{"slug":"glucosamine","name":"Glucosamine & Chondroitin","csvName":"Glucosamine","rank":28,"rankingBasis":"Added from Patrick's pull list 2026-10-31 (keyword demand sheet); second PDF bundle","rankingSourceUrl":"","commonForms":["Glucosamine sulfate","Glucosamine HCl","Chondroitin sulfate","Glucosamine + chondroitin"],"forms":[{"slug":"sulfate","label":"Glucosamine sulfate","studyIds":["pmid-35956389","pmid-32713600","pmid-22031460","pmid-21310576","pmid-17353133","pmid-17544344","pmid-16145658","pmid-16740419","pmid-16931183","pmid-16168682","pmid-38901773","pmid-21601033","pmid-18295513"]},{"slug":"hcl","label":"Glucosamine HCl","studyIds":["pmid-32713600","pmid-25802209","pmid-17065354","pmid-22488120","pmid-22722009","pmid-18814196","pmid-12207870","pmid-12207871","pmid-10725098","pmid-18295513","pmid-15641100","pmid-10701989","pmid-23830943","pmid-16426790"]},{"slug":"chondroitin","label":"Chondroitin sulfate","studyIds":["pmid-37440435","pmid-41198308","pmid-42828739","pmid-41097525","pmid-39048209","pmid-36436864","pmid-37441137","pmid-32786291","pmid-11005675","pmid-10030829","pmid-37949274"]},{"slug":"combination","label":"Glucosamine + chondroitin","studyIds":["pmid-27108107","pmid-29403716","pmid-31956378","pmid-11878794","pmid-35872320","pmid-34082970","pmid-15083499","pmid-12214321"]}],"pairs":[{"anchor":"sulfate-vs-hcl","a":"sulfate","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Glucosamine sulfate","bLabel":"Glucosamine HCl","studyIds":["pmid-32713600","pmid-18295513"],"evidence":{"grade":"C","basis":"mixed","rationale":"Only one non-randomized human study. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":1,"other_animal":1}}}],"studies":[{"id":"pmid-37440435","title":"Quantification of orally administered chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides in human plasma and urine.","year":"2023","journal":"Glycobiology","pmid":"37440435","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/glycob/cwad054","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37440435/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37440435/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwad054","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (open-label, non-randomized, repeated single-dose crossover-type with at least 3-day intervals)","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"chondroitin sulfate (CS tetrasaccharide, CS oligosaccharides CSOS-1/CSOS-2, high MW CS), skate cartilage-derived","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"our results demonstrated for the first time that lower molecular weight of chondroitin sulfate is more efficiently absorbed through the digestive tract in human, and the improvement of its bioavailability is expected.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"While the plasma concentration peaked at 3 h, urinary excretion peaked at 3–5 h after administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.756","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"urinary excretion peaked at 3–5 h after administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.756","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"tetrasaccharides excreted in urine per 24 h after administration varied individually from 1.5 to 4.5 mg","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.756 (Fig. 1b)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the amount of urinary Exo-CS was significantly lower with HMWCS than that with CSOS-1 or CSOS-2 (Table 3)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.759","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35956389","title":"Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Chitosan-Derived and Biofermentation-Derived Glucosamine in Nutritional Supplement for Bone Health.","year":"2022","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"35956389","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu14153213","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35956389/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35956389/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153213","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9370395/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, single dose)","n":"20 enrolled; 18 analyzed","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine sulfate 2KCl): chitosan-derived vs biofermentation-derived","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our current finding is the first to outline the bioavailability of biofermentation-based glucosamine, indicating bioequivalence to the traditional chitosan-based glucosamine.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"as assessed by AUC0–8h over AUC0–∞ the relative bioavailability of test formula was (90.5%), vs. reference formula (92.7%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–8h and AUC0–∞ values ... were within the bioequivalence criteria (90% CI of T/R ratios are within 0.8–1.25)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"90 percent CI of T/R ratio of glucosamine Cmax values following the oral administration of the two products was not within the acceptable bioequivalence criteria","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31704130","title":"A novel and sensitive HILIC-CAD method for glucosamine quantification in plasma and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2020","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"31704130","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112954","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31704130/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31704130/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112954","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (dietary supplement, form not stated)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"this is the first study to indicate that large inter-patient variability in the pharmacokinetics of glucosamine could be a reason for the previously reported inconsistent clinical outcomes in patients taking glucosamine for the management of OA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant correlation was observed between Actual Css min and the standardised daily dose (p = 0.276)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results section 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32713600","title":"Variation in Plasma Levels of Glucosamine With Chronic Dosing: A Possible Reason for Inconsistent Clinical Outcomes in Osteoarthritis.","year":"2020","journal":"Clinical therapeutics","pmid":"32713600","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713600/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713600/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.009","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (observational pilot study of steady-state trough concentrations, self-selected products)","n":"91","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (hydrochloride or sulfate)","formTags":["sulfate","hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of this study suggest that differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of glucosamine and resulting plasma concentrations could, at least in part, be a possible reason for the observed discrepancy in clinical outcomes in patients with OA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Males: 180.0 Females: 152.8; U = 665, z = -1.72, (0.08)","source":"fulltext","location":"Supplementary Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"750: 165.0 1500: 151.3; U = 450, z = -0.276, (0.78)","source":"fulltext","location":"Supplementary Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Sulphate: 165 Hydrochloride: 161; U = 1017, z = -0.14, (0.88)","source":"fulltext","location":"Supplementary Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No: 152 Yes: 165; U = 437, z = -1.12, (0.264)","source":"fulltext","location":"Supplementary Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"H3 = 2.05 (p = 0.72), chi square = 2.79 (p = 0.59)","source":"fulltext","location":"Supplementary Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no significant differences in Actual and Std Css min across sexes, the 2 salts of glucosamine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.e143","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Actual Css min levels of participants showed no significant correlation with age or standardized dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.e143; Fig. 1, Fig. 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27108107","title":"Safety assessment of non-animal chondroitin sulfate sodium: Subchronic study in rats, genotoxicity tests and human bioavailability.","year":"2016","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","pmid":"27108107","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27108107/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27108107/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.013","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single center, single dose, open-label, two-way)","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Chondroitin sulfate sodium (listed under Glucosamine)","formTags":["combination"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the results of a human bioavailability study suggest that microbial derived CSS is equivalent to chondroitin sulfate from animal sources.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Test Formulation (microbial source) Cmax 1.83 ± 1.66","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Reference Formulation (animal source) Cmax 1.84 ± 2.34","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t 19.34 ± 17.39*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t 13.52 ± 10.47","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"A percent ratio AUCCSS/AUCCS of 237% is to be considered a significant value.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax 8.00 (3-24)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax 7.00 (1-24)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significantly different from Reference Formulation at p < 0.05.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Generally, Cmax was similar between treatments for all the analytes.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25802209","title":"Sensitive and rapid analytical method for the quantification of glucosamine in human plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.","year":"2015","journal":"Journal of separation science","pmid":"25802209","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jssc.201401424","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25802209/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25802209/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201401424","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label randomized (single-center, open, randomized trial)","n":"2","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine hydrochloride tablets","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The method was successfully applied to the quantification of endogenous glucosamine in human plasma and characterization of the pharmacokinetic profile of glucosamine after oral administration of two doses.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.1870-1871","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"After oral administration of 750 or 1500 mg glucosamine hydrochloride, the maximum plasma concentrations of glucosamine were 647.1 ng/mL at 1.25 h and 1225 ng/mL at 4.0 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.1870","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the areas under the curve (AUC0–14) were 2.976 and 5.325 mg·h/L with the elimination half-life (t1/2) of 1.13 and 1.51 h, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.1870","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22031460","title":"Quantitation of glucosamine sulfate in plasma by HPLC-MS/MS after administration of powder for oral solution formulation.","year":"2012","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"22031460","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.1740","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22031460/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22031460/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1740","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine sulfate)","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A rapid HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitation of glucosamine in human plasma. ... The method was shown to be suitable for routine high-throughput analyses and was successfully applied to quantify glucosamine in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a powder for oral solution formulation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.855)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The mean Cmax, 1022 ng/mL, was reached 3.2 h (Tmax) after drug administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"values of AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ obtained were 4034 and 4194 ng h/mL, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29403716","title":"Precolumn derivatization LC-MS/MS method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of glucosamine in human plasma and urine.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical analysis","pmid":"29403716","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpha.2011.08.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29403716/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29403716/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2011.08.003","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5760825/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, randomized, parallel-group","n":"30","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine sulfate; given with chondroitin sulfate in compound tablets)","formTags":["combination"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The validated method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics in health Chinese volunteers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (final sentence)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"dose-normalized values of the area under plasma concentration-time curves (AUC), the mean peak concentrations (Cmax) for the 1500 mg dose group were both significantly lower","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax, MRT and t1/2) did not show any statistical difference (P>0.05) at the three dose levels","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"as well as gender differences (P>0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21310576","title":"Application of a liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method to a kinetic study of derivative glucosamine in healthy human urine.","year":"2011","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"21310576","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310576/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310576/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.012","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablet)","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"a sensitive and efficient LC/MS/MS method with high selectivity was developed and successfully applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics of glucosamine in volunteers after a single oral administration of 1 g glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Total urinary excretion amount (mg) 14.213 ± 7.730","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Total urinary excretion rate (%) 1.810 ± 0.985","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17353133","title":"Synovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic dose.","year":"2007","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","pmid":"17353133","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17353133/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17353133/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, single-arm repeated dose","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (crystalline glucosamine sulphate)","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Glucosamine is bioavailable both systemically and at the site of action (the joint) after oral administration of crystalline glucosamine sulphate in ostaeoarthritis patients. Steady state glucosamine concentrations in plasma and synovial fluid were correlated and in line with those effective in selected in vitro studies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly lower than in plasma (P = 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table III footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"(P = 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table II footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"21.5 folds vs. 20.5 folds (P = 0.11)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.767","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17544344","title":"Improved and simplified liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the analysis of underivatized glucosamine in human plasma.","year":"2007","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"17544344","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17544344/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17544344/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.043","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover (test vs reference), randomization NR","n":"22","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine sulfate capsule)","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"By developing the chromatographic conditions, a rapid, sensitive and specific LC/(+) ESI-MS/MS method was developed and validated to directly determine glucosamine in human plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the two formulations are found to be bioequivalent","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16145658","title":"Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the assay of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma: validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2006","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"16145658","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.558","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16145658/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16145658/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.558","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (three-way, cross-administration)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine sulfate","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This method proved to be simple, reproducible and feasible for pharmacokinetic studies of glucosamine sulfate in healthy volunteers after a single oral administration (1500 mg).","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of the domestic tablet and capsule were 100.0 ± 11.2 and 107.1 ± 12.4%, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Pharmacokinetics text","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no significant differences between the test tablet, test capsule, and reference capsule (p > 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Pharmacokinetics, p.255","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"both the test tablet and test capsule were bioequivalent to the reference capsule.","source":"fulltext","location":"Pharmacokinetics, p.255","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16740419","title":"Determination of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma by precolumn derivatization using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: its application to a bioequivalence study.","year":"2006","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"16740419","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.045","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16740419/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16740419/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.045","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single dose, two-period, two-treatment)","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine sulfate","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of the bioequivalence study indicated that the domestic capsule was bioequivalent to the imported capsule.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The results did not show any statistically significant product, period or group effect with AUC0→t, AUC0→∞ and Cmax.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Ninety percent confidence intervals with AUC0→t, AUC0→∞ and Cmax were comprised in the stipulated 80–125% range","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16931183","title":"Development and validation of a sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the direct determination of glucosamine in human plasma.","year":"2006","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"16931183","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931183/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931183/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.013","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (method validation with application to a separate bioavailability study described briefly; ref 21)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (crystalline glucosamine sulfate)","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The new HPLC–ESI-MS/MS method for the measurement of GLcN fulfills all the required analytical characteristics for the analysis of GLcN in human plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reaching a peak of 980 ± 265 ng/ml (single dose) and 1510 ± 490 ng/ml (repeated dose) 3 h after administration (n = 12)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7, p.124","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reaching a peak ... 3 h after administration (n = 12)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7, p.124","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17065354","title":"Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects.","year":"2006","journal":"Diabetes","pmid":"17065354","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2337/db06-0714","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17065354/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17065354/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0714","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, placebo-controlled; PK single dose at end of each 6-week period)","n":"40","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that oral glucosamine at standard doses for 6 weeks does not cause or significantly worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"(peak concentrations at ~60 min)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.3148","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximal concentrations of plasma glucosamine we observed after administration of the standard 500-mg oral dose (~3 µmol/l)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.3148","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"resulting in a bioavailability of ~25% (28)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.3148","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plasma glucosamine profile over time had a trend to be slightly lower in obese subjects when compared with lean subjects (P < 0.09 by ANOVA)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3145","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"we did not observe statistically significant differences in Cmax, Tmax, or AUC between lean and obese groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16168682","title":"Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man.","year":"2005","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","pmid":"16168682","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168682/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168682/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.009","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (open, Williams variance-balanced design, three dose levels)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (crystalline glucosamine sulfate, Rottapharm patented)","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Glucosamine is bioavailable after oral administration of crystalline glucosamine sulfate, persists in circulation, and its pharmacokinetics support once-daily dosage. Steady state peak concentrations at the therapeutic dose of 1500 mg were in line with those found to be effective in selected in vitro mechanistic studies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Data are mean ± SD, except *median and range.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"dose-normalised Css, max value was different from that observed after the lowest dose (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1045; Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the dose-normalised values for the 3000 mg dose were both significantly lower than the corresponding values calculated at the dose of 750 mg (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1045; Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUCt also differed significantly from the corresponding value calculated at the dose of 1500 mg (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1045; Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"they are linear only within the 750–1500 mg dose range","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1045","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no significant differences between Cmin, day 3 and Cmin, day 4.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table III; Results p.1044","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no statistically significant gender differences in pharmacokinetics parameters at any dose level (data not shown).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1045","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34977371","title":"N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine improves the intestinal development and nutrient absorption of weaned piglets via regulating the activity of intestinal stem cells.","year":"2022","journal":"Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui)","pmid":"34977371","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34977371/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34977371/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.008","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8669262/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"parallel (randomized 3 dietary treatments, 28 d)","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (D-GlcNAc)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Dietary N-acetyl-D-glucosamine given to weaned piglets; paper measures nutrient digestibility (DM, CP, ash, GE), intestinal morphology and transporter mRNA. Absorption/PK of D-GlcNAc itself was not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"D-GlcNAc can improve the intestinal development and nutrient absorption of weaned piglets via regulating the activity of intestinal stem cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the apparent digestibility of DM (P < 0.001), CP (P = 0.012), crude ash (P < 0.001), and GE (P < 0.001) in the diet supplemented with 1 g/kg D-GlcNAc significantly increased","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 7; Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41198308","title":"Oral efficacy of structurally defined chondroitin sulfate Co-administered with SNAC in Parkinson's disease.","year":"2026","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","pmid":"41198308","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124492","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41198308/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41198308/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124492","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, destructive sampling, n = 3 per time point)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Chondroitin sulfate (low molecular weight CS, LMWCS, prepared from CSA; CS-dp8-de6S octasaccharide)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results demonstrated that co-administration with SNAC significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of CS.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"SNAC strategy ... bioavailability of 6.59 % relative to subcutaneous injection","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"surpassing that of the DOCA conjugation approach (5.70 %)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC (226.40 μg·mL−1·min) for the intact molecule","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the AUC was 113 ng/g*min, and only 0.25 % of plasma CS-dp8-de6S entered the brain tissue","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"SNAC strategy demonstrated superior performance ... significantly surpassing that of the DOCA conjugation approach","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Both SNAC co-administered with LMWCS and LMWCS-DOCA conjugation significantly enhanced absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42828739","title":"Orally administered chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides attenuate hypertension via multiple protective pathways, including Hmox1-mediated antioxidant responses.","year":"2026","journal":"Glycobiology","pmid":"42828739","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/glycob/cwag087","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42828739/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42828739/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwag087","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, single oral dose in rats; in vitro Caco-2 permeation)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides (CSOS, Mw 1,500, skate cartilage) vs high-molecular-weight CS (HMwCS, Mw 70,000)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, CSOS was efficiently absorbed and exerted antihypertensive effects in a rat model of hypertension.