectively) relative to the before meal (4.0, 4.0, and 4.0 h, respectively) and after meal (5.0, 5.0, and 5.0 h, respectively) conditions, indicative of slower absorption of EPA and DHA in the absence of food.
    • Tmax · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':The later tmax in the fasting condition than in the after meal condition was also supported by the fact that the 90% CI for the between-treatment ratio did not cross 1 (ratio 1.31; 90% CI 1.25–1.38).
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':The geometric coefficients of variation for the AUC0–72 for EPA were 76.1%, 112%, and 31.1%, respectively for fasting, before meal, and after meal conditions (Table 2).
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':On the other hand, the geometric coefficients of variation for the AUC0–72 for DHA were 80.4%, 66.0%, and 75.8%, respectively, for fasting, before meal, and after meal conditions (Table 2).
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':The baseline-adjusted AUC0–72 values for EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA were lower in the fasting (by 44%, 13%, and 39%, respectively) and before meal (by 45%, 14%, and 38%, respectively) conditions than in the after meal condition, with 90% CIs for the between-treatment ratios that did not cross 1.
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':It is noteworthy that the baseline-adjusted Cmax values for EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA were lower in the fasting (by 65%, 54%, and 62%, respectively, calculated as 100% – ratio of Cmax to after meal values) and before meal (by 56%, 43%, and 52%, respectively) conditions than in the after meal condition, and the 90% CIs for the calculated between-treatment ratios did not cross 1.
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':The between-subject variability in the Cmax for EPA, as estimated from the baseline-adjusted plasma concentrations, was quite broad, with ranges of 10.9 to 271 µg/mL in fasting conditions, 6.40 to 386 µg/mL in before meal conditions, and 72.2 to 378 µg/mL in after meal conditions, indicative of reduced absorption of EPA in some subjects especially in the fasting and before meal treatment condition
    • Food effect · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':Similar results were observed for DHA (fasting: 11.8–157 µg/mL; before meal: 9.73–178 µg/mL; after meal: 27.0–195 µg/mL) and EPA + DHA (fasting: 0.0708–1.34 µmol/mL; before meal: 0.0694–1.82 µmol/mL; after meal: 0.321–1.84 µmol/mL).
42. HumanDHA brain uptake and APOE4 status: a PET study with [1-11C]-DHA.
    Alzheimers Res Ther, 2017 · Design: not stated · n: n = 9 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 28335828DOI 10.1186/s13195-017-0250-1PMC5364667 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:METHODS: Using positron emission tomography, regional incorporation coefficients (k*), rates of DHA incorporation from plasma into the brain using [1-11C]-DHA (J in), and regional cerebral blood flow using [15O]-water were measured in 22 middle-aged healthy adults (mean age 35 years, range 19-65 years).
    • Key findings · abstract:APOE4 phenotype was determined by protein expression, and unesterified DHA concentrations were quantified in plasma.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The mean global gray matter DHA incorporation coefficient, k*, was significantly higher (16%) among APOE4 carriers (n = 9) than among noncarriers (n = 13, p = 0.046)
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'DHA incorporation rate (Jin)':Unesterified plasma DHA concentrations were not different between APOE4 noncarriers and APOE4 carriers (2.0 ± 1.1 vs. 2.2 ± 1.5 nmol/ml, respectively; p = 0.76).
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'DHA incorporation rate (Jin)':Among APOE4 noncarriers and carriers, gray matter J in was 5.0 ± 3.3 vs. 6.3 ± 4.5 μmol/day/g, respectively (p = 0.49).
43. HumanEnhanced Bioavailability of EPA From Emulsified Fish Oil Preparations Versus Capsular Triacylglycerol.
    Lipids, 2016 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 26688435DOI 10.1007/s11745-015-4100-2
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:For those individuals who are unable to consume adequate long chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn3) from dietary sources, fish oil supplementation is an attractive alternative Pre-emulsified fish oil supplements, an alternative to capsular triacylglycerol, may enhance the uptake of LCn3 fatty acids it contains.
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h and fatty acid concentrations of PLFA and CMFA were determined by gas chromatography and the integrated area under the curve over 40 h (iAUC0-48) was determined.
    • Key findings · abstract:Emulsion S and Emulsion N promoted increased uptake of EPA into PLFA o[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h and fatty acid concentrations of PLFA and CMFA were determined by gas chromatography and the integrated area under the curve over 40 h (iAUC0-48) was determined.
44. HumanBioavailability of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from phospholipid-rich herring roe oil in men and women with mildly elevated triacylglycerols.
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2016 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 27151222DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.01.007
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:This randomized, single-blind, crossover trial assessed the bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) from two different sources, each examined over a 12h period following consumption of a single serving and after 2-weeks of daily supplementation.
    • Key findings · abstract:The net incremental area under the curve from 0 to 12h for EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) were significantly higher (p<0.01 for all) after Romega 30 supplementation compared to fish oil.
    • Key findings · abstract:After the 2-week supplementation period, fasting plasma PC EPA+ DHA w[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:The net incremental area under the curve from 0 to 12h for EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) were significantly higher (p<0.01 for all) after Romega 30 supplementation compared to fish oil.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:After the 2-week supplementation period, fasting plasma PC EPA+ DHA was elevated by ~2.8 to 3.0-fold relative to baseline in both conditions (p<0.0001 for each), but there was no significant difference in the change from baseline (p=0.422) between Romega 30 (baseline=62.2±3.8µg/mL vs. end of study=172.9±11.7µg/mL) and fish oil (baseline=62.0±3.4µg/mL vs. end of study=185.4±11.2µg/mL) conditions.
    • Food effect · abstract:Thirty-two adults with fasting triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations between 100 and 399mg/dL were randomly assigned, with stratification by sex and age, to receive 12 capsules/day containing either phospholipid (PL)-rich herring roe oil (Romega® 30, 628mg/day EPA; 1810mg/day DHA; 137mg/day DPA) or TAG-rich fish oil (575mg/day EPA; 1843mg/day DHA; 259mg/day DPA) each for a 2-week period separated by a 4 week washout.
    • Food effect · abstract:After the 2-week supplementation period, fasting plasma PC EPA+ DHA was elevated by ~2.8 to 3.0-fold relative to baseline in both conditions (p<0.0001 for each), but there was no
45. HumanIcosapent ethyl: Eicosapentaenoic acid concentration and triglyceride-lowering effects across clinical studies.
    Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 2016 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 27418543DOI 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.07.007
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:This post-hoc exploratory analysis examined the relationship of icosapent ethyl dose with EPA concentrations in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) across 3 clinical studies-a phase 1 pharmacokinetic study in healthy adult volunteers and 2 pivotal phase 3 studies (MARINE and ANCHOR) in adult patients with hypertriglyceridemia-and examined the relationship between EPA levels and TG-lowering effects in MARINE and ANCHOR.
    • Key findings · abstract:In all 3 studies, icosapent ethyl produced dose-dependent increases in the concentrations of EPA in plasma and RBCs.
    • Key findings · abstract:In patients with high TG levels (≥200mg/dL) and treated wi[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
46. HumanMembrane omega-3 fatty acids modulate the oligomerisation kinetics of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors.
    Sci Rep, 2016 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 26796668DOI 10.1038/srep19839PMC4726318 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'DHA–DHA interactions and lipid phase-seg':Due to the lack of saturated lipids (DSPC, DPPC or SM) this system showed ~3 times faster diffusion values when compared to the diffusion results measured in conventional healthy-like systems.
47. HumanSimilar eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plasma levels achieved with fish oil or krill oil in a randomized double-blind four-week bioavailability study.
    Lipids Health Dis, 2015 · Design: randomized · n: n = 22 · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 26328782DOI 10.1186/s12944-015-0109-zPMC4557744 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Recently, conflicting information was published on the relative bioavailability of these omega-3 supplements.
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) samples were collected at baseline (pre-dose on Day 1) and at 4, 8, 12, 48, 72, 336, and 672 h.
    • Key findings · abstract:Total plasma EPA + DHA levels at Week 4 (Hour 672) were measured as the primary endpoint.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: No significant differences in total plasma EPA + DHA at 672 h were observed between fish oil-EE (mean = 90.9 ± 41 ug/mL), fish oil-TG (mean = 108 ± 40 ug/mL), and krill oil (mean = 118.5 ± 48 ug/mL), p = 0.052 and bioavailability differed by < 24 % between[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Recently, conflicting information was published on the relative bioavailability of these omega-3 supplements.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Bioavailability of DHA + EPA in plasma, ':Pairwise comparisons of total DHA + EPA plasma concentrations at Week 4, using the two one-sided t-tests procedure, showed geometric mean ratios (90 % confidence intervals) as: 0.75 (0.59, 0.96) for fish Oil -EE vs. krill oil; 0.82 (0.64, 1.04) for fish oil-EE vs. fish oil-TG; and 0.92 (0.73, 1.15) for fish oil-TG vs. krill oil.Fig. 2Mean Plasma DHA + EPA Concentration-Time Profiles after Administ
48. HumanEffects of Icosapent Ethyl (Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester) on Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Rosiglitazone in Healthy Subjects.
    Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev, 2015 · Design: not stated · n: 30 subjects · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 26097794DOI 10.1002/cpdd.150PMC4467261 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Pharmacokinetic end points included area under the concentration versus time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-inf) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax) for rosiglitazone with and without icosapent ethyl.
    • Key findings · abstract:Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day at steady-state did not significantly change the single-dose AUC0-inf or Cmax of rosiglitazone 8 mg.
    • Key findings · abstract:Least squares geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for AUC0-inf and Cmax of rosiglitazone given with icosapent ethyl versus rosiglitazone alone were 0.90 (87.00-93.40) and 1.01 (92.02-109.9), respectively.
    • Cmax · abstract:Pharmacokinetic end points included area under the concentration versus time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-inf) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax) for rosiglitazone with and without icosapent ethyl.
    • Cmax · abstract:Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day at steady-state did not significantly change the single-dose AUC0-inf or Cmax of rosiglitazone 8 mg.
    • Cmax · abstract:Least squares geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for AUC0-inf and Cmax of rosiglitazone given with icosapent ethyl versus rosiglitazone alone were 0.90 (87.00-93.40) and 1.01 (92.02-109.9), respectively.
    • AUC · abstract:Pharmacokinetic end points included area under the concentration versus time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-inf) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax) for rosiglitazone with and without icosapent ethyl.
    • AUC · abstract:Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day at steady-state did not significantly change the single-dose AUC0-inf or Cmax of rosiglitazone 8 mg.
    • AUC · abstract:Least squares geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for AUC0-inf and Cmax of rosiglitazone given with icosapent ethyl versus rosiglitazone alone were 0.90 (87.00-93.40) and 1.01 (92.02-109.9), respectively.
    • Cmax · full text, Table 1:ment Rosiglitazone 8 mg Rosiglitazone 8 mg + Icosapent ethyl 4 g AUC0–inf (ng·h/mL) 3,228 (679) 2,921 (677) AUC0–24 (ng·h/mL) 3,152 (648) 2,873 (654) Cmax (ng/mL) 672 (185) 673 (170) Tmax (h) 0.8 (0.5, 2.0) 0.8 (0.5, 2.0) T1/2 (h) 4.4 (0.7) 4.1 (0.7)
    • Cmax · full text, Table 2:* Treatment Rosiglitazone 8 mg Rosiglitazone 8 mg + Icosapent ethyl 4 g AUC0–inf (ng·h/mL) LSGM 3,153 2,842 Ratio of LSGM 0.90 90% CI 87.00–93.40 Cmax (ng/mL) LSGM 647 650 Ratio of LSGM 1.01 90% CI 92.02–109.90
    • Cmax · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':Statistical analyses of the ratios of the geometric means for AUC0–inf and Cmax with 90% CIs are shown in Table2.
    • Tmax · full text, Table 1:zone 8 mg + Icosapent ethyl 4 g AUC0–inf (ng·h/mL) 3,228 (679) 2,921 (677) AUC0–24 (ng·h/mL) 3,152 (648) 2,873 (654) Cmax (ng/mL) 672 (185) 673 (170) Tmax (h) 0.8 (0.5, 2.0) 0.8 (0.5, 2.0) T1/2 (h) 4.4 (0.7) 4.1 (0.7)
    • AUC · full text, Table 1:l (Pharmacokinetic Analysis Population, n = 28) Rosiglitazone parameter (unit)* Treatment Rosiglitazone 8 mg Rosiglitazone 8 mg + Icosapent ethyl 4 g AUC0–inf (ng·h/mL) 3,228 (679) 2,921 (677) AUC0–24 (ng·h/mL) 3,152 (648) 2,873 (654) Cmax (ng/mL) 672 (185) 673 (170) Tmax (h) 0.8 (0.5, 2.0) 0.8 (0.5, 2.0) T1/2 (h) 4.4 (0.7) 4.1 (0.7)
    • AUC · full text, Table 2:yl (Pharmacokinetic Analysis Population, n = 28) PK parameter (unit) Statistic* Treatment Rosiglitazone 8 mg Rosiglitazone 8 mg + Icosapent ethyl 4 g AUC0–inf (ng·h/mL) LSGM 3,153 2,842 Ratio of LSGM 0.90 90% CI 87.00–93.40 Cmax (ng/mL) LSGM 647 650 Ratio of LSGM 1.01 90% CI 92.02–109.90
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetics':Statistical analyses of the ratios of the geometric means for AUC0–inf and Cmax with 90% CIs are shown in Table2.
49. HumanBioequivalence of n-3 fatty acids from microencapsulated fish oil formulations in human subjects.
    Br J Nutr, 2015 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
    PMID 25711158DOI 10.1017/S000711451400436XPDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The aim of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of n-3 FA delivered as two microencapsulated fish oil-formulated powders or fish oil gel capsules (FOGC) taken with a flavoured milk in healthy participants.
    • Key findings · abstract:Bioavailability was assessed acutely after ingestion of a single dose by measuring total plasma FA composition over a period of 48 h (n 14) using a randomised cross-over design, and over the short term for a period of 4 weeks using an unblinded parallel design (after daily supplementation) by measuring total plasma and erythrocyte FA composition at baseline and at 2 and 4 w[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Tmax · abstract:The time to reach maximal plasma values (T(max)) was shorter for F1 than for FOGC or F2.
    • Cmax · full text, p.4:in the used to calculate the AUC, the time to maximal value (Tmax) and values of 18 : 2n-6 (linoleic acid), 20 : 4n-6 (arachidonic the maximal value (Cmax). The FA data of plasma and erythrocytes acid), total n-6 FA or 18 : 3n-3 (a-linolenic acid) from 0 to and blood lipid parameters of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and 4 weeks for the FOGC, F1 and F2 groups (Table 4). No differ- TAG were found to
    • Cmax · full text, p.6:Net changes in acute (0 – 48 h) plasma fatty acid (FA) composition as AUC (arbitrary units), time (h) to maximal value (Tmax) and maximal value (%) (Cmax) in the study participants (n 14) administered a single dose of fish oil gel capsules (FOGC) taken with a flavoured milk or a flavoured milk containing formulation 1 (F1) or formulation 2 (F2) (Mean values with their standard errors) FOGC F1 F2 F
    • Tmax · full text, p.1:ly increased (% D) plasma EPA and total n-3 FA levels at 2 and 4 h and DHA levels at 4 h compared with FOGC. The time to reach maximal plasma values (Tmax) was shorter for F1 than for FOGC or F2. In the short-term study, increases in plasma and erythrocyte n-3 FA values were similar for all treatments and achieved an omega-3 index in the range of 5·8 –6·3 % after 4 weeks. Overall, the results demo
    • Tmax · full text, p.4:in the (P, 0·05) than the FOGC group (Fig. 2(C)). Furthermore, the plasma were measured on a Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi time to reach maximum value (Tmax) for the total n-3 FA 902 clinical analyser (Hitachi Science Systems Limited) using was shorter in the F1 group than in the F2 and FOGC appropriate diagnostic kits from Roche Diagnostics Australia. groups (Table 3). LDL-cholesterol was calculate
    • Tmax · full text, p.6:sulated fish oil 827 Table 3. Net changes in acute (0 – 48 h) plasma fatty acid (FA) composition as AUC (arbitrary units), time (h) to maximal value (Tmax) and maximal value (%) (Cmax) in the study participants (n 14) administered a single dose of fish oil gel capsules (FOGC) taken with a flavoured milk or a flavoured milk containing formulation 1 (F1) or formulation 2 (F2) (Mean values with their
    • AUC · full text, p.4:ation of Pad Prism version 5.04 for Windows (GraphPad Software) and 4 weeks (Table 4). There were no significant changes in the used to calculate the AUC, the time to maximal value (Tmax) and values of 18 : 2n-6 (linoleic acid), 20 : 4n-6 (arachidonic the maximal value (Cmax). The FA data of plasma and erythrocytes acid), total n-6 FA or 18 : 3n-3 (a-linolenic acid) from 0 to and blood lipid param
    • AUC · full text, p.6:idge University Press Bioequivalence of microencapsulated fish oil 827 Table 3. Net changes in acute (0 – 48 h) plasma fatty acid (FA) composition as AUC (arbitrary units), time (h) to maximal value (Tmax) and maximal value (%) (Cmax) in the study participants (n 14) administered a single dose of fish oil gel capsules (FOGC) taken with a flavoured milk or a flavoured milk containing formulation 1
    • AUC · full text, p.8:hough the F1 and F2 groups had shorter times to reach the maximum value for plasma TAG:HDL-cholesterol ratio n-3 FA compared with the FOGC group, the AUC for total D HDL-cholesterol‡ n-3 FA uptake over a period of 48 h showed no significant D LDL-cholesterol‡ Total cholesterol† HDL-cholesterol differences. The health implications and the importance of LDL-cholesterol D Cholesterol‡ having a short
    • Food effect · full text, p.2:ance of detecting the participants. The treatment dose was consumed imme- a 30 and 45 % increase in DHA compared with the FOGC diately after taking a fasted blood sample. Participants were (control) (a ¼ 0·05) in the acute and short-term studies, randomised into the following treatment orders: ABC; BCA; respectively. An extra five participants per treatment group CAB. Blood samples were taken at 0
    • Food effect · full text, p.9:ilk JB, Tsai MY, Hanson NQ, et al. (2012) Plasma and diet- ary omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and heart failure in the dose-dependent reduction in fasting blood TAG levels, but physicians’ health study. Am J Clin Nutr 96, 882– 888. not total, HDL- or LDL-cholesterol levels(43). 7. Cockbain AJ, Toogood GJ & Hull MA (2012) Omega-3 poly- In agreement with our hypothesis, we conclude that F1 and un
    • Form comparison · full text, p.1:ine and at 2 and 4 weeks (n 47). In the acute study, F1 greatly increased (% D) plasma EPA and total n-3 FA levels at 2 and 4 h and DHA levels at 4 h compared with FOGC. The time to reach maximal plasma values (Tmax) was shorter for F1 than for FOGC or F2. In the short-term study, increases in plasma and erythrocyte n-3 FA values were similar for all treatments and achieved an omega-3 index in the
    • Form comparison · full text, p.2:y (per group) were required to have an 80 % chance of detecting the participants. The treatment dose was consumed imme- a 30 and 45 % increase in DHA compared with the FOGC diately after taking a fasted blood sample. Participants were (control) (a ¼ 0·05) in the acute and short-term studies, randomised into the following treatment orders: ABC; BCA; respectively. An extra five participants per trea
    • Form comparison · full text, p.4:(results not shown). At 2 and 4 weeks, there were Results no significant changes in individual n-6 FA values in erythro- Participant compliance cytes compared with those at 0 weeks, but total n-6 FA values had significantly decreased at 4 weeks for all the treat- There were no withdrawals or lack of compliance in the ment groups. For EPA, the values increased significantly at 2 acute study. Of the
50. HumanBioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects--a randomized, single-dose, cross-over trial.
    Lipids Health Dis, 2015 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 15 subjects · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 25884846DOI 10.1186/s12944-015-0015-4PMC4374210 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Fatty acid compositions of plasma triglycerides and phospholipids were measured repeatedly for 72 hours.
    • Key findings · abstract:The primary efficacy analysis was based on the 72 hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of EPA and DHA in plasma phospholipid fatty acids.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: A larger iAUC for EPA and DHA in plasma phospholipid fatty acids was detected after krill oil (mean 89.08±33.36%×h) than after krill meal (mean 44.97±18.07%xh, p<0.001) or after fish oil (mean 59.15±22.22%×h, p=0.003).
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSION: EPA and DHA in krill oil had a higher 72-hour bioavailability than in krill meal or fish oil.
    • AUC · abstract:The primary efficacy analysis was based on the 72 hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of EPA and DHA in plasma phospholipid fatty acids.
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: A randomized, single-dose, single-blind, cross-over, active-reference trial was conducted in 15 subjects, who ingested krill oil, krill meal and fish oil, each containing approx. 1 700 mg EPA and DHA.
    • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: A larger iAUC for EPA and DHA in plasma phospholipid fatty acids was detected after krill oil (mean 89.08±33.36%×h) than after krill meal (mean 44.97±18.07%xh, p<0.001) or after fish oil (mean 59.15±22.22%×h, p=0.003).
    • Food effect · abstract:CONCLUSION: EPA and DHA in krill oil had a higher 72-hour bioavailability than in krill meal or fish oil.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'iAUCTG in plasma triglycerides':Compared to the findings in plasma phospholipids, the mean EPA + DHA incremental area under 72 h response curve in plasma triglycerides (iAUCTG) showed lower values.