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax, 530 ± 389 ng/mL; Tmax, 0.7 ± 0.3 h; and t1/2, 1.9 ± 0.7 h (mean ± standard deviation)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax, 0.7 ± 0.3 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Administration of CSOS, but not HMwCS, significantly increased plasma exogenous CS concentrations compared to the controls","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2 legend; Results 2.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"CS with lower molecular weights exhibited higher permeability, whereas HMwCS showed only slight permeation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.1; Fig. 1 legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41097525","title":"In Vivo Absorption of Iron Complexes of Chondroitin Sulfates with Different Molecular Weights and Their Anti-Inflammation and Metabolism Regulation Effects on LPS-Induced Macrophages.","year":"2025","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"41097525","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/foods14193356","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41097525/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41097525/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193356","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12524291/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"96 mice (24 per group x 4 groups) as printed: 'Each treatment group included 24 mice'","formsStudiedRaw":"Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and CS-iron complexes (fluorescein-labeled)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"chondroitin sulfate-iron complex (CS-Fe) and low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate-iron complex (LCS-Fe) ... both demonstrated significantly higher plasma concentration and liver accumulation in vivo compared to original CS following oral administration in mice, with LCS-Fe showing the highest Cmax of 415.16 ± 109.50 µg/mL.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reached maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) at 1 h with the concentration values of 135.27 ± 236.82 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.7; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"376.60 ± 214.10 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.7; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"415.16 ± 109.50 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.7; Abstract; Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reached maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) at 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"F-LCS-Fe had a higher area under the plasma concentration-time curve (2449.8 µg/mL·h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"than that of CS (501.8 µg/mL·h, 2.1 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"manifested the most significant difference at 6 h (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.7; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean fluorescence intensities of F-CS-Fe and F-LCS-Fe in liver were significantly higher than that of F-CS","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.9; Fig. 3D","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38901773","title":"Effect of reducing isoflurane level on glucosamine uptake in the mouse brain during magnetic resonance imaging studies.","year":"2024","journal":"NeuroImage","pmid":"38901773","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120691","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901773/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901773/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120691","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (two parallel anesthesia groups; CEST MRI before and after GlcN injection)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine sulfate, IV)","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We demonstrated that it is possible to reduce and maintain the level of isoflurane when combined with midazolam anesthesia, resulting in an increased GlcN CEST MRI signal, indicating enhanced GlcN uptake through the BBB.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P=0.01818, P=0.04754, P=0.0128 for t=15min, t=23min, t=38min, respectively, N=6","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 para 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P= 0.01865, P= 0.00768 and P= 0.01431 for t=15 min, t=23 min, and t=38 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 para 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not demonstrate overall GlcN uptake in the brain (Fig. 1)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 para 1-3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39048209","title":"Structural analysis and bioavailability study of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate‑iron complexes prepared by photocatalysis-Fenton reaction.","year":"2024","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","pmid":"39048209","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39048209/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39048209/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122435","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (ex vivo everted gut sac, 6 groups)","n":"18 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and LMW CS-iron complexes (iron also analyzed vs FeSO4)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"LMWCS-15 and LMWCS-60 demonstrated 3.31times and 3.75 times, respectively, higher iron absorption than FeSO4 while 8.30 times and 12.60 times, respectively, higher CS absorption than original CS in the everted gut sac model.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.12)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The polysaccharide absorption rate of LMWCS-60 was 12.60 times higher than the CS group (p < 0.0001).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9 p.10; Abstract; Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"8.30 times and 12.60 times, respectively, higher CS absorption than original CS","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"in the intestine were increased by 1.81, 3.31, and 3.75 times (p < 0.01), respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9 p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"increased by 1.81, 3.31, and 3.75 times (p < 0.01), respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9 p.10; Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"LMWCS-iron complex possessed 3.75 times higher iron absorption than FeSO4 (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.9 p.10; Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"ns bracket between Control and CS in figure","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 9A","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36436864","title":"H(2)O(2)-TiO(2) photocatalytic degradation of chondroitin sulfate and in vivo absorption and excertion of its product.","year":"2023","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","pmid":"36436864","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120295","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36436864/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36436864/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120295","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: Blank, CS, LWCS6)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"chondroitin sulfate (bovine bone CS, 55 kDa) and low molecular weight CS (LWCS6, 5 kDa)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In vivo experiments in rats demonstrated that the degraded CS showed a better absorption performance than original CS. ... the photocatalytic degradation ... could be applied to enhance the absorption of CS in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"both CS and LWCS6 in plasma reached their peaks at 1 h with concentrations of 11.45 ± 1.86 μg/mL and 13.99 ± 1.71 μg/mL, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reached their peaks at 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"LWCS6 ... 13.99 ± 1.71 μg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"no obvious CS or LWCS6 was detected in urine within 48 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.8; Fig. 7B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"with a significant difference (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was no significant difference between CS and LWCS6 in the excretion rates in feces","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37441137","title":"Chondroitin sulfate functionalized palmitic acid and cysteine cografted-quaternized chitosan for CD44 and gut microbiota dual-targeted delivery of curcumin.","year":"2023","journal":"Materials today. Bio","pmid":"37441137","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100617","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37441137/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37441137/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100617","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10333679/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups, randomly divided)","n":"9","formsStudiedRaw":"curcumin in chondroitin sulfate-functionalized quaternized chitosan nanoparticles (listed chondroitin sulfate is carrier ligand)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is curcumin (oral nanoparticles in rats). Chondroitin sulfate is only a nanoparticle surface ligand; no glucosamine/chondroitin absorption measured. PK parameters are in supplementary Table S2, not in the PDF.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study demonstrates that CUR@Chs-PNC NPs, which exhibit excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, on-demand drug release property, and CD44 and GM dual-targeted capacities, have the potential for further application in the treatment of colitis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The area under curve (AUC) and the maximum drug concentration (Cmax) of the CUR@Chs-PNC NPs was the highest among the different CUR formulation groups.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"presented a lower clearance (CL) and longer mean residence time (MRT) than the other CUR-treated groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31956378","title":"Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate: Pharmacokinetic Investigation in Osteoarthritic Rat Models.","year":"2020","journal":"Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental","pmid":"31956378","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.100573","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31956378/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31956378/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.100573","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6957868/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Chondroitin sulfate (14C-labelled) in combination with hyaluronic acid (HCS formulation); glucosamine per list","formTags":["combination"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"HA and CS showed PK behavior similarly characterized by prolonged residence inside the joint and slow release in plasma, favoring long-term beneficial effects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32786291","title":"Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate 9-18 Oligomers Exhibit Molecular Size-Independent Antithrombotic Activity while Circulating in the Blood.","year":"2020","journal":"ACS chemical biology","pmid":"32786291","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acschembio.0c00439","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32786291/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32786291/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.0c00439","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, parallel groups)","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides (sea cucumber), FITC-labeled","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"By FITC labeling, we found that both types of FCS 6-mer to 18-mer were rapidly absorbed into the blood after subcutaneous administration in rats and appreciable quantities of them were cleared through the kidneys in ∼5 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary and Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"After ∼1 h, the concentration of FITC-labeled FCS oligomers in the blood reached its maximum before gradually decreasing.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2241","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23958197","title":"The antiinflammatory action and pharmacokinetics of a novel glucosamine-based di-peptide aminosugar.","year":"2013","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","pmid":"23958197","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.18433/j3s898","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958197/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958197/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18433/j3s898","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (randomly assigned)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (D-(+)-GlcN, given as GlcN.HCl per Methods) and GlcN dipeptide ester prodrugs","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A novel dipeptide ester of GlcN, GVG, is found to have an increased bioavailability assessed using a novel HPLC method.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.287","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"All compounds were rapidly absorbed (tmax ≤ 0.5 h).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.283 (Bioavailability section)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"only GVG showed a significantly higher plasma concentrations and urinary excretion than GlcN (≈3-fold increase)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"FFG and VGG only showed an insignificant trend toward increased bioavailability as compared to GlcN.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.283-284","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Inflammation did not significantly alter the oral bioavailability of a single oral dose of GVG","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.284; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22488120","title":"Absorption and bioavailability of glucosamine in the rat.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","pmid":"22488120","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jps.23145","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22488120/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22488120/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.23145","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (specify): rat PK experiments (parallel dose/route groups, randomized crossover food study with 1-week washout, antibiotic vs saline groups) plus in vitro experiments","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine HCl)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present study suggests a linear pharmacokinetic profile for glucosamine following the examined p.o. doses. We have presented evidence of involvement of GLUT2 in the absorption of glucosamine. The low glucosamine bioavailability appears to be, at least in part, caused by the gut microflora that is efficient in clearing the compound.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.2582)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Approximately 1% of the administered p.o. dose was found in urine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Dose Independency (p.2577)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax, 6.92 ± 4.95 versus 2.76 ± 1.41 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2577–2578)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax, 0.8 ± 0.2 versus 1.25 ± 0.5 h, for the fasted and fed animals","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2577–2578)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–6 h values were not significantly different between the fasted [8.14 ± 6.56 (µg·h)/mL] and fed [6.47 ± 2.88 (µg·h)/mL] groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2578)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p < 0.05 as compared with other routes.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 footnote b","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The differences were not statistically significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Effect of Food","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"% of dose in 24 h faeces 0.11 ± 0.15 | 11.2 ± 4.90*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The effect, however, was not statistically significant because of the observed great variability","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Involvement of Intestinal Microflora","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significantly higher extent of absorption was noticed for the duodenum as compared with other segments","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2b","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22722009","title":"Glucosamine and adjuvant arthritis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.","year":"2012","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"22722009","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722009/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722009/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.003","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine HCl)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Inflammation did not influence pharmacokinetics of GlcN and the density of ryanodine-2 protein. GlcN has controlling effect on AA and restores the down-regulating effect of AA on cardiac proteins and response to verapamil, perhaps, through its anti-inflammatory properties.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (µg/mL) 16.9 ± 1.4 | 15.5 ± 1.9","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (min) 90 | 90","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–4 (µg h/mL) 37.8 ± 1.9 | 36.5 ± 1.8","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"% of Dose excreted in the urine0–24 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AA did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of single 300 mg/kg doses of GlcN","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18814196","title":"Optimizing high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of glucosamine using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate derivatization in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2008","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"18814196","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.1056","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18814196/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18814196/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1056","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine hydrochloride (tablet powder)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A sensitive and reliable HPLC method with fluorescence detection had been established by the derivatization of glucosamine with AQC reagent... was suitable for pharmacokinetic studies","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17207418","title":"Single dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of butyryl glucosamine in the rat.","year":"2006","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","pmid":"17207418","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17207418/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17207418/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-route animal PK study plus in vitro everted sac and stability studies)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"N-butyryl glucosamine (analogue; list supplement: Glucosamine)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (PK of the synthetic glucosamine analogue N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu) in rats by i.v., i.p. and oral routes; free glucosamine was not detected, so the measured compound is not glucosamine or a glucosamine metabolite. Data extracted for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"GLcNBu has rapid but low absorption by oral administration and is widely distributed and efficiently cleared. The low bioavailability is likely due to an inefficiency of the gastrointestinal transport system.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"Bioavailability was less than 17% and 100% following oral and i.p. doses respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The absolute bioavailability following oral doses was only 0.15-0.17.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.362","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"rapidly absorbed after oral doses (Tmax, 29-40 min)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significantly different from i.v. route (p<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 footnote a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Food did not significantly influence pharmacokinetics of GLcNBu (Table 1).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.362; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant difference between the three routes of administration in the mean terminal elimination t½","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.362","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11878794","title":"Pretreatment procedure for the microdetermination of chondroitin sulfate in plasma and urine.","year":"2002","journal":"Analytical biochemistry","pmid":"11878794","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1006/abio.2001.5545","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11878794/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11878794/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2001.5545","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose IV PK in mice used to demonstrate analytical method)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"chondroitin sulfate (listed supplement: Glucosamine; form: chondroitin sulfate)","formTags":["combination"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This new method should be useful for studies on the metabolic fate of exogenously administered glycosaminoglycans in small experimental animals.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Low-molecular-weight CS shows shorter t1/2 and the relationship between the t1/2 and the MW is linear","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.173; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12207870","title":"High performance liquid chromatographic determination of glucosamine in rat plasma.","year":"2002","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","pmid":"12207870","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207870/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207870/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"3","formsStudiedRaw":"glucosamine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present assay is specific, sensitive, precise, and accurate and is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12207871","title":"Single dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of glucosamine in the rat.","year":"2002","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","pmid":"12207871","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207871/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207871/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (i.v. and oral crossover in same rats; separate i.p. group)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"glucosamine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Glucosamine is rapidly absorbed, highly distributed and efficiently cleared. Since the low bioavailability of the drug is evident only after oral administration, the gut rather than liver is implicated for an apparent large first-pass effect.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.183","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"Glucosamine was completely bioavailable after intraperitoneal administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The absolute bioavailability for p.o. doses was only 0.19± 0.21.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The peak plasma concentration, after oral administration, occurred approximately 30 min post-dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant difference in the mean AUC values following i.v. and i.p. doses.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.182","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"glucosamine demonstrated a significantly lower mean AUC as compared to i.v. and i.p. routes","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.182; Table 1 footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*significantly different from i.p.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 footnote *","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10725098","title":"Application to a cartilage targeting strategy: synthesis and in vivo biodistribution of (14)C-labeled quaternary ammonium-glucosamine conjugates.","year":"2000","journal":"Bioconjugate chemistry","pmid":"10725098","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/bc990128+","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725098/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725098/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bc990128+","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal biodistribution/PK, IV)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (D-[1-14C]glucosamine hydrochloride, IV)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study demonstrates that the introduction of the QA moiety on DG modifies its biodistribution and lends it a greater specificity for cartilage, at least for short times after injection.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"only 44% of the injected dose was recovered in the urine for DG","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.215 (Radioactivity Excretion)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"only 42% of the injected dose was recovered in urine 24 h after injection","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.215 (Metabolism Study)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"From 1 h after injection, the cartilaginous radioactivity concentration became greater for [14C]DG","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.215; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Whereas for the two conjugates more than 85% of the radioactivity was excreted by the urine route, only 44% of the injected dose was recovered in the urine for DG","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.215; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11005675","title":"Effects of a cisplatin-chondroitin sulfate A complex in reducing the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin.","year":"2000","journal":"Archives of toxicology","pmid":"11005675","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s002040000124","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11005675/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11005675/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040000124","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and toxicity, parallel groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Chondroitin sulfate A (as carrier in cisplatin complex)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is total platinum (cisplatin) after IV injection of cisplatin or a cisplatin-chondroitin sulfate A complex in rats; chondroitin sulfate A itself was not measured and is a drug carrier. Not oral. Platinum PK recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that the CDDP-CSA complex had the same activity as the parent drug but showed reduced nephrotoxicity at high doses of CDDP through an improvement in the pharmacokinetics of CDDP, which resulted from both the minimization of entry into normal tissues and renal clearance.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"excreted 22-26% of the dose in the first 30 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.302 (Urinary excretion)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"resulted in over fivefold higher AUC values within 3 h in comparison with CDDP treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"All points representing the results of administration of the complex are significantly greater than those representing the results of CDDP administration (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant difference for the cumulative excretion within 3 h between CDDP and its complex.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.302","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10030829","title":"Oral absorption and clearance of partially depolymerized fucosyl chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber.","year":"1999","journal":"Thrombosis research","pmid":"10030829","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00171-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10030829/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10030829/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00171-6","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, IV vs oral, with saline controls)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Chondroitin sulfate type GAG (depolymerized fucosyl chondroitin sulfate, DHG)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"highly sulfated, partially depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG) is absorbed after oral administration; DHGs undergo observable metabolic degradation only when administered by the oral route; the loss of sulfate group is the most important degradative metabolic pathway in rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.133","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"more than 5% of intravenously administered DHG (1 mg/kg) was excreted into urine in 24 hours","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.133 and Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"After oral administration of DHG (50 mg/kg), 0.1% of the dose was found in urine collected for 24 hours.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract and Results p.133","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"This suggests that at least 2% of the orally administered DHG is being absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.133","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Similarly administered intact holothurian GAG (MWaverage, 40 kDa) was undetectable in the plasma at all time points (data not shown).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.132","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-5970874","title":"Hexosamine metabolism. I. The absorption and metabolism, in vivo, of orally administered D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the rat.","year":"1966","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","pmid":"5970874","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(66)90489-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5970874/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5970874/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(66)90489-2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, single oral tracer dose by stomach tube)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (14C-labelled tracers in 1.0 M solutions)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In rats not treated with neomycin, glucosamine but not acetylglucosamine was apparently degraded by the intestinal flora and the absorption coefficient was increased to 0.104 ± 0.017 mmole per 100 g of body wt. per h. The absorption coefficients of these amino sugars were much less than that of glucose.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary (abstract) point 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The statistically significant decrease in the absorption coefficient of glucosamine in animals treated with neomycin (Table I)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"neomycin appeared to have no effect on the absorption of glucose or N-acetylglucosamine (Table I)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No statistically significant difference was observed in the absorption coefficients for N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]glucosamine and N-[1-14C]acetyl-D-glucosamine (Table I).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The absorption coefficients of these amino sugars were much less than that of glucose","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-5970875","title":"Hexosamine metabolism. II. Effect of insulin and phlorizin on the absorption and metabolism, in vivo, of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glycosamine in the rat.","year":"1966","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","pmid":"5970875","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(66)90490-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5970875/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5970875/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(66)90490-9","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, single oral tracer dose; control vs insulin vs phlorizin)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"D-glucosamine (HCl) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (14C tracers)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results indicate that insulin and phlorizin altered the metabolism, in vivo, of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Insulin did not affect the absorption coefficients of glucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"those rats given insulin converted a greater percentage of the absorbed radioactivity into CO2 (Table I)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Phlorizin stimulated the absorption of glucosamine and markedly inhibited the absorption of N-acetylglucosamine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Phlorizin decreased strikingly the intestinal absorption coefficient of N-acetylglucosamine and increased that of glucosamine (Table I).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"this dose of phlorizin did not affect the intestinal absorption of glucose (Table I)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35872320","title":"Silymarin nanocrystals-laden chondroitin sulphate-based thermoreversible hydrogels; A promising approach for bioavailability enhancement.","year":"2022","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"35872320","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.114","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35872320/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35872320/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.114","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"parallel (three groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"silymarin delivered in chondroitin sulphate/kappa-carrageenan/Pluronic F127 hydrogel (listed supplement glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate is carrier, not analyte)","formTags":["combination"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is silymarin (subcutaneous PK in rabbits). Chondroitin sulfate is only a hydrogel carrier; no glucosamine/chondroitin absorption measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the nanocrystals-loaded thermoresponsive injectable hydrogel system fabricated in this study provides high drug loading as well as controlled and stable release of hydrophobic drug for an extended time duration to achieve desirable aqueous solubility and bioavailability of a drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Cmax ... was 9.82 ± 1.14 μg/mL at Tmax of 60 min for silymarin suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.13","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"presented the highest bioavailability (244.14 ± 6.98 μg/mL * h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.13","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The bioavailability of Sil-NC (23.06 ± 3.96 μg/mL * h) was about 2-fold higher than Silymarin suspension (13.59 ± 1.64 μg/mL * h) (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.13","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34082970","title":"Improved drug delivery and accelerated diabetic wound healing by chondroitin sulfate grafted alginate-based thermoreversible hydrogels.","year":"2021","journal":"Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications","pmid":"34082970","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.msec.2021.112169","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34082970/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34082970/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112169","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit; wound-healing study in rat)","design":"parallel (two groups, randomly divided)","n":"12 (6 rabbits per group, Methods 2.6.1)","formsStudiedRaw":"curcumin delivered in chondroitin sulfate-alginate-PF127 hydrogel (listed supplement glucosamine / chondroitin sulfate not the analyte)","formTags":["combination"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is curcumin (PK in rabbits, subcutaneous). Chondroitin sulfate is only a hydrogel carrier; no glucosamine or chondroitin absorption/PK measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The developed injectable hydrogel exhibited controlled drug release properties, well-distributed microporous structure, and high diabetic wound healing and tissue-restructuring potential.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ug/mL) 12.23 ± 1.17","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC-tot (ug/mL*h) 203.64 ± 30.08","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"mean Cmax of 15.98 ± 1.96 μg/mL was recorded at Tmax of 50 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Cmax of 15.98 ± 1.96 μg/mL was recorded at Tmax of 50 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.14","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC of CUR-suspension versus ... hydrogel was 11.07 ± 0.12 and 203.64 ± 30.1 μg/mL*h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.14","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MRT ... 16.18 h, which is approximately 16-fold increased trailing to subcutaneous curcumin suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.14","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26262626","title":"Metabolomic Analysis of Blood Plasma after Oral Administration of N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine in Dogs.","year":"2015","journal":"Marine drugs","pmid":"26262626","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/md13085007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26262626/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26262626/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md13085007","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4557012/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, beagle)","design":"single-arm (before/after)","n":"3","formsStudiedRaw":"N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In this study, oral administration of GlcNAc increased ectoine levels in the plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.5013","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21601033","title":"Identification and quantification of glucosamine in rabbit cartilage and correlation with plasma levels by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.","year":"2011","journal":"Analytica chimica acta","pmid":"21601033","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21601033/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21601033/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.003","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (crystalline glucosamine sulfate)","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It was possible to demonstrate that after oral administration of crystalline glucosamine sulfate to rabbits GLcN reached the cartilage and after 3 h dosing the concentrations were 50% higher than baseline values. The GLcN cartilage levels were highly correlated with plasma concentrations which on turn reached the maximum levels early at 1.5–2 h after dosing.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.83)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"obtaining a mean maximum concentration value of 2200 ± 430 ng mL−1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7 (p.82)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"GLcN reached the maximum concentration in the 1.5–2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7 (p.82)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean concentration of cartilage glucosamine significantly increased from 461 to 1040 ng g−1","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20117789","title":"Development and validation of a sensitive solid phase extraction/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the accurate determination of glucosamine in dog plasma.","year":"2010","journal":"Journal of chromatography. A","pmid":"20117789","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20117789/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20117789/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.024","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog)","design":"single-arm","n":"9","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (capsules; salt form NR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A new sensitive and selective SPE–LC-ESI/MS method for the determination of GLcN in dog plasma was developed.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reaching a peak of 1158 ± 86 ng/mL after 2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.3 p.3280","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18295513","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","year":"2008","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","pmid":"18295513","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18295513/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18295513/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.006","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (horse)","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (sulphate vs hydrochloride)","formTags":["sulfate","hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Following oral administration of a clinically recommended dose of glucosamine sulphate (Dona), significantly higher synovial fluid concentrations of glucosamine are attained, when compared to an equivalent dose of glucosamine hydrochloride. Whether this difference is translated into a therapeutic effect on the joint tissues remains to be elucidated.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"mean ± SD maximal plasma concentration was 1077.8 ± 171.0 ng/mL for glucosamine sulphate","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.976","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"mean ± SD maximal synovial fluid glucosamine concentration was 153.6 ± 32.9 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.977","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"median AUC0–12h and the median AUC0–inf were higher (P = 0.02 and P = 0.008)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.976","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"(P = 0.02 and P = 0.008)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.976","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"median CL/F ... was lower after oral glucosamine sulphate treatment (P = 0.008)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.976","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"(P = 0.055)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.976","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"not statistically significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.976","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"marginally, but not significantly higher ... (P = 0.08)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.976-977","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant difference between the median AUC0–12h or the median AUC0–inf of both IV treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.975","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15641100","title":"Synovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glucosamine at clinically relevant doses.","year":"2005","journal":"Arthritis and rheumatism","pmid":"15641100","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/art.20762","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641100/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641100/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20762","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (horse)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"glucosamine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Clinically relevant dosing of glucosamine HCl in this large monogastric animal model results in serum and synovial fluid concentrations that are at least 500-fold lower than those reported to modify chondrocyte anabolic and catabolic activities in tissue and cell culture experiments.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum concentration of glucosamine in serum reached ~300 µM (~50 µg/ml) following IV dosing","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"~6 µM (~1 µg/ml) following NG dosing","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"peaked at 15 minutes for 6 animals and at 5 minutes for 2 animals","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.185","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"concentrations were markedly (~30-fold) lower than those found after IV dosing with the same amount of glucosamine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.186","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15083499","title":"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate after oral and intravenous single dose administration in the horse.","year":"2004","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","pmid":"15083499","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bdd.392","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15083499/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15083499/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdd.392","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (horse)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"Study 1: 10; Study 2: 2","formsStudiedRaw":"glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate","formTags":["combination"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study provides the first report of the bioavailability of orally administered GL and LMWCS in the horse.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean Cmax and AUC were statistically higher for the 16.9 kDa chondroitin sulfate compared with 8.0 kDa","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.115; Table 1 footnote (p<0.05)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the bioavailability of the higher molecular weight chondroitin sulfate was lower numerically, but not statistically (22%), compared with the 8.0 kDa (32%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.115","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12214321","title":"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate after single and multiple doses to beagle dogs.","year":"2002","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","pmid":"12214321","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bdd.315","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12214321/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12214321/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdd.315","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate combination","formTags":["combination"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Both agents were determined to be bioavailable, and the chondroitin sulfate used in this study was found to accumulate significantly after multiple dosing.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and Discussion p.224 (final paragraph); Abstract conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax values ranged from 7.1 to 12.1 mcg/ml.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.222","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The mean bioavailability of glucosamine after single (12.1–12.7%) and multiple dosing (9.7–10.6%) was found not to be significantly different.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.222","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences were found between the single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.222","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean elimination half-life of total disaccharides was found to be significantly lower (1.56 h) as compared to this parameter after the 1200 mg (9.35 h) and 1600 mg (12.1 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.223","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant differences were observed for dose normalized parameters (Cmax ss, AUCss) after multiple dosing as compared to single dose.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.224","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10701989","title":"Determination of the nutraceutical, glucosamine hydrochloride, in raw materials, dosage forms and plasma using pre-column derivatization with ultraviolet HPLC.","year":"1999","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"10701989","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00085-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10701989/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10701989/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00085-0","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog)","design":"single-arm","n":"1","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This chromatographic method offers a direct quantitation of intact glucosamine hydrochloride with the use of pre-column derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate. This assay can be used for content uniformity testing of dosage forms containing glucosamine hydrochloride, quality control of raw materials and bioavailability studies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.814","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37949274","title":"Chondroitin sulfate and chitosan-coated liposomes as a novel delivery system for betanin: Preparation, characterization and in vitro digestion behavior.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"37949274","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37949274/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37949274/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128001","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation/digestion study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"betanin in chondroitin sulfate-chitosan-coated liposomes (listed chondroitin sulfate is coating material)","formTags":["chondroitin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (In vitro digestion/release of betanin from liposomes; chondroitin sulfate is only a coating layer. No glucosamine/chondroitin absorption or PK measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"SCNPS better absorbed betanin in the intestinal phase, and released betanin more slowly than NPS and CNPS. In summary, SCNPS is a promising delivery system that can stabilize and protect betanin in different chemical environments and in vitro digestion.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the betanin release rate from NPS was significantly higher (32.12 %) compared to CNPS (13.64 %) and SCNPS (14.86 %)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.5 p.10","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23830943","title":"Bioavailability enhancement of glucosamine hydrochloride by chitosan.","year":"2013","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"23830943","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.055","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23830943/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23830943/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.055","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro; rodent (rat); other animal (beagle dog)","design":"other (specify): in vitro Caco-2; parallel-group rat PK; randomized two-period two-sequence crossover in dogs (separate crossovers for solutions and tablets)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine (glucosamine hydrochloride) with chitosan","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our study showed that chitosan could significantly enhance the intestinal permeability of glucosamine by reversibly opening the tight junction of intestinal epithelium cells. Further in vivo studies in rats and beagle dogs demonstrated that the presence of chitosan could increase the plasma concentration and bioavailability of glucosamine without altering its elimination. Chitosan can serve as an effective absorption enhancer for glucosamine.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusion (p.371–372)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailabilities of 313% and 186%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the absorption of glucosamine was relatively fast with a Tmax of about 1.5 h for both formulations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p < 0.05 for “F1” vs. “F3”.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnote a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p < 0.05 for “F1” vs. “F4”.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnote b","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p < 0.05 for “F1” vs. “F5”.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnote c","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p < 0.05 for “F2” vs. “F3”. p < 0.05 for “F2” vs. “F4”.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnotes d, e","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference detected between “F1” and “F2” for each time point","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 5 caption","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant difference on Tmax was found among the five formulations (p > 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax and AUC0−6h of QD-Glu solution were significantly higher than those of WellesseTM solution (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3 footnote a; Results 3.2.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16426790","title":"An optimized reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for evaluating percutaneous absorption of glucosamine hydrochloride.","year":"2006","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"16426790","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16426790/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16426790/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.044","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro permeation study, n = 5 cells)","n":"5 diffusion cells","formsStudiedRaw":"Glucosamine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The method was employed successfully to quantify glucosamine after in vitro permeation through human skin with no interference from skin components and thus will be valuable for routine quantitation of glucosamine either following in vitro transdermal permeation or in raw materials and dosage forms.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"This experimental permeability coefficient was about eight-fold lower than the predicted value","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"in excellent agreement with the HPLC data herein, indicating minimal metabolism of glucosamine during permeation through skin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]}],"sections":{"forms":{"studyIds":["pmid-37440435","pmid-35956389","pmid-32713600","pmid-27108107","pmid-25802209","pmid-22031460","pmid-29403716","pmid-21310576","pmid-17353133","pmid-17544344","pmid-16145658","pmid-16740419","pmid-16931183","pmid-17065354","pmid-16168682","pmid-41198308","pmid-42828739","pmid-41097525","pmid-38901773","pmid-39048209","pmid-36436864","pmid-37441137","pmid-31956378","pmid-32786291","pmid-22488120","pmid-22722009","pmid-18814196","pmid-11878794","pmid-12207870","pmid-12207871","pmid-10725098","pmid-11005675","pmid-10030829","pmid-35872320","pmid-34082970","pmid-21601033","pmid-18295513","pmid-15641100","pmid-15083499","pmid-12214321","pmid-10701989","pmid-37949274","pmid-23830943","pmid-16426790"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"10 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":15,"rodent":18,"other_animal":8,"in_vitro":3}}},"with-food":{"studyIds":["pmid-37440435","pmid-22488120","pmid-17207418","pmid-12214321"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"1 human randomized/crossover and 1 human studies in total. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":1,"rodent":2,"other_animal":1}}},"best-time":{"studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},"overall":{"studyIds":["pmid-37440435","pmid-35956389","pmid-31704130","pmid-32713600","pmid-27108107","pmid-25802209","pmid-22031460","pmid-29403716","pmid-21310576","pmid-17353133","pmid-17544344","pmid-16145658","pmid-16740419","pmid-16931183","pmid-17065354","pmid-16168682","pmid-34977371","pmid-41198308","pmid-42828739","pmid-41097525","pmid-38901773","pmid-39048209","pmid-36436864","pmid-37441137","pmid-31956378","pmid-32786291","pmid-23958197","pmid-22488120","pmid-22722009","pmid-18814196","pmid-17207418","pmid-11878794","pmid-12207870","pmid-12207871","pmid-10725098","pmid-11005675","pmid-10030829","pmid-5970874","pmid-5970875","pmid-35872320","pmid-34082970","pmid-26262626","pmid-21601033","pmid-20117789","pmid-18295513","pmid-15641100","pmid-15083499","pmid-12214321","pmid-10701989","pmid-37949274","pmid-23830943","pmid-16426790"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"10 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":16,"pig":1,"rodent":22,"other_animal":10,"in_vitro":3}}}},"builtAt":"2026-11-02","anchors":[{"id":"summary","name":"Summary"},{"id":"forms","name":"Forms compared"},{"id":"sulfate-vs-hcl","name":"Glucosamine sulfate vs Glucosamine HCl"},{"id":"with-food","name":"With or without food"},{"id":"best-time","name":"Best time to take"},{"id":"calculator","name":"Cost per mg absorbed calculator"},{"id":"faq","name":"FAQ"},{"id":"evidence","name":"Evidence grades"},{"id":"studies","name":"Studies"},{"id":"review","name":"Review"}],"faq":[{"q":"Is Glucosamine & Chondroitin glucosamine sulfate better absorbed than glucosamine hcl?","anchor":"sulfate-vs-hcl","a":"We have 2 relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Should Glucosamine & Chondroitin be taken with food?","anchor":"with-food","a":"We have 4 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting."},{"q":"When is the best time to take Glucosamine & Chondroitin?","anchor":"best-time","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention timing."},{"q":"Is this dosing advice?","anchor":"calculator","a":"No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. Talk to a clinician about what's right for you."