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'EPA levels in plasma phospholipids':Numerically, the largest mean maximum increase of EPA compared to the baseline percentage of total fatty acids in plasma phospholipids (EPAcmax) was detected after ingestion of krill oil (1.89 ± 0.38%), but this was not significantly higher than after fish oil (mean 1.07 ± 0.29%, p=0.044) or krill meal (mean 1.20 ± 0.20, p=0.628), which also held true for the comparison of fish oil and krill meal
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'EPA levels in plasma phospholipids':This was significantly shorter than compared to krill oil (mean 15.73 ± 15.60 h, p < 0.001) and to fish oil supplement (mean 24.53 ± 20.22, p=0.012).
51. HumanBioavailability of long-chain n-3 fatty acids from enriched meals and from microencapsulated powder.
    Eur J Clin Nutr, 2015 · Design: randomized; double-blind · n: N=99 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 25406967DOI 10.1038/ejcn.2014.250
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:We investigated the bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFAs from microencapsulated powder in comparison with meals enriched with liquid fish oil.
    • Key findings · abstract:According to multivariate analysis, both intervention groups had higher end-point LC n-3 PUFA concentrations compared with placebo, but differences between intervention groups were not significant.
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSION: Bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFAs in encapsulated powder is very similar to the bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFAs in ready-to-eat meals enriched with liquid fish oil.
    • Food effect · abstract:We investigated the bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFAs from microencapsulated powder in comparison with meals enriched with liquid fish oil.
    • Food effect · abstract:Group 1 (n=38) received 1.5 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as ready-to-eat meals enriched with liquid fish oil; group 2 (n=30) received the same amount of these LC n-3 PUFAs as microencapsulated fish oil powder and regular meals; and group 3 (n=31) was the control group, which received placebo powder and regular meals.
    • Food effect · abstract:CONCLUSION: Bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFAs in encapsulated powder is very similar to the bioavailability
52. HumanThe Pharmacokinetic Profile of a New Gastroresistant Capsule Preparation of Eicosapentaenoic Acid as the Free Fatty Acid.
    Biomed Res Int, 2015 · Design: not stated · n: 15 healthy volunteers · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 26339608DOI 10.1155/2015/360825PMC4538368 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:There was a rapid incorporation of EPA into plasma phospholipids by 2 weeks and a slower, but highly consistent, incorporation into RBC membranes (4% total fatty acid content; coefficient of variation 10-16%).
    • Key findings · abstract:EPA-FFA is well tolerated and no difference in the pharmacokinetic profile of n-3 PUFA incorporation was detected between IBD patients and HV.
53. HumanOmega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes.
    Eur J Sport Sci, 2015 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 25176010DOI 10.1080/17461391.2014.949310
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3-week n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) supplementation on serum nitric oxide (NO), asymmetric dimethyloarginine (ADMA), ultrasound indices of endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of elite cyclists.
    • Key findings · abstract:The effects of dietary supplementation (n-3 PUFA at a dose of 1.3 g twice daily for 3 weeks) and placebo administration on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), pulse wave velocity, serum markers (NO, ADMA), lipid profile, and ΔVO2max were analysed in 13 cyclists both before and after dietary protocols.
    • Key findings · abstract:Higher post-interventio[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
54. HumanKinetics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids when co-administered with saturated or omega-6 fats.
    Metabolism, 2015 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: n=26 · abstract only (PubMed) · not checked (off-topic)
    PMID 26386693DOI 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.012
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: Absorption of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) has been shown to be potentiated when consumed with a high fat meal.
    • Key findings · abstract:However, the effect of different dietary fats on n-3PUFA absorption and postprandial kinetics has not been previously studied.
    • Key findings · abstract:METHOD: In a randomized cross-over design intervention, postprandial incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into plasma lipids following consumption of a meal rich in either saturated fat or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) was investigated.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Postprandial plasma lipids were enriched with saturated fatty[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:OBJECTIVE: Absorption of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) has been shown to be potentiated when consumed with a high fat meal.
    • Food effect · abstract:However, the effect of different dietary fats on n-3PUFA absorption and postprandial kinetics has not been previously studied.
    • Food effect · abstract:METHOD: In a randomized cross-over design intervention, postprandial incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into plasma lipids following consumption of a meal rich in either saturated fat or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) was investigated.
    • Food effect · abstract:Healthy adult male and female subjects (n=26) were fed an isocaloric me
55. HumanPharmacokinetics of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Plasma and Red Blood Cells After Multiple Oral Dosing With Icosapent Ethyl in Healthy Subjects.
    Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev, 2014 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 26097787DOI 10.1002/cpdd.84PMC4467252 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Mean plasma total EPA increased from 19 µg/mL to a peak (Cmax) of 366 µg/mL at 5 hours postdosing 4 g/day IPE on Day 28.
    • Key findings · abstract:Mean RBC EPA Cmax after 4 g/day was 89 µg/mL (baseline, 12 µg/mL).
    • Key findings · abstract:Steady state for total and unesterified plasma EPA was reached by Day 28, whereas RBC levels were still increasing.
    • Cmax · abstract:RESULTS: Mean plasma total EPA increased from 19 µg/mL to a peak (Cmax) of 366 µg/mL at 5 hours postdosing 4 g/day IPE on Day 28.
    • Cmax · abstract:Mean RBC EPA Cmax after 4 g/day was 89 µg/mL (baseline, 12 µg/mL).
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: Four healthy subject groups received IPE for 28 days: three received 2 g/day (1 × 1,000 mg BID, 2 × 1,000 mg QD, or 2 × 500 mg BID); one received 4 g/day (2 × 1,000 mg BID) administered with meals.
    • Cmax · full text, Table 1:1,000 mg QD (n = 12) Group 4: IPE 2 g/day 2 × 500 mg BID (n = 12) Total EPA in plasma Baseline (µg/mL) 7.9 (7.0) 19.3 (16.1) 19.2 (17.5) 14.7 (16.6) Cmax (µg/mL) 154.9 (49.4) 347.2 (112.5) 232.8 (127.6) 210.5 (93.1) AUC0–24 hours (µg•h/mL) 2,907 (1,160) 6,519 (1,963) 2,65.9 (1,136) 3,233 (1,104) Cmin (µg/mL) 101.0 (50.4) 211.9 (68.2) 75.1 (40.5) 104.2 (42.4) Tmax (hour) 5 (5, 8) 5 (3, 8) 5 (3, 12)
    • Tmax · full text, Table 1:3.1) AUC0–24 hours (µg•h/mL) 2,907 (1,160) 6,519 (1,963) 2,65.9 (1,136) 3,233 (1,104) Cmin (µg/mL) 101.0 (50.4) 211.9 (68.2) 75.1 (40.5) 104.2 (42.4) Tmax (hour) 5 (5, 8) 5 (3, 8) 5 (3, 12) 6 (5, 8) T1/2 (hour) 75.1 (46.5) 89.3 (42.0) 69.7 (60.9) 83.5 (38.8) CL/F (mL/h) 776.4 (256.9) 683.7 (280.6) 867.7 (328.8) 684.5 (248.3) Vz/F (L) 79.8 (62.6) 88.4 (55.2) 79.3 (71.5) 79.3 (35.3) Total EPA in RB
    • AUC · full text, Table 1:Total EPA in plasma Baseline (µg/mL) 7.9 (7.0) 19.3 (16.1) 19.2 (17.5) 14.7 (16.6) Cmax (µg/mL) 154.9 (49.4) 347.2 (112.5) 232.8 (127.6) 210.5 (93.1) AUC0–24 hours (µg•h/mL) 2,907 (1,160) 6,519 (1,963) 2,65.9 (1,136) 3,233 (1,104) Cmin (µg/mL) 101.0 (50.4) 211.9 (68.2) 75.1 (40.5) 104.2 (42.4) Tmax (hour) 5 (5, 8) 5 (3, 8) 5 (3, 12) 6 (5, 8) T1/2 (hour) 75.1 (46.5) 89.3 (42.0) 69.7 (60.9) 83.5 (38
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Pharmacokinetic Results':Based on AUC0–24 hours in plasma, 0.3% of the total EPA was unesterified in group 1 (2 g/day) and group 2 (4 g/day); based on maximum concentration in plasma, 0.5% and 0.4% of the total EPA was unesterified EPA in group 1 (2 g/day) and group 2 (4 g/day), respectively.
56. HumanA reexamination of krill oil bioavailability studies.
    Lipids Health Dis, 2014 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 25156381DOI 10.1186/1476-511X-13-137PMC4161905 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • AUC · full text, Table 1:6, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h after the one-day intervention NR Acute supplementation trial As EE: 1008 As EE: 672 Comparisons made as change from baseline, area under the curve, C-max, and t-max Crossover design with high standard deviations Ulven et al. [4] 348 195 450 414 7 wk supplementation with KO, FO, or no supplementation No safety-related AEs Intervention was not blinded Change in total plasma f
57. HumanRecent advances in omega-3: Health Benefits, Sources, Products and Bioavailability.
    Nutrients, 2014 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 25255830DOI 10.3390/nu6093727PMC4179185 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:Recent Advances in Omega-3: Health Benefits, Sources, Products and Bioavailability, was held November 7, 2013 in Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
    • Key findings · abstract:Eleven papers submitted following from the Omega-3 Symposium are published in this Special Issue volume, with topics covered including: an update on the use of the Omega-3 Index (O3I), the effects of dosage and concurrent intake of vitamins/minerals on omega-3 incorporation into red blood cells, the possible use of the O3I as a measure of risk for adiposity, the need for and progress with new land plant sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3), the[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
58. HumanN-3 PUFA increase bioavailability and function of endothelial progenitor cells.
    Food Funct, 2014 · Design: randomized · n: 20 healthy subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 24942553DOI 10.1039/c3fo60641d
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma EPA levels were independently and positively associated with EPC levels (p < 0.005).
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSION: Our findings support the case of a beneficiary role played by n-3 PUFA in EPC function and bioavailability.
59. HumanKinetics of 13C-DHA before and during fish-oil supplementation in healthy older individuals.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2014 · Design: not stated · n: 12 men · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
    PMID 24829492DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.074708PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The time × supplement interaction for (13)C-DHA in the plasma was not significant, but there were separate time and supplement effects (P < 0.0001).
    • Key findings · abstract:The area under the curve for plasma (13)C-DHA was 60% lower while subjects were taking the supplement than at baseline (P < 0.0001).
    • Key findings · abstract:The mean (±SEM) plasma (13)C-DHA half-life was 4.5 ± 0.4 d at baseline compared with 3.0 ± 0.2 d while taking the supplement (P < 0.0001).
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: In older persons, a supplement of 3.2 g EPA + DHA/d increased β-oxidation of (13)C-DHA and shortened the plasma (13)C-DHA half-life.
    • AUC · abstract:The area under the curve for plasma (13)C-DHA was 60% lower while subjects were taking the supplement than at baseline (P < 0.0001).
    • AUC · full text, p.2:significant, but there were separate time and sup- ported in the studies (4–6). We recently reported the metabolism plement effects (P , 0.0001). The area under the curve for plasma of a single 50-mg dose of 99% pure 13C-DHA methyl ester 13 C-DHA was 60% lower while subjects were taking the supple- given to 6 young and 6 older humans (7). We showed that 4 h ment than at baseline (P , 0.0001). The
    • AUC · full text, p.4:eviously described (22). The cumulative 13C-DHA b oxidation ½AQ5 was saponified by using 1 mol KOH in methanol/L and heated at was calculated as the AUC of the percentage of dose recovered 908C for 1 h, which released fatty acids from cholesteryl esters (PDR) at each time point (GraphPad Prism 5 software; Graph- and glycerolipids. After cooling to room temperature, hexane Pad). Specific activitie
    • AUC · full text, p.5:total cholesterol, HDL cho- Statistics lesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol did To calculate the sample size, we used the AUC of plasma 13C- not significantly change while subjects were taking the supplement DHA as the primary endpoint. From a previous published article than at baseline (Table 1). During the 5 mo that subject were taking that used 13C-DHA in older perso
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.2:nd 6 older humans (7). We showed that 4 h ment than at baseline (P , 0.0001). The uniformly carbon-13– after 13C-DHA intake, older participants had a 4-fold higher labeled EPA concentration was 2.6 times higher 1 d posttracer while 13 C-DHA concentration in plasma total lipids compared with patients were taking the supplement than at baseline. The mean that of the young participants (7). In older
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.8:osahexaenoic acid despite the EPA + DHA supplement having raised plasma EPA from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food. Lipids 5-fold. Changes in the mass of 13C-EPA during EPA + DHA 2007;42:1011–24.
    • Food effect · full text, p.3:HA has been consumed orally (7, 14). (eg, of salmon, herring, or sardines). At baseline, the mean The 28-d kinetic study started by the collection of fasting blood FIGURE 1. Overall study design (top) and design of the embedded kinetic studies (bottom). The kinetic studies were performed before (baseline) and in the past month of an n23 fatty acid supplementation (supplement) providing 1.8 g/d EPA
    • Form comparison · full text, p.2:er participants had a 4-fold higher labeled EPA concentration was 2.6 times higher 1 d posttracer while 13 C-DHA concentration in plasma total lipids compared with patients were taking the supplement than at baseline. The mean that of the young participants (7). In older persons supplemented ½AQ1 (6SEM) plasma 13C-DHA half-life was 4.5 6 0.4 d at baseline compared with 3.0 6 0.2 d with the supple
    • Form comparison · full text, p.4:ted tube could be previously described (19). 13C/12C values at each time were ½AQ6 inserted to collect a sample of the exhaled breath (7, 14). These compared with 13C/12C at baseline (t = 0 of day 0) to calculate breath samples were used to follow the appearance of carbon the d per mil values, which were designated thereafter as the dioxide labeled with carbon-13 (13C-CO2) that came from 13C- ato
    • Form comparison · full text, p.5:acids, re- h21 with the assumption that the correlation (r) of the AUC at spectively (see supplemental Table 1 under “Supplemental data” in baseline compared with when subject were taking the supple- the online issue). One month after subject started supplementation, ment was equal to 0.5, which was conservative. We also set the EPA and DHA plateaued in total lipids of plasma at concentrations pow
60. HumanOmega-3 supplementation alters mitochondrial membrane composition and respiration kinetics in human skeletal muscle.
    J Physiol, 2014 · Design: not stated · n: n = 18 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 24396061DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267336PMC3961091 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Studies have shown increased incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into whole skeletal muscle following supplementation, although little has been done to investigate the potential impact on the fatty acid composition of mitochondrial membranes and the functional consequences on mitochondrial bioenergetics.
61. HumanSteady-state bioavailability of prescription omega-3 on a low-fat diet is significantly improved with a free fatty acid formulation compared with an ethyl ester formulation: the ECLIPSE II study.
    Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2013 · Design: clinical trial · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 24124374DOI 10.2147/VHRM.S50464PMC3794864 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Subjects were then administered 4 × 1 g capsules of either Epanova (OM3 FFA) or Lovaza (OM3 EE) once daily for 14 days, following which serial blood samples were drawn over a 24-hour period to characterize the bioavailability of EPA and DHA from the respective formulations.
    • Key findings · abstract:Systemic bioavailability, as measured by area under the curve from time zero to 24 hours (AUC(0-τ)) and the maximum measured plasma concentrations during the 0-24 hour dosing interval (C(max,ss)) of unadjusted total plasma EPA + DHA were approximately 3-fold and 3.9-fold higher, respectively, for Epanova relative to Lovaz[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:Systemic bioavailability, as measured by area under the curve from time zero to 24 hours (AUC(0-τ)) and the maximum measured plasma concentrations during the 0-24 hour dosing interval (C(max,ss)) of unadjusted total plasma EPA + DHA were approximately 3-fold and 3.9-fold higher, respectively, for Epanova relative to Lovaza.
    • Cmax · abstract:Following baseline adjustment, the magnitude of difference in bioavailability was approximately 5.8-fold and 6.5-fold higher in AUC(0-τ) and C(max,ss), respectively, for Epanova relative to Lovaza.
    • AUC · abstract:Systemic bioavailability, as measured by area under the curve from time zero to 24 hours (AUC(0-τ)) and the maximum measured plasma concentrations during the 0-24 hour dosing interval (C(max,ss)) of unadjusted total plasma EPA + DHA were approximately 3-fold and 3.9-fold higher, respectively, for Epanova relative to Lovaza.
    • AUC · abstract:Following baseline adjustment, the magnitude of difference in bioavailability was approximately 5.8-fold and 6.5-fold higher in AUC(0-τ) and C(max,ss), respectively, for Epanova relative to Lovaza.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Systemic bioavailability, as measured by area under the curve from time zero to 24 hours (AUC(0-τ)) and the maximum measured plasma concentrations during the 0-24 hour dosing interval (C(max,ss)) of unadjusted total plasma EPA + DHA were approximately 3-fold and 3.9-fold higher, respectively, for Epanova relative to Lovaza.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Following baseline adjustment, the magnitude of difference in bioavailability was approximately 5.8-fold and 6.5-fold higher in AUC(0-τ) and C(max,ss), respectively, for Epanova relative to Lovaza.
    • Cmax · full text, Table 4:t-squaresmean % mean ratio 90% CI P-value Epanova™ Lovaza® Total EPA + DHA  AUC0-τ (nmol · hour/mL) 19,110.87 3,320.07 575.62 447.37–740.64 <0.0001  Cmax,ss (nmol/mL) 1,349.57 206.69 652.93 523.48–814.39 <0.0001 Total EPA  AUC0-τ (μg · hour/mL) 4,225.56 576.12 733.45 584.10–920.99 <0.0001  Cmax,ss (μg/ml) 295.04 34.22 862.28 687.73–1081.14 <0.0001 Total DHA  AUC0-τ(μg · hour/mL) 1,660.19 536.86 3
    • AUC · full text, Table 4:al EPA, and total DHA in plasma Pharmacokinetics parameter Geometric least-squaresmean % mean ratio 90% CI P-value Epanova™ Lovaza® Total EPA + DHA  AUC0-τ (nmol · hour/mL) 19,110.87 3,320.07 575.62 447.37–740.64 <0.0001  Cmax,ss (nmol/mL) 1,349.57 206.69 652.93 523.48–814.39 <0.0001 Total EPA  AUC0-τ (μg · hour/mL) 4,225.56 576.12 733.45 584.10–920.99 <0.0001  Cmax,ss (μg/ml) 295.04 34.22 862.28
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Lipoprotein lipids':After 2 weeks of dosing, there was a significantly larger percent reduction in triglycerides observed in the Epanova cohort compared with the Lovaza cohort (geometric least-squares means 21% versus 8%, P = 0.013).
62. HumanEnhanced increase of omega-3 index in healthy individuals with response to 4-week n-3 fatty acid supplementation from krill oil versus fish oil.
    Lipids Health Dis, 2013 · Design: randomized; crossover · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 24304605DOI 10.1186/1476-511X-12-178PMC4235028 (free full text)
    Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Due to structural differences, bioavailability of krill oil, a phospholipid based oil, could be higher than fish oil, a triglyceride-based oil, conferring properties that render it more effective than fish oil in increasing omega-3 index and thereby, reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Krill oil consumption increased plasma (p = 0.0043) and RBC (p = 0.0011) n-3 PUFA concentrations, including EPA and DHA, and reduced n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios (plasma: p = 0.0043, RBC: p = 0.0143) compared with fish oil consumption.
63. HumanA highly bioavailable omega-3 free fatty acid formulation improves the cardiovascular risk profile in high-risk, statin-treated patients with residual hypertriglyceridemia (the ESPRIT trial).
    Clin Ther, 2013 · Design: randomized; double-blind · n: 627 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 23998969DOI 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.07.420
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: A novel omega-3 formulation in free fatty acid form (OM3-FFA) has as much as 4-fold greater bioavailability than ethyl ester forms and reduces triglyceride (TG) levels in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid were significantly increased and arachidonic acid was significantly reduced in both OM3-FFA treatment groups compared with the OO responses (all, P < 0.001).
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:BACKGROUND: A novel omega-3 formulation in free fatty acid form (OM3-FFA) has as much as 4-fold greater bioavailability than ethyl ester forms and reduces triglyceride (TG) levels in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: In this double-blind, parallel-group study, 647 diet-stable patients with fasting TG levels ≥ 200 mg/dL and <500 mg/dL (treated with a maximally tolerated dose of statin or statin with ezetimibe) and at high risk for cardiovascular disease were randomized to 6 weeks of treatment with capsules of control (olive oil [OO]) 4 g/d, OM3-FFA 2 g/d (plus 2 g/d OO), or OM3-FFA 4 g/d.
64. HumanEarly enteral fat supplement and fish oil increases fat absorption in the premature infant with an enterostomy.
    J Pediatr, 2013 · Design: randomized · n: 18 infants · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 23453547DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.056
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
65. HumanIcosapent ethyl, a pure EPA omega-3 fatty acid: effects on plasma and red blood cell fatty acids in patients with very high triglyceride levels (results from the MARINE study).
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2013 · Design: double-blind · n: N=229 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 23992935DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.07.005
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a predefined, exploratory analysis (N=229) of FA plasma concentration and RBC membrane content from the double-blind, placebo-controlled MARINE study.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Mean placebo-adjusted plasma EPA levels increased from baseline by 792% and 402% and the arachidonic acid/EPA plasma ratio decreased from baseline by 99% and 88% with IPE 4 g/day and 2 g/day, respectively (all P<.0001).
66. HumanA novel omega-3 free fatty acid formulation has dramatically improved bioavailability during a low-fat diet compared with omega-3-acid ethyl esters: the ECLIPSE (Epanova(®) compared to Lovaza(®) in a pharmacokinetic single-dose evaluation) study.