}],"evidence_grade":"B","evidence_grade_status":"draft — pending reviewer (rubric v2)","form_grades":{"sulfate":{"label":"Glucosamine sulfate","grade":"B","basis":"5 human studies, total n=80, 4 randomized/crossover; median CV 1.4% across 5 matched set(s) (consistent)","studies":5,"total_n":80,"randomized":4,"median_cv":1.4,"cv_sets":[{"set":"AUC / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single / 0-∞ / ng/ml·h","studies":["22031460","35956389"],"cv":3.9},{"set":"AUC / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single / ∞ / µg/ml·h","studies":["16145658","16740419"],"cv":1.4},{"set":"Cmax / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / ng/ml","studies":["22031460","35956389"],"cv":1.2},{"set":"Cmax / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / µg/ml","studies":["16145658","16740419"],"cv":0.9},{"set":"Tmax / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / h","studies":["16145658","16740419","22031460","35956389"],"cv":34.5}],"pmids":["16145658","16168682","16740419","22031460","35956389"]},"hcl":{"label":"Glucosamine HCl","grade":"D","basis":"animal/in vitro data only","studies":0},"chondroitin":{"label":"Chondroitin sulfate","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=27, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":27,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["27108107","37440435"]},"combination":{"label":"Glucosamine + chondroitin","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=10, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":10,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["29403716"]}},"measured_pk":{"slug":"glucosamine","name":"Glucosamine & Chondroitin","source":"PDF full-text extraction bundle 2 (1,666 papers), merged 2026-11-02","gradeStatus":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","counts":{"papers":104,"withData":52,"rejected":52,"species":{"rodent":22,"human":16,"other_animal":10,"in_vitro":3,"pig":1},"pkValues":378},"forms":[{"slug":"sulfate","label":"Glucosamine sulfate","n_studies":9,"species":{"human":7,"other_animal":2},"n_values":68,"pmids":["16145658","16168682","16740419","16931183","17544344","18295513","21601033","22031460","35956389"]},{"slug":"hcl","label":"Glucosamine HCl","n_studies":10,"species":{"rodent":4,"other_animal":3,"human":2,"in_vitro":1},"n_values":127,"pmids":["12207871","15083499","15641100","17065354","18295513","18814196","22488120","22722009","23830943","25802209"]},{"slug":"chondroitin","label":"Chondroitin sulfate","n_studies":10,"species":{"rodent":5,"other_animal":3,"human":2},"n_values":31,"pmids":["10030829","15083499","27108107","31956378","34082970","35872320","36436864","37440435","41097525","41198308"]},{"slug":"combination","label":"Glucosamine + chondroitin","n_studies":2,"species":{"human":1,"other_animal":1},"n_values":44,"pmids":["12214321","29403716"]}],"pairs":[{"grade":"D","basis":"no human head-to-head; 1 non-human studies","tally":{},"pmids":["18295513"],"anchor":"sulfate-vs-hcl","a":"sulfate","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Glucosamine sulfate","bLabel":"Glucosamine HCl","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"median AUC0-12h","direction_text":"GS > GH","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.02","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results p.976","quote":"median AUC0–12h and the median AUC0–inf were higher (P = 0.02 and P = 0.008)"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"median AUC0-inf","direction_text":"GS > GH","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.008","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results p.976","quote":"(P = 0.02 and P = 0.008)"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"median CL/F","direction_text":"GS < GH","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.008","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results p.976","quote":"median CL/F ... was lower after oral glucosamine sulphate treatment (P = 0.008)"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"median t1/2","direction_text":"GS 4.0 h vs GH 3.0 h","significant":"no","p_value":"0.055","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.976","quote":"(P = 0.055)"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"median Cmax","direction_text":"no significant difference","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.976","quote":"not statistically significant"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"median oral bioavailability","direction_text":"GS marginally higher (9.4 vs 6.1%)","significant":"no","p_value":"0.08","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.976-977","quote":"marginally, but not significantly higher ... (P = 0.08)"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_IV vs GH_IV","parameter":"median AUC0-12h, AUC0-inf, T1/2, CL, MRT, Vd","direction_text":"no significant differences","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.975","quote":"There was no significant difference between the median AUC0–12h or the median AUC0–inf of both IV treatments"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"synovial fluid concentration at 1 h","direction_text":"GS > GH","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.0004","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results p.977","quote":"statistically significant at 1 (P = 0.0004)"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"synovial fluid concentration at 6 h","direction_text":"GS > GH","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.02","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results p.977","quote":"and 6 h (P = 0.02)"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_NG vs GH_NG","parameter":"synovial fluid concentration at 12 h","direction_text":"no significant difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.07","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.977","quote":"but not at 12 h (P = 0.07)"},{"pair":"sulfate-vs-hcl","pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","comparison":"GS_IV vs GH_IV","parameter":"synovial fluid concentrations","direction_text":"no significant difference","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.977","quote":"not statistically significant following IV treatment"}],"old_grade":"D","grade_v2":"D","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: D (no human head-to-head; 1 non-human studies); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null}],"pk":[{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.9","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viaereil-S 250 mg/capsule (lot 00502), Rottapharm, Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm Company, Italy))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.4 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.0","variance":"± 1.1 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.3","variance":"± 1.3 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viaereil-S 250 mg/capsule (lot 00502), Rottapharm, Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm Company, Italy))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.2","variance":"± 1.3 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0−T","value":"9.5","variance":"± 3.5 (NR)","units":"h µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0−T","value":"10.0","variance":"± 3.2 (NR)","units":"h µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viaereil-S 250 mg/capsule (lot 00502), Rottapharm, Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm Company, Italy))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0−T","value":"9.5","variance":"± 3.3 (NR)","units":"h µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0−∞","value":"10.5","variance":"± 4.2 (NR)","units":"h µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0−∞","value":"11.1","variance":"± 3.8 (NR)","units":"h µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viaereil-S 250 mg/capsule (lot 00502), Rottapharm, Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm Company, Italy))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0−∞","value":"10.3","variance":"± 3.6 (NR)","units":"h µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate tablet, 250 mg/tablet (lot 021003), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F% = [(AUC0-T)T/(AUC0-T)R] × 100 vs reference capsule","value":"100.0","variance":"± 11.2 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 1; Pharmacokinetics text","quote":"The relative bioavailability of the domestic tablet and capsule were 100.0 ± 11.2 and 107.1 ± 12.4%, respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16145658","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D(+)-glucosamine sulfate capsule, 250 mg/capsule (lot 021002), Kang Bao, Shanxi, China (Kang Bao (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F% = [(AUC0-T)T/(AUC0-T)R] × 100 vs reference capsule","value":"107.1","variance":"± 12.4 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 1; Pharmacokinetics text","quote":"The relative bioavailability of the domestic tablet and capsule were 100.0 ± 11.2 and 107.1 ± 12.4%, respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate (Dona, Viartril-S, Xicil or other trademarks))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"steady state","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"Data are mean ± SD, except *median and range.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate (Dona, Viartril-S, Xicil or other trademarks))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss (within dosing interval at steady state)","value":"9697.0","variance":"± 4215 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate (Dona, Viartril-S, Xicil or other trademarks))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCt (to last measurable concentration)","value":"14,323","variance":"± 5582 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"steady state","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss (within dosing interval at steady state)","value":"14,564","variance":"± 4138 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCt (to last measurable concentration)","value":"20,216","variance":"± 5021 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"3000 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"steady state","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"3000 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss (within dosing interval at steady state)","value":"22,095","variance":"± 6984 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table IV footnote ‡ on 3000 mg value"},{"pmid":"16168682","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate soluble powder (sachet) (Rottapharm patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"3000 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCt (to last measurable concentration)","value":"27,991","variance":"± 8035 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table IV footnotes ‡ and § on 3000 mg value"},{"pmid":"16740419","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate capsule 250 mg/capsule (lot GSC Q026), Yongxin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China (Yongxin Pharm (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→t","value":"9.8546","variance":"± 3.5875 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16740419","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate capsule 250 mg/capsule (lot GSC Q026), Yongxin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China (Yongxin Pharm (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"10.2121","variance":"± 4.1542 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16740419","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate capsule 250 mg/capsule (lot GSC Q026), Yongxin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China (Yongxin Pharm (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.2125","variance":"± 2.1728 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16740419","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate capsule 250 mg/capsule (lot GSC Q026), Yongxin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China (Yongxin Pharm (domestic))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.54","variance":"± 0.73 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16740419","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viaereil-S capsule 250 mg glucosamine sulfate (lot C04090A), Rottapharm Pharm. Co. Ltd., Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→t","value":"9.8213","variance":"± 4.0522 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16740419","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viaereil-S capsule 250 mg glucosamine sulfate (lot C04090A), Rottapharm Pharm. Co. Ltd., Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"10.3655","variance":"± 4.0568 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16740419","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viaereil-S capsule 250 mg glucosamine sulfate (lot C04090A), Rottapharm Pharm. Co. Ltd., Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.1065","variance":"± 2.1410 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16740419","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viaereil-S capsule 250 mg glucosamine sulfate (lot C04090A), Rottapharm Pharm. Co. Ltd., Italy (Viaereil-S (Rottapharm))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.76","variance":"± 0.68 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM"},{"pmid":"16931183","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate oral soluble powder sachet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1880 mg crystalline GLcN sulfate (printed as corresponding to 1500 mg of GLcN sulfate)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma concentration, single dose (exogenous glucosamine, baseline-subtracted)","value":"980","variance":"± 265 (NR)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results 3.7, p.124","quote":"reaching a peak of 980 ± 265 ng/ml (single dose) and 1510 ± 490 ng/ml (repeated dose) 3 h after administration (n = 12)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM; peak reported as value at 3 h"},{"pmid":"16931183","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate oral soluble powder sachet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1880 mg crystalline GLcN sulfate (printed as corresponding to 1500 mg of GLcN sulfate)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma concentration, repeated dose (exogenous glucosamine, baseline-subtracted)","value":"1510","variance":"± 490 (NR)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results 3.7, p.124","quote":"reaching a peak of 980 ± 265 ng/ml (single dose) and 1510 ± 490 ng/ml (repeated dose) 3 h after administration (n = 12)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"± value printed without stating SD or SEM; peak reported as value at 3 h"},{"pmid":"16931183","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate oral soluble powder sachet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1880 mg crystalline GLcN sulfate (printed as corresponding to 1500 mg of GLcN sulfate)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"single dose, time of peak as stated in text","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.7, p.124","quote":"reaching a peak ... 3 h after administration (n = 12)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"16931183","species":"human","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate oral soluble powder sachet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1880 mg crystalline GLcN sulfate (printed as corresponding to 1500 mg of GLcN sulfate)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"repeated dose, time of peak as stated in text","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.7, p.124","quote":"reaching a peak ... 3 h after administration (n = 12)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"17065354","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after single 500 mg oral dose","value":"3.8","variance":"± 0.8 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 states 'Data are means ± SE'"},{"pmid":"17065354","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"after single 500 mg oral dose","value":"110","variance":"± 17 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 states 'Data are means ± SE'"},{"pmid":"17065354","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–240","value":"540","variance":"± 112 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l × min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4: AUC from time 0 to 240 min (trapezoidal rule to last measured time point, 4 h)"},{"pmid":"17065354","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after single 500 mg oral dose","value":"2.5","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 states 'Data are means ± SE'"},{"pmid":"17065354","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"after single 500 mg oral dose","value":"129","variance":"± 18 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 states 'Data are means ± SE'"},{"pmid":"17065354","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride 250 mg capsules (VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg (single dose for PK; treatment 500 mg t.i.d. for 6 weeks)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–240","value":"403","variance":"± 70 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l × min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4: AUC from time 0 to 240 min (trapezoidal rule to last measured time point, 4 h)"},{"pmid":"17065354","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak concentrations stated in Discussion","value":"~60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Discussion p.3148","quote":"(peak concentrations at ~60 min)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table 4 Tmax (110 and 129 min); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"17065354","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal concentration after 500 mg oral dose, as stated in Discussion","value":"~3","variance":"","units":"µmol/l","location":"Discussion p.3148","quote":"The maximal concentrations of plasma glucosamine we observed after administration of the standard 500-mg oral dose (~3 µmol/l)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"approximate; both groups together"},{"pmid":"17544344","species":"human","arm":"","form":"test glucosamine sulfate formulation (not described)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.86","variance":"± 0.93 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as x-bar ± s"},{"pmid":"17544344","species":"human","arm":"","form":"test glucosamine sulfate formulation (not described)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"343","variance":"± 93 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as x-bar ± s"},{"pmid":"17544344","species":"human","arm":"","form":"test glucosamine sulfate formulation (not described)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1843","variance":"± 623 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as x-bar ± s (s taken as SD); AUC0-inf printed as AUC0–∞"},{"pmid":"17544344","species":"human","arm":"","form":"test glucosamine sulfate formulation (not described)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1878","variance":"± 639 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as x-bar ± s (s taken as SD); AUC0-inf printed as AUC0–∞"},{"pmid":"17544344","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viartril-S glucosamine sulfate capsule 750 mg (Rottapharm, Ireland) (Viartril-S)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.64","variance":"± 0.79 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as x-bar ± s"},{"pmid":"17544344","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viartril-S glucosamine sulfate capsule 750 mg (Rottapharm, Ireland) (Viartril-S)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"312","variance":"± 92 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as x-bar ± s"},{"pmid":"17544344","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viartril-S glucosamine sulfate capsule 750 mg (Rottapharm, Ireland) (Viartril-S)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1637","variance":"± 447 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as x-bar ± s (s taken as SD); AUC0-inf printed as AUC0–∞"},{"pmid":"17544344","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Viartril-S glucosamine sulfate capsule 750 mg (Rottapharm, Ireland) (Viartril-S)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1666","variance":"± 460 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as x-bar ± s (s taken as SD); AUC0-inf printed as AUC0–∞"},{"pmid":"22031460","species":"human","arm":"","form":"powder for oral solution containing glucosamine sulfate (Dinaflex (Zodiac S/A))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1.5 g glucosamine sulfate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1022","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855","quote":"The mean Cmax, 1022 ng/mL, was reached 3.2 h (Tmax) after drug administration.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed."},{"pmid":"22031460","species":"human","arm":"","form":"powder for oral solution containing glucosamine sulfate (Dinaflex (Zodiac S/A))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1.5 g glucosamine sulfate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855","quote":"The mean Cmax, 1022 ng/mL, was reached 3.2 h (Tmax) after drug administration.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text implies mean Tmax; no variance printed."},{"pmid":"22031460","species":"human","arm":"","form":"powder for oral solution containing glucosamine sulfate (Dinaflex (Zodiac S/A))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1.5 g glucosamine sulfate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (zero to last sampling time)","value":"4034","variance":"","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855","quote":"values of AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ obtained were 4034 and 4194 ng h/mL, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed. Methods define AUC0-t as zero to the time of last sampling."},{"pmid":"22031460","species":"human","arm":"","form":"powder for oral solution containing glucosamine sulfate (Dinaflex (Zodiac S/A))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1.5 g glucosamine sulfate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"12","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4194","variance":"","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855","quote":"values of AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ obtained were 4034 and 4194 ng h/mL, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed."},{"pmid":"25802209","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"1","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"647.1","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 3.3 p.1870","quote":"After oral administration of 750 or 1500 mg glucosamine hydrochloride, the maximum plasma concentrations of glucosamine were 647.1 ng/mL at 1.25 h and 1225 ng/mL at 4.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Dose-to-value mapping follows order in text and Fig. 4 legend (subject 1 = 750 mg, subject 2 = 1500 mg); plasma conc. = post-dose minus individual pre-dose endogenous level at corresponding time"},{"pmid":"25802209","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"1","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.25","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.1870","quote":"After oral administration of 750 or 1500 mg glucosamine hydrochloride, the maximum plasma concentrations of glucosamine were 647.1 ng/mL at 1.25 h and 1225 ng/mL at 4.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"25802209","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"750 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"1","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-14h","value":"2.976","variance":"","units":"mg·h/L","location":"Results 3.3 p.1870","quote":"the areas under the curve (AUC0–14) were 2.976 and 5.325 mg·h/L with the elimination half-life (t1/2) of 1.13 and 1.51 h, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"25802209","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"1","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1225","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 3.3 p.1870","quote":"After oral administration of 750 or 1500 mg glucosamine hydrochloride, the maximum plasma concentrations of glucosamine were 647.1 ng/mL at 1.25 h and 1225 ng/mL at 4.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Dose-to-value mapping follows order in text and Fig. 4 legend (subject 1 = 750 mg, subject 2 = 1500 mg); plasma conc. = post-dose minus individual pre-dose endogenous level at corresponding time"},{"pmid":"25802209","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"1","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.1870","quote":"After oral administration of 750 or 1500 mg glucosamine hydrochloride, the maximum plasma concentrations of glucosamine were 647.1 ng/mL at 1.25 h and 1225 ng/mL at 4.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"25802209","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"1","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-14h","value":"5.325","variance":"","units":"mg·h/L","location":"Results 3.3 p.1870","quote":"the areas under the curve (AUC0–14) were 2.976 and 5.325 mg·h/L with the elimination half-life (t1/2) of 1.13 and 1.51 h, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27108107","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate sodium, microbial source, 200 mg capsules (Mythocondro (Gnosis S.p.A.))","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"2400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"24","analyte":"total plasma chondroitin sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"baseline-subtracted","value":"1.83","variance":"± 1.66 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"Test Formulation (microbial source) Cmax 1.83 ± 1.66","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 7 does not state whether values are means; ± as printed (SD assumed only in figure legends, not stated for table)."},{"pmid":"27108107","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate, animal (bovine cartilage) source, 600 mg capsules (NOW Foods)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"2400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"24","analyte":"total plasma chondroitin sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"baseline-subtracted","value":"1.84","variance":"± 2.34 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"Reference Formulation (animal source) Cmax 1.84 ± 2.34","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 7 does not state whether values are means; ± as printed (SD assumed only in figure legends, not stated for table)."},{"pmid":"27108107","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate sodium, microbial source, 200 mg capsules (Mythocondro (Gnosis S.p.A.))","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"2400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"24","analyte":"total plasma chondroitin sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"19.34","variance":"± 17.39 (NR)","units":"µg/mL × h","location":"Table 7","quote":"AUC0-t 19.34 ± 17.39*","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 7 does not state whether values are means; ± as printed (SD assumed only in figure legends, not stated for table). Marked * = significantly different from reference at p < 0.05."},{"pmid":"27108107","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate, animal (bovine cartilage) source, 600 mg capsules (NOW Foods)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"2400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"24","analyte":"total plasma chondroitin sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"13.52","variance":"± 10.47 (NR)","units":"µg/mL × h","location":"Table 7","quote":"AUC0-t 13.52 ± 10.47","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 7 does not state whether values are means; ± as printed (SD assumed only in figure legends, not stated for table)."},{"pmid":"27108107","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate sodium, microbial source, 200 mg capsules (Mythocondro (Gnosis S.p.A.))","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"2400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"24","analyte":"total plasma chondroitin sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel = AUC0-t test / AUC0-t reference (%)","value":"236.67","variance":"± 302.53 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 7","quote":"A percent ratio AUCCSS/AUCCS of 237% is to be considered a significant value.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"± as printed, type not stated. Marked ** = significantly different from reference at p < 0.01."},{"pmid":"27108107","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate sodium, microbial source, 200 mg capsules (Mythocondro (Gnosis S.p.A.))","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"2400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"24","analyte":"total plasma chondroitin sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 7","quote":"Tmax 8.00 (3-24)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value with range in parentheses as printed; statistic (median) not stated in table. Text: Tmax did not differ significantly between treatments."},{"pmid":"27108107","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate, animal (bovine cartilage) source, 600 mg capsules (NOW Foods)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"2400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"24","analyte":"total plasma chondroitin sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 7","quote":"Tmax 7.00 (1-24)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value with range in parentheses as printed; statistic (median) not stated in table. Text: Tmax did not differ significantly between treatments."},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.417","variance":"± 0.190 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1000 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.795","variance":"± 0.280 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.925","variance":"± 0.280 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.294","variance":"± 0.076 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.60","variance":"± 1.39 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1000 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.70","variance":"± 0.86 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.90","variance":"± 0.84 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.90","variance":"± 1.10 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10","value":"1.42","variance":"± 0.20 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1000 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10","value":"3.37","variance":"± 1.02 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10","value":"4.03","variance":"± 1.28 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10","value":"1.02","variance":"± 0.24 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1.43","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1000 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3.42","variance":"± 1.01 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast, 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4.18","variance":"± 1.40 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1.02","variance":"± 0.24 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29403716","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets (each tablet 250 mg glucosamine sulfate and 200 mg chondroitin sulfate) (Guangzhou Yipinhong Pharmaceutical group Co. Ltd. (supplier), Lot 071201)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.24 (SD)","units":"µg/mL h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), chitosan (shellfish) derived (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-95-JH))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"3566","variance":"± 1359 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type stated as 'Mean ± S.D.' in table footnote"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), chitosan (shellfish) derived (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-95-JH))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3940","variance":"± 1390 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type stated as 'Mean ± S.D.' in table footnote"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), chitosan (shellfish) derived (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-95-JH))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1010","variance":"± 530 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type stated as 'Mean ± S.D.' in table footnote"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), chitosan (shellfish) derived (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-95-JH))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 1.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type stated as 'Mean ± S.D.' in table footnote"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), fermentation on non-GMO corn (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-87-JD))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"3709","variance":"± 1217 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type stated as 'Mean ± S.D.' in table footnote"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), fermentation on non-GMO corn (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-87-JD))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4000","variance":"± 1240 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type stated as 'Mean ± S.D.' in table footnote"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), fermentation on non-GMO corn (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-87-JD))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1070","variance":"± 510 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type stated as 'Mean ± S.D.' in table footnote"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), fermentation on non-GMO corn (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-87-JD))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.6","variance":"± 1.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type stated as 'Mean ± S.D.' in table footnote"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), fermentation on non-GMO corn (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-87-JD))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-8h over AUC0-inf (as printed by authors)","value":"90.5%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.6","quote":"as assessed by AUC0–8h over AUC0–∞ the relative bioavailability of test formula was (90.5%), vs. reference formula (92.7%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Authors' term; ratio of AUC0-8h to AUC0-inf within the same formulation, not between formulations"},{"pmid":"35956389","species":"human","arm":"","form":"glucosamine sulfate 2KCl capsules (3 x 500 mg), chitosan (shellfish) derived (Access Business Group (cGMP capsules, Lot 11823-95-JH))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasting","n":"18","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-8h over AUC0-inf (as printed by authors)","value":"92.7%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.6","quote":"as assessed by AUC0–8h over AUC0–∞ the relative bioavailability of test formula was (90.5%), vs. reference formula (92.7%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Authors' term; ratio of AUC0-8h to AUC0-inf within the same formulation"},{"pmid":"37440435","species":"human","arm":"","form":"CS4mer (MW 980), skate cartilage-derived","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"0.5 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h before, no food/drink (except water) up to 3 h after","n":"3","analyte":"CS tetrasaccharide (CS4mer)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of plasma peak","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.756","quote":"While the plasma concentration peaked at 3 h, urinary excretion peaked at 3–5 h after administration.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Participants 1-3; sampling 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 h"},{"pmid":"37440435","species":"human","arm":"","form":"CS4mer (MW 980), skate cartilage-derived","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"0.5 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h before, no food/drink (except water) up to 3 h after","n":"3","analyte":"CS tetrasaccharide (CS4mer)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak hourly urinary excretion","value":"3–5 h","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.756","quote":"urinary excretion peaked at 3–5 h after administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"10030829","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"partially depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG), fucosyl chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber, average MW about 12 kDa (NR (lot E92012G, Taiho Pharmaceutical))","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"DHG","matrix":"urine and plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"estimated oral absorption, % of dose","value":"at least 2","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Results p.133","quote":"This suggests that at least 2% of the orally administered DHG is being absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author estimate derived from urinary excretion comparison between oral and IV; not a measured value"},{"pmid":"11005675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cisplatin in saline (CDDP: Sigma; CSA: Seikagaku)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg (bolus IV; 5 mg/kg used in tissue accumulation and toxicity studies)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight (plasma disposition study)","n":"4","analyte":"total platinum (equivalent to CDDP)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-3 h (trapezoidal, actual data)","value":"4.7","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"CDDP two-compartment simulation used data 0-60 min only"},{"pmid":"11005675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CDDP complexed with CSA (mean MW 23,000 Da; 80-85% of CDDP complexed) (CDDP: Sigma; CSA: Seikagaku)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg (bolus IV; 5 mg/kg used in tissue accumulation and toxicity studies)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight (plasma disposition study)","n":"4","analyte":"total platinum (equivalent to CDDP)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-3 h (trapezoidal, actual data)","value":"25.4","variance":"± 4.3 (SD)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"CDDP two-compartment simulation used data 0-60 min only"},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"147","variance":"± 53.7 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed as AUC0-? in text layer; methods define AUC0-infinity)","value":"150","variance":"± 54.3 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"12.5","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"228","variance":"± 41.8 (SD)","units":"µg.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"184","variance":"± 18.7 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed as AUC0-? in text layer; methods define AUC0-infinity)","value":"187","variance":"± 17.4 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9.0","variance":"± 4.18 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"18.8","variance":"± 15.9 (SD)","units":"µg.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote *: significantly different from i.p."},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"15.0","variance":"± 8.0 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote **: significantly different from i.v. and p.o. (as printed; table printed with extra closing parenthesis '(8.0))**')"},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed as AUC0-? in text layer; methods define AUC0-infinity)","value":"22.9","variance":"± 21.7 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote **: significantly different from i.v. and p.o. (as printed)"},{"pmid":"12207871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Company)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Abstract statement","value":"approximately 30 min","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Abstract","quote":"The peak plasma concentration, after oral administration, occurred approximately 30 min post-dose","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 1 (9.0 min) and Results text (peaks in less than 13 min)"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to food","n":"4-6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"46.4","variance":"± 11.0 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to food","n":"4-6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"46.5","variance":"± 11.0 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to food","n":"4-6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"53.2","variance":"± 10.8 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to food","n":"4-6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"18.8","variance":"± 7.5 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to food","n":"4-6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"48.8","variance":"± 7.5 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to food","n":"4-6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"48.9","variance":"± 7.4 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.60","variance":"± 2.36 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"28.9","variance":"± 19.6 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6.42","variance":"± 1.71 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"7.06","variance":"± 1.85 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to regular food","n":"6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.56","variance":"± 0.51 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to regular food","n":"6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"40.0","variance":"± 15.5 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to regular food","n":"6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6.86","variance":"± 1.18 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to regular food","n":"6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"7.76","variance":"± 1.47 (SD)","units":"µg.h.mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1: data represent mean (SD) of 4-6 rats"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to food","n":"4-6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"not determined (i.v.)","value":"nd","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as 'nd' (not determined)"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to food","n":"4-6","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"not determined (i.v.)","value":"nd","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as 'nd' (not determined)"},{"pmid":"17207418","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GLcNBu in saline, gavage","forms":[],"dose":"223 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Abstract range for oral doses","value":"29-40","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Abstract","quote":"rapidly absorbed after oral doses (Tmax, 29-40 min)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"covers fasted (28.9) and fed (40.0) per Table 1"},{"pmid":"18814196","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets (0.24 g/tablet, Xinsidun Pharmaceutical, Sichuan), powder in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"22.072","variance":"± 1.415 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic p.1268-1269","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± printed without stating SD/SEM in text (Fig. 3 caption says mean ± SD, n = 5)"},{"pmid":"18814196","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets (0.24 g/tablet, Xinsidun Pharmaceutical, Sichuan), powder in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.45","variance":"± 0.011 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic p.1268-1269","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± printed without stating SD/SEM in text (Fig. 3 caption says mean ± SD, n = 5)"},{"pmid":"18814196","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets (0.24 g/tablet, Xinsidun Pharmaceutical, Sichuan), powder in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-T","value":"28.214","variance":"± 1.130 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic p.1268-1269","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± printed without stating SD/SEM in text (Fig. 3 caption says mean ± SD, n = 5)"},{"pmid":"18814196","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablets (0.24 g/tablet, Xinsidun Pharmaceutical, Sichuan), powder in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"350 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"28.586","variance":"± 1.143 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic p.1268-1269","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± printed without stating SD/SEM in text (Fig. 3 caption says mean ± SD, n = 5)"},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6 h","value":"7.81","variance":"± 1.38 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"3","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.19","variance":"± 0.10 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"3","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.37","variance":"± 1.54 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"3","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6 h","value":"7.86","variance":"± 1.70 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.22","variance":"± 0.07 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"51.38","variance":"± 7.07 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6 h","value":"38.24","variance":"± 2.0 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.80","variance":"± 0.48 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1 and Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.27","variance":"± 2.36 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1 and Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6 h","value":"9.03","variance":"± 2.63 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 1 and Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.79","variance":"± 0.62 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.38","variance":"± 4.39 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6 h","value":"16.12","variance":"± 8.88 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.13","variance":"± 0.67 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"11.35","variance":"± 6.75 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6 h","value":"26.32","variance":"± 14.82 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"6.92","variance":"± 4.95 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2577–2578)","quote":"Cmax, 6.92 ± 4.95 versus 2.76 ± 1.41 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"0.8","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2577–2578)","quote":"Tmax, 0.8 ± 0.2 versus 1.25 ± 0.5 h, for the fasted and fed animals","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6 h; 200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"8.14","variance":"± 6.56 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2578)","quote":"AUC0–6 h values were not significantly different between the fasted [8.14 ± 6.56 (µg·h)/mL] and fed [6.47 ± 2.88 (µg·h)/mL] groups","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"2.76","variance":"± 1.41 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2577–2578)","quote":"Cmax, 6.92 ± 4.95 versus 2.76 ± 1.41 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"1.25","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2577–2578)","quote":"Tmax, 0.8 ± 0.2 versus 1.25 ± 0.5 h, for the fasted and fed animals","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6 h; 200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"6.47","variance":"± 2.88 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Results, Effect of Food (p.2578)","quote":"AUC0–6 h values were not significantly different between the fasted [8.14 ± 6.56 (µg·h)/mL] and fed [6.47 ± 2.88 (µg·h)/mL] groups","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"9","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"0.81","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"9","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"6.61","variance":"± 2.70 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"9","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–9 h; 200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"12.03","variance":"± 5.96 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"9","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"1.03","variance":"± 0.49 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"9","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"9.41","variance":"± 6.46 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22488120","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl dissolved in water (p.o.) or saline (parenteral) (D(+)-Glucosamine HCl, Sigma-Aldrich Canada)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound (glucosamine base)","fed":"fasted (food withdrawn 12 h before dosing)","n":"9","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–9 h; 200 mg/kg p.o.","value":"23.44","variance":"± 18.79 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header prints AUC0–9 with units (µg h/mL); text says difference not statistically significant."},{"pmid":"22722009","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (D-(+)-Glucosamine, Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg/kg (GlcN equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.9","variance":"± 1.4 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax (µg/mL) 16.9 ± 1.4 | 15.5 ± 1.9","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text: no significant differences between groups in Cmax, AUC0-4 and % dose in urine."},{"pmid":"22722009","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (D-(+)-Glucosamine, Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg/kg (GlcN equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.5","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax (µg/mL) 16.9 ± 1.4 | 15.5 ± 1.9","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22722009","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (D-(+)-Glucosamine, Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg/kg (GlcN equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"90","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax (min) 90 | 90","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed."},{"pmid":"22722009","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (D-(+)-Glucosamine, Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg/kg (GlcN equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"90","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax (min) 90 | 90","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed."},{"pmid":"22722009","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (D-(+)-Glucosamine, Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg/kg (GlcN equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4 h","value":"37.8","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC0–4 (µg h/mL) 37.8 ± 1.9 | 36.5 ± 1.8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22722009","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (D-(+)-Glucosamine, Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg/kg (GlcN equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4 h","value":"36.5","variance":"± 1.8 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC0–4 (µg h/mL) 37.8 ± 1.9 | 36.5 ± 1.8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GlcN.HCl","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (as GlcN base)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.7","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; different superscripts = p<0.05"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GlcN.HCl","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (as GlcN base)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4h","value":"6.6","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"µg.h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c; different superscripts = p<0.05"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"valine-glycine ester of GlcN","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.4","variance":"± 1.4 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; different superscripts = p<0.05"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"valine-glycine ester of GlcN","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4h","value":"7.8","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"µg.h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c; different superscripts = p<0.05"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"phenylalanine-phenylalanine ester of GlcN","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.7","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; different superscripts = p<0.05"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"phenylalanine-phenylalanine ester of GlcN","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4h","value":"8.1","variance":"± 1.5 (SD)","units":"µg.h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c; different superscripts = p<0.05"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glycine-valine ester of GlcN (GVG.HCl)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"14.6","variance":"± 4.9 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; different superscripts = p<0.05"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glycine-valine ester of GlcN (GVG.HCl)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4h","value":"19.2","variance":"± 3.7 (SD)","units":"µg.h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript d; different superscripts = p<0.05"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GVG","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery after cannulation; fasting NR for this experiment","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"14.01","variance":"± 1.7 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GVG","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery after cannulation; fasting NR for this experiment","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4h","value":"19.1","variance":"± 1.1 (SD)","units":"µg.h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GVG","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"14.25","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GVG","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4h","value":"18.97","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"µg.h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GlcN.HCl","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (as GlcN base)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"≤0.5 h (all compounds)","value":"≤0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.283 (Bioavailability section)","quote":"All compounds were rapidly absorbed (tmax ≤ 0.5 h).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Printed as an upper bound (≤0.5 h) for all compounds, not an individual value"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"valine-glycine ester of GlcN","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"≤0.5 h (all compounds)","value":"≤0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.283 (Bioavailability section)","quote":"All compounds were rapidly absorbed (tmax ≤ 0.5 h).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Printed as an upper bound (≤0.5 h) for all compounds, not an individual value"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"phenylalanine-phenylalanine ester of GlcN","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"≤0.5 h (all compounds)","value":"≤0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.283 (Bioavailability section)","quote":"All compounds were rapidly absorbed (tmax ≤ 0.5 h).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Printed as an upper bound (≤0.5 h) for all compounds, not an individual value"},{"pmid":"23958197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"glycine-valine ester of GlcN (GVG.HCl)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (GlcN base equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8-10 (Table 1 footnote); 8-11 (Methods)","analyte":"glucosamine (GlcN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"≤0.5 h (all compounds)","value":"≤0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.283 (Bioavailability section)","quote":"All compounds were rapidly absorbed (tmax ≤ 0.5 h).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Printed as an upper bound (≤0.5 h) for all compounds, not an individual value"},{"pmid":"31956378","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"radiolabelled chondroitin sulfate (14C) mixed with cold CS, with HA (Arthrum HCS / Synovium HCS formulation (LCA Pharmaceutical), reproduced with radiolabels)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"1 mg/animal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"not fasted","n":"12","analyte":"14C-CS-related radioactivity","matrix":"knee articulation","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed in Tmax column."},{"pmid":"31956378","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"radiolabelled chondroitin sulfate (14C) mixed with cold CS, with HA (Arthrum HCS / Synovium HCS formulation (LCA Pharmaceutical), reproduced with radiolabels)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"1 mg/animal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"not fasted","n":"12","analyte":"14C-CS-related radioactivity","matrix":"knee articulation","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"4746","variance":"","units":"h*µg-eq/g","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31956378","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"radiolabelled chondroitin sulfate (14C) mixed with cold CS, with HA (Arthrum HCS / Synovium HCS formulation (LCA Pharmaceutical), reproduced with radiolabels)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"1 mg/animal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"not fasted","n":"12","analyte":"14C-CS-related radioactivity","matrix":"knee articulation","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5051","variance":"","units":"h*µg-eq/g","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31956378","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"radiolabelled chondroitin sulfate (14C) mixed with cold CS, with HA (Arthrum HCS / Synovium HCS formulation (LCA Pharmaceutical), reproduced with radiolabels)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"1 mg/animal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"not fasted","n":"12","analyte":"14C-CS-related radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"4.90","variance":"","units":"µg-eq/g","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32786291","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FITC-labeled FCS oligomers (mainly 6-18-mer) from Isostichopus badionotus","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"FITC-labeled FCS oligomers (6-18-mer mixture)","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper uses both terms)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum blood concentration (approximate, both FCS types)","value":"∼1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.2241","quote":"After ∼1 h, the concentration of FITC-labeled FCS oligomers in the blood reached its maximum before gradually decreasing.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate value in text, applies to both FCS types described together"},{"pmid":"32786291","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FITC-labeled FCS oligomers (mainly 6-18-mer) from Pearsonothuria graeffei","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"FITC-labeled FCS oligomers (6-18-mer mixture)","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper uses both terms)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum blood concentration (approximate, both FCS types)","value":"∼1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.2241","quote":"After ∼1 h, the concentration of FITC-labeled FCS oligomers in the blood reached its maximum before gradually decreasing.