    J Clin Lipidol, 2012 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 23312053DOI 10.1016/j.jacl.2012.01.002
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Omega-3 (OM-3) fatty acid products are indicated for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia; however, the omega-3-acid ethyl ester (OM-3 EE) formulations require significant pancreatic lipase stimulation with high-fat meals for adequate intestinal absorption of the metabolites eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
    • Key findings · abstract:A novel omega-3 free fatty acid (OM-3 FFA) formulation (Epanova(®), Omthera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Princeton, NJ) was developed to maximize EPA and DHA bioavailability during a low-fat diet.
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: To compare the relative bioavailability[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:Bioavailability was determined by the ln-transformed area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC(0-t)) during a 24-hour interval for EPA and DHA (baseline-adjusted).
    • AUC · abstract:RESULTS: The baseline-adjusted AUC(0-t) for total EPA + DHA during the low-fat period was 4.0-fold greater with OM-3 FFA compared with OM-3 EE (2650.2 vs 662.0 nmol·h/mL, respectively;
    • AUC · abstract:During the high-fat period, AUC(0-t) for OM-3 FFA was approximately 1.3-fold greater than OM-3 EE (P < .0001).
    • AUC · abstract:During the low-fat period, 30 of 51 (58.8%) subjects dosed with OM-3 FFA maintained an AUC(0-t) that was ≥50% of the
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:OBJECTIVE: To compare the relative bioavailability of EPA and DHA from single 4-gram doses of OM-3 FFA and a prescription OM-3 EE (Lovaza(®), GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC).
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:RESULTS: The baseline-adjusted AUC(0-t) for total EPA + DHA during the low-fat period was 4.0-fold greater with OM-3 FFA compared with OM-3 EE (2650.2 vs 662.0 nmol·h/mL, respectively;
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:During the high-fat period, AUC(0-t) for OM-3 FFA was approximately 1.3-fold greater than OM-3 EE (P < .0001).
    • Food effect · abstract:BACKGROUND: Omega-3 (OM-3) fatty acid products are indicated for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia; however, the omega-3-acid ethyl ester (OM-3 EE) formulations require significant pancreatic lipase stimulation with high-fat meals for adequate intestinal absorption of the metabolites eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: This was a randomized, open-label, single dose, 4-way crossover, bioavailability study of OM-3 FFA and OM-3 EE administered during periods of low-fat and high-fat consumption to 54 overweight adults.
    • Food effect · abstract:During the high-fat period, AUC
67. HumanBioequivalence of two omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester formulations: a case of clinical pharmacology of dietary supplements.
    Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2012 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 22242645DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04174.xPMC3394129 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT: • Omega-3 fatty acids are dietary components, present in the body with variable blood concentrations. • Bioavailability evaluations of ethyl ester preparations are hampered by the difficulty in achieving similar concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the preparations being compared.
    • Key findings · abstract:WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: • We selected subjects with uniform omega-3 background concentrations, to obtain comparable results at the end of treatment. • Testing bioequivalence of two formulations with different EPA : DHA ratios led to[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Cmax · abstract:RESULTS: Differently from a prior study, the pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a satisfactory bioequivalence: for the AUC(0,24 h) 90% CI of the ratio between the two formulations were in the range for bioequivalence (for EPA 0.98, 1.04 and for DHA 0.99, 1.04) and the same was true for C(max) and t(max) (90% CI were 0.95, 1.14 and 1.10, 1.25 for EPA and 0.88, 1.02 and 0.84, 1.24 for DHA).
    • Tmax · abstract:RESULTS: Differently from a prior study, the pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a satisfactory bioequivalence: for the AUC(0,24 h) 90% CI of the ratio between the two formulations were in the range for bioequivalence (for EPA 0.98, 1.04 and for DHA 0.99, 1.04) and the same was true for C(max) and t(max) (90% CI were 0.95, 1.14 and 1.10, 1.25 for EPA and 0.88, 1.02 and 0.84, 1.24 for DHA).
    • AUC · abstract:RESULTS: Differently from a prior study, the pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a satisfactory bioequivalence: for the AUC(0,24 h) 90% CI of the ratio between the two formulations were in the range for bioequivalence (for EPA 0.98, 1.04 and for DHA 0.99, 1.04) and the same was true for C(max) and t(max) (90% CI were 0.95, 1.14 and 1.10, 1.25 for EPA and 0.88, 1.02 and 0.84, 1.24 for DHA).
68. HumanRelative Bioavailability of an Emulsion Formulation for Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters Compared to the Commercially Available Formulation: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Single-Dose Study Followed by Repeat Dosing in Healthy Volunteers.
    Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev, 2012 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 27206142DOI 10.1177/2160763X11431107
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Following relative bioavailability assessment, LEM, RF, and placebo were dosed for 2 weeks.
    • Key findings · abstract:Following single doses, the dose-normalized EPA plasma-corrected AUCs were 14-fold (total) and 12-fold (free) higher and DHA plasma-corrected AUCs were 10-fold (total) and 13-fold (free) higher for LEM compared to RF.
    • Key findings · abstract:An 8-fold increase over baseline was observed in EPA incorporation for LEM (4-capsule dose) compared to a 4-fold increase for RF 4 g.
    • AUC · abstract:Following single doses, the dose-normalized EPA plasma-corrected AUCs were 14-fold (total) and 12-fold (free) higher and DHA plasma-corrected AUCs were 10-fold (total) and 13-fold (free) higher for LEM compared to RF.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Following relative bioavailability assessment, LEM, RF, and placebo were dosed for 2 weeks.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Following single doses, the dose-normalized EPA plasma-corrected AUCs were 14-fold (total) and 12-fold (free) higher and DHA plasma-corrected AUCs were 10-fold (total) and 13-fold (free) higher for LEM compared to RF.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:An 8-fold increase over baseline was observed in EPA incorporation for LEM (4-capsule dose) compared to a 4-fold increase for RF 4 g.
    • Food effect · abstract:Pharmacodynamic evaluations revealed slight decreases (-8% to -25%) in the mean fasting triglyceride concentrations in all groups, including placebo, compared to baseline.
69. HumanIncorporation of EPA and DHA into plasma phospholipids in response to different omega-3 fatty acid formulations--a comparative bioavailability study of fish oil vs. krill oil.
    Lipids Health Dis, 2011 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 21854650DOI 10.1186/1476-511X-10-145PMC3168413 (free full text)PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) depends on their chemical form.
    • Key findings · abstract:Superior bioavailability has been suggested for phospholipid (PL) bound omega-3 FA in krill oil, but identical doses of different chemical forms have not been compared.
    • Key findings · abstract:FA levels in plasma PL were analyzed pre-dose and 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h after capsule ingestion.
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The highest incorporation of EPA+DHA into plasma PL was provoked by krill oil (mean AUC0-72 h: 80.03 ± 34.71%*h), followed by fish oil rTAG (mean AUC0-72 h: 59.78 ± 36.75%*h) and EE (mean AUC0-72 h: 47.53 ± 38.42%*h).
    • Key findings · abstract:Howe[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • AUC · abstract:RESULTS: The highest incorporation of EPA+DHA into plasma PL was provoked by krill oil (mean AUC0-72 h: 80.03 ± 34.71%*h), followed by fish oil rTAG (mean AUC0-72 h: 59.78 ± 36.75%*h) and EE (mean AUC0-72 h: 47.53 ± 38.42%*h).
    • Cmax · full text, Table 3:Plasma phospholipid EPA, DHA, and total n-3 FA levels (mean ± standard deviation, AUC [%*h], cmax [%] and tmax [t]) 72 h after ingestion of supplements rTAG EE Krill oil p * EPA 37.05 ± 15.97 38.68 ± 18.60 53.62 ± 17.31 0.057 AUC [%*h] DHA 22.73 ± 26.23 8.85 ± 22.57 26.41 ± 29.54 0.246 EPA+DHA 59.78 ± 36.75 47.53 ± 38.42 80.03 ± 34.71 0.
    • Tmax · full text, Table 3:Plasma phospholipid EPA, DHA, and total n-3 FA levels (mean ± standard deviation, AUC [%*h], cmax [%] and tmax [t]) 72 h after ingestion of supplements rTAG EE Krill oil p * EPA 37.05 ± 15.97 38.68 ± 18.60 53.62 ± 17.31 0.057 AUC [%*h] DHA 22.73 ± 26.23 8.85 ± 22.57 26.41 ± 29.54 0.246 EPA+DHA 59.78 ± 36.75 47.53 ± 38.42 80.03 ± 34.71 0.119 total
    • AUC · full text, Table 3:Plasma phospholipid EPA, DHA, and total n-3 FA levels (mean ± standard deviation, AUC [%*h], cmax [%] and tmax [t]) 72 h after ingestion of supplements rTAG EE Krill oil p * EPA 37.05 ± 15.97 38.68 ± 18.60 53.62 ± 17.31 0.057 AUC [%*h] DHA 22.73 ± 26.23 8.85 ± 22.57 26.41 ± 29.54 0.246 EPA+DHA 59.78 ± 36.75 47.53 ± 38.42 80.0
70. HumanEicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid regulate modified LDL uptake and macropinocytosis in human macrophages.
    Lipids, 2011 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 21822944DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3598-1
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Therefore, we investigated whether the n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, modulate modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake by human macrophages.
    • Key findings · abstract:The uptake of fluorophore labeled acetylated LDL (AcLDL) and/or oxidized LDL (OxLDL) by THP-1 macrophages and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages were measured by flow cytometry following co-incubation with EPA or DHA in vitro.
    • Key findings · abstract:EPA and DHA inhibited macropinocytosis, as measured by Lucifer Yellow uptake, in human macrophages and attenuated the expression of Syndecan-4, which has been implicated in the uptake of other modified forms of LDL.
    • Key findings · abstract:EPA[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
71. HumanEffect of dietary fat and omega-3 fatty acids on urinary eicosanoids and sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled feeding trial.
    Nutr Cancer, 2011 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 21745038DOI 10.1080/01635581.2011.589957
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:To clarify effects of dietary fat and n-3 FA intake on breast cancer risk markers, circulating sex hormones and urinary eicosanoids were measured in response to controlled feeding of diets designed to increase plasma concentrations of n-3 FA.
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma phospholipid fatty acid n-3 increased with the LFn3 relative to HF and LF (P < 0.0001).
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma estradiol increased by 51% with HF (P = 0.03).
    • Key findings · abstract:Urinary prostaglandin E metabolite increased with HF relative to LF (P = 0.02) and urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B(2) increased with HF (P = 0.01).
72. HumanThe bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid from reconstituted triglyceride fish oil is higher than that obtained from the triglyceride and monoglyceride forms.
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2010 · Design: clinical trial · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
    PMID 21147710
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Omega 3 fatty acids have healthcare benefits, but their absorption characteristics are not well defined, particularly for strategies to improve their bioavailability.
    • Key findings · abstract:We performed a double blind study comparing the bioavailability of 20% eicosapentaenoic acid in 4.5 grams of: natural triglyceride, reconstituted triglyceride, enzymatically synthesized triglyceride, monoglyceride and diglyceride.
    • AUC · abstract:Seven healthy volunteers were given the supplements on five occasions while repeated measurements of eicosapentaenoic acid were taken to calculate the area under the curve for the next 24 hours.
    • AUC · abstract:There was a significant difference between the mean of calculated area under the curve of eicosapentaenoic acid from reconstituted triglyceride (30.2) and that of the enzymatically synthesized triglyceride (11.9) and monoglyceride (13.4), z=-2.36 and -2.19, respectively, p<0.05.
73. HumanEnhanced bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid from fish oil after encapsulation within plant spore exines as microcapsules.
    Lipids, 2010 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · not checked (off-topic)
    PMID 20495964DOI 10.1007/s11745-010-3427-y
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Serum bioavailability of EPA was measured by area under curve (AUC(0-24)).
    • Key findings · abstract:The mean AUC(0-24) of EPA from ethyl ester with exine (M = 19.7, SD = 4.3) was significantly higher than ethyl ester without exines (M = 2, SD = 1.4, p < 0.01).The bioavailability of EPA is enhanced by encapsulation by pollen exines.
    • AUC · abstract:Serum bioavailability of EPA was measured by area under curve (AUC(0-24)).
    • AUC · abstract:The mean AUC(0-24) of EPA from ethyl ester with exine (M = 19.7, SD = 4.3) was significantly higher than ethyl ester without exines (M = 2, SD = 1.4, p < 0.01).The bioavailability of EPA is enhanced by encapsulation by pollen exines.
74. HumanBioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations.
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2010 · Design: double-blind · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 20638827DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.06.007
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Bioavailability of EPA+DHA from re-esterified triglycerides was superior (124%) compared with natural fish oil, whereas the bioavailability from ethyl esters was inferior (73%).
    • Key findings · abstract:Free fatty acid bioavailability (91%) did not differ significantly from natural triglycerides.
75. HumanEnhanced absorption of n-3 fatty acids from emulsified compared with encapsulated fish oil.
    J Am Diet Assoc, 2009 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 10 healthy volunteers · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
    PMID 19465191DOI 10.1016/j.jada.2009.03.006PMC2701654 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours to determine the absorption of individual fatty acids into plasma phospholipid fatty acids.
    • Key findings · abstract:During a 48-hour period, there was enhanced absorption of total n-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid (0.67%+/-0.16%, 0.45%+/-0.06%;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:Our findings indicate that a single dose of emulsified fish oil resulted in enhanced absorption of total n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid as evidenced by changes in phospholipid fatty acids composition compared with the capsular triglyceride fish oil during the 48-hour observation period.
76. HumanCompartmental analysis of plasma and liver n-3 essential fatty acids in alcohol-dependent men during withdrawal.
    J Lipid Res, 2009 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 18723835DOI 10.1194/jlr.M800322-JLR200PMC3837463 (free full text)
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The mechanism by which chronic ethanol consumption reduces concentrations of long chain polyunsaturated (LCP) fatty acids (FA) in tissues of humans was investigated in alcohol-dependent (AD) men during early withdrawal and to a well-matched control group by fitting the concentration-time curves of d(5)-labeled n-3 FA from plasma and liver, which originated from an oral dose of d(5)-linolenic acid (d(5)-18:3n-3) ethyl ester to a compartmental model.
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3 were lower in AD subjects, compared with controls (20:5n-3: -50%, 22:5n-3: -34%).
    • Key findings · abstract:However, this effect was offset by[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
77. HumanBioequivalence of Docosahexaenoic acid from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food.
    Lipids, 2007 · Design: randomized · n: n = 12 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 17713804DOI 10.1007/s11745-007-3098-5
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Our 28-day randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study compared bioavailability of (a) two different algal DHA oils in capsules ("DHASCO-T" and "DHASCO-S") at doses of 200, 600, and 1,000 mg DHA per day (n = 12 per group) and of (b) an algal-DHA-fortified food (n = 12).
    • Key findings · abstract:DHA response was dose-dependent and linear over the dose range, plasma phospholipid DHA increased by 1.17, 2.28 and 3.03 g per 100 g fatty acid at 200, 600, and 1,000 mg dose, respectively.
    • Food effect · abstract:Our 28-day randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study compared bioavailability of (a) two different algal DHA oils in capsules ("DHASCO-T" and "DHASCO-S") at doses of 200, 600, and 1,000 mg DHA per day (n = 12 per group) and of (b) an algal-DHA-fortified food (n = 12).
78. HumanCompartmental analyses of plasma n-3 essential fatty acids among male and female smokers and nonsmokers.
    J Lipid Res, 2007 · Design: not stated · n: n = 5 · abstract only (PubMed) · not checked (off-topic)
    PMID 17234605DOI 10.1194/jlr.M600310-JLR200
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The effects of cigarette smoking on n-3 essential FA metabolism were studied in male and female subjects by fitting the concentration-time curves of the d(5)-labeled plasma fatty acids (FAs) originating from a dose of d(5)-18:3n-3 to a compartmental model of n-3 FA metabolism.
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma FAs were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry, and the kinetic rate parameters were determined from the concentration-time curves for d(5)-18:3n-3, d(5)-20:5n-3, d(5)-22:5n-3, and d(5)-22:6n-3.
    • Key findings · abstract:Women smokers had a 2-fold greater percent of dose in plasma (5.8% vs. 2.9%;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Key findings · abstract:P < 0.01) a[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Women smokers had a 2-fold greater percent of dose in plasma (5.8% vs. 2.9%;
79. HumanOleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid cause an increase in the paracellular absorption of hydrophilic compounds in an experimental model of human absorptive enterocytes.
    Toxicology, 2007 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 17560003DOI 10.1016/j.tox.2007.04.014
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Caco-2 cells, which are derived from human absorptive enterocytes, were grown on permeable filters for 20-25 days.
    • Key findings · abstract:Absorption of (14)C-mannitol increased and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) decreased in cell monolayers exposed to oleic acid and DHA, compared to controls.
    • Key findings · abstract:Cytotoxicity, measured as leakage of LDH, was higher in groups exposed to 30mM oleic acid and all concentrations of DHA.
    • Key findings · abstract:Retention of Cd in Caco-2 cells was higher after exposure to 5mM oleic acid but lower after exposure to 30mM oleic acid and DHA.
80. HumanA randomised cross-over trial in healthy adults indicating improved absorption of omega-3 fatty acids by pre-emulsification.
    Nutr J, 2007 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 13 volunteers · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
    PMID 17254329DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-6-4PMC1796891 (free full text)
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: The postprandial plasma TAG and the C18:3 (n-6), C18:3(n-3), C20:5(n-3) and C22:6 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels for the emulsified oil group were increased significantly (P = 0.0182;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:METHODS: In this randomised cross-over study, 13 volunteers received the oil mixture and 11 received the oil emulsion as part of an otherwise fat free meal.
    • Food effect · abstract:RESULTS: The postprandial plasma TAG and the C18:3 (n-6), C18:3(n-3), C20:5(n-3) and C22:6 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels for the emulsified oil group were increased significantly (P = 0.0182;
    • AUC · full text, Table 3:Comparison of AUCs for individual PUFA. PUFA Oil group AUC (hr.mg/l) Emulsion group AUC (hr.mg/l) Difference (hr.mg/l) oil/emulsion ratio × 100 (%) 95% CI P – value Lower Limit Upper Limit GLA 96.2 139.8 43.5 68.8 0.1 86.9 0.0493 ALA 187.2 284.2 97.0 65.
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Results':The rate and total extent of TAG absorption for the two treatment groups is illustrated in Figure 1 and it can be seen that both were greater for the emulsion group than the oil group with a significantly lower total absorption of TAG for the oil group (AUC difference between oil and emulsion groups: 904.20 hr. μmol/l) with the ratio between the emulsion and oil group being 60.4% (P = 0.0182; 95%
    • AUC · full text, Section 'Results':There were no significant differences between the two groups for the extent of absorption of either the saturated fatty acids (SFA) C16:0 and C18:0, the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) C18:1, n-9 or the PUFA C18:2, n-6 (Figure 3) but there was a trend towards a more rapid postprandial reduction in the plasma concentration of these fatty acids in the emulsion group which reached significance when
    • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Results':There were no significant differences between the two groups for the extent of absorption of either the saturated fatty acids (SFA) C16:0 and C18:0, the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) C18:1, n-9 or the PUFA C18:2, n-6 (Figure 3) but there was a trend towards a more rapid postprandial reduction in the plasma concentration of these fatty acids in the emulsion group which reached significance when
81. HumanBioavailability and safety of a high dose of docosahexaenoic acid triacylglycerol of algal origin in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, controlled study.
    Nutrition, 2006 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 16226012DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2005.05.006
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Compared with placebo, DHA supplementation increased plasma, erythrocyte, and rectal DHA levels four- to five-fold (P < 0.001) with concomitant decreases in blood arachidonic acid levels and the ratio of arachidonic acid to DHA.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:RESULTS: Compared with placebo, DHA supplementation increased plasma, erythrocyte, and rectal DHA levels four- to five-fold (P < 0.001) with concomitant decreases in blood arachidonic acid levels and the ratio of arachidonic acid to DHA.
82. HumanThe bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of different concentrations of omega-3 acid ethyl esters.
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2006 · Design: randomized · n: 101 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 16806871DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.04.003
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The objective of the study was to explore the uptake and effects of different concentrations of omega-3 acid ethyl esters.
    • Key findings · abstract:Key endpoints of the study were serum phospholipids and standard fasting lipid panels at day 14.
    • Key findings · abstract:Although administered the same quantity of omega-3 fatty acids, the patients taking the more concentrated formulations had higher levels of EPA/DHA in serum phospholipids and greater reductions in serum triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol levels.
    • Key findings · abstract:In conclusion the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids of the formulations studied had independent effects on the uptake and effe[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · abstract:Key endpoints of the study were serum phospholipids and standard fasting lipid panels at day 14.
83. HumanEicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) increases fatty acid and glucose uptake in cultured human skeletal muscle cells.
    J Lipid Res, 2006 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
    PMID 16301737DOI 10.1194/jlr.M500300-JLR200
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Uptake of [14C]oleate was increased >2-fold after preincubation of myotubes with 0.6 mM EPA for 24 h, and incorporation into various lipid classes showed that cellular triacylgycerol (TAG) and phospholipids were increased 2- to 3-fold compared with control cells.
    • Key findings · abstract:After exposure to oleic acid (OA), TAG was increased 2-fold.
    • Key findings · abstract:Insulin (100 nM) further increased the incorporation of [14C]oleate into all lipid classes for EPA-treated myotubes.
    • Key findings · abstract:Basal glucose transport and oxidation (CO2) were increased 2-fold after EPA, and insulin (100 nM) stimulated glucose transport and oxidation similarly i[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Uptake of [14C]oleate was increased >2-fold after preincubation of myotubes with 0.6 mM EPA for 24 h, and incorporation into various lipid classes showed that cellular triacylgycerol (TAG) and phospholipids were increased 2- to 3-fold compared with control cells.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:After exposure to oleic acid (OA), TAG was increased 2-fold.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Basal glucose transport and oxidation (CO2) were increased 2-fold after EPA, and insulin (100 nM) stimulated glucose transport and oxidation similarly in control and EPA-treated myotubes, whereas these responses to insulin were abolished after OA treatment.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Moreover, G
84. HumanDocosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine liposomes enhance the permeability, transportation and uptake of phospholipids in Caco-2 cells.
    Mol Cell Biochem, 2006 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (green)
    PMID 16477371DOI 10.1007/s11010-005-9074-6PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:The influence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-enriched phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the permeability, transport and uptake of phospholipids was evaluated in Caco-2 cells.
    • Key findings · abstract:Transportation and uptake of DHA- and EPA-enriched PC SUV differed significantly (P < 0.01) from those of soy PC SUV at all doses.
    • Key findings · abstract:Our results suggest that DHA- and EPA-enriched PC enhance the permeability, transport and uptake of PC SUV across monolayers of Caco-2 cells.
    • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.18:that Caco-2 monolayers are flat compared to the extensively folded human jejunum [28]. Transport of some drugs across the Caco-2 monolayers is 30- to 80-fold slower than across the human jejunum [29]. Caco-2 cells express both liver and intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins that may play important roles in trafficking LCFA intracellularly [30] . There are two mechanisms that have been proposed fo
    • Form comparison · full text, p.7:v/v/v) . The PC band was monitored on the TLC using Dittmer solution . The PC band was visualized under UV light at 254 or 366 nm in a dark room and compared with an authentic standard. The PC-containing band was scraped off and immediately eluted with methanol. Methanol elutes were evaporated, dissolved in a chloroform/ methanol/
    • Form comparison · full text, p.18:the DPH-Iabeled SUV was transported from AP to BL and was uptaken into Caco-2 cells within 5 h. It has been reported that Caco-2 monolayers are flat compared to the extensively folded human jejunum [28]. Transport of some drugs across the Caco-2 monolayers is 30- to 80-fold slower than across the human jejunum [29]. Caco-2 cells express both liver and intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins that ma
85. HumanBioavailability of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in foods enriched with microencapsulated fish oil.
    Ann Nutr Metab, 2000 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 11111130DOI 10.1159/000012839
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: Incorporation of fish oil into food products provides a means of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, particularly in populations where fish consumption remains low.
    • Key findings · abstract:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of n-3 PUFA in microencapsulated fish-oil-enriched foods compared with an equal amount of n-3 PUFAs contained in fish oil capsules.
    • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that n-3 PUFA from microencapsulated fish-oil-enriched foods are as bioavailable as n-3 PUFA in a capsule.
86. HumanEncapsulated fish oil enriched in alpha-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions.
    Eur J Clin Invest, 2000 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 10692004DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00623.x
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Blood was sampled at 4-weekly intervals and plasma and PBMC prepared.
    • Key findings · abstract:Plasma phospholipid and PBMC fatty acid composition, plasma alpha-tocopherol and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance concentrations, plasma total antioxidant capacity, the proportions of different PBMC subsets, the proportions of PBMC expressing the adhesion molecules CD2, CD11b and CD54, and PBMC functions (lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, cytokine production) were measured.
    • Key findings · abstract:There was a marked increase in the proportion of EPA in the plasma phospholipids (10-fold) and PBMC (four-fold) of subjec[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:There was a marked increase in the proportion of EPA in the plasma phospholipids (10-fold) and PBMC (four-fold) of subjects taking FO supplements; this increase was maximal after 4 weeks of supplementation.
87. HumanBioequivalence of dietary alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids as sources of docosahexaenoate accretion in brain and associated organs of neonatal baboons.
    Pediatr Res, 1999 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
    PMID 9890614DOI 10.1203/00006450-199901000-00015
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Neonates received oral doses of 13C-labeled fatty acids (LNA*) or (DHA*) at 4 wk of age, and at 6 wk brain (occipital cortex), retina, retinal pigment epithelium, liver, erythrocytes, and plasma were analyzed.
    • Key findings · abstract:In the brain, 1.71% of the preformed DHA* dose was detected, whereas 0.23% of the LNA* dose was detected as DHA*, indicating that preformed DHA is 7-fold more effective than LNA-derived DHA as a source for DHA accretion.
    • Key findings · abstract:In LNA*-dosed animals, DHA* was greater than 60% of labeled fatty acids in all tissues except erythrocytes, where docosapentaenoic acid was 55%.
    • Key findings · abstract:For retina and ret[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:In the brain, 1.71% of the preformed DHA* dose was detected, whereas 0.23% of the LNA* dose was detected as DHA*, indicating that preformed DHA is 7-fold more effective than LNA-derived DHA as a source for DHA accretion.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:For retina and retinal pigment epithelium, preformed DHA was at levels 12-fold and 15-fold greater than LNA-derived DHA.
88. HumanEffects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on fatty acid absorption, incorporation into serum phospholipids and postprandial triglyceridemia.
    Lipids, 1998 · Design: randomized · n: n = 7 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 9507234DOI 10.1007/s11745-998-0188-8
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:EPA and DHA induced a similar incorporation into chylomicrons which peaked 6 h after the meal.
    • Key findings · abstract:The relative uptake of EPA and DHA from the meal was > 90% compared with the uptake of oleic acid.
    • Key findings · abstract:During the 5-wk supplementation period, EPA showed a more rapid and comprehensive increase in serum phospholipids than did DHA.
    • Food effect · abstract:The n-3 fatty acids were given with a standard high-fat meal at the beginning and the end of the supplementation period.
    • Food effect · abstract:EPA and DHA induced a similar incorporation into chylomicrons which peaked 6 h after the meal.
    • Food effect · abstract:The relative uptake of EPA and DHA from the meal was > 90% compared with the uptake of oleic acid.
    • Food effect · abstract:The concentration of EPA decreased by 13% and DHA by 62% (P < 0.001) between 6 and 8 h after the meal.
    • Food effect · abstract:The postprandial triglyceridemia was suppressed by 19 and 49% after prolonged intake of EPA and DHA, respectively, indicating that prolonged intake of DHA is equivalent to or
89. HumanDocosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid absorption in preterm infants fed LCP-free or LCP-supplemented formula in comparison to infants fed fortified breast milk.
    Ann Nutr Metab, 1997 · Design: not stated · n: n = 11 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 9363295DOI 10.1159/000177998
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The absorption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) with particular respect to docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied in 39 very-low-birth-weight infants appropriate for gestational age after a 10-day feeding period.
    • Key findings · abstract:After a 10-day feeding period, the fecal excretions of total fat, DHA and AA were measured during a 3-day balance period.
    • Key findings · abstract:The total fat apparent absorption rates were similar in all groups (84.1, 82.1 and 80.6% of intake, respectively).
    • Key findings · abstract:The DHA and AA intakes were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the group fed the fortified breast milk[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:The total fat apparent absorption rates were similar in all groups (84.1, 82.1 and 80.6% of intake, respectively).
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:There was a tendency for lower apparent absorption rates for both LCPs studied in the group fed fortified breast milk when compared to the group fed LCP-supplemented formula (AA: 70.6 +/- 10.9 vs. 73.0 +/- 8.7% of intake, DHA: 69.0 +/- 10.6 vs. 74.2 +/- 9.5% of intakes, but the differences were not significant.
    • Food effect · abstract:The infants were fed either a LCP-supplemented formula (n = 11), or a LCP-free formula (n = 11) or breast milk fortified with protein and carbohydrates to have similar protein and energy intakes as in the formula-fed infants (n = 17).
    • Food effect · abstract:The DHA and AA intakes were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the group fed the fortified breast milk than in the group fed the LCP-supplemented formula (DHA: 75.5 +/- 12.4 vs. 50.2 +/- 4.2 mg/72 h;
    • Food effect · abstract:There was a tendency for lower apparent absorption rates for both LCPs studied in the group fed fortified breast milk when compared to the group fed LCP-suppleme
90. HumanThe absorption and effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on serum leukotriene B4 in patients with cystic fibrosis.
    Pediatr Pulmonol, 1994 · Design: randomized; crossover; double-blind · n: 14 patients · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 7838619DOI 10.1002/ppul.1950180404
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The absorption and clinical effects of n-3 vs. n-6 fatty acids in CF were measured in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study in which 14 patients with CF (age: 6-16 years, mean 10.5 years; baseline Shwachman-Brasfield scores: 41-88, mean 76.7) received 6 weeks of n-3 ethyl ester concentrate from menhaden oil (100-131 mg/kg/day, mean 112.8) or n-6 fatty acids from safflower oil (102-132 mg/kg/day, mean 113.3), followed by a washout period of 6 weeks, and then 6 weeks of the other supplement.
    • Key findings · abstract:Serum leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels were significantly reduced by n-3 fatty acids, me[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:These results show that both n-3 fatty acids are absorbed and incorporated into platelet phospholipids in patients with CF and reduced serum LTB4.
91. HumanFatty acid uptake and metabolism in CaCo-2 cells: eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n-3)) and oleic acid (18:1(n-9)) presented in association with micelles or albumin.
    Biochim Biophys Acta, 1994 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 8199200DOI 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90203-8
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and oleic acid from micellar solutions was 4-times faster than from fatty acid-albumin complexes after 5 h incubation, and resulted in a corresponding increase in triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion.
    • Key findings · abstract:Mass determination of newly synthesized, cell-associated triacylglycerol after 5 h incubation, indicated a 5-fold increase in cells exposed to a micellar solution versus albumin-complexed fatty acids.
    • Key findings · abstract:A 2-fold larger fraction of the absorbed fatty acids was incorporated into triacylglycerol than into phospholipids when the fatty acids were presented as m[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Mass determination of newly synthesized, cell-associated triacylglycerol after 5 h incubation, indicated a 5-fold increase in cells exposed to a micellar solution versus albumin-complexed fatty acids.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:A 2-fold larger fraction of the absorbed fatty acids was incorporated into triacylglycerol than into phospholipids when the fatty acids were presented as micelles.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:A 2-fold larger fraction of the absorbed fatty acids was incorporated into triacylglycerol than into phospholipids when the fatty acids were presented as micelles.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:In conclusion, micellar fatty acids are absorbed, metabolized and influence secretion of lipoprotein particles to a higher extent than albumin-bound fatty acids in CaCo-2 cells, and there is no major difference between eicosapentaenoic acid and oleic acid.
92. HumanOral absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis who have pancreatic insufficiency and in healthy control subjects.
    J Pediatr, 1994 · Design: randomized; double-blind · n: 12 patients · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 8120709DOI 10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70362-0
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:We determined whether patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) could incorporate omega-3 fatty acids into their plasma and cell membrane phospholipids without adverse effects.
    • Key findings · abstract:Significant incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into plasma and erythrocyte membrane phospholipids was observed in subjects with and those without CF randomly assigned to the fish oil treatment.
    • Key findings · abstract:For example, in subjects randomly assigned to receive fish oil, the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio in plasma increased 9.8-fold, from 0.04 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM) to 0.39 +/- 0.11 (p = 0.02), in the patients with CF[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:For example, in subjects randomly assigned to receive fish oil, the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio in plasma increased 9.8-fold, from 0.04 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM) to 0.39 +/- 0.11 (p = 0.02), in the patients with CF (n = 7) and 23.0-fold, from 0.04 +/- 0.01 to 0.92 +/- 0.17 (p = 0.001), in the subjects without CF (n = 8) who received fish oil (p = 0.02, patients with CF vs subjects without CF at 6 weeks).
93. HumanThe enteral bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is as good from ethyl esters as from glyceryl esters in spite of lower hydrolytic rates by pancreatic lipase in vitro.
    Biochim Biophys Acta, 1993 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 8504143DOI 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90266-c
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:Enteral absorption by healthy male volunteers of cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n-3), EPA) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n-3), DHA) from an ethyl ester enriched in EPA and DHA (K85) and from natural fish oil (TG30) was found to be similar after intake of equivalent doses.
    • Key findings · abstract:Thus, after administration twice daily for 14 days, the amounts of EPA and DHA in total serum lipids and in serum phospholipids were essentially identical for the two ester forms of the n-3 fatty acids.
    • Key findings · abstract:A dose-dependent relationship between intake and total phospholipid serum levels was[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:A dose-dependent relationship between intake and total phospholipid serum levels was observed for EPA, which increased 6.5-12-fold and 4.8-9-fold, respectively, but DHA reached a plateau at 2-2.5-fold over the control after supplementation.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The supplementation resulted in a 6.3-11-fold increase in the EPA/AA ratio.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:In spite of the similar serum levels of EPA and DHA obtained in vivo, in vitro hydrolysis by porcine pancreatic lipase of K85 was 3-fold slower than hydrolysis of a glyceryl ester (TG85) similarly enriched in EPA and DHA, and 15-fold slower than the hydrolysis of the 3-fold less
94. HumanComparison of the absorption and effect on platelet function of a single dose of n-3 fatty acids given as fish or fish oil.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 · Design: randomized; crossover · n: 10 subjects · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 1826984DOI 10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1165
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:To compare their relative absorption and effect on platelet function, concentrated fish oil and tuna were given to 10 subjects in a randomized crossover study.
    • Key findings · abstract:Although plasma enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from either preparation was similar, relative absorption of EPA from tuna was significantly greater than that from fish oil (46.6 +/- 3.0 mg.L-1.g EPA-1 from tuna compared with 16 +/- 1.0 mg.L-1.g EPA-1 from fish oil, P less than 0.001).
    • Key findings · abstract:Relative absorption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was equivalent (54.0 +/- 9.0 mg.L-1.g DHA-1 from tuna, 56 +/- 9.0 mg.L-1.g DHA-1 from fish[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:Thus, n-3 fatty acids are well absorbed after one dose of either tuna or fish oil but EPA absorption appears to be more efficient from tuna.
95. HumanAbsorption of the n-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as ethyl esters and triglycerides by humans.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 1826985DOI 10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1185
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:When equivalent amounts of fat were given, the increase in chylomicron and plasma triglycerides was similar; n-3 fatty acid contents were also similar after n-3 fatty acid intake as ethyl esters or triglycerides.
    • Key findings · abstract:Ethyl esters alone were well absorbed and produced similar n-3 fatty acid responses in plasma triglycerides and chylomicrons.
    • Key findings · abstract:At 24 h after the n-3 fatty acid-containing meals, the fatty acid plasma concentration of these acids was similar.
    • Key findings · abstract:This study showed that n-3 fatty acids in fish oil given as ethyl esters or triglycerides were equally well absorbed.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:Ethyl esters alone were well absorbed and produced similar n-3 fatty acid responses in plasma triglycerides and chylomicrons.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:This study showed that n-3 fatty acids in fish oil given as ethyl esters or triglycerides were equally well absorbed.
    • Food effect · abstract:Five normolipemic subjects received three test meals containing 28 g n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids provided as 1) triglycerides, 2) ethyl esters, and 3) ethyl esters + 12 g olive oil.
    • Food effect · abstract:At 24 h after the n-3 fatty acid-containing meals, the fatty acid plasma concentration of these acids was similar.
96. Human[Comparative bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid and docasahexaenoic acid from triglycerides, free fatty acids and ethyl esters in volunteers].
    Arzneimittelforschung, 1990 · Design: randomized; crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
    PMID 2144420
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from triglycerides, free fatty acids and ethyl esters was investigated in 8 female volunteers in a randomized triple cross-over trial with baseline control.
    • Key findings · abstract:The mean relative bioavailability of EPA/DHA compared to triglycerides was 186/136% from free fatty acids and 40/48% from ethyl esters.
    • Key findings · abstract:Maximal plasma levels were about 50% higher with free fatty acids and about 50% lower with ethyl esters as compared to triglycerides.
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The mean relative bioavailability of EPA/DHA compared to triglycerides was 186/136% from free fatty acids and 40/48% from ethyl esters.
97. HumanAbsorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil triacylglycerols or fish oil ethyl esters co-ingested with a high-fat meal.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1988 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 2847723DOI 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80937-9
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:The absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil triacylglycerols and fish oil ethyl esters consumed in a high-fat meal (44 g total fat) by male volunteers was measured and compared to values previously reported for consumption in a low-fat meal (8 g total fat).
    • Key findings · abstract:Absorption of EPA, but not of DHA, from fish oil triacylglycerols was significantly improved from 69% to 90% by co-ingestion with the high-fat meal.
    • Key findings · abstract:Absorption of both EPA and DHA from fish oil ethyl esters was increased three-fold, to about 60%, by co-ingestion with the high-fat meal, indi[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Absorption of both EPA and DHA from fish oil ethyl esters was increased three-fold, to about 60%, by co-ingestion with the high-fat meal, indicating that absorption of fatty acid ethyl esters is highly dependent on the amount of co-ingested fat.
    • Food effect · abstract:The absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil triacylglycerols and fish oil ethyl esters consumed in a high-fat meal (44 g total fat) by male volunteers was measured and compared to values previously reported for consumption in a low-fat meal (8 g total fat).
    • Food effect · abstract:Absorption of EPA, but not of DHA, from fish oil triacylglycerols was significantly improved from 69% to 90% by co-ingestion with the high-fat meal.
    • Food effect · abstract:Absorption of both EPA and DHA from fish oil ethyl esters was increased three-fold, to about 60%, by co-ingestion with the high-fat meal, indi
98. HumanHuman absorption of fish oil fatty acids as triacylglycerols, free acids, or ethyl esters.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1988 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
    PMID 3358766DOI 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80718-6
    Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
    • Key findings · abstract:As free acids, the fish oil fatty acids were well absorbed (greater than or equal to 95%).
    • Key findings · abstract:As triacylglycerols, eicosapentaenoic acid (1.00 g) and docosahexaenoic acid (0.67 g) were absorbed only 68% and 57% as well as the free acids.
    • Key findings · abstract:The ethyl esters were absorbed only 20% and 21% as well as the free acids.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:As free acids, the fish oil fatty acids were well absorbed (greater than or equal to 95%).
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:As triacylglycerols, eicosapentaenoic acid (1.00 g) and docosahexaenoic acid (0.67 g) were absorbed only 68% and 57% as well as the free acids.
    • Fractional absorption · abstract:The ethyl esters were absorbed only 20% and 21% as well as the free acids.
99. HumanUptake of exogenous and endogenous eicosapentaenoic acid by cultured human mononuclear cells.
    Br J Nutr, 1988 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
    PMID 2841968DOI 10.1079/bjn19880071PDF
    Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
    • Key findings · abstract:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from eight healthy volunteers were cultured, with or without concanavalin A (Con A), in a medium containing (ml/l) 100 normal autologous serum, 100 experimental autologous serum or 100 heterologous (fetal calf) serum. 2.
    • Key findings · abstract:The level of EPA increased from trace quantities in the control autologous serum to 14.3% w/w free fatty acids and between 6.9 and 8.1% w/w lipoprotein phospholipids in the experimental autologous serum.
    • Key findings · abstract:The heterologous fetal calf serum was enriched with EPA, complexed with bovine serum albumin, to provide a final concentration of 15 mic[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
    • Food effect · full text, p.2:ring a period of fish-oil supplementation and hence enriched in endogenous EPA. METHODS Serum preparation Eight healthy volunteers each donated 80 ml fasting blood from which portions of serum were prepared and frozen. This serum was designated as normal autologous serum (NAS). Each volunteer then consumed 15 g/d of a fish oil, MaxEPA (British Cod Liver Oils Ltd), for 15 d which provided an intake
    • Food effect · full text, p.7:ndent stimulatory effect of uncomplexed BSA has been previously recorded (Buttke & Cuchens, 1984). Studies with rats (Marshall &Johnston, 1982, 1983) fed on diets containing a-linolenic acid (1 8 :3n-3) have shown that enrichment of peritoneal macrophages with EPA was associated with reduced macrophage prostaglandin E, synthesis but was not associated with changes in splenocyte blastogenesis. To d
    • Form comparison · full text, p.6:gous serum (containing 6-8 % EPA in lipoprotein phospholipids) led to a significant increase ( P < 0.05) in EPA only when stimulated with Con A. When compared with the appropriate (with or without Con A) values of NAS, the increases seen with EPA-BSA were significantly greater (P< 0.05) at all times, while in the stimulated EAS cells, the increases were significantly different at 48 and 72 h (P< 0
100. HumanEnteral absorption in man of eicosapentaenoic acid in different chemical forms.
     Lipids, 1987 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 2828810DOI 10.1007/BF02533970
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:After administering the equivalent of 1 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in four different chemical forms, the kinetics of EPA incorporation into plasma triglycerides (TG) were compared by gas liquid chromatography on a capillary column following separation of the lipid fraction by thin layer chromatography.
     • Key findings · abstract:EPA incorporation into plasma TG was markedly smaller and later when EPA was administered as an ethyl ester rather than as EPA free fatty acid, EPA arginine salt or 1,3-dioctanoyl-2-eicosapentaenoyl glycerol (2-EPA).
     • Key findings · abstract:Our results and the data in the literature are compatible with the hy[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:Our results and the data in the literature are compatible with the hypothesis that 2-EPA is absorbed with minimum hydrolysis and escapes random distribution between the other positions of the glycerol molecule during the absorption process.
101. HumanIncrease in plasma phospholipid docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids as a reflection of their intake and mode of administration.
     Pediatr Res, 1987 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 2821474DOI 10.1203/00006450-198709000-00011
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Infants receiving 11 mg/kg/day DHA from dispersed fish oil, however, appeared to absorb as much or more as those receiving 71 mg/kg/day DHA in a bolus.