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate value in text, applies to both FCS types described together"},{"pmid":"36436864","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate from bovine bone, 55 kDa (Wuhan Dongkang Source Technology)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"chondroitin sulfate (CS, 55 kDa)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak at 1 h","value":"11.45","variance":"± 1.86 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","quote":"both CS and LWCS6 in plasma reached their peaks at 1 h with concentrations of 11.45 ± 1.86 μg/mL and 13.99 ± 1.71 μg/mL, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Presented as mean ± SD (n = 6) per Fig. 7 legend"},{"pmid":"36436864","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chondroitin sulfate from bovine bone, 55 kDa (Wuhan Dongkang Source Technology)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"chondroitin sulfate (CS, 55 kDa)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak at 1 h as printed","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","quote":"reached their peaks at 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Sampling times 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 h; Tmax stated as 1 h in text only"},{"pmid":"36436864","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"photocatalytically degraded CS, 5 kDa (H2O2-TiO2, 6 h)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"LWCS6 (degraded CS, 5 kDa)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak at 1 h","value":"13.99","variance":"± 1.71 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","quote":"LWCS6 ... 13.99 ± 1.71 μg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Presented as mean ± SD (n = 6) per Fig. 7 legend"},{"pmid":"36436864","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"photocatalytically degraded CS, 5 kDa (H2O2-TiO2, 6 h)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"LWCS6 (degraded CS, 5 kDa)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak at 1 h as printed","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","quote":"reached their peaks at 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39048209","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"low-molecular-weight CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 mg/mL","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted rats","n":"5 segments","analyte":"transported chondroitin sulfate (polysaccharide)","matrix":"serosal side of everted gut sac","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"polysaccharide absorption rate, fold vs CS","value":"12.60","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.9 p.10; Abstract; Conclusion","quote":"The polysaccharide absorption rate of LMWCS-60 was 12.60 times higher than the CS group (p < 0.0001).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold value as printed; not consistent with the printed mean values (0.71 vs 0.27) - not resolved"},{"pmid":"39048209","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"low-molecular-weight CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 mg/mL","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted rats","n":"5 segments","analyte":"transported chondroitin sulfate (polysaccharide)","matrix":"serosal side of everted gut sac","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"CS absorption, fold vs original CS","value":"8.30","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Conclusion p.12","quote":"8.30 times and 12.60 times, respectively, higher CS absorption than original CS","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Also printed in the Conclusion for LMWCS-15"},{"pmid":"39048209","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 mg/mL","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted rats","n":"5 segments","analyte":"transported iron","matrix":"serosal side of everted gut sac","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"iron transport, fold vs FeSO4","value":"1.81","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.9 p.10","quote":"in the intestine were increased by 1.81, 3.31, and 3.75 times (p < 0.01), respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text p<0.01 applies to the three fold values; Fig. 9B shows 'ns' for CS-0 vs FeSO4 and * for others, so text p inconsistent with figure"},{"pmid":"39048209","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"low-molecular-weight CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 mg/mL","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted rats","n":"5 segments","analyte":"transported iron","matrix":"serosal side of everted gut sac","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"iron transport, fold vs FeSO4","value":"3.31","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.9 p.10; Conclusion","quote":"increased by 1.81, 3.31, and 3.75 times (p < 0.01), respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Conclusion: 3.31 times higher iron absorption than FeSO4"},{"pmid":"39048209","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"low-molecular-weight CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 mg/mL","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted rats","n":"5 segments","analyte":"transported iron","matrix":"serosal side of everted gut sac","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"iron transport, fold vs FeSO4","value":"3.75","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Abstract; Results 3.9 p.10; Conclusion","quote":"LMWCS-iron complex possessed 3.75 times higher iron absorption than FeSO4 (p < 0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41097525","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5-AF labeled chondroitin sulfate (Mw 68.60 kDa) (Wuhan Dongkangyuan Technology)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"F-CS (fluorescein-labeled CS)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"135.27","variance":"± 236.82 (SEM)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Results 3.2 p.7; Abstract","quote":"reached maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) at 1 h with the concentration values of 135.27 ± 236.82 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance exceeds mean as printed; variance type per Methods 2.12 mean +/- SEM (not restated next to the Cmax values)"},{"pmid":"41097525","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5-AF labeled CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"F-CS-Fe","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"376.60","variance":"± 214.10 (SEM)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Results 3.2 p.7; Abstract","quote":"376.60 ± 214.10 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance type per Methods 2.12 mean +/- SEM"},{"pmid":"41097525","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5-AF labeled low-molecular-weight CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"F-LCS-Fe","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"415.16","variance":"± 109.50 (SEM)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Results 3.2 p.7; Abstract; Conclusions","quote":"415.16 ± 109.50 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance type per Methods 2.12 mean +/- SEM"},{"pmid":"41097525","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5-AF labeled chondroitin sulfate (Mw 68.60 kDa) (Wuhan Dongkangyuan Technology)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"F-CS","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.2 p.7","quote":"reached maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) at 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text states all three labeled samples reached Cmax at 1 h"},{"pmid":"41097525","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5-AF labeled CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"F-CS-Fe","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.2 p.7","quote":"reached maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) at 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"same statement covers all three"},{"pmid":"41097525","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5-AF labeled low-molecular-weight CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"F-LCS-Fe","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.2 p.7","quote":"reached maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) at 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"same statement covers all three"},{"pmid":"41097525","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5-AF labeled low-molecular-weight CS-iron complex","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"F-LCS-Fe","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not stated)","value":"2449.8","variance":"","units":"ug/mL·h","location":"Results 3.2 p.7","quote":"F-LCS-Fe had a higher area under the plasma concentration-time curve (2449.8 µg/mL·h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval not stated"},{"pmid":"41097525","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5-AF labeled chondroitin sulfate (Mw 68.60 kDa) (Wuhan Dongkangyuan Technology)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"F-CS","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not stated)","value":"501.8","variance":"","units":"ug/mL·h","location":"Results 3.2 p.7","quote":"than that of CS (501.8 µg/mL·h, 2.1 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval not stated"},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"LMWCS (enzymatic digest of chondroitin sulfate A)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.950","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"LMWCS (enzymatic digest of chondroitin sulfate A)","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"186.60","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"LMWCS co-administered with SNAC 100 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.160","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"LMWCS co-administered with SNAC 100 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"123.10","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"LMWCS conjugated to deoxycholic acid (DOCA:LMWCS molar ratio 4.39)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (71.3 as LMWCS per Table 2 footnote) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.150","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"LMWCS conjugated to deoxycholic acid (DOCA:LMWCS molar ratio 4.39)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (71.3 as LMWCS per Table 2 footnote) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"75.69","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"unmodified LMWCS","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.532","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"unmodified LMWCS","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"19.80","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"LMWCS co-administered with SNAC 100 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative to subcutaneous injection (as printed in text)","value":"6.59","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2","quote":"SNAC strategy ... bioavailability of 6.59 % relative to subcutaneous injection","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2 prints 4.92 % for the same arm; the text value is stated as relative to s.c. injection. Both recorded as printed; not reconciled."},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"LMWCS conjugated to deoxycholic acid (DOCA:LMWCS molar ratio 4.39)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (71.3 as LMWCS per Table 2 footnote) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"CS (LMWCS, disaccharide assay)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative to subcutaneous injection (as printed in text)","value":"5.70","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2","quote":"surpassing that of the DOCA conjugation approach (5.70 %)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2 prints 4.25 % for the same arm. Recorded as printed; not reconciled."},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"6-O-desulfated CS octasaccharide (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.31","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"6-O-desulfated CS octasaccharide (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"226.70","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.63","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Cmax 3.63 is identical to the 100 mg/kg oral row (as printed)."},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"37.76","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.13","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"64.47","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.30","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"126.40","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.00","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"200.20","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.63","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Cmax 3.63 is identical to the 10 mg/kg oral row (as printed)."},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"204.70","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"160 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.29","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC 100 mg/kg (quantified as dp2)","forms":[],"dose":"160 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Dp2 from CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"288.20","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC (quantified as intact dp8)","forms":[],"dose":"160 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Intact CS-dp8","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.40","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC (quantified as intact dp8)","forms":[],"dose":"160 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"Intact CS-dp8","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval NR)","value":"226.40","variance":"","units":"μg/mL*min","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC (226.40 μg·mL−1·min) for the intact molecule","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41198308","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"CS-dp8-de6S","matrix":"brain tissue","parameter":"AUC","detail":"brain AUC","value":"113","variance":"","units":"ng/g*min","location":"Results 3.4","quote":"the AUC was 113 ng/g*min, and only 0.25 % of plasma CS-dp8-de6S entered the brain tissue","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Dose and arm for the brain measurement not stated in the text; presumably oral CS-dp8-de6S + SNAC (not stated). Printed with units ng/g*min. Methods 2.7.2 describe brain extraction."},{"pmid":"42828739","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CSOS, Mw 1,500, skate cartilage","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/head (40 mg/mL, 2.5 mL/head)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"exogenous CS (Di-6S + ΔDi-6S)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"530","variance":"± 389 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 2.2","quote":"Cmax, 530 ± 389 ng/mL; Tmax, 0.7 ± 0.3 h; and t1/2, 1.9 ± 0.7 h (mean ± standard deviation)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"n for PK parameters not stated in the text; Fig. 2 legend gives n = 6 per group."},{"pmid":"42828739","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CSOS, Mw 1,500, skate cartilage","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/head (40 mg/mL, 2.5 mL/head)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"exogenous CS (Di-6S + ΔDi-6S)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.7","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results 2.2","quote":"Tmax, 0.7 ± 0.3 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Reported as mean ± SD (not median)."},{"pmid":"5970874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"D-[1-14C]glucosamine (15.0 µC)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mmole (1 ml of 1.0 M solution)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"9","analyte":"D-[1-14C]glucosamine","matrix":"intestinal contents (difference method)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mmole of sugar absorbed (3 h)","value":"0.307","variance":"± 0.062 (SD)","units":"mmole","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"5970874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"D-[1-14C]glucosamine (5.0 µC)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mmole (1 ml of 1.0 M solution)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"9","analyte":"D-[1-14C]glucosamine","matrix":"intestinal contents (difference method)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mmole of sugar absorbed (3 h)","value":"0.276","variance":"± 0.027 (SD)","units":"mmole","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"5970874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]glucosamine (2.5 µC)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mmole (1 ml of 1.0 M solution)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"9","analyte":"N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]glucosamine","matrix":"intestinal contents (difference method)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mmole of sugar absorbed (3 h)","value":"0.267","variance":"± 0.079 (SD)","units":"mmole","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"5970874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]glucosamine (2.5 µC)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mmole (1 ml of 1.0 M solution)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"9","analyte":"N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]glucosamine","matrix":"intestinal contents (difference method)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mmole of sugar absorbed (3 h)","value":"0.276","variance":"± 0.059 (SD)","units":"mmole","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"5970874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"N-[1-14C]acetyl-D-glucosamine (5.0 µC)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mmole (1 ml of 1.0 M solution)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"N-[1-14C]acetyl-D-glucosamine","matrix":"intestinal contents (difference method)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mmole of sugar absorbed (3 h)","value":"0.256","variance":"± 0.072 (SD)","units":"mmole","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"5970874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"D-[1-14C]glucose (15.0 µC)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mmole (1 ml of 1.0 M solution)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"9","analyte":"D-[1-14C]glucose","matrix":"intestinal contents (difference method)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mmole of sugar absorbed (3 h)","value":"0.996","variance":"± 0.009 (SD)","units":"mmole","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"5970874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"D-[1-14C]glucose (5.0 µC)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mmole (1 ml of 1.0 M solution)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"3","analyte":"D-[1-14C]glucose","matrix":"intestinal contents (difference method)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mmole of sugar absorbed (1 h)","value":"0.919","variance":"","units":"mmole","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript ** on 0.919: mmole of sugar absorbed in 1 h (footnote); no SD printed (only range).; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate IV solution (Nutramax Laboratories materials)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 glucosamine HCl + 400 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf (i.v.)","value":"67.8","variance":"± 43.3 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.95","variance":"± 4.07 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.53 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, interval NR in table (Fa defined using AUCinf)","value":"17.8","variance":"± 10.6 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"2000 glucosamine HCl + 1600 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.4","variance":"± 5.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"2000 glucosamine HCl + 1600 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.63","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"2000 glucosamine HCl + 1600 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, interval NR in table (Fa defined using AUCinf)","value":"27.9","variance":"± 12.2 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax steady state (multiple dosing)","value":"7.1","variance":"± 4.3 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.53 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss (steady state, multiple dosing)","value":"15.0","variance":"± 5.7 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"3000 glucosamine HCl + 2400 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax steady state (multiple dosing)","value":"12.1","variance":"± 6.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"3000 glucosamine HCl + 2400 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"3000 glucosamine HCl + 2400 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss (steady state, multiple dosing)","value":"32.0","variance":"± 12.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate IV solution (Nutramax Laboratories materials)","forms":["combination"],"dose":"500 glucosamine HCl + 400 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf (i.v.)","value":"967","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"19.0","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.54","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, interval NR in table (Fa defined using AUCinf)","value":"144","variance":"± 1.3 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"2000 glucosamine HCl + 1600 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"21.5","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"2000 glucosamine HCl + 1600 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.7","variance":"± 0.013 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"2000 glucosamine HCl + 1600 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, interval NR in table (Fa defined using AUCinf)","value":"187","variance":"± 1.12 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax steady state (multiple dosing)","value":"96.3","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text: mean Cmax ss"},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss (steady state, multiple dosing)","value":"1416","variance":"","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"3000 glucosamine HCl + 2400 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax steady state (multiple dosing)","value":"208","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text: mean Cmax ss"},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"3000 glucosamine HCl + 2400 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"3000 glucosamine HCl + 2400 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss (steady state, multiple dosing)","value":"2088","variance":"","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12214321","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl (FCHG49) + low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (TRH122); oral doses as Cosequin/Cosamin capsules (with manganese ascorbate) (Nutramax Laboratories (Cosequin/Cosamin))","forms":["combination"],"dose":"1500 glucosamine HCl + 1200 LMWCS mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; food withheld until 8 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"range across oral treatments (text)","value":"7.1 to 12.1","variance":"","units":"mcg/ml","location":"Results p.222","quote":"The Cmax values ranged from 7.1 to 12.1 mcg/ml.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 1 (p.o. 2000 mg Cmax 12.4); text unit printed as mcg/ml"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"9 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"2","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"349","variance":"± 9.9 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"9 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"2","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first sampling time point (footnote a)","value":"0.083","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"9 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"2","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"interval NR","value":"247","variance":"± 93.4 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride, nasogastric tube (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"2","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.6","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Also Abstract: 10.6 (6.9)"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride, nasogastric tube (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"2","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Also Abstract: 2.0 (0.7) h"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride, nasogastric tube (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"2","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"interval NR","value":"33.2","variance":"± 23.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate 8.0 kDa (experimental, not commercial) IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"83.2","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote marker * (p<0.05) as printed on value"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate 8.0 kDa (experimental, not commercial) IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first sampling time point (footnote a)","value":"0.083","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate 8.0 kDa (experimental, not commercial) IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"interval NR","value":"36.4","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote marker * (p<0.05) as printed on value"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 8.0 kDa oral (nasogastric tube) (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.53","variance":"± 0.04 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote marker ** (p<0.05) as printed on value"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 8.0 kDa oral (nasogastric tube) (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.33","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 8.0 kDa oral (nasogastric tube) (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"interval NR","value":"11.82","variance":"± 0.05 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote marker ** (p<0.05) as printed on value"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 16.9 kDa (TRH122, as in Cosequin Equine Powder) IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"210","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote marker * (p<0.05) as printed on value"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 16.9 kDa (TRH122, as in Cosequin Equine Powder) IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first sampling time point (footnote a)","value":"0.083","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 16.9 kDa (TRH122, as in Cosequin Equine Powder) IV (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"interval NR","value":"253","variance":"± 0.85 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote marker * (p<0.05) as printed on value"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 16.9 kDa oral (nasogastric tube) (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"36.5","variance":"± 0.51 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote marker ** (p<0.05) as printed on value"},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 16.9 kDa oral (nasogastric tube) (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.32","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15083499","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"LMWCS 16.9 kDa oral (nasogastric tube) (Nutramax Laboratories (FCHG49 / TRH122))","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food withheld 3 h before baseline sampling and 3 h after dosing","n":"10","analyte":"total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides (DDi-0S + DDi-4S + DDi-6S, after chondroitinase ABC)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"interval NR","value":"54.8","variance":"± 0.51 (SD)","units":"µg/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote marker ** (p<0.05) as printed on value"},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1 as printed in table (Methods define AUC0-t, time 0 to last measurable concentration)","value":"460","variance":"± 21.2 (CV%)","units":"µmoles/hour/liter","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"438","variance":"± 23.3 (CV%)","units":"µmoles/hour/liter","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) followed by 500 ml saline (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1 as printed in table (Methods define AUC0-t, time 0 to last measurable concentration)","value":"21.4","variance":"± 23.6 (CV%)","units":"µmoles/hour/liter","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) followed by 500 ml saline (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"23.9","variance":"± 28.8 (CV%)","units":"µmoles/hour/liter","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) followed by 500 ml saline (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.98","variance":"± 19.3 (CV%)","units":"µmoles/hour/liter","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as µmoles/hour/liter in Table 2 (as printed); text and Abstract give median Cmax 6.1 µM"},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) followed by 500 ml saline (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.375","variance":"± 91 (CV%)","units":"hours","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"approximate maximum concentration (text/Abstract)","value":"~300","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Abstract; Results","quote":"The maximum concentration of glucosamine in serum reached ~300 µM (~50 µg/ml) following IV dosing","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate value as printed; ~50 µg/ml also printed"},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) followed by 500 ml saline (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"approximate maximum concentration (Abstract)","value":"~6","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Abstract","quote":"~6 µM (~1 µg/ml) following NG dosing","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate value as printed; ~1 µg/ml also printed"},{"pmid":"15641100","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml, pH 6.0) (Sigma-Aldrich (G 1514, analytical grade))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"number of animals by peak time (text)","value":"15 min in 6 animals; 5 min in 2 animals","variance":"","units":"minutes","location":"Results p.185","quote":"peaked at 15 minutes for 6 animals and at 5 minutes for 2 animals","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona) (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"56.08","variance":"± 14.01 (SD)","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona) (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"57.64","variance":"± 14.42 (SD)","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"analytical-grade glucosamine HCl (Sigma G1514)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"51.16","variance":"± 12.66 (SD)","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"analytical-grade glucosamine HCl (Sigma G1514)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"52.28","variance":"± 12.79 (SD)","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona), 100 mg/mL in saline pH 6.0 (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"4.86","variance":"± 1.42 (SD)","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona), 100 mg/mL in saline pH 6.0 (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5.61","variance":"± 1.69 (SD)","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona), 100 mg/mL in saline pH 6.0 (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.08","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona), 100 mg/mL in saline pH 6.0 (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.86","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"analytical-grade glucosamine HCl (Sigma G1514)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"3.23","variance":"± 0.79 (SD)","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"analytical-grade glucosamine HCl (Sigma G1514)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3.47","variance":"± 0.86 (SD)","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"analytical-grade glucosamine HCl (Sigma G1514)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.94","variance":"± 0.27 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"analytical-grade glucosamine HCl (Sigma G1514)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.81","variance":"± 0.26 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona), 100 mg/mL in saline pH 6.0 (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"range of individual Tmax (text)","value":"30 min to 2 h","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results p.976","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text: \"reaching maximum plasma concentrations 30 min to 2 h post-treatment\" (both formulations)"},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona), 100 mg/mL in saline pH 6.0 (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"synovial fluid","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal synovial fluid concentration","value":"153.6","variance":"± 32.