     • Food effect · abstract:A bolus of fish oil prevented declines in DHA of red cell phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine) during 4 to 6 wk of feeding, with red blood cell DHA indistinguishable from that of infants fed human milk.
102. HumanUptake, release and metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, c22:6 omega 3) in human platelets and neutrophils.
     Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1984 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 6329189DOI 10.1016/s0006-291x(84)80193-x
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Human platelets prelabeled with 14C-DHA, 14C-EPA and 14C-AA and stimulated with thrombin release and metabolize DHA only in trace amounts as compared to EPA and AA. 14C-DHA is incorporated into the 2-position of platelet phospholipids and occurs predominantly in phosphatidylethanolamine.
103. PrimateBlood clearance kinetics and organ delivery of medium-chain triglyceride and fish oil-containing lipid emulsions: Comparing different animal species.
     Clin Nutr, 2021 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 32753350DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.002PMC7854794 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Blood clearance kinetics and organ uptake of MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions were compared between male and female rats and between fed and fasted rats.
     • Key findings · abstract:Changes in plasma lipid profiles after acute injections of MCT/FO 8:2 lipid emulsion at different doses (0.043, 0.133, and 0.4 mg TG/g body weight) were characterized in non-human primates (Cynomolgus monkeys).
     • Key findings · abstract:Mice had faster blood clearance and higher fractional catabolic rates (FCR) when compared with the rats injected with MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions regardless of the injected doses.
     • Key findings · abstract:Tissue distribution of the MCT/FO 8:2 lipid emulsion are comparable[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Blood clearance kinetics and organ uptake of MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions were compared between male and female rats and between fed and fasted rats.
104. PigThe novel lactoferrin and DHA-codelivered liposomes with different membrane structures: Fabrication, in vitro infant digestion, and suckling pig intestinal organoid absorption.
     Food Chem, 2024 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 38241927DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138346
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The release rate of DHA (91.7 ± 1.3 %) in small-sized liposomes (0.181 ± 0.001 μm) was higher than free DHA (unencapsulated, 64.6 ± 3.4 %).
     • Key findings · abstract:Complex phospholipids liposomal digesta exhibited higher transport efficiency (3.4-fold for fatty acids and 2.0-fold for amino acids) and better organoid growth than digesta of bare nutrients.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Complex phospholipids liposomal digesta exhibited higher transport efficiency (3.4-fold for fatty acids and 2.0-fold for amino acids) and better organoid growth than digesta of bare nutrients.
105. PigIntestinal absorption of DHA microcapsules with different formulations based on ex vivo rat intestine and in vitro dialysis models.
     Food Funct, 2023 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 36723140DOI 10.1039/d2fo03327e
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:For algal oil DHA microcapsules with whey protein as the wall material (A-WP-DHA) after in vitro digestion, the Papp of glucose released was 3.81 × 10-6 cm s-1 with an absorption ratio of 59.55% in the ex vivo model, significantly lower than that from the in vitro porcine casing model.
     • Key findings · abstract:However, the absorption ratio (26.6%) was the highest in the ex vivo model for free fatty acids (FFAs) released from the microcapsules due to the rapid accumulation of compounds on the inner wall of the intestinal sac.
     • Key findings · abstract:In addition, the DHA microcapsules with algal oil as the DHA source (36.40%) exhibited a h[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
106. PigIn Vivo Digestion of Egg Products Enriched with DHA: Effect of the Food Matrix on DHA Bioavailability.
     Foods, 2020 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 33375011DOI 10.3390/foods10010006PMC7822025 (free full text)PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:While most of the DHA and protein ingested under the form of mousse had already passed through the duodenum 4.5 h after its ingestion, significantly higher quantities were still present in the case of the omelet and hard-boiled egg.
     • AUC · full text, Table 3:Bioavailability of DHA included in DHA-enriched omelet, hard-boiled egg, and mousse, evaluated by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) of base-line adjusted DHA concentration in plasma throughout 48 h postprandial after the ingestion of each egg matrix. Omelet Hard-Boiled Egg Mousse AUC(calculated from Figure 6) 950.1 ± 140 a 609.5 ± 78.6 b 432.5 ± 43 b
     • AUC · full text, Section '3.4. Evolution of the Plasma Concentrati':Assuming that the AUC of DHA plasma concentration was a measurement of DHA bioavailability, it can be concluded that DHA bioavailability was significantly higher when DHA was included in the omelet in comparison with the hard-boiled egg (+56%; p < 0.05), and in the omelet in comparison with the mousse (+120%; p < 0.001) (Table 3).
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.3.4. Evolution of DHA Concentration':Then, after 7.5 h digestion, the duodenal concentration of DHA had fallen only 30%, to reach 0.24 ± 0.05 mg/mL that is around a DHA concentration 2.5-fold higher than that measured at the same digestion time in pigs fed with the mousse.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section '3.4. Evolution of the Plasma Concentrati':In addition, the accumulation of DHA in plasma after meal ingestion only lasted 4 h and 6 h when pigs were fed with mousse and hard-boiled egg, respectively, vs. 10 h when pigs were fed omelet, i.e., for a period 2.5-fold and 1.7-fold longer than with the mouse and the hard-boiled egg, respectively (Figure 6).
     • Food effect · full text, Section '2.3. Animals and Animal Housing':Between the sampling days, pigs were fed twice daily with 800 g/d of a concentrate feed containing wheat (32.2%), corn (15%), barley (25%), wheat bran (5%), rapeseed (7%), soy (11.5%), vegetal fat (1%), calcium carbonate (1.5%), di-calcium phosphate (0.1%), NaCl (0.45%), lysine (0.53%) methionine (0.04%), L-threonine (0.1%), tryptophan 20% (0.07%), and phytase (0.01%).
     • Food effect · full text, Section '3.2. De Visu Morphological Characterizat':Indeed, the duodenal effluent obviously contained the mousse after only 2 min after ingestion, whereas at this digestion time the effluents were identical to that of the basal effluents (0 min) when pigs were fed with the solid egg matrices.
     • Food effect · full text, Section '3.2. De Visu Morphological Characterizat':In a similar way, the last time point effluent (7.5 h) was very similar to the basal effluent when the pigs were fed with the mousse, whereas large particles were still present in the duodenal effluents after ingestion of hard-boiled egg and omelet.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3.1. pH Evolution':Thus, regarding the duodenal pH, no significant (p > 0.05) difference occurred between the omelet and the hard-boiled egg at any digestion time, whereas the mousse resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher pH values at 4.5 h and 6 h digestion compared to the hard-boiled egg and the omelet, and after 20 min compared to the omelet.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3.2. Evolution of Protein Concentratio':When pigs ate mousse, a high protein concentration was detected in the duodenal effluent only 2 min after ingestion: 2.9 ± 0.6 mg/mL vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 mg/mL in pigs fed with omelet and hard-boiled egg.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.3.2. Evolution of Protein Concentratio':Moreover, after reaching the maximum concentration (at 50 min digestion for the mousse and the hard-boiled egg vs. 20 min for the omelet), the drop was also faster and stronger in the pigs fed with the mousse.
107. PigUse of a novel docosahexaenoic acid formulation vs control in a neonatal porcine model of short bowel syndrome leads to greater intestinal absorption and higher systemic levels of DHA.
     Nutr Res, 2017 · Design: randomized · n: N=5 · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 28385289DOI 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.02.004PMC5392410 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Within 12 hours, median±IQR DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid plasma levels (mol%) were significantly higher in the DHA-ALT® vs control group (4.1±0.3 vs 2.5±0.5, P=.009; 0.7±0.3 vs 0.2±0.005, P=.009, respectively).
108. PigDHA supplementation during pregnancy as phospholipids or TAG produces different placental uptake but similar fetal brain accretion in neonatal piglets.
     Br J Nutr, 2017 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 29166957DOI 10.1017/S0007114517002951PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Food effect · abstract:Pregnant Iberian sows were fed diets containing 0·8 % DHA of total fatty acids as PL from egg yolk or TAG from algae oil during the last third of gestation (40 d).
     • Food effect · full text, p.1:lity of different DHA sources remains unclear. We investigated DHA availability in maternal lipoproteins, placenta and fetal tissues in pregnant sows fed DHA as phospholipid (PL) or TAG to identify the best DHA source during this period. Pregnant Iberian sows were fed diets containing 0·8 % DHA of total fatty acids as PL from egg yolk or TAG from algae oil during the last third of gestation (40 d)
     • Food effect · full text, p.3:ology. Phe- and LDL), with the DHA percentage being significantly higher nylmethanesulfonyl fluoride solution 1 mM was added to lysis in LDL of animals fed DHA–PL with respect to the DHA–TAG buffer before homogenisation(29). Samples were homogenised diet (Fig. 1(b)). In fact, when we analysed plasma lipid frac- using a Tissue Lyser LT device (Qiagen Iberia SL). Protein lysates tions, maternal plasma
     • Food effect · full text, p.4:percentage at delivery in maternal plasma, liver, adipose tissue, Cholesteryl esters 6·71 0·30 7··15 0·70 0·54 brain (a) and lipoproteins (b) of pigs fed during the last third of gestation Maternal liver with DHA (0·8 % of total fatty acids) as phospholipid (DHA–PL, ) or TAG Phospholipids 17·80 0·73 18·55 1·64 0·33 (DHA–TAG, ). Values are means (n 6/group), with their standard errors TAG 2·14 0·23
     • Form comparison · full text, p.3:entrifugation DHA percentage in PL fraction (P = 0·13) of animals fed the at 10 000 g at 4°C. Protein was quantified by Bradford assay(30) DHA–PL diet compared with those fed the DHA–TAG diet and samples were stored at −80°C until Western blot analysis. (Table 3). No differences were observed for the rest of the plasma lipid fractions. Total DHA concentration in plasma was also similar between grou
     • Form comparison · full text, p.4:y placenta, and not other maternal tissues, was comparatively more enriched in DHA ND, non-detectable. after feeding the animals with the DHA–PL diet compared with * Mean value was significantly different from that of the DHA–PL group (P < 0·05). the DHA–TAG-fed group. Despite enhanced DHA accumula- tion in placentas of DHA–PL-fed animals, MFSD2a protein expression, which carries up Lyso-PL, was n
     • Form comparison · full text, p.5:s but newborn piglets fed a formula supplemented with LC-PUFA PL developed in rats, in which animals were fed during gestation from pig brain extract compared with the control group fed sow with DHA as PL or TAG, resulting in similar DHA levels in milk or control formula without DHA, whereas no differences total lipids of maternal plasma(22); these authors reported only were observed in brain comp
109. PigA 3-week dietary bioequivalence study in preweaning farm piglets of two sources of docosahexaenoic acid produced from two different organisms.
     Food Chem Toxicol, 2014 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 24333867DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.008
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
110. RodentBioequivalence of docosahexaenoic acid intake to a novel estimate of the dietary alpha-linolenic acid requirement in growing rats using non-esterified oxylipins and fatty acids.
     J Nutr Biochem, 2026 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 41106609DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2025.110144
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:These breakpoints indicated an estimated average dietary ALA requirement of 0.55 g ALA/100 g diet (1.32% energy) 95% CI (0.42, 0.69), which is higher than what is provided by the AIN93G diet.
111. RodentMaternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during lactation improves exercise performance, enhances intestinal glucose absorption and modulates gut microbiota in weaning offspring mice.
     Front Nutr, 2024 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 39036494DOI 10.3389/fnut.2024.1423576PMC11258037 (free full text)PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:After weaning, pups were randomly divided into three groups for athletic analysis, microbial and proteomic analysis, biochemical analysis, 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucose (4-FDG) absorption test, and gene expression quantitation of glucose transport-associated proteins and mTOR signaling components.
     • Key findings · abstract:The 4-FDG absorption test showed more efficient absorption after oral 4-FDG gavage in the H-DHA group.
     • AUC · full text, Section 'Maternal DHA supplementation during lact':According to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), the blood glucose levels were higher at 15 min in the L-DHA group and the H-DHA group than in the control group (Figure 10I; both p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the AUC of OGTT among groups (Figure 10J).
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Maternal DHA supplementation during lact':Our findings revealed that the relative levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA, and n-3 PUFAs in the jejunal tissue were significantly elevated (11-fold, 2.8-fold, and 1.6-fold increase), while the relative level of stearic acid was significantly lower (40% decrease) in the H-DHA group compared to the control group (all p < 0.05).
     • Food effect · full text, Section 'Glucose and 4-FDG absorption test':At weaning (PD21), after fasting overnight, 2 g/kg glucose and 10 mg/kg 4-FDG (a glucose analog) were orally administered together followed by taking blood samples from the tail vein at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min and from the mandibular vein at 30 and 60 min.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Maternal DHA supplementation during lact':In the forelimb grip strength test, we observed a significant increase in the L-DHA group (18% increase) and the H-DHA group (21% increase) compared with the control group (Figure 2C; p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Maternal DHA supplementation during lact':In addition, compared to the control group, the L-DHA group (20% increase) and the H-DHA group (32% increase) also performed longer swimming time, and the trend was significant (Figure 2E; both p < 0.01).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Maternal DHA supplementation during lact':The ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the ileum was increased by 20 and 21% in the L-DHA and H-DHA groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively) (Figure 3D).
112. RodentLong-term intake of Lactobacillus helveticus enhances bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids in the mouse retina.
     NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 2024 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 38238339DOI 10.1038/s41522-023-00474-5PMC10796366 (free full text)PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Food effect · full text, Section 'Lipid metabolism in the liver':Moreover, no modification of the expression level of genes coding for desaturases (Fads1, Fads2 and Scd1), elongases (Elovl1, Elovl2, Elovl3, Elovl5 and Elovl6) and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Far1, Agps and Gnpat) was observed (Fig. 3c and d).Fig. 3Fatty acid content in the liver of mice exposed lengthily to L. helveticus.a Heat map showing the hepatic abundance of each fatty acid methyl esters (FA
     • Food effect · full text, Section 'Lipid metabolism in the liver':Samples from the control group are in gray, and those from the group supplemented with L. helveticus are in white. b Percentages of total SFAs relative to total FAMEs + DMAs (defined as 100%) in mice fed a control diet or fed a diet supplemented with L. helveticus. c Hepatic expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids: acyl-CoA (8-3)-desaturase (Fads1), acyl-Co
     • Food effect · full text, Section 'Circulating lipids':Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m.Fig. 5Fatty acid content in the plasma of mice lengthily exposed to L. helveticus.a Heat map showing the plasma abundance of each FAME or DMA relative to total FAMEs + DMAs (defined as 100%) in mice fed a control diet or fed a diet supplemented with L. helveticus.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Impact of long-term consumption of L. he':Twenty-three of the OTU sequences presented percentage identities of less than 98.5% when they were compared with the sequences of the NCBI database.
113. RodentA self-emulsifying omega-3 fatty acids delivery system for enhanced gastro-intestinal absorption in rats.
     Food Sci Biotechnol, 2022 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 36312998DOI 10.1007/s10068-022-01151-7PMC9596634 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:In vitro testing showed that the amounts of omega-3 fatty acids released by self-emulsifying delivery (SED) formulations containing lecithin, were higher than that released by a commercial formulation without lecithin.
     • Key findings · abstract:The Cmax values of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were approximately 1.38-1.40-fold for the optimized SED formulation than for the control group (P < 0.01).
     • Key findings · abstract:Similarly, the mean AUC0 - 48 values of DHA or EPA in the SED group were 1.27-1.29-fold higher than in the control group (P < 0.05).
     • Cmax · abstract:The Cmax values of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were approximately 1.38-1.40-fold for the optimized SED formulation than for the control group (P < 0.01).
     • AUC · abstract:Similarly, the mean AUC0 - 48 values of DHA or EPA in the SED group were 1.27-1.29-fold higher than in the control group (P < 0.05).
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The Cmax values of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were approximately 1.38-1.40-fold for the optimized SED formulation than for the control group (P < 0.01).
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Similarly, the mean AUC0 - 48 values of DHA or EPA in the SED group were 1.27-1.29-fold higher than in the control group (P < 0.05).
114. RodentEffect of Gum Acacia on the Intestinal Bioavailability of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Rats.
     Biomolecules, 2022 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 35883531DOI 10.3390/biom12070975PMC9313134 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Lipid emulsification is a technique that is being explored for improving the bioavailability of omega 3 (n-3) long chain (LC) fatty acid (FA).
     • Key findings · abstract:Thus, we followed in a kinetics study the n-3 bioavailability in rat lymph, orally administered DHA-rich oil, formulated based on GA compared to the bulk phase form of the oil.
     • Key findings · abstract:The AUC values were significantly improved by +121% for total TG and by 321% for n-3 PUFA, specifically for EPA (+244%) and for DHA (+345%).
     • Key findings · abstract:All the data showed that GA is one of the most favorable candidates of natural emulsifiers to improve n-3 bioavailability and their r[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Tmax · abstract:Benefits of GA have also been related to the transport of FA in lymph, which was 2 h earlier (Tmax = 4 h), compared to the Tmax (6 h) obtained with the bulk phase oil.
     • AUC · abstract:The AUC values were significantly improved by +121% for total TG and by 321% for n-3 PUFA, specifically for EPA (+244%) and for DHA (+345%).
     • Cmax · full text, Table 4:Summary data for the maximal concentration (Cmax; mg/mL), area under the curve (AUC; mg/mL.h) and Tmax (h) for lymphatic main fatty acids in animals submitted to unemulsified versus emulsified oil. Oil GA-Emulsion Total FA * AUC * 375.1 820.9 $ Cmax * 153.6 254.9 £ Tmax * 6 h 4 h ¤ n-3
     • Cmax · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':The amount of total fatty acids was determined over the time-kinetics from 1 to 6 h after lipid administration, supplied by the algae oil either in bulk phase or emulsified with GA (Figure 2); the AUC, Tmax and Cmax values were reported in Table 4.
     • Cmax · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':When lipids are supplied by the oil in bulk phase, the lipid concentration in lymph increased up to 6 h (Tmax) and reached a peak of FA absorption of 153 mg/mL lymph/g lipid intake (Cmax).
     • Tmax · full text, Table 4:Summary data for the maximal concentration (Cmax; mg/mL), area under the curve (AUC; mg/mL.h) and Tmax (h) for lymphatic main fatty acids in animals submitted to unemulsified versus emulsified oil. Oil GA-Emulsion Total FA * AUC * 375.1 820.9 $ Cmax * 153.6 254.9 £ Tmax * 6 h 4 h ¤ n-3 PUFA * AUC 62.9 265.2 $ Cmax 41 91.1 £ Tmax 6 h 4
     • Tmax · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':The amount of total fatty acids was determined over the time-kinetics from 1 to 6 h after lipid administration, supplied by the algae oil either in bulk phase or emulsified with GA (Figure 2); the AUC, Tmax and Cmax values were reported in Table 4.
     • Tmax · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':When lipids are supplied by the oil in bulk phase, the lipid concentration in lymph increased up to 6 h (Tmax) and reached a peak of FA absorption of 153 mg/mL lymph/g lipid intake (Cmax).
     • AUC · full text, Table 4:Summary data for the maximal concentration (Cmax; mg/mL), area under the curve (AUC; mg/mL.h) and Tmax (h) for lymphatic main fatty acids in animals submitted to unemulsified versus emulsified oil. Oil GA-Emulsion Total FA * AUC * 375.1 820.9 $ Cmax * 153.6 254.9 £ Tmax * 6 h 4 h ¤ n-3 PUFA * AUC 62.9 265.2
     • AUC · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':The amount of total fatty acids was determined over the time-kinetics from 1 to 6 h after lipid administration, supplied by the algae oil either in bulk phase or emulsified with GA (Figure 2); the AUC, Tmax and Cmax values were reported in Table 4.
     • AUC · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':Considering the AUC data (Figure 2), the data demonstrated that the lipid emulsification with GA (821 mg/mL/g of lipid intake.h) significantly improved (+120%; p < 0.05) the bioavailability of FA in the lymph compartment compared to the oil provided in bulk phase (375 mg/mL/g of lipid intake.h).
     • Fractional absorption · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':When lipids are supplied by the oil in bulk phase, the lipid concentration in lymph increased up to 6 h (Tmax) and reached a peak of FA absorption of 153 mg/mL lymph/g lipid intake (Cmax).
     • Form comparison · full text, Table 4:mal concentration (Cmax; mg/mL), area under the curve (AUC; mg/mL.h) and Tmax (h) for lymphatic main fatty acids in animals submitted to unemulsified versus emulsified oil. Oil GA-Emulsion Total FA * AUC * 375.1 820.9 $ Cmax * 153.6 254.9 £ Tmax * 6 h 4 h ¤ n-3 PUFA * AUC 62.9 265.2 $ Cmax 41 91.1 £ Tmax 6 h 4 h ¤ EPA * AUC 2.5 8.6 $ Cmax 1.3 2.8 £ Tmax 6 h 4 h ¤ DHA * AUC
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':Considering the AUC data (Figure 2), the data demonstrated that the lipid emulsification with GA (821 mg/mL/g of lipid intake.h) significantly improved (+120%; p < 0.05) the bioavailability of FA in the lymph compartment compared to the oil provided in bulk phase (375 mg/mL/g of lipid intake.h).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1.2. Lymphatic Recovery of N-3 PUFA':The area under the curve (AUC) confirmed that the n-3 PUFA bioavailability was significantly (p < 0.05) higher when the algae was emulsified with GA (265 mg/mL/g of lipid intake.h), compared to the bulk phase (63 mg/mL/g of lipid intake.h).
115. RodentBioavailability and biotransformation of linolenic acid from basil seed oil as a novel source of omega-3 fatty acids tested on a rat experimental model.
     Food Funct, 2022 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 35731538DOI 10.1039/d2fo00672c
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:This study aimed to test the bioavailability of the oil derived from basil seeds and its effects on different physiological parameters using 7-15% dietary inclusion levels.
     • Key findings · abstract:No alterations of hematological and plasma biochemical parameters were found for the 7 and 10% dietary inclusion levels of BSO, whereas a decrease in the platelet count and an increase in total- and HDL-cholesterol as well as plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were found for a 15% BSO dose.
116. RodentPharmacokinetics and metabolism in mouse retina of bis-allylic deuterated docosahexaenoic acid (D-DHA), a new dry AMD drug candidate.
     Exp Eye Res, 2022 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 35870486DOI 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109193PMC11238729 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:D-DHA accretion was rapid in plasma and liver (t1/2a ∼2.8 d), followed by heart and red blood cells (t1/2a ∼8.5 d), then ocular tissues (choroid-RPE, neural retina, and optic nerve with t1/2a of 10.1, 23.4, and 26.3 days, respectively), while CNS accretion was slowest (t1/2a of 29.0-44.3 days).
     • Food effect · abstract:Mice were fed 0.5% D-DHA for 77 days then switched to natural DHA (H-DHA) for 74 days.
117. RodentBioavailability and spatial distribution of fatty acids in the rat retina after dietary omega-3 supplementation.
     J Lipid Res, 2020 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 33127836DOI 10.1194/jlr.RA120001057PMC7707163 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The omega-3 content in the lipids of plasma and erythrocytes suggests that PLs as well as TGs are good omega-3 carriers for retina.
     • Food effect · abstract:In this study, Wistar rats were fed for 8 weeks with balanced diet including either EPA-containing phospholipids (PLs), EPA-containing TGs, DHA-containing PLs, or DHA-containing TGs.
118. RodentBioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid 22:6(n-3) from enantiopure triacylglycerols and their regioisomeric counterpart in rats.
     Food Chem, 2019 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 30722887DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.130
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:In a five-day feeding trial with mildly (n-3) deficient rats, the bioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3), DHA] and stearic acid (18:0) from the two different enantiomers of TAG: sn-22:6(n-3)-18:0-18:0 and sn-18:0-18:0-22:6(n-3), and their regioisomeric TAG: sn-18:0-22:6(n-3)-18:0 was compared.
     • Key findings · abstract:Less secretion of fecal DHA was detected from the sn-2 position compared with the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, but no difference was found in DHA content of the fasting plasma or in the weight of the body or organs. 18:0 was lost to feces mainly as cleaved from the primary positions but also as[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Less secretion of fecal DHA was detected from the sn-2 position compared with the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, but no difference was found in DHA content of the fasting plasma or in the weight of the body or organs. 18:0 was lost to feces mainly as cleaved from the primary positions but also as glycerol-bound.
119. RodentBiodistribution and Pharmacokinetic Evaluations of a Novel Taxoid DHA-SBT-1214 in an Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Formulation in Naïve and Tumor-Bearing Mice.
     Pharm Res, 2018 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 29520477DOI 10.1007/s11095-018-2349-xPMC6151135 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:By quantitative analysis, DHA-SBT-1214 encapsulated nanoemulsion demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic properties in plasma and different tissues as compared to its solution form.
120. RodentAbsorption rate of krill oil and fish oil in blood and brain of rats.
     Lipids Health Dis, 2018 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 30021606DOI 10.1186/s12944-018-0812-7PMC6052518 (free full text)
     Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
     • Key findings · abstract:For short-term testing of fish and KO bioavailability, rats were divided into four groups: normal, fish oil (FO), Krill oil 1 (KO), and Krill oil 2 (CKO).
     • Key findings · abstract:After short-term KO administration, KO showed a higher EPA content than CKO in the blood after 2 h.
     • Key findings · abstract:KO showed higher content of DHA than CKO even after 2 h.
     • Key findings · abstract:Following oral administration of FO, KO, and CKO for 1 and 2 weeks, triglycerides (TG) and PL contents in the blood for KOs were slightly higher than for FO.
121. RodentRoe-derived phospholipid administration enhances lymphatic docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipid absorption in unanesthetized rats.
     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2018 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 28684067DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.011
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Plasma n-3 fatty acids are important as the supplying pool of n-3 fatty acids to various tissues including the brain, although the relationship between dietary n-3 fatty acids and their molecular species in the plasma are not fully clarified.
122. RodentChanges in Bioavailability of Omega-3 (DHA) through Alpha-Tocopheryl Phosphate Mixture (TPM) after Oral Administration in Rats.
     Nutrients, 2017 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 28930161DOI 10.3390/nu9091042PMC5622802 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Benefits of Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements are hindered by their poor solubility and bioavailability.
     • Key findings · abstract:This study investigated the bioavailability of various formulations of Omega-3 and tocopheryl phosphate mixture (TPM), following oral administration in rats, and assessed whether TPM could improve the oral absorption of DHA.
     • Key findings · abstract:Over 24 h, the DHA plasma concentration followed a TPM dose-dependent relationship, reflected in the higher mean Cmax values (78.39 and 91.95 μg/mL) and AUC values (1396.60 and 1560.60) for the low and high TPM, respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:The biggest difference be[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Cmax · abstract:Over 24 h, the DHA plasma concentration followed a TPM dose-dependent relationship, reflected in the higher mean Cmax values (78.39 and 91.95 μg/mL) and AUC values (1396.60 and 1560.60) for the low and high TPM, respectively.
     • AUC · abstract:Over 24 h, the DHA plasma concentration followed a TPM dose-dependent relationship, reflected in the higher mean Cmax values (78.39 and 91.95 μg/mL) and AUC values (1396.60 and 1560.60) for the low and high TPM, respectively.
     • Cmax · full text, Table 2:Low DHA/TPM (1:0.5) (n = 9) High DHA Alone (n = 10) High DHA/TPM (1:0.1) (n = 8) Tmax (h) 4.56 ± 2.79 3.33 ± 0.94 4.44 ± 1.33 3.2 ± 1.03 4.25 ± 1.67 Cmax (µg/mL) 67.20 ± 18.11 78.39 ± 25.21 91.95 ± 37.04 124.80 ± 37.19 160.50 ± 35.93 p-value vs. control - p = 0.780 p = 0.186 - p = 0.057 AUC0–24 h (µg/mL·h) 1208.00 ± 281.40 1396.60 ± 411.07 1560.60 ± 638.23 1581.18 ± 372.94 2078.30 ± 319.02 p-value
     • Cmax · full text, Section 'DHA Levels':The low DHA alone group demonstrated a mean Tmax of 4.56 h and a mean Cmax of 67.20 μg/mL.
     • Cmax · full text, Section 'DHA Levels':Over 24 h, the DHA plasma concentration appeared to follow a TPM dose-dependent relationship, which was reflected in the higher mean Cmax values (78.39 and 91.95 μg/mL) and AUC values (1396.60 and 1560.60) for the low (low DHA/TPM (1:0.1)) and high TPM (low DHA/TPM (1:0.5)) respectively.
     • Tmax · full text, Table 2:DHA High Dose DHA Low DHA Alone (n = 9) Low DHA/TPM (1:0.1) (n = 7) Low DHA/TPM (1:0.5) (n = 9) High DHA Alone (n = 10) High DHA/TPM (1:0.1) (n = 8) Tmax (h) 4.56 ± 2.79 3.33 ± 0.94 4.44 ± 1.33 3.2 ± 1.03 4.25 ± 1.67 Cmax (µg/mL) 67.20 ± 18.11 78.39 ± 25.21 91.95 ± 37.04 124.80 ± 37.19 160.50 ± 35.93 p-value vs. control - p = 0.780 p = 0.186 - p = 0.057 AUC0–24 h (µg/mL·h) 1208.00 ± 281.40 1396.60
     • Tmax · full text, Section 'DHA Levels':The low DHA alone group demonstrated a mean Tmax of 4.56 h and a mean Cmax of 67.20 μg/mL.
     • AUC · full text, Table 2:.25 ± 1.67 Cmax (µg/mL) 67.20 ± 18.11 78.39 ± 25.21 91.95 ± 37.04 124.80 ± 37.19 160.50 ± 35.93 p-value vs. control - p = 0.780 p = 0.186 - p = 0.057 AUC0–24 h (µg/mL·h) 1208.00 ± 281.40 1396.60 ± 411.07 1560.60 ± 638.23 1581.18 ± 372.94 2078.30 ± 319.02 p-value vs. control - p = 0.730 p = 0.290 - p = 0.007
     • AUC · full text, Section 'DHA Levels':Over 24 h, the DHA plasma concentration appeared to follow a TPM dose-dependent relationship, which was reflected in the higher mean Cmax values (78.39 and 91.95 μg/mL) and AUC values (1396.60 and 1560.60) for the low (low DHA/TPM (1:0.1)) and high TPM (low DHA/TPM (1:0.5)) respectively.
     • AUC · full text, Section 'DHA Levels':When taken together, the improved delivery at 4 h and AUC reported for the low DHA/TPM (1:0.5) group when compared to the control, strongly supports the contention that TPM can increase the bioavailability of low doses of DHA.
     • Form comparison · full text, Table 2:ow DHA/TPM (1:0.5) and two from the High DHA/TPM (1:0.5) groups) and were therefore excluded from the pharmacokinetic analysis. P values are supplied versus the control formulation for each DHA dose. Parameter Low Dose DHA High Dose DHA Low DHA Alone (n = 9) Low DHA/TPM (1:0.1) (n = 7) Low DHA/TPM (1:0.5) (n = 9) High DHA Alone (n = 10) High DHA/TPM (1:0.1) (n = 8) Tmax (h) 4.56 ± 2.79 3.33 ± 0.94
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'DHA Levels':When taken together, the improved delivery at 4 h and AUC reported for the low DHA/TPM (1:0.5) group when compared to the control, strongly supports the contention that TPM can increase the bioavailability of low doses of DHA.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'DHA Levels':The overall systemic exposure as measured by AUC was increased by 30% with high DHA/TPM (1:0.1) treatment when compared to the high DHA alone (AUC 2078.3 μg/mL·h and 1581.2 μg/mL·h respectively).
123. RodentDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accretion in the placenta but not the fetus is matched by plasma unesterified DHA uptake rates in pregnant Long Evans rats.
     Placenta, 2017 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 28962703DOI 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.08.072
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:For tissue DHA uptake, pregnant dams (14-18 days) were infused for 5 min with radiolabeled 14C-DHA and kinetic modeling was used to determine fetal and placental serum unesterified DHA uptake rates.
     • Key findings · abstract:DHA accretion rates in the fetus were determined to be 38 ± 2 nmol/d/g, 859 ± 100 nmol/d/litter and 74 ± 3 nmol/d/pup, which are all higher (P < 0.05) than the fetal serum unesterified DHA uptake rates of 16 ± 6 nmol/d/g, 239 ± 145 nmol/d/litter and 14 ± 8 nmol/d/pup.
     • Key findings · abstract:No differences (p > 0.05) in placental DHA accretion rates versus serum unesterified DHA uptake rates were observed as values va[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
124. RodentMetabolic fate (absorption, β-oxidation and deposition) of long-chain n-3 fatty acids is affected by sex and by the oil source (krill oil or fish oil) in the rat.
     Br J Nutr, 2015 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 26234617DOI 10.1017/S0007114515002457PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability and metabolic fate (absorption, β-oxidation and tissue deposition) of n-3 fatty acids originating from krill oil (phospholipid-rich) or fish oil (TAG-rich) in rats of both sexes using the whole-body fatty acid balance method.
     • Food effect · abstract:Sprague-Dawley rats (thirty-six male, thirty-six female) were randomly assigned to be fed either a krill oil diet (EPA+DHA+DPA=1·38 mg/g of diet) or a fish oil diet (EPA+DHA+DPA=1·61 mg/g of diet) to constant ration for 6 weeks.
     • Food effect · full text, p.1:s of both sexes using the whole-body fatty acid balance method. Sprague–Dawley rats (thirty-six male, thirty-six female) were randomly assigned to be fed either a krill oil diet (EPA + DHA + DPA = 1·38 mg/g of diet) or a fish oil diet (EPA + DHA + DPA = 1·61 mg/g of diet) to constant ration for 6 weeks. The faeces, whole body and individual tissues were analysed for fatty acid content. Absorption o
     • Food effect · full text, p.2:automated TLC scanning instrument; Iatroscan). During the achieved after consuming an n-3 LC-PUFA dose, but rarely has experimentation, animals were fed fixed pre-determined ration, the excretion of n-3 LC-PUFA been measured. As n-3 LC-PUFA which was adjusted weekly relative to body weight (BW), for levels in blood are directly affected by a number of complex 6 weeks. For the computation of the foo
     • Food effect · full text, p.3:ted as mean values DPA, where digestibility of this fatty acid was lowest in male rats and their standard deviations of six cages per treatment (n 6; fed the krill oil diet when compared with males fed the fish oil N 24). Significant differences between experimental groups were diet. DHA digestibility was not affected by the diet, whereas tested using two-way ANOVA, assessing the effects of diets, s
     • Form comparison · full text, p.1:or the krill oil group, the majority of DPA was deposited (82–83 %). There was a significantly greater deposition of DPA and DHA in rats fed krill oil compared with those fed fish oil, not due to a difference in bioavailability (absorption) but rather due to a difference in metabolic fate (anabolism v. catabolism). Key words: Krill oil: EPA: DHA: DPA: Metabolic fate: Tissue deposition: Sex The benefi
     • Form comparison · full text, p.3:period of the experiment. All tissue per week × percentage of fatty acid in the diet. Faecal lipid and weights were significantly higher in male rats compared with fatty acid contents were determined as total faeces excreted per female rats (online Supplementary Table S1). week (pooled 7 d faecal samples) × percentage of lipid and percentage of fatty acids in the faeces, respectively. Rats were Lip
     • Form comparison · full text, p.4:xes. However, DPA and DHA concentrations were significantly higher in the fish oil-fed group Intake and excretion. Male rats consumed significantly more compared with the krill oil-fed group for both sexes at the end of n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA, DPA and DHA) compared with female rats the study period (P = 0·022). Supplementation with n-3 diets (fish and excreted significantly more n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA, DPA and oil
125. RodentComparison of the bioavailability of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in the rat.
     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2014 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 24238887DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.10.001
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Dietary EPA and DPA appeared in the faeces on days 6, 7 and 8, with the total amount of DPA excreted being 4.6-fold greater than that of EPA.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Dietary EPA and DPA appeared in the faeces on days 6, 7 and 8, with the total amount of DPA excreted being 4.6-fold greater than that of EPA.
     • Food effect · abstract:Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups of six, and were fed a semi-synthetic high fat diet (23.5% fat) for 9 days.
     • Food effect · abstract:At the conclusion of the study (day 9), it was found that liver DPA, EPA and total n-3 LC-PUFA levels were significantly increased by both DPA and EPA feeding compared with the olive oil fed control group.
126. RodentShort-term effects of different fish oil formulations on tissue absorption of docosahexaenoic acid in mice fed high- and low-fat diets.
     J Oleo Sci, 2013 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (gold)
     PMID 24200935DOI 10.5650/jos.62.883PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:This study investigated the short-term effects of the triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), ethyl ester (EE), and phospholipid (PL) forms of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the absorption of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) into tissues.
     • Food effect · abstract:Male Balb/c mice were fed a low-fat (LF, 5%) or high-fat (HF, 22.5%) diet containing different formulations of 0.7% omega-3 fatty acid for 1 week.
     • Food effect · abstract:After 1 week, TG-, FFA-, and PL-DHA increased the concentration of DHA in the livers of mice fed LF diet.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, p.4:groups. served in the HF-TG group, compared to the HF-control Meanwhile, the DHA percentages in the HF-TG and HF-PL group. groups increased（1.36- and 1.41-fold, respectively, over The same trend was observed in the DHA content of the the level in the HF-control group） . brain. In mice fed a low-fat diet, the DHA content in the LF-experimental groups was almost the same as that in the 3.4 Fatty aci
     • Food effect · full text, p.1:ciety J. Oleo Sci. 62, (11) 883-891 (2013) Short-term Effects of Different Fish Oil Formulations on Tissue Absorption of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Mice Fed High- and Low-Fat Diets Ning Ding1, #, Yong Xue1, #, Xiao Tang1, 2, Zhao-Min Sun1, Teruyoshi Yanagita3, Chang-Hu Xue1＊ and Yu-Ming Wang1＊ 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China (No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Pr
     • Food effect · full text, p.2:ions were added to the diets. than TG form, was effective in ameliorating metabolic pa- All diets contained 0.7％ EPA＋DHA （Table 2） . rameters in mice fed a high-fat diet. The results suggest After a 12-h fast, the livers, brains, kidneys, hearts, peri- that krill oil is of therapeutic value in patients with meta- renal white adipose tissues, gastrocnemius muscle, and epi- bolic syndrome and/or non
     • Food effect · full text, p.3:es in daily food intake among each group. The final of EPA increased（p < 0.05）while the proportion of AA de- body weights were similar among the mice fed with low or （p < 0.05） creased in mice fed a low-fat diet. The proportion high fat diets. No significant changes were detected in the of DHA also increased in LF-TG, LF-FFA, and LF-PL （data not shown） weight of liver, kidney, brain . groups（p < 0
     • Form comparison · full text, p.4:ropor- DHA proportion（p < 0.05）; a slight increase was also ob- tion of EPA was similar in all of the experimental groups. served in the HF-TG group, compared to the HF-control Meanwhile, the DHA percentages in the HF-TG and HF-PL group. groups increased（1.36- and 1.41-fold, respectively, over The same trend was observed in the DHA content of the the level in the HF-control group） . brain. In mice
127. RodentKinetics of eicosapentaenoic acid in brain, heart and liver of conscious rats fed a high n-3 PUFA containing diet.
     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2013 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 24209500DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.09.004PMC5861380 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:EPA incorporation rates from brain and liver precursor EPA-CoA pools into lipids, mainly phospholipids, were 36 and 2529nmol/s/g×10(-4), insignificant for heart.
     • Food effect · abstract:Quantifying EPA's in vivo kinetics might elucidate these effects. [1-(14)C]EPA was infused i.v. for 5min in unanesthetized male rats fed a standard EPA-DHA diet.
128. RodentDietary DHA: time course of tissue uptake and effects on cytokine secretion in mice.
     Br J Nutr, 2010 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (bronze)
     PMID 20487585DOI 10.1017/S0007114510002102PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:DHA supplementation increased plasma adiponectin secretion by 2·4-fold as early as 4 d after the initiation of the DHA-rich diet feeding.
     • Key findings · abstract:The adiponectin concentration remained 1·6-fold higher after the 16 d washout period.
     • Key findings · abstract:Plasma leptin levels were significantly lower after 4 d of feeding with DHA.
     • Key findings · abstract:DHA mainly got incorporated at the expense of n-6 arachidonic acid.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:DHA supplementation increased plasma adiponectin secretion by 2·4-fold as early as 4 d after the initiation of the DHA-rich diet feeding.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:The adiponectin concentration remained 1·6-fold higher after the 16 d washout period.
     • Food effect · abstract:Mice were fed either a control diet or a DHA-rich diet, and some were killed on days 0, 4, 8, 16 and 32.
     • Food effect · abstract:Some mice were fed the DHA-rich diet for 16 d, and were then maintained on the control diet for sixteen more days (washout period).
     • Food effect · full text, p.2:ient and FA compositions of each of the 1·5 ml K2CO3 in 10 % water. The resulting FA methyl esters diets are listed in Tables 1 and 2. Some mice were fed the were extracted by 2 ml of isooctane, and analysed by GC DHA-enriched diet for 16 d, and were then maintained on using a DELSI instrument model DI 200 equipped with a the standard diet for 16 more days (washout group). The fused silica capilla
     • Food effect · full text, p.3:ridge University Press 1306 J. Lefils et al. Results Body weight (A) 22 : 6n-3 (mol % total FA) 35 c Male mice were divided into two groups, and were fed a 30 c standard diet (control) or a diet supplemented with DHA 25 b b for different times. Body weight gain of mice fed the DHA-rich 20 diet was significantly lower than that of mice fed the standard 15 a diet (Fig. 1). This difference in body we
129. RodentLymphatic absorption of docosahexaenoic acid given as monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, and ethyl ester in rats.
     J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 2002 · Design: not stated · abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved · open access (gold)
     PMID 12026185DOI 10.3177/jnsv.48.30PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Lymphatic absorption of docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) given as monoglyceride (MG), consisting of 1(or 3)-species (9 1.4%), 2-species (4.2%) and diglyceride (DG) consisting of 1,3-species (70.8%), 1(or 3),2-species (28.6%), were investigated in comparison with that of triglyceride (TG) and ethyl ester (EE).
     • Key findings · abstract:The overall recovery of DHA at 30 h after its infusion was significantly higher in the rank order DHA-MG>DG>TG=EE.
     • Key findings · abstract:Moreover, time-dependent changes in recovery rates from 2 to 10 h of DHA given as MG were significantly higher than those of the corresponding DG, TG, and EE.
     • Key findings · abstract:These results[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:These results indicate that DHA-MG and DG are absorbed and transported more effectively than TG and EE forms under restricted water supply, even if they mainly consist of 1(or 3)-species.