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.977","quote":"mean ± SD maximal synovial fluid glucosamine concentration was 153.6 ± 32.9 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"analytical-grade glucosamine HCl (Sigma G1514)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing (NG)","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"synovial fluid","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal synovial fluid concentration","value":"92.7","variance":"± 34.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.977","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulphate (Dona) (Dona)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"synovial fluid","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal synovial fluid concentration","value":"1687.4","variance":"± 809.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.977","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18295513","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"analytical-grade glucosamine HCl (Sigma G1514)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"synovial fluid","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal synovial fluid concentration","value":"1487.7","variance":"± 830.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.977","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20117789","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine in capsules (salt form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"9","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma concentration","value":"1158","variance":"± 86 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Section 3.3 p.3280","quote":"reaching a peak of 1158 ± 86 ng/mL after 2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"± not defined (SD/SEM NR); statistic type of mean inferred from Fig. 6 caption \"mean pharmacokinetic profile\""},{"pmid":"20117789","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glucosamine in capsules (salt form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"9","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak concentration","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Section 3.3 p.3280","quote":"reaching a peak of 1158 ± 86 ng/mL after 2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as \"after 2 h\""},{"pmid":"21601033","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate (DONA (Rottapharm, Milan, Italy))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"98 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean maximum concentration","value":"2200","variance":"± 430 (NR)","units":"ng mL−1","location":"Results 3.7 (p.82)","quote":"obtaining a mean maximum concentration value of 2200 ± 430 ng mL−1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Type of ± not stated."},{"pmid":"21601033","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline glucosamine sulfate (DONA (Rottapharm, Milan, Italy))","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"98 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum of mean plasma profile","value":"1.5–2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.7 (p.82)","quote":"GLcN reached the maximum concentration in the 1.5–2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as a range for the plasma mean profile; statistic not specified."},{"pmid":"34082970","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"curcumin-loaded chondroitin sulfate grafted alginate PF127 injectable hydrogel","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Results 3.4) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8-10 h","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.23","variance":"± 1.17 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax (ug/mL) 12.23 ± 1.17","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text p.14 also gives 12.23 ± 1.17 μg/mL"},{"pmid":"34082970","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"curcumin-loaded chondroitin sulfate grafted alginate PF127 injectable hydrogel","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Results 3.4) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8-10 h","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"10","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text p.14: 'Tmax of 10 h'"},{"pmid":"34082970","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"curcumin-loaded chondroitin sulfate grafted alginate PF127 injectable hydrogel","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Results 3.4) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8-10 h","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC-tot","value":"203.64","variance":"± 30.08 (SD)","units":"ug/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC-tot (ug/mL*h) 203.64 ± 30.08","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract and text print SD as 30.1; AUC interval not stated beyond 'tot'"},{"pmid":"34082970","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"curcumin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Results 3.4); 60 mg/kg (Methods 2.6.1, 0.5 mL) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8-10 h","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.98","variance":"± 1.96 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"mean Cmax of 15.98 ± 1.96 μg/mL was recorded at Tmax of 50 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text p.14 also gives 15.98 ± 1.96 μg/mL"},{"pmid":"34082970","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"curcumin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Results 3.4); 60 mg/kg (Methods 2.6.1, 0.5 mL) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8-10 h","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.83","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text p.14 gives Tmax of 50 min"},{"pmid":"34082970","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"curcumin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Results 3.4); 60 mg/kg (Methods 2.6.1, 0.5 mL) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8-10 h","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"as printed in text","value":"50","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results 3.4 p.14","quote":"Cmax of 15.98 ± 1.96 μg/mL was recorded at Tmax of 50 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"34082970","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"curcumin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Results 3.4); 60 mg/kg (Methods 2.6.1, 0.5 mL) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8-10 h","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC-tot","value":"11.07","variance":"± 2.03 (SD)","units":"ug/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text p.14 prints 11.07 ± 0.12 (SD inconsistent with Table 2: 2.03)"},{"pmid":"34082970","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"curcumin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Results 3.4); 60 mg/kg (Methods 2.6.1, 0.5 mL) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8-10 h","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC-tot, as printed in text","value":"11.07","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Results 3.4 p.14","quote":"AUC of CUR-suspension versus ... hydrogel was 11.07 ± 0.12 and 203.64 ± 30.1 μg/mL*h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 SD (2.03)"},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"pure silymarin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.82","variance":"± 1.14 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"pure silymarin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"pure silymarin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC-tot","value":"13.59","variance":"± 1.64 (SD)","units":"μg/mL * h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"silymarin nanocrystals","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.9","variance":"± 1.40 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"silymarin nanocrystals","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.32 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"silymarin nanocrystals","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC-tot","value":"23.06","variance":"± 3.96 (SD)","units":"μg/mL * h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"nanocrystal-loaded chondroitin sulphate/kappa-carrageenan/Pluronic F127 thermoreversible hydrogel","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.6","variance":"± 2.16 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"nanocrystal-loaded chondroitin sulphate/kappa-carrageenan/Pluronic F127 thermoreversible hydrogel","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"10","variance":"± 0.16 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"nanocrystal-loaded chondroitin sulphate/kappa-carrageenan/Pluronic F127 thermoreversible hydrogel","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC-tot","value":"244.14","variance":"± 16.98 (SD)","units":"μg/mL * h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints ± 16.98 with *** (P < 0.001 vs pure silymarin suspension); text Results 3.4/Discussion prints 244.14 ± 6.98 (inconsistent)"},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"pure silymarin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"as printed in text","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results 3.4 p.13","quote":"Cmax ... was 9.82 ± 1.14 μg/mL at Tmax of 60 min for silymarin suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 1 ± 0.28 h"},{"pmid":"35872320","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"nanocrystal-loaded chondroitin sulphate/kappa-carrageenan/Pluronic F127 thermoreversible hydrogel","forms":["chondroitin"],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"silymarin","matrix":"rabbit plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC-tot as printed in text","value":"244.14","variance":"± 6.98 (SD)","units":"μg/mL * h","location":"Results 3.4 p.13","quote":"presented the highest bioavailability (244.14 ± 6.98 μg/mL * h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 3 SD (16.98)"},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.9","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.7","variance":"± 4.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"19.3","variance":"± 10.4 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"19.7","variance":"± 10.4 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.7","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.8","variance":"± 8.0 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"22.7","variance":"± 18.5 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"23.2","variance":"± 18.6 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Relative BA (%) = mean AUC0–∞ of formulation / mean AUC0–∞ of F1","value":"117.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: calculated by dividing the mean AUC0–∞ of F2–F5 by that of F1. No variance or CI printed."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"24.7","variance":"± 2.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"48.9","variance":"± 5.3 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"49.1","variance":"± 5.4 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Relative BA (%) = mean AUC0–∞ of formulation / mean AUC0–∞ of F1","value":"249.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: calculated by dividing the mean AUC0–∞ of F2–F5 by that of F1. No variance or CI printed."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.3","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"21.0","variance":"± 4.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"48.0","variance":"± 17.0 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"48.5","variance":"± 16.9 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Relative BA (%) = mean AUC0–∞ of formulation / mean AUC0–∞ of F1","value":"246.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: calculated by dividing the mean AUC0–∞ of F2–F5 by that of F1. No variance or CI printed."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.1","variance":"± 0.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"17.8","variance":"± 5.2 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"40.9","variance":"± 13.0 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"41.5","variance":"± 13.0 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine HCl + chitosan HCl solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"260 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Relative BA (%) = mean AUC0–∞ of formulation / mean AUC0–∞ of F1","value":"210.7","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: calculated by dividing the mean AUC0–∞ of F2–F5 by that of F1. No variance or CI printed."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution containing 0.5% (w/v) chitosan (QD-Glu solution (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.4 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution containing 0.5% (w/v) chitosan (QD-Glu solution (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"25.1","variance":"± 11.7 (NR)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution containing 0.5% (w/v) chitosan (QD-Glu solution (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"48.7","variance":"± 27.0 (NR)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution containing 0.5% (w/v) chitosan (QD-Glu solution (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"49.1","variance":"± 26.9 (NR)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution containing 0.5% (w/v) chitosan (QD-Glu solution (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Relative BA (%) = mean AUC0–∞ of self-prepared formulation / mean AUC0–∞ of commercial product (same dosage form)","value":"312.7","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3; Abstract","quote":"relative bioavailabilities of 313% and 186%","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Abstract rounds to 313% and 186%; Table 3 prints 312.7 and 185.6. No variance or CI printed."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution (Wellesse (Botanical Laboratories, Inc.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.3","variance":"± 0.4 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution (Wellesse (Botanical Laboratories, Inc.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.3","variance":"± 3.1 (NR)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution (Wellesse (Botanical Laboratories, Inc.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"15.5","variance":"± 8.1 (NR)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution (Wellesse (Botanical Laboratories, Inc.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"15.7","variance":"± 8.0 (NR)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet containing chitosan 50 mg/pill (QD-Glu tablet (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet containing chitosan 50 mg/pill (QD-Glu tablet (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"26.7","variance":"± 6.4 (NR)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet containing chitosan 50 mg/pill (QD-Glu tablet (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"53.7","variance":"± 11.9 (NR)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet containing chitosan 50 mg/pill (QD-Glu tablet (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"54.2","variance":"± 12.0 (NR)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet containing chitosan 50 mg/pill (QD-Glu tablet (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Relative BA (%) = mean AUC0–∞ of self-prepared formulation / mean AUC0–∞ of commercial product (same dosage form)","value":"185.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3; Abstract","quote":"relative bioavailabilities of 313% and 186%","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Abstract rounds to 313% and 186%; Table 3 prints 312.7 and 185.6. No variance or CI printed."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet (Voltaflex (Novartis))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.4 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet (Voltaflex (Novartis))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.8","variance":"± 4.0 (NR)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet (Voltaflex (Novartis))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–6h","value":"29.0","variance":"± 9.8 (NR)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride tablet (Voltaflex (Novartis))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"29.2","variance":"± 9.9 (NR)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 caption does not state the statistic or variance type; Fig. 6 caption states mean ± s.d."},{"pmid":"23830943","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"glucosamine hydrochloride oral solution containing 0.5% (w/v) chitosan (QD-Glu solution (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises Ltd.))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"text: Tmax of about 1.5 h for both solution formulations","value":"1.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.2.2","quote":"the absorption of glucosamine was relatively fast with a Tmax of about 1.5 h for both formulations","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as 'about 1.5 h'; Table 3 gives 1.5 and 1.3 h."}],"studies":{"1133264":{"pmid":"1133264","title":"Ultrasonic absorption in aqueous solutions of chondroitin sulfate.","authors":"O'Brien WD Jr","journal":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America","year":"1975","volume":"57","issue":"4","pages":"956-8","doi":"10.1121/1.380539","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1133264/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro acoustic spectroscopy)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Physics paper on ultrasonic (acoustic) absorption in aqueous chondroitin sulfate solutions; 'absorption' refers to sound attenuation, not physiological uptake. No PK or bioavailability data.","conclusion":"it is suggested that the same ultrasonic absorption mechanism(s) may be responsible in aqueous solutions of chondroitin sulfate and dextran, both polysaccharides, at neutral pH, and that the absorption peaks near pH 2.5 and 11.5 are typical of those observed for the proton-transfer mechanism.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"3102689":{"pmid":"3102689","title":"Structural variations in soluble iron complexes of models for ferritin: an x-ray absorption and Mössbauer spectroscopy comparison of horse spleen ferritin to Blutal (iron-chondroitin sulfate) and Imferon (iron-dextran).","authors":"Yang CY, Bryan AM, Theil EC, Sayers DE, Bowen LH","journal":"Journal of inorganic biochemistry","year":"1986","volume":"28","issue":"4","pages":"393-405","doi":"10.1016/0162-0134(86)80025-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3102689/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro spectroscopy)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"X-ray absorption (EXAFS) and Moessbauer spectroscopy structural comparison of iron cores in horse spleen ferritin, iron-chondroitin sulfate (Blutal) and iron-dextran (Imferon). 'Absorption' refers to X-ray absorption spectroscopy, not nutrient absorption; no pharmacokinetic or bioavailability data reported.","conclusion":"Differences in the structure of the iron complexed with chondroitin sulfate or dextran coincide with altered rates of iron release in vivo and in vitro and provide the first example relating function to local iron structure.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"5970874":{"pmid":"5970874","title":"Hexosamine metabolism. I. The absorption and metabolism, in vivo, of orally administered D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the rat.","authors":"Capps JC, Shetlar MR, Bradford RH","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","year":"1966","volume":"127","issue":"1","pages":"194-204","doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(66)90489-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5970874/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, single oral tracer dose by stomach tube)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"1966 rat study (14C tracer). Table IV (p. 200 of the journal, tissue/serum incorporation) is not in the PDF: PDF pages run 194-199, 202, 201, 202 (repeat), 203, 204. Total content columns of Table VI not extracted (endogenous tissue content, not absorption).","conclusion":"In rats not treated with neomycin, glucosamine but not acetylglucosamine was apparently degraded by the intestinal flora and the absorption coefficient was increased to 0.104 ± 0.017 mmole per 100 g of body wt. per h. The absorption coefficients of these amino sugars were much less than that of glucose.","limitations":"1966 tracer study; absorption estimated from disappearance of radioactivity (assumes no fecal loss or luminal degradation); Neomycin may directly affect absorption; Table IV (p. 200) missing from PDF; Glucose absorption coefficient (no neomycin) described as unreliable; Urine and intestinal-content sugar data qualitative (not quantitatively recovered)"},"5970875":{"pmid":"5970875","title":"Hexosamine metabolism. II. Effect of insulin and phlorizin on the absorption and metabolism, in vivo, of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glycosamine in the rat.","authors":"Capps JC, Shertlar MR, Bradford RH","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","year":"1966","volume":"127","issue":"1","pages":"205-12","doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(66)90490-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5970875/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, single oral tracer dose; control vs insulin vs phlorizin)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"1966 rat study (14C tracers), effect of insulin and phlorizin on absorption and metabolism of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. All rats neomycin-treated. Total content columns of Table III not extracted (endogenous tissue content).","conclusion":"These results indicate that insulin and phlorizin altered the metabolism, in vivo, of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine.","limitations":"1966 tracer study; absorption estimated from disappearance of radioactivity; Control groups are neomycin-treated rats (identical values to companion paper I); Small glucose groups (n = 3); Urine sugar data qualitative; digits faint in scan; Statistical tests and p-values not given in tables"},"10030829":{"pmid":"10030829","title":"Oral absorption and clearance of partially depolymerized fucosyl chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber.","authors":"Imanari T, Washio Y, Huang Y, Toyoda H, Suzuki A, Toida T","journal":"Thrombosis research","year":"1999","volume":"93","issue":"3","pages":"129-35","doi":"10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00171-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10030829/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, IV vs oral, with saline controls)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"On-target as a chondroitin sulfate-type GAG (fucosyl chondroitin sulfate, depolymerized, from sea cucumber), not conventional chondroitin sulfate. Rat IV and oral PK; most values figure-only or without units.","conclusion":"highly sulfated, partially depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG) is absorbed after oral administration; DHGs undergo observable metabolic degradation only when administered by the oral route; the loss of sulfate group is the most important degradative metabolic pathway in rats","limitations":"preliminary findings per authors; small n; key PK values figure-only; units and variance of t1/2 alpha and beta not printed; no oral Cmax/AUC/Tmax numbers; urinary data pooled; fractional absorption is an author estimate"},"10226711":{"pmid":"10226711","title":"Preparation and characterization of porous crosslinked collagenous matrices containing bioavailable chondroitin sulphate.","authors":"Pieper JS, Oosterhof A, Dijkstra PJ, Veerkamp JH, van Kuppevelt TH","journal":"Biomaterials","year":"1999","volume":"20","issue":"9","pages":"847-58","doi":"10.1016/s0142-9612(98)00240-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10226711/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro materials characterization)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Biomaterials/tissue-engineering paper on EDC/DHT-crosslinked collagen matrices with immobilized chondroitin sulphate; 'bioavailable' refers to antibody binding and chondroitinase digestion of matrix-bound CS. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data. Only release of CS from matrices in PBS (about 13% plateau, Fig. 4) is reported, in vitro.","conclusion":"It is concluded that the use of ethanol during EDC crosslinking, offers an elegant means for the preparation of defined porous collagenous matrices containing bioavailable, covalently attached CS.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"10515644":{"pmid":"10515644","title":"Changes in serum chondroitin sulphate epitopes 3-B-3 and 7-D-4 in early rheumatoid arthritis.","authors":"Middleton J, White S, Parry E, Jackson C, Dixey J, Ashton B","journal":"Rheumatology (Oxford, England)","year":"1999","volume":"38","issue":"9","pages":"837-40","doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/38.9.837","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10515644/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational study of endogenous serum chondroitin sulphate epitopes (3-B-3, 7-D-4) as cartilage turnover markers in early rheumatoid arthritis vs controls. No chondroitin supplement administered; no absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"The levels of 3-B-3 and 7-D-4 differed between RA and control sera, and changed with disease duration. These markers were not prognostic in predicting disease outcome.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"10534010":{"pmid":"10534010","title":"Effect of longeing and glucosamine supplementation on serum markers of bone and joint metabolism in yearling quarter horses.","authors":"Fenton JI, Orth MW, Chlebek-Brown KA, Nielsen BD, Corn CD, Waite KS, Caron JP","journal":"Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire","year":"1999","volume":"63","issue":"4","pages":"288-91","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10534010/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (horse, yearling quarter horses)","design":"RCT","n":"21","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy-biomarker study in horses: oral glucosamine and exercise effects on serum keratan sulfate and osteocalcin. Glucosamine itself was not measured; no absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"Longeing, under our experimental conditions, did not significantly alter serum KS and osteocalcin concentrations.