     • Food effect · full text, p.2:en as Different Molecular Structure 31 rats (CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan) weighing 300 Table 1. Lipid composition (wt%) of administered - 370g were fed a commercial nonpurified diet (F-2; lipids. Funabashi Farms, Chiba, Japan) and given drinking water ad libitum until the day of operation. The rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital (35mg/kg body weight, i.p.), and the left thoracic lymph duct
     • Food effect · full text, p.5:a small portion HJ. 1997. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid ab (•`27%) of DHA was incorporated into the sn-2 position sorption in preterm infants fed LCP-free or LCP-supple of TG in lymph when ethyl DHA was given as a sole lipid mented formula in comparison to infants fed fortified (25). This result is consistent with our findings in breast milk. Anal Nutr Metab 41: 235-241. which about 35% of
     • Form comparison · full text, p.4:significantly 1 2 -10h after gavage infusion . Data are mean•}SE of 3 retarded the lymphatic transport of TG and cholesterol rats. tr, trace. in rats compared to that containing rapeseed oil TG. But in the present study, when DHA was given as a sole cantly different among the four DHA groups. fatty acid, the lymphatic recoveries of DHA given in the Fatty acid compositions of major lipid classes in
     • Form comparison · full text, p.5:be expected that DHA in these forms, 1) Herold PM, Kinsella JE.i986. Fish oil consumption and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease: a comparison compared with the TG form, was efficiently incorpo of findings from animal and human feeding trial. Am J rated into PL fractions in lymph lipids. However, a large Clin Nutr 43: 566-598. portion of DHA administered was distributed in the TG 2) Simopoul
130. RodentThresholds and kinetics of fatty acid replacement in different cellular compartments in rat liver as a function of dietary n-6/n-3 fatty acid content.
     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 1997 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 9044434DOI 10.1016/s0952-3278(97)90522-6
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:In the adult rats, fed diet A for 8 weeks, C18:2n-6 increased significantly at week 2 in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction of the plasma membranes, microsomes and plasma but not in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), C20:3n-6 increased significantly at week 2 in the plasma membrane and microsomal PC, but did only increased in PE of both compartments by week 8.
     • Key findings · abstract:C20:4n-6 and the n-3 FAs significantly decreased and increased, respectively, at week 2 in PC and PE of both membrane compartments and plasma PC.
     • Key findings · abstract:The decrease in C20:4n-6 was significantly greater in the microsomal PC and PE and plasm[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Rats at different stages of growth, i.e. after weaning and at 150 g body weight, were either fed a modified AIN 76A diet containing sunflower oil as fat source or the same diet containing sunflower oil and fish oil to achieve n-6/n-3 FA ratios of 12:1 and 6:1 (diets A and B, respectively).
     • Food effect · abstract:In the adult rats, fed diet A for 8 weeks, C18:2n-6 increased significantly at week 2 in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction of the plasma membranes, microsomes and plasma but not in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), C20:3n-6 increased significantly at week 2 in the plasma membrane and microsomal PC, but di
131. RodentIntestinal lymph absorption of butter, corn oil, cod liver oil, menhaden oil, and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl esters in rats.
     Lipids, 1996 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 8743053DOI 10.1007/BF02522927
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
132. RodentDose-response relationships between dietary (n-3) fatty acids and plasma and tissue lipids, steroid excretion and urinary malondialdehyde in rats.
     J Nutr, 1992 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 1527639DOI 10.1093/jn/122.10.1979
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Higher fish oil intake was paralleled by elevated incorporation of long-chain (n-3) fatty acids in plasma total lipid, mainly at the expense of arachidonic acid.
     • Key findings · abstract:Significant inverse relationships were found between plasma total (n-3) fatty acid concentration and plasma triglyceride, cholesterol or free fatty acid concentrations.
     • Key findings · abstract:In vivo lipid peroxidation, assessed by urinary malondialdehyde excretion, was enhanced when diets containing greater than 1.8% fish oil were fed.
     • Food effect · abstract:For a 28-d experimental period, rats were fed a nonpurified, cereal-based diet containing 9.1% supplemental beef tallow or fish oil or one of the following beef tallow:fish oil blends: 95:5; 90:10; 80:20 and 50:50.
     • Food effect · abstract:In vivo lipid peroxidation, assessed by urinary malondialdehyde excretion, was enhanced when diets containing greater than 1.8% fish oil were fed.
133. Other animalFish oil reduces intestinal fat absorption by promoting lacteal junction zippering via GPR120-VEGFR3-MLCK pathway.
     J Adv Res, 2026 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 40412483DOI 10.1016/j.jare.2025.05.026PMC12869197 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:The intestinal fat absorption, the lacteal zipper-like junctions, and the involvement of GPR120-VEGFR3-MLCK pathway were assessed.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: We found that fish oil gavage suppressed intestinal fat absorption associated with elevated proportion of lacteal zipper-like junctions and decreased expression of VEGFR3 in mice jejunum.
     • Key findings · abstract:Meanwhile, inhibition of VEGFR3 signaling in HFD-fed mice enhanced zipper-like junctions in jejunal lacteal to reduce fat absorption and combat obesity.
     • Key findings · abstract:Finally, fish oil supplementation reduced intestinal fat absorption, promoted lacteal zipper-like junctions, enha[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:Meanwhile, inhibition of VEGFR3 signaling in HFD-fed mice enhanced zipper-like junctions in jejunal lacteal to reduce fat absorption and combat obesity.
     • Food effect · full text, Section 'Serum lipid absorption':HFD or HFD + 5 % Fish oil/HFD + MAZ51 (8 mg/kg) fed mice were fasted for 12 h and were then intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 g/kg poloxamer 407 (a lipoprotein lipase inhibitor).
     • Food effect · full text, Section 'Oil red O staining':The HFD group and HFD + Fish oil groups were given 200 μL of olive oil after fasting for 12 h.
     • Food effect · full text, Section 'Cell culture':To explore how fish oil affects intestinal lipid absorption in HFD-fed mice, the LECs were treated with 100 μM palmitic acid (PA group), 80 μM PA + 20 μM DHA (PA + DHA) and 80 μM PA + 20 μM EPA (PA + EPA group) for 1 h, each group was supplemented with 100 ng/mL VEGFC, 50 μM GPR120 inhibitor AH-7614 and 50 μM MLCK inhibitor ML-7 for 1 h.
134. Other animalDietary phospholipid carriers of DHA do not increase brain DHA levels: a replication study.
     J Lipid Res, 2025 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 41016602DOI 10.1016/j.jlr.2025.100913PMC12684751 (free full text)
     Verification: full text read; no PK numbers matched
     • Key findings · abstract:However, a subsequent study using a higher dose of sn-1 LPC-DHA did not confirm these findings and reported no significant increase in brain DHA.
135. Other animalXanthan gum-stabilized docosahexaenoic acid loaded nanoemulgel: A stable nutraceutical delivery system with enhanced bioavailability.
     Int J Biol Macromol, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 40840737DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147003
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Then, the prepared DHA nanoemulsion was subsequently incorporated into xanthan gum gel (1.5 % w/v) to develop nanoemulgel.
     • Key findings · abstract:DHA nanoemulsion incorporated in the gel matrix achieved higher electrostatic stability of -69.17 ± 0.36 mV and a droplet size of 57.4 ± 0.52 nm, with maximum stability achieved at pH 7.
     • Key findings · abstract:The nanoemulgel had a higher release of DHA (90 %) in in vitro gastric and intestinal digestion.
     • Key findings · abstract:In comparison to the control group (0.39 g/100 g), the brain tissue of mice fed with DHA nanoemulgel showed a greater increase in DHA content (0.7 g/100 g) with an increased glial cell po[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Food effect · abstract:In comparison to the control group (0.39 g/100 g), the brain tissue of mice fed with DHA nanoemulgel showed a greater increase in DHA content (0.7 g/100 g) with an increased glial cell population.
136. Other animalEffects of algal oil as an alternative to fish oil in feline foods on serum concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
     J Anim Sci, 2025 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 40923230DOI 10.1093/jas/skaf252PMC12448684 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Serum was analyzed at the beginning and end of each of these 5-wk feeding periods.
     • Key findings · abstract:Algal oil was included at levels 3.7-fold lower than fish oil due to the high DHA content of algal oil.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Algal oil was included at levels 3.7-fold lower than fish oil due to the high DHA content of algal oil.
     • Food effect · abstract:Cats were first fed a control food for 5 wk and then randomized into two groups and fed test foods containing either fish oil or algal oil in sequential increasing concentrations of DHA (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%).
     • Food effect · full text, Table 1.:Nutrient composition on an as-fed basis of test foods containing 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% docosahexaenoic acid from either fish oil or algal oil Treatment Nutrient Control Fish oil food Algal oil food DHA 0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg1 4171 4246 4208 4
     • Food effect · full text, Table 4.:Cat characteristics at study baseline prior to being sequentially fed foods containing 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% docosahexaenoic acid from either fish oil or algal oil for 5-wk periods Test food Characteristic Fish oil food Algal oil food P value Animals, n 13 13 -  Neutered male 7 (47) 8 (55) -  Spayed female 6 (53) 5 (4
     • Food effect · full text, Section 'Food intake':There was no significant difference in kilocalories (Figure 2) or grams (data not shown) consumed on a dry matter or as-fed basis per day among cats fed foods containing algal oil or fish oil except that intake was significantly lower in cats fed the algal oil food with 0.6% DHA compared with the baseline (control) value (P = 0.0011).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Food intake':There was no significant difference in kilocalories (Figure 2) or grams (data not shown) consumed on a dry matter or as-fed basis per day among cats fed foods containing algal oil or fish oil except that intake was significantly lower in cats fed the algal oil food with 0.6% DHA compared with the baseline (control) value (P = 0.0011).
137. Other animalA calcium-loaded complex based on Antarctic krill protein and supplemented with pectin promotes calcium absorption and bone health.
     Int J Biol Macromol, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 40037439DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141634
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The P + Ca + HMP complex significantly increased the calcium retention rate to 89.87 ± 0.66 % and enhanced the maximum load of the femur to 9.28 ± 1.12 N, which were significantly higher than those of the low-calcium group, indicating that the complex could effectively enhance the biomechanical properties of bone.
138. Other animalLymphatic absorption characteristics of eicosapentaenoic acid -enriched phosphoethanolamine plasmalogen and its gastric and intestinal hydrolysates.
     Food Chem, 2025 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 39368205DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141413
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The results showed that the EPA peak occurred earlier in the gastric (1.5 h) and intestinal (1 h) hydrolysates than in the EPA-pPE group (3 h) with EPA peak content being 2.03 and 1.46 times higher, suggesting pre-hydrolysis contributed to lymphatic absorption.
     • Key findings · abstract:Further, duodenal injection of gastric hydrolysates sn2 EPA-lysoPE produced higher levels of EPA-LPC, PC, PE, and PG.
139. Other animalIn Vivo Absorption and Lymphatic Bioavailability of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgal Oil According to Its Physical and Chemical Form of Vectorization.
     Nutrients, 2024 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 38613047DOI 10.3390/nu16071014PMC11013230 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:We demonstrated in rats that the conventional A-DHA TG structure afforded more effective DHA absorption than the EE structure (+23%).
     • Key findings · abstract:Furthermore, the A-DHA MG and A-DHA emulsions were the better DHA vectors (AUC: 89% and +42%, respectively) due to improved lipolysis.
     • AUC · abstract:Furthermore, the A-DHA MG and A-DHA emulsions were the better DHA vectors (AUC: 89% and +42%, respectively) due to improved lipolysis.
     • Cmax · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':Note that when DHA (mostly TG structure) was combined to vegetable PLs, the Cmax was doubled (Cmax = 40 mg/mL) compared to the other groups, and never reached a steady state until the end of lipid absorption (Tmax = 6 h).
     • Cmax · full text, Section '3.1.2. Lymphatic Recovery of DHA':More precisely, the A-DHA EE group showed the lowest DHA incorporation characterized by a Cmax = 7 mg/mL at T 6h, whereas A-DHA TG (9 mg DHA/mL), A-DHA PL blend (10 mg DHA/mL), and A-DHA emulsion (10 mg DHA/mL) presented intermediate Cmax values and the A-DHA MG formula shoed the highest Cmax (12 mg DHA/mL).
     • Cmax · full text, Section '3.1.2. Lymphatic Recovery of DHA':The Cmax values were similar in both these groups (10 and 12 mg/mL, respectively) and tended to be higher than the Cmax values observed in the A-DHA EE and A-DHA TG groups (7 and 9 mg/mL, respectively), and the Tmax values were 1–2 h earlier than all groups (at 4 h versus 5–6 h for the other groups).
     • Tmax · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':More precisely, when DHA was vectorized by TG structure (A-DHA TG), total lipid concentration reached a plateau at 5 h post-administration, whereas when DHA was provided in emulsion or in MG structure, the plateau was reached 1 h earlier (Tmax = 4 h).
     • Tmax · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':In contrast, when DHA was provided as EE, Tmax was reached 1 h later (Tmax = 6 h).
     • Tmax · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':Note that when DHA (mostly TG structure) was combined to vegetable PLs, the Cmax was doubled (Cmax = 40 mg/mL) compared to the other groups, and never reached a steady state until the end of lipid absorption (Tmax = 6 h).
     • AUC · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':The AUC was found to be lowest when DHA was provided as a TG structure (50 mg/mL·h), whereas it was significantly higher when DHA was provided in emulsion or EE forms (70 mg/mL·h).
     • AUC · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':The AUCs relative to the overall lipid absorption were higher in the MG-vectorized DHA group (87 mg/mL·h) or when microalgal TG was combined with vegetable PLs (100 mg/mL·h).
     • AUC · full text, Section '3.1.2. Lymphatic Recovery of DHA':The AUC data (Figure 2B) confirmed that “net” intestinal absorption of DHA was lowest for the A-DHA EE group (13 mg/mL·h).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1.1. Total Fatty Acid Absorption':Note that when DHA (mostly TG structure) was combined to vegetable PLs, the Cmax was doubled (Cmax = 40 mg/mL) compared to the other groups, and never reached a steady state until the end of lipid absorption (Tmax = 6 h).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1.2. Lymphatic Recovery of DHA':The Cmax values were similar in both these groups (10 and 12 mg/mL, respectively) and tended to be higher than the Cmax values observed in the A-DHA EE and A-DHA TG groups (7 and 9 mg/mL, respectively), and the Tmax values were 1–2 h earlier than all groups (at 4 h versus 5–6 h for the other groups).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1.3. DHA Incorporation in the Main Lip':Indeed, TG concentrations tended to be higher in the A-DHA PL blend and A-DHA EE groups (11 and 9 µg/µL lymph, respectively) compared to other groups (which averaged 7.4 µg/µL).
140. Other animalKinetics of omega-3 fatty acid transfer to milk differs between fatty acids and stage of lactation in dairy cows.
     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2023 · Design: crossover · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 37060854DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102573
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The objective was to compare kinetics of n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) trafficking through plasma and into milk.
     • Key findings · abstract:Transfer of n-3 PUFA to milk was nearly 50% higher for ALA-FFA than LCn3-FFA (48.2 and 32.7% of the bolus) and fit a bi-exponential model.
     • Key findings · abstract:Rapid transport of n-3 PUFA, assumed to be directly through chylomicrons, was nearly twice as high in ALA-FFA than LCn3-FFA and the subsequent slow transport, assumed to be indirect transfer through tissue recycling, was over 2.5-fold higher in LCn3-FFA than in ALA-FFA.
     • Key findings · abstract:Plasma analysis revealed LCn3-FFA enriched phospholipids and cholestero[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Rapid transport of n-3 PUFA, assumed to be directly through chylomicrons, was nearly twice as high in ALA-FFA than LCn3-FFA and the subsequent slow transport, assumed to be indirect transfer through tissue recycling, was over 2.5-fold higher in LCn3-FFA than in ALA-FFA.
141. Other animalEffects of microencapsulation in dairy matrix on the quality characteristics and bioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid astaxanthin.
     J Sci Food Agric, 2022 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 35396734DOI 10.1002/jsfa.11919
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Compared with free astaxanthin (Asta), docosahexaenoic acid astaxanthin monoester (Asta-C22:6) has higher stability and bioavailability.
     • Key findings · abstract:A dairy product rich in Asta-C22:6 with high bioavailability was designed by measuring quality characteristics, sensory evaluation and in vivo experiments.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Compared with spray drying, the freeze-drying microcapsule had a higher encapsulation efficiency (72.5%), water content (4%) and better solubility, and Asta-C22:6 microcapsule (1 g L-1 ) yogurt had the best quality.
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability of Asta-C22:6 microcapsule yogurt was furthe[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Cmax · abstract:After a single oral dose in mice, the bioavailability of Asta-C22:6 microcapsule in yogurt was significantly increased (Cmax  = 0.31 μg mL-1 , AUC0-T  = 3.20 h μg mL-1 ).
     • AUC · abstract:After a single oral dose in mice, the bioavailability of Asta-C22:6 microcapsule in yogurt was significantly increased (Cmax  = 0.31 μg mL-1 , AUC0-T  = 3.20 h μg mL-1 ).
142. Other animalExploration of iron-binding mode, digestion Kinetics, and iron absorption behavior of Antarctic Krill-derived heptapeptide-iron complex.
     Food Res Int, 2022 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 35337564DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110996
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Fe2+ bound to one carboxyl oxygen atom of Asp at position 4 and the imidazole group of His at position 5 on the LVDDHFL peptide at a stoichiometric ratio of 1:2, which induced the folding of LVDDHFL to form a more orderly structure.
     • Key findings · abstract:Moreover, iron complexation can enhance the digestive stability of LVDDHFL with the peptide retention rate as 62.26 ± 2.60% and approximately 27.54% of LVDDHFL were degraded to hexapeptide LVDDHF.
     • Key findings · abstract:Nevertheless, the enhancement of LVDDHF - iron on iron absorption was comparable to that of LVDDHFL - iron, but better than that of FeSO4.
143. Other animalIntestinal bioavailability of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influenced by the supramolecular form of phospholipids.
     Food Funct, 2020 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 32040103DOI 10.1039/c9fo02953b
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The aim of this work was to study the bioavailability of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), carried by marine phospholipids (PL) and formulated in different supramolecular forms.
     • Key findings · abstract:Intestinal bioavailability of n-3 LC-PUFA was monitored in the lymph compartment in a duct fistula model.
     • Key findings · abstract:On the one hand, the emulsification of plant oils with PL increased the overall intestinal absorption of dietary FA by 84% without affecting the lymph FA profile compared with the bulk form, suggesting that emulsification f[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
144. Other animalComparison of the Incorporation of DHA in Circulatory and Neural Tissue When Provided as Triacylglycerol (TAG), Monoacylglycerol (MAG) or Phospholipids (PL) Provides New Insight into Fatty Acid Bioavailability.
     Nutrients, 2018 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 29762503DOI 10.3390/nu10050620PMC5986500 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Phospholipids (PL) or partial acylglycerols such as sn-1(3)-monoacylglycerol (MAG) are potent dietary carriers of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and have been reported to provide superior bioavailability when compared to conventional triacylglycerol (TAG).
     • Key findings · abstract:Fatty acid profiles were determined in erythrocytes and plasma lipids at time 0, 7, 14, 28, 35 and 49 days of the experimental period and in retina, cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus at 60 days.
     • Key findings · abstract:After 60 days of supplementation, statistically significant increase in DHA level incorporated in neural tissues analyzed[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '2.1. Animals and Experimental Diets':Similar levels of DHA in MAG-DHA groups were achieved (Table 2) while the incorporation of DHASCO oil in the TAG-DHA experimental diets resulted in a slightly lower level compared to the other DHA groups (0.29% of dry matter weight vs. 0.31% and 0.34% for the MAG-DHA and PL-DHA groups, respectively; see Table 2).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.1. Food Intake, Body Weight Gain and B':Food intake was similar for all groups when compared with control group except for the PL-DHA group which was significantly higher (+11%, p = 0.009 compared to the control group Table 3).
145. Other animalLipid remodeling and an altered membrane-associated proteome may drive the differential effects of EPA and DHA treatment on skeletal muscle glucose uptake and protein accretion.
     Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2018 · Design: stable-isotope · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 28655718DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00438.2015
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:We have shown that, despite similar incorporation, treatment of C2C12 myotubes (CM) with EPA but not DHA improves glucose uptake and protein accretion.
146. Other animalUptake and Depuration Kinetics Influence Microplastic Bioaccumulation and Toxicity in Antarctic Krill ( Euphausia superba).
     Environ Sci Technol, 2018 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · not checked (off-topic)
     PMID 29397707DOI 10.1021/acs.est.7b05759
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Krill exposed to a 20% plastic diet for 24 h displayed fast uptake (22 ng mg-1 h-1) and depuration (0.22 h-1) rates, but plastic uptake did not reach steady state.
147. Other animalSynthesis and preclinical pharmacokinetic study of DHA-10, a novel potential antifungal pogostone analogue.
     J Pharm Pharmacol, 2017 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 28543298DOI 10.1111/jphp.12750
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:In this study, we developed a novel pogostone analogue, DHA-10 and investigated its preclinical pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion and protein binding rate in rats.
     • Key findings · abstract:KEY FINDING: DHA-10 was eliminated rapidly in rat plasma with half-lives of 3.39 ± 0.5, 3.24 ± 0.32 and 3.80 ± 0.40 h after single oral doses of 70, 140 and 280 mg/kg, respectively, and showed linear pharmacokinetic within the examined dosage range.
     • Key findings · abstract:The oral bioavailability of DHA-10 was 69.09 ± 3.9%.
     • Key findings · abstract:Approximately, 1.50 ± 0.26% and 9.12 ± 2.53% of parent drug was excreted via the urine and faeces within 48 h, r[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
148. Other animalEnhanced incorporation of dietary DHA into lymph phospholipids by altering its molecular carrier.
     Biochim Biophys Acta, 2016 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 27178174DOI 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.002PMC4911702 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:However most of dietary DHA is absorbed as triacylglycerol (TAG) because it is released as free fatty acid during digestion of either TAG-DHA (fish oil) or sn-2-DHA phospholipid (krill oil), and subsequently incorporated into TAG of chylomicrons.
     • Key findings · abstract:We tested the hypothesis that the absorption of DHA as phospholipid can be increased if it is present in the sn-1 position of dietary phospholipid or in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), because it would escape the hydrolysis by pancreatic phospholipase A2.
     • Key findings · abstract:The results show that while the total amount of DHA absorbed was comparable from the two types[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:Furthermore, the amount of DHA recovered in lymph HDL was increased by 2-fold when LPC-DHA micelle was infused.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:However most of dietary DHA is absorbed as triacylglycerol (TAG) because it is released as free fatty acid during digestion of either TAG-DHA (fish oil) or sn-2-DHA phospholipid (krill oil), and subsequently incorporated into TAG of chylomicrons.
     • Fractional absorption · abstract:The results show that while the total amount of DHA absorbed was comparable from the two types of micelle, the percentage of DHA recovered in lymph phospholipids was 5 times greater with LPC-DHA, compared to free DHA.
149. Other animalEfficient Docosahexaenoic Acid Uptake by the Brain from a Structured Phospholipid.
     Mol Neurobiol, 2016 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 26041661DOI 10.1007/s12035-015-9228-9
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
150. Other animalA randomized trial of the effects of ezetimibe on the absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac disease patients: A pilot study.
     Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2015 · Design: not stated · n: n = 34 · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 28531469DOI 10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.07.002
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:CONCLUSION: Ezetimibe therapy inhibited the absorption of omega-3 fatty acids.
151. Other animalDietary omega-6 fatty acid lowering increases bioavailability of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human plasma lipid pools.
     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2014 · Design: randomized · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 24675168DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.02.003PMC4035030 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:BACKGROUND: Dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) lowering in rats reduces n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) plasma concentrations and increases n-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) concentrations.
     • Key findings · abstract:OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the extent to which 12 weeks of dietary n-6 PUFA lowering, with or without increased dietary n-3 PUFAs, alters unesterified and esterified plasma n-6 and n-3 PUFA concentrations in subjects with chronic headache.
     • Key findings · abstract:Esterified and unesterified plasma fatty acids were quantified at baseline (0 weeks) and after 12 weeks on a diet.
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Compar[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
152. Other animalFish oil supplementation increases concentration of adiponectin in healthy dogs.
     J Small Anim Pract, 2014 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (bronze)
     PMID 24611954DOI 10.1111/jsap.12194
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:RESULTS: Serum concentrations of the measured individual and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased following supplementation (P<0·001).
     • Key findings · abstract:Mean serum adiponectin concentration on supplement was 3·4 µg/mL (95% confidence interval: 0·8 to 6·0;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Key findings · abstract:P=0·006) higher than baseline, and 5·3 µg/mL (2·0 to 8·7;[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Key findings · abstract:P<0·001) higher than off supplement.
     • Food effect · abstract:At baseline, on supplement and 10 to 20 weeks off supplement, dogs were examined, body condition scores determined (range: 4 to 6), body measurements recorded for % body fat calculation and fasted blood samples collected.
153. Other animalOmega-3 fatty acids modulate ATPases involved in duodenal Ca absorption.
     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2003 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 12798663DOI 10.1016/s0952-3278(03)00067-x
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Dietary supplementation with fish oil that contains omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been shown to enhance bone density as well as duodenal calcium uptake in rats.
154. Other animalUptake and incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into neuronal cell body and neurite/nerve growth cone lipids: evidence of compartmental DHA metabolism in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells.
     Neurochem Res, 2000 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 10905634DOI 10.1023/a:1007575406896
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Fractions of nerve growth cone particles (NGC) and cell bodies were prepared and the metabolism of the radiolabeled substrates was determined by thin-layer chromatography. [3H]glycerol incorporation into phospholipids indicated de novo lipid synthesis. [3H]DHA uptake was more rapid in the cell bodies than in the NGC. [3H]DHA first esterified in neutral lipids and later in phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine). [3H]glycerol primarily labeled phosphatidylcholine.
155. Other animalPharmacokinetics of omega-3-fatty acids during ingestion of fish oil preparations.
     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 1992 · Design: clinical trial · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 1387231DOI 10.1016/0952-3278(92)90069-u
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:An in vivo comparison of three dosages (3 g, 6 g, 12 g) of two different fish oil preparations in terms of plasma concentrations of their major active components eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was performed.
     • Key findings · abstract:The plasma accumulation was measured during 28 days of ingestion and an equally long wash out period.
     • Key findings · abstract:Rapid increases in EPA and DHA plasma concentrations can be demonstrated at all dosages during a 28-day ingestion period.
156. Other animalIntestinal absorption and lipoprotein transport of (omega-3) eicosapentaenoic acid.
     J Nutr, 1985 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 2981999DOI 10.1093/jn/115.2.219
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:Absorption was estimated by the appearance of radioactivity in lymph over a 24-h collection period, and the lymph lipoprotein distributions and lipoprotein lipid distribution were determined in the 24-h samples.
     • Key findings · abstract:Although there were apparent differences in the rates of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acid absorption, the overall appearance (after 24 h) of these acids in lymph was quantitatively equivalent to that of oleate.
157. In vitroOkara residue as source of antioxidants against lipid oxidation in milk enriched with omega-3 and bioavailability of bioactive compounds after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
     J Food Sci Technol, 2018 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · open access (green)
     PMID 29606766DOI 10.1007/s13197-018-3069-2PMC5876222 (free full text)
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
     • Key findings · abstract:The ability of okara to decelerate the oxidation of omega-3 fatty acids caused by light exposure in a milk matrix, as well as its bioavailability after in vitro digestion, were investigated.
     • Key findings · abstract:The addition of okara to omega-3 fatty acids-enriched milk inhibited the production of conjugated dienes and malonaldehyde during 8 days of storage compared to the control (without okara), particularly at the higher (3 g/L) than lower inclusion concentrations studied (1 and 2 g/L).
     • Key findings · abstract:The bioavailability assay demonstrated that polyphenols (41 mg GAE/100 g) were still present after in vitro digestion and[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
158. Species unclearPharmacokinetic comparisons between liposome formulation and non-liposome formulation of omega-3 fatty acids: a randomized clinical study.
     J Liposome Res, 2026 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · closed/paywalled
     PMID 42821481DOI 10.1080/08982104.2026.2721669
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified
159. Species unclearUltrasonic-assisted Haematococcus pluvialis protein-pectin complex significantly enhances DHA stability and bioavailability for 3D food printing.
     Food Chem X, 2025 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 41140603DOI 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.103150PMC12550196 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Developing a highly stable and bioavailable docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) delivery system is critical for functional food applications especially in 3D food printing.
     • Key findings · abstract:Compared with the non-ultrasonic group HP/P-20 significantly improved DHA oxidative stability and bioavailability. 3D printing experiments confirmed that HP/P-stabilized emulsions exhibited suitable viscosity printability structural integrity and self-supporting properties validating their feasibility in customized food formulations.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Freeze-thaw stability':Thus, it can be deduced that the freeze-thaw stability of HEG2, treated ultrasonically for 20 min, is superior compared to that of other HEGs subjected to varying ultrasonic treatment durations.Fig. 5(A) Macroscopic plot of six cryocycles of HEGs.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Influence of ultrasonic treatment time o':As the ultrasonic treatment time was increased to 30 and 40 min, the amplitudes of the T23 and T21 peaks were observed to be intermediate compared to those at other treatment durations, indicating that the contents of free and bound water were relatively evenly distributed, while the amplitude of the T22 peak was lower, suggesting a decrease in the content of immobilized water.
160. Species unclearA randomized double-blind trial to measure the absorption characteristics of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil blend with natural lipid-based delivery system.
     Food Sci Biotechnol, 2024 · Design: randomized; double-blind · n: 65 subjects · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 38752112DOI 10.1007/s10068-023-01466-zPMC11091001 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:PM showed 1.6-fold greater plasma area under the curve (AUC) than SEE at 300 mg, although no significant difference was observed.
     • Key findings · abstract:PM showed a 3.1 and 3.2-fold (p < 0.05) greater plasma AUC than SEE at 500 mg and 1000 mg respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:The concentration max (Cmax) of EPA + DHA did not change between PM and SEE at 300 mg.
     • Key findings · abstract:Cmax of PM was twofold greater than SEE at 500 mg and 1000 mg respectively.
     • Key findings · abstract:The Cmax of EPA + DHA achieved significant difference (p < 0.05) only with the 500 mg dose.
     • Key findings · abstract:The PM formulation increased the bioavailability of EPA + DHA by threefold compared to SEE at 500 and[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Cmax · abstract:The concentration max (Cmax) of EPA + DHA did not change between PM and SEE at 300 mg.
     • Cmax · abstract:Cmax of PM was twofold greater than SEE at 500 mg and 1000 mg respectively.
     • Cmax · abstract:The Cmax of EPA + DHA achieved significant difference (p < 0.05) only with the 500 mg dose.
     • AUC · abstract:PM showed 1.6-fold greater plasma area under the curve (AUC) than SEE at 300 mg, although no significant difference was observed.
     • AUC · abstract:PM showed a 3.1 and 3.2-fold (p < 0.05) greater plasma AUC than SEE at 500 mg and 1000 mg respectively.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:PM showed 1.6-fold greater plasma area under the curve (AUC) than SEE at 300 mg, although no significant difference was observed.
     • Relative bioavailability · abstract:PM showed a 3.1 and 3.2-fold (p < 0.05) greater plasma AUC than SEE at 500 mg and 1000 mg respectively.
     • Cmax · full text, Table 3:HA combined pharmacokinetic parameters by dose and formulation Dose Standard EE EPA + DHA (SEE) PhytoMarineCelle (PM) Fold change AUC (0–24) Tmax (h) Cmax (ug/ml) AUC (0–24) Tmax (h) Cmax (ug/ml) AUC Cmax EPA  300 mg 36.03 ± 4.15 8.91 ± 1.93 4.23 ± 1.94 40.18 ± 2.87 9.55 ± 2.33 4.45 ± 1.91 1.1 1.05  500 mg 36.68 ± 3.20 7.03 ± 2.18 4.78 ± 1.94 106.62 ± 1.92* 8.21 ± 1.89 9.64 ± 1.56* 2.9* 2.0*  1000
     • Cmax · full text, Section 'Change in EPA and DHA concentrations':Comparing PM with SEE, both EPA and DHA showed about a twofold change in Cmax at 500 and 1000 mg dose.
     • Cmax · full text, Section 'Change in EPA and DHA concentrations':The Cmax in the PM group increased as the dose increased (EPA increased from 4.45 to 11.27 µg/ml;
     • Tmax · full text, Table 3:d EPA + DHA combined pharmacokinetic parameters by dose and formulation Dose Standard EE EPA + DHA (SEE) PhytoMarineCelle (PM) Fold change AUC (0–24) Tmax (h) Cmax (ug/ml) AUC (0–24) Tmax (h) Cmax (ug/ml) AUC Cmax EPA  300 mg 36.03 ± 4.15 8.91 ± 1.93 4.23 ± 1.94 40.18 ± 2.87 9.55 ± 2.33 4.45 ± 1.91 1.1 1.05  500 mg 36.68 ± 3.20 7.03 ± 2.18 4.78 ± 1.94 106.62 ± 1.92* 8.21 ± 1.89 9.64 ± 1.56* 2.9* 2
     • AUC · full text, Table 3:PA, DHA, and EPA + DHA combined pharmacokinetic parameters by dose and formulation Dose Standard EE EPA + DHA (SEE) PhytoMarineCelle (PM) Fold change AUC (0–24) Tmax (h) Cmax (ug/ml) AUC (0–24) Tmax (h) Cmax (ug/ml) AUC Cmax EPA  300 mg 36.03 ± 4.15 8.91 ± 1.93 4.23 ± 1.94 40.18 ± 2.87 9.55 ± 2.33 4.45 ± 1.91 1.1 1.05  500 mg 36.68 ± 3.20 7.03 ± 2.18 4.78 ± 1.94 106.62 ± 1.92* 8.21 ± 1.89 9.64 ± 1
     • AUC · full text, Section 'Change in EPA and DHA concentrations':Comparing PM with SEE, both EPA and DHA showed > 2-foldchange in AUC0−24 at 500 and 1000 mg dose (Table 3).
     • AUC · full text, Section 'Change in EPA and DHA concentrations':The AUC0-24 of EPA was 2.9- and 3.6-fold higher (p < 0.05) in the PM group than the SEE group at 500 and 1000 mg dose respectively.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Change in EPA and DHA concentrations':Comparing PM with SEE, both EPA and DHA showed > 2-foldchange in AUC0−24 at 500 and 1000 mg dose (Table 3).
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Change in EPA and DHA concentrations':The AUC0-24 of EPA was 2.9- and 3.6-fold higher (p < 0.05) in the PM group than the SEE group at 500 and 1000 mg dose respectively.
     • Relative bioavailability · full text, Section 'Change in EPA and DHA concentrations':The AUC0-24 of DHA was 3.3- and 2.7-fold higher in the PM group than the SEE group at 500 and 1000 mg dose respectively.
161. Species unclearComparison of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids bioavailability in fish oil and krill oil: Network Meta-analyses.
     Food Chem X, 2024 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 39974718DOI 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101880PMC11838114 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Background and Aims: Fish oil and krill oil are primary sources of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), differing in their molecular forms and bioavailability.
     • Key findings · abstract:This study aims to compare the bioavailability of Omega-3 PUFAs in fish oil and krill oil using a network meta-analysis approach.
     • Key findings · abstract:This network meta-analysis incorporated data from studies published between 2003 and 2023, sourced from five databases: ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform-World Health Organization, and Embase.
     • Key findings · abstract:Results: Out of 26 high-quality studies[excerpt truncated in our database — see source]
     • Tmax · abstract:Using fish oil ethyl ester at doses between 2000 and 2900 mg may be the most effective for reducing Tmax.
     • Cmax · full text, Table 1:The results of exploration for inconsistency of the Omega-3 index, Tmax, AUC, and Cmax outcomes. Omega-3 Index Quantifying heterogeneity / inconsistency tau2 = 1.7890 tau = 1.3375 I2 = 97.1 % [96.6 %; 97.6 %] Tests of heterogeneity (within designs) and inconsistency (between designs) Q d.f. p - value Total 1255.57 36 < 0.0001 Within
     • Cmax · full text, Table 2:The network meta-analysis results for Omega-3 index, Tmax, Area Under the Curve levels, and Cmax outcomes Omega-3 Index k m n 22 59 14 Comparison: other treatments vs ‘Placebo’ Interventions MD 95 %-CI z p-value FO - EE < 2 3.9472 [2.4451; 5.4493] 5.15 < 0.0001 FO - EE > 3 1.9029 [− 0.4947; 4.3005] 1.56 0.1198 FO - rTAG < 2 4.0440 [2.8252; 5.26
     • Cmax · full text, Section 'Treatment ranking (SUCRA score)':Cmax: Emulsion FO forms were more effective in increasing Cmax compared to other fish oil formulations, with FO-EMS having the highest score (SUCRA = 2.3 %) in Sub 1.
     • Tmax · full text, Table 1:The results of exploration for inconsistency of the Omega-3 index, Tmax, AUC, and Cmax outcomes. Omega-3 Index Quantifying heterogeneity / inconsistency tau2 = 1.7890 tau = 1.3375 I2 = 97.1 % [96.6 %; 97.6 %] Tests of heterogeneity (within designs) and inconsistency (between designs) Q d.f. p - value Total 1255.57 36 <
     • Tmax · full text, Table 2:The network meta-analysis results for Omega-3 index, Tmax, Area Under the Curve levels, and Cmax outcomes Omega-3 Index k m n 22 59 14 Comparison: other treatments vs ‘Placebo’ Interventions MD 95 %-CI z p-value FO - EE < 2 3.9472 [2.4451; 5.4493] 5.15 < 0.0001 FO - EE > 3 1.9029 [− 0.4947; 4.3005] 1.56 0.
     • Tmax · full text, Section 'The network-graph results':For Tmax (Fig. 4b), data from four studies (only two of them were suitable for NMA) included 21 comparisons across five interventions, indicating high heterogeneity (tau2 = 111.7406, I2 = 94.8 % [92.9 %; 96.3 %], p > 0.05, Table 1).
     • AUC · full text, Table 1:The results of exploration for inconsistency of the Omega-3 index, Tmax, AUC, and Cmax outcomes. Omega-3 Index Quantifying heterogeneity / inconsistency tau2 = 1.7890 tau = 1.3375 I2 = 97.1 % [96.6 %; 97.6 %] Tests of heterogeneity (within designs) and inconsistency (between designs) Q d.f. p - value Total 1255.57 36 < 0.00
     • AUC · full text, Table 2:The network meta-analysis results for Omega-3 index, Tmax, Area Under the Curve levels, and Cmax outcomes Omega-3 Index k m n 22 59 14 Comparison: other treatments vs ‘Placebo’ Interventions MD 95 %-CI z p-value FO - EE < 2 3.9472 [2.4451; 5.4493] 5.15 < 0.0001 FO - EE > 3 1.9029 [− 0.4947; 4.3005] 1.56 0.1198 FO - rTAG <
     • AUC · full text, Section 'The network-graph results':The NMA of AUC (Fig. 4c & 5d) incorporated data from five studies, 62 comparisons across 12 interventions, showing no significant differences (tau2 = 0, I2 = 0 %, p > 0.05, Table 1).
     • Form comparison · full text, Table 2:ta-analysis results for Omega-3 index, Tmax, Area Under the Curve levels, and Cmax outcomes Omega-3 Index k m n 22 59 14 Comparison: other treatments vs ‘Placebo’ Interventions MD 95 %-CI z p-value FO - EE < 2 3.9472 [2.4451; 5.4493] 5.15 < 0.0001 FO - EE > 3 1.9029 [− 0.4947; 4.3005] 1.56 0.1198 FO - rTAG < 2 4.0440 [2.8252; 5.2628] 6.50 < 0.0001 FO - rTAG < 3 4.1700 [0.8498; 7.4902] 2.46 0.0138
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'The network-graph results':Tmax: FO-EE at doses above 3000 mg significantly decreased Tmax compared to KO-PL/FFA at doses below 2 g (MD = −8.47; 95 % CI = [−17.09; 0.16], z = −1.92, p = 0.0543).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'The network-graph results':In Sub 2, KO-PL/FFA significantly increased AUC compared to FO-rTAG (MD = −14.26, 95 % CI = [−24.88; −3.63], z = −2.63, p = 0.0085) and FO-EE (MD = −18.63, 95 % CI = [−29.49; −7.77], z = −3.36, p = 0.0008).
162. Species unclearEffect of Dietary Cholesterol, Phytosterol, and Docosahexaenoic Acid on Astaxanthin Absorption and Retention in Rainbow Trout.
     Aquac Nutr, 2024 · Design: not stated · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (gold)
     PMID 39555545DOI 10.1155/2024/8265746PMC11496587 (free full text)PDF
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Dietary CH significantly improved Ax absorption by elevating plasma Ax levels (p < 0.05); however, it had no effect on the whole body Ax or flesh color.
     • Key findings · abstract:Dietary PS appears to inhibit Ax absorption since fish had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced whole body Ax.
     • Food effect · full text, Section '2.1. Fish Husbandry and Sampling':The fish were fed at 1% of body weight per day.
     • Food effect · full text, Section '2.1. Fish Husbandry and Sampling':The fish were fed ad libitum for 4 h per day using a conveyer belt feeder.
     • Food effect · full text, Section '3.1. General Phenotypes of the Fish':However, dietary inclusion of CH, PS, and DHA significantly (p < 0.05) increased fecal fat levels of the fish especially those fed the PS diet with a fat content of 17% (Table 3).
     • Form comparison · full text, Section '3.2. Intestinal Transcriptome and Proteo':Further analysis of the DEGs between fish fed the CH diet compared to fish fed the control diet revealed that 24 DEG (37%, Figure 2C) and six DEP (21%, Figure 2D) were directly involved in the de novo CH synthesis pathway.
163. Species unclearAbsorption of omega-3 fats from carbohydrate and proteinaceous food matrices before and after storage.
     Food Sci Nutr, 2015 · Design: randomized · full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract · open access (hybrid)
     PMID 25987994DOI 10.1002/fsn3.204PMC4431787 (free full text)
     Verification: full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check
     • Key findings · abstract:Organoleptic stability of n-3 fortified, shelf-stable foods has been demonstrated, but chemical changes in the food matrix throughout storage could conceivably impact digestibility of the protein-based encapsulant thereby compromising n-3 bioavailability.
     • AUC · abstract:There was no difference in LCn3 area under the curve between items.
     • Form comparison · full text, Section 'Fatty acid responses':Further, the peak total n-3 PUFA concentration was significantly higher for one of the cake items (CAKE-STORED, 80.9 ± 21.4 μg/mL) versus both of the meat items (MEAT-FRESH, 66.7 ± 18.9 μg/mL and MEAT-STORED, 66.0 ± 16.9 μg/mL) (P < 0.05), regardless of postprandial timing; however, differences in peak total n-3 PUFA concentration between CAKE-FRESH and the meat items did not reach statistical sig
164. Species unclearOmega-3 fatty acids-loaded lipid nanoparticles for patient-convenient oral bioavailability enhancement.
     Pharmazie, 2009 · Design: not stated · abstract only (PubMed) · unknown
     PMID 19746837
     Verification: abstract-only auto-extract; unverified