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"10701989":{"pmid":"10701989","title":"Determination of the nutraceutical, glucosamine hydrochloride, in raw materials, dosage forms and plasma using pre-column derivatization with ultraviolet HPLC.","authors":"Liang Z, Leslie J, Adebowale A, Ashraf M, Eddington ND","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"1999","volume":"20","issue":"5","pages":"807-14","doi":"10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00085-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10701989/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog)","design":"single-arm","n":"1","status":"partial","statusNote":"HPLC assay validation paper (raw materials, capsules, dog plasma). The only absorption/PK content is a single plasma concentration-time profile of one beagle dog shown in Fig. 4; no numeric PK values printed.","conclusion":"This chromatographic method offers a direct quantitation of intact glucosamine hydrochloride with the use of pre-column derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate. This assay can be used for content uniformity testing of dosage forms containing glucosamine hydrochloride, quality control of raw materials and bioavailability studies.","limitations":"analytical method paper; single animal, values figure-only; no PK parameters; industry funded (Nutramax)"},"10725098":{"pmid":"10725098","title":"Application to a cartilage targeting strategy: synthesis and in vivo biodistribution of (14)C-labeled quaternary ammonium-glucosamine conjugates.","authors":"Giraud I, Rapp M, Maurizis JC, Madelmont JC","journal":"Bioconjugate chemistry","year":"2000","volume":"11","issue":"2","pages":"212-8","doi":"10.1021/bc990128+","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725098/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal biodistribution/PK, IV)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"IV (not oral) disposition of 14C-glucosamine in rats, compared with two quaternary ammonium-glucosamine conjugates (different compounds, not extracted). No oral absorption data. Radioactivity measured, not intact glucosamine, except HPLC percentages.","conclusion":"This study demonstrates that the introduction of the QA moiety on DG modifies its biodistribution and lends it a greater specificity for cartilage, at least for short times after injection.","limitations":"IV route only; radioactivity measured (not specific for glucosamine); one animal per time point for tissue distribution; values figure-only for blood/plasma kinetics; unit printed as 'µmol g/kg' for dose"},"11005675":{"pmid":"11005675","title":"Effects of a cisplatin-chondroitin sulfate A complex in reducing the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin.","authors":"Zhang JS, Imai T, Otagiri M","journal":"Archives of toxicology","year":"2000","volume":"74","issue":"6","pages":"300-7","doi":"10.1007/s002040000124","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11005675/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and toxicity, parallel groups)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is total platinum (cisplatin) after IV injection of cisplatin or a cisplatin-chondroitin sulfate A complex in rats; chondroitin sulfate A itself was not measured and is a drug carrier. Not oral. Platinum PK recorded for reference.","conclusion":"We conclude that the CDDP-CSA complex had the same activity as the parent drug but showed reduced nephrotoxicity at high doses of CDDP through an improvement in the pharmacokinetics of CDDP, which resulted from both the minimization of entry into normal tissues and renal clearance.","limitations":"off-target analyte (platinum, not chondroitin sulfate); IV route only; small n; tissue data figure-only; dose basis NR"},"11452238":{"pmid":"11452238","title":"Simple approach to predict the maximal effect elicited by a drug when plasma concentrations are not available or are dissociated from the effect, as illustrated with chondroitin sulfate data.","authors":"du Souich P, Vergés J","journal":"Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","year":"2001","volume":"70","issue":"1","pages":"5-9","doi":"10.1067/mcp.2001.116977","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11452238/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic (Emax/Hill) modelling of published chondroitin sulfate and diclofenac efficacy data in knee osteoarthritis (Morreale 1996; Pavelka 1999). No absorption or plasma PK data are reported; the only PK statement (total chondroitin sulfate half-life around 15 hours) is cited from other studies. Chondroitin sulfate, not glucosamine.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"no PK/absorption data; re-analysis of previously published efficacy data"},"11878794":{"pmid":"11878794","title":"Pretreatment procedure for the microdetermination of chondroitin sulfate in plasma and urine.","authors":"Sakai S, Onose J, Nakamura H, Toyoda H, Toida T, Imanari T, Linhardt RJ","journal":"Analytical biochemistry","year":"2002","volume":"302","issue":"2","pages":"169-74","doi":"10.1006/abio.2001.5545","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11878794/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose IV PK in mice used to demonstrate analytical method)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Analytical pretreatment method paper; IV pharmacokinetics in mice (no oral absorption). PK results are figure-only (Fig. 2, Fig. 3); no numeric PK values printed in text or tables. Method validation recovery data (Tables 1-3) not extracted.","conclusion":"This new method should be useful for studies on the metabolic fate of exogenously administered glycosaminoglycans in small experimental animals.","limitations":"IV administration only; PK values figure-only; n and dose basis not reported; method paper"},"12062498":{"pmid":"12062498","title":"Molecular-weight-dependent pharmacokinetics and cytotoxic properties of cisplatin complexes prepared with chondroitin sulfate A and C.","authors":"Zhang JS, Imai T, Suenaga A, Otagiri M","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2002","volume":"240","issue":"1-2","pages":"23-31","doi":"10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00111-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12062498/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"IV rat pharmacokinetics of cisplatin (CDDP)-chondroitin sulfate A/C complexes; measured analyte is total/free platinum (cisplatin), not chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate is only the polymeric carrier. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"measured analyte is platinum, not chondroitin sulfate; IV administration"},"12207870":{"pmid":"12207870","title":"High performance liquid chromatographic determination of glucosamine in rat plasma.","authors":"Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Sattari S, Pasutto F, Jamali F","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","year":"2002","volume":"5","issue":"2","pages":"176-80","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207870/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"3","status":"partial","statusNote":"HPLC assay development paper; plasma concentration-time profile after oral glucosamine HCl in rats is figure-only (Fig. 3). No numeric PK values printed in text or tables. Assay validation data (Table 1, recovery) not extracted as absorption data.","conclusion":"The present assay is specific, sensitive, precise, and accurate and is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.","limitations":"method paper; n=3 rats; PK values figure-only; some 4 h and 6 h samples at or below assay sensitivity"},"12207871":{"pmid":"12207871","title":"Single dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of glucosamine in the rat.","authors":"Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Sattari S, Pasutto F, Jamali F","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","year":"2002","volume":"5","issue":"2","pages":"181-4","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207871/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (i.v. and oral crossover in same rats; separate i.p. group)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Glucosamine is rapidly absorbed, highly distributed and efficiently cleared. Since the low bioavailability of the drug is evident only after oral administration, the gut rather than liver is implicated for an apparent large first-pass effect.","limitations":"rats, 350 mg/kg high dose; small n (5-6); concentrations beyond 6 h not measurable (assay sensitivity); terminal t1/2 may be underestimated per authors; exact p-values NR; i.p. group different animals from i.v./oral"},"12214321":{"pmid":"12214321","title":"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate after single and multiple doses to beagle dogs.","authors":"Adebowale A, Du J, Liang Z, Leslie JL, Eddington ND","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","year":"2002","volume":"23","issue":"6","pages":"217-25","doi":"10.1002/bdd.315","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12214321/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Both agents were determined to be bioavailable, and the chondroitin sulfate used in this study was found to accumulate significantly after multiple dosing.","limitations":"Industry funded (Nutramax); Dog study; Chondroitin sulfate measured only as total disaccharides; IV only given as a single dose, so multiple-dose Fa assumes AUCinf IV = AUC0-24h steady state; Several SDs as printed look implausible in scale (e.g. 0.06 on Cmax 19.0; 4.93 on CL 9730); Exact p-values NR"},"13554571":{"pmid":"13554571","title":"Radioactive oxytetracycline (terramycin). III. Effect of glucosamine HCL on serum concentrations.","authors":"SNELL JF, GARKUSCHA R","journal":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)","year":"1958","volume":"98","issue":"1","pages":"148-50","doi":"10.3181/00379727-98-23969","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13554571/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is C14-labelled oxytetracycline (radioactivity in serum) in beagle dogs (Table I, 10 mg/kg oral) and Strain A mice (Table II, 250 mg/kg oral); glucosamine HCl (1:1 with oxytetracycline) was an additive tested for its effect on oxytetracycline serum levels. Glucosamine absorption itself was not measured. Species in list (human) is incorrect: dogs and mice.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"measured analyte is oxytetracycline radioactivity, not glucosamine"},"15083499":{"pmid":"15083499","title":"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate after oral and intravenous single dose administration in the horse.","authors":"Du J, White N, Eddington ND","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","year":"2004","volume":"25","issue":"3","pages":"109-16","doi":"10.1002/bdd.392","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15083499/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (horse)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"Study 1: 10; Study 2: 2","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This study provides the first report of the bioavailability of orally administered GL and LMWCS in the horse.","limitations":"Glucosamine data from only 2 horses (study 2); Glucosamine not quantifiable in study 1 plasma; Oral glucosamine dose 125 mg/kg about 5-10 fold typical equine dose; Chondroitin sulfate measured only as total disaccharides; Industry-donated test materials (Nutramax); SDs for disaccharide parameters as printed look implausibly small; Exact p-values NR; n per table row not stated in Table 1"},"15641100":{"pmid":"15641100","title":"Synovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glucosamine at clinically relevant doses.","authors":"Laverty S, Sandy JD, Celeste C, Vachon P, Marier JF, Plaas AH","journal":"Arthritis and rheumatism","year":"2005","volume":"52","issue":"1","pages":"181-91","doi":"10.1002/art.20762","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641100/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (horse)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Clinically relevant dosing of glucosamine HCl in this large monogastric animal model results in serum and synovial fluid concentrations that are at least 500-fold lower than those reported to modify chondrocyte anabolic and catabolic activities in tissue and cell culture experiments.","limitations":"Horse model, not human; Synovial fluid concentrations 'data not shown' (ranges only); Only glucosamine HCl tested; Cmax units printed as µmoles/hour/liter in Table 2; n=8; Wide interanimal variability"},"15797526":{"pmid":"15797526","title":"High performance liquid chromatographic determination of N-butyryl glucosamine in rat plasma.","authors":"Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Carran J, Anastassiades T, Jamali F","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2005","volume":"819","issue":"1","pages":"91-6","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.01.034","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15797526/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"HPLC assay development for N-butyryl glucosamine (GLBU), an N-acylated glucosamine derivative under development as a drug, in rat plasma; oral GLBU 233 mg/kg PK in 4 rats (Cmax time within 45 min, terminal t1/2 1.4 +/- 0.5 h, AUC0-4h 7.2 +/- 1.2 h ug/mL). Measured analyte is GLBU, not glucosamine or a listed glucosamine form; no glucosamine was detected after GLBU dosing. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"analyte is a glucosamine derivative (N-butyryl glucosamine), not glucosamine"},"16145658":{"pmid":"16145658","title":"Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the assay of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma: validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"Huang TM, Cai L, Yang B, Zhou MX, Shen YF, Duan GL","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2006","volume":"20","issue":"3","pages":"251-6","doi":"10.1002/bmc.558","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16145658/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (three-way, cross-administration)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Analytical method validation paper with a three-way crossover PK / relative bioavailability study of glucosamine sulfate","conclusion":"This method proved to be simple, reproducible and feasible for pharmacokinetic studies of glucosamine sulfate in healthy volunteers after a single oral administration (1500 mg).","limitations":"healthy Chinese males only; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated; bioequivalence CI limits not printed; figure-only concentration-time curve; primary focus is analytical method validation"},"16168682":{"pmid":"16168682","title":"Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man.","authors":"Persiani S, Roda E, Rovati LC, Locatelli M, Giacovelli G, Roda A","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2005","volume":"13","issue":"12","pages":"1041-9","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168682/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (open, Williams variance-balanced design, three dose levels)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Steady-state PK and dose-proportionality of crystalline glucosamine sulfate; no absolute bioavailability (no IV arm)","conclusion":"Glucosamine is bioavailable after oral administration of crystalline glucosamine sulfate, persists in circulation, and its pharmacokinetics support once-daily dosage. Steady state peak concentrations at the therapeutic dose of 1500 mg were in line with those found to be effective in selected in vitro mechanistic studies.","limitations":"small n (12); industry funded (Rottapharm); no IV arm so absolute bioavailability not determined; elimination half-life only tentatively estimated; single formulation tested; Tmax and Css values shown for baseline-subtracted concentrations"},"16426790":{"pmid":"16426790","title":"An optimized reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for evaluating percutaneous absorption of glucosamine hydrochloride.","authors":"Tekko IA, Bonner MC, Williams AC","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2006","volume":"41","issue":"2","pages":"385-92","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16426790/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro permeation study, n = 5 cells)","n":"5 diffusion cells","status":"complete","statusNote":"Analytical HPLC method validation paper with in vitro human skin permeation of glucosamine HCl (on-target, in vitro, topical)","conclusion":"The method was employed successfully to quantify glucosamine after in vitro permeation through human skin with no interference from skin components and thus will be valuable for routine quantitation of glucosamine either following in vitro transdermal permeation or in raw materials and dosage forms.","limitations":"in vitro only; n = 5 cells from three female donors; mainly an assay-validation paper; cumulative permeation values figure-only"},"16740419":{"pmid":"16740419","title":"Determination of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma by precolumn derivatization using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: its application to a bioequivalence study.","authors":"Zhang LJ, Huang TM, Fang XL, Li XN, Wang QS, Zhang ZW, Sha XY","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2006","volume":"842","issue":"1","pages":"8-12","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.045","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16740419/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single dose, two-period, two-treatment)","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"HPLC-fluorescence method validation paper with a two-way crossover bioequivalence study of two glucosamine sulfate capsules","conclusion":"The results of the bioequivalence study indicated that the domestic capsule was bioequivalent to the imported capsule.","limitations":"healthy Chinese males only; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated; CI point estimates not printed; figure-only concentration-time curve; primary focus is analytical method validation"},"16779785":{"pmid":"16779785","title":"Metabolism and biochemical/physiological roles of chondroitin sulfates: analysis of endogenous and supplemental chondroitin sulfates in blood circulation.","authors":"Lamari FN, Theocharis AD, Asimakopoulou AP, Malavaki CJ, Karamanos NK","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2006","volume":"20","issue":"6-7","pages":"539-50","doi":"10.1002/bmc.669","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16779785/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Biomed. Chromatogr. 20:539-550) on chondroitin sulfate metabolism and analytical methods for CS in blood; PubMed type Review; no primary data extracted","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"16818461":{"pmid":"16818461","title":"Effects of oral glucosamine sulphate on serum glucose and insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test of subjects with osteoarthritis.","authors":"Biggee BA, Blinn CM, Nuite M, Silbert JE, McAlindon TE","journal":"Annals of the rheumatic diseases","year":"2007","volume":"66","issue":"2","pages":"260-2","doi":"10.1136/ard.2006.058222","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16818461/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (within-subject crossover-type, four visits)","n":"16","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study of serum glucose and insulin (AUC) during an oral glucose tolerance test with and without 1500 mg glucosamine sulphate; glucosamine concentrations were not measured in this paper","conclusion":"The results suggest that glucosamine ingestion may affect glucose levels and consequent glucose uptake in patients who have untreated diabetes or glucose intolerance.","limitations":"small n; glucosamine absorption not measured in this paper"},"16931183":{"pmid":"16931183","title":"Development and validation of a sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the direct determination of glucosamine in human plasma.","authors":"Roda A, Sabatini L, Barbieri A, Guardigli M, Locatelli M, Violante FS, Rovati LC, Persiani S","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2006","volume":"844","issue":"1","pages":"119-26","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931183/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (method validation with application to a separate bioavailability study described briefly; ref 21)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"LC-MS/MS method validation paper with an application to plasma glucosamine PK (peak concentrations only) and endogenous levels","conclusion":"The new HPLC–ESI-MS/MS method for the measurement of GLcN fulfills all the required analytical characteristics for the analysis of GLcN in human plasma.","limitations":"primarily an analytical validation paper; PK reported only as peak values and a figure; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated; industry-affiliated authors"},"16936295":{"pmid":"16936295","title":"Raised serum chondroitin sulfate epitope level in ovarian epithelial cancer.","authors":"Pothacharoen P, Siriaunkgul S, Ong-Chai S, Supabandhu J, Kumja P, Wanaphirak C, Sugahara K, Hardingham T, Kongtawelert P","journal":"Journal of biochemistry","year":"2006","volume":"140","issue":"4","pages":"517-24","doi":"10.1093/jb/mvj181","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16936295/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"160","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Serum chondroitin sulfate WF6 epitope and hyaluronan as biomarkers in ovarian epithelial cancer; no supplement administration or absorption/PK","conclusion":"These results reflect changes in ECM metabolism in progressive ovarian cancer, which cause an increase in serum CS epitopes and HA.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"17065354":{"pmid":"17065354","title":"Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects.","authors":"Muniyappa R, Karne RJ, Hall G, Crandon SK, Bronstein JA, Ver MR, Hortin GL, Quon MJ","journal":"Diabetes","year":"2006","volume":"55","issue":"11","pages":"3142-50","doi":"10.2337/db06-0714","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17065354/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, placebo-controlled; PK single dose at end of each 6-week period)","n":"40","status":"complete","statusNote":"Randomized crossover safety trial (insulin resistance, endothelial function) with a single-dose plasma glucosamine PK substudy after 6 weeks of 500 mg t.i.d.","conclusion":"We conclude that oral glucosamine at standard doses for 6 weeks does not cause or significantly worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects.","limitations":"PK sampling limited to 4 h; half-life not determined in obese subjects; food status at PK dosing not reported; primary outcomes were metabolic/vascular safety, PK secondary"},"17207418":{"pmid":"17207418","title":"Single dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of butyryl glucosamine in the rat.","authors":"Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Ibrahim A, Carran J, Anastassiades T, Jamali F","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","year":"2006","volume":"9","issue":"3","pages":"359-64","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17207418/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-route animal PK study plus in vitro everted sac and stability studies)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK of the synthetic glucosamine analogue N-butyryl glucosamine (GLcNBu) in rats by i.v., i.p. and oral routes; free glucosamine was not detected, so the measured compound is not glucosamine or a glucosamine metabolite. Data extracted for reference.","conclusion":"GLcNBu has rapid but low absorption by oral administration and is widely distributed and efficiently cleared. The low bioavailability is likely due to an inefficiency of the gastrointestinal transport system.","limitations":"analogue (not glucosamine) measured; rat model; small n per group; GlcN assay has limited sensitivity (LOQ 1.25 mg/L); figure-only concentration-time curves"},"17353133":{"pmid":"17353133","title":"Synovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic dose.","authors":"Persiani S, Rotini R, Trisolino G, Rovati LC, Locatelli M, Paganini D, Antonioli D, Roda A","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2007","volume":"15","issue":"7","pages":"764-72","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17353133/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, single-arm repeated dose","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Glucosamine is bioavailable both systemically and at the site of action (the joint) after oral administration of crystalline glucosamine sulphate in ostaeoarthritis patients. Steady state glucosamine concentrations in plasma and synovial fluid were correlated and in line with those effective in selected in vitro studies.","limitations":"small n (12); industry funded; single sampling time (3 h) post-dose, no full PK profile; synovial fluid volume not determined; no comparator arm; sex differences not statistically analysed"},"17544344":{"pmid":"17544344","title":"Improved and simplified liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the analysis of underivatized glucosamine in human plasma.","authors":"Zhong S, Zhong D, Chen X","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2007","volume":"854","issue":"1-2","pages":"291-8","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17544344/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover (test vs reference), randomization NR","n":"22","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an LC-MS/MS method validation paper; PK data come from a bioequivalence study used as an application example (test product not described, no fed/fasted or dose-basis detail)","conclusion":"By developing the chromatographic conditions, a rapid, sensitive and specific LC/(+) ESI-MS/MS method was developed and validated to directly determine glucosamine in human plasma.","limitations":"method-validation paper; PK is an application example; test formulation not described; fed/fasted state NR; dose basis NR; small n; mean profile figure-only"},"18295513":{"pmid":"18295513","title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride.","authors":"Meulyzer M, Vachon P, Beaudry F, Vinardell T, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2008","volume":"16","issue":"9","pages":"973-9","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18295513/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (horse)","design":"crossover, fixed sequence (not randomized per description), 1-week intervals","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"Animal study (horses): glucosamine sulphate vs hydrochloride by IV and nasogastric routes","conclusion":"Following oral administration of a clinically recommended dose of glucosamine sulphate (Dona), significantly higher synovial fluid concentrations of glucosamine are attained, when compared to an equivalent dose of glucosamine hydrochloride. Whether this difference is translated into a therapeutic effect on the joint tissues remains to be elucidated.","limitations":"animal (horse) model; n=8; single dose only; fixed treatment order; formulations differ (Dona contains excipients); synovial sampling only at 1, 6, 12 h"},"18814196":{"pmid":"18814196","title":"Optimizing high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of glucosamine using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate derivatization in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"Wang X, Chen X, Chen L, Wang B, Peng C, He C, Tang M, Zhang F, Hu J, Li R, Zhao X, Wei Y","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2008","volume":"22","issue":"11","pages":"1265-71","doi":"10.1002/bmc.1056","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18814196/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5","status":"partial","statusNote":"HPLC method validation paper (AQC derivatization); PK in rats is an application example following a single oral dose of glucosamine hydrochloride","conclusion":"A sensitive and reliable HPLC method with fluorescence detection had been established by the derivatization of glucosamine with AQC reagent... was suitable for pharmacokinetic studies","limitations":"method-validation paper; PK is an application example; n=5; single dose, single formulation; variance type for PK values not stated in text; mean concentration-time curve figure-only"},"19214525":{"pmid":"19214525","title":"Glucosamine sulfate effect on the degenerated patellar cartilage: preliminary findings by pharmacokinetic magnetic resonance modeling.","authors":"Martí-Bonmatí L, Sanz-Requena R, Rodrigo JL, Alberich-Bayarri A, Carot JM","journal":"European radiology","year":"2009","volume":"19","issue":"6","pages":"1512-8","doi":"10.1007/s00330-008-1286-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19214525/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Randomized trial of glucosamine sulfate 1500 mg/day vs acetaminophen in patellar cartilage degeneration; 'pharmacokinetic' refers to DCE-MRI contrast-agent (Gd-DTPA-BMA) modelling of cartilage permeability (Ktrans, kep, ve), not glucosamine absorption/PK. No glucosamine concentrations measured.","conclusion":"Glucosamine sulfate treatment has also an effect on the vascular properties and cartilage metabolism.","limitations":""},"19263491":{"pmid":"19263491","title":"Effect of chondroitin sulfate modification on rhBMP-2 release kinetics from collagen delivery system.","authors":"Wang Y, Zhang L, Hu M, Wen W, Xiao H, Niu Y","journal":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A","year":"2010","volume":"92","issue":"2","pages":"693-701","doi":"10.1002/jbm.a.32190","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19263491/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Biomaterials study: release kinetics of 125I-rhBMP-2 from collagen vs collagen-chondroitin sulfate scaffolds (in vitro and rat ectopic implants). Chondroitin sulfate is a scaffold modifier, not an orally absorbed supplement; no supplement absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"It was concluded that surface energy played a significant role in the release PK of implanted rhBMP and higher initial burst is favorable to bone regeneration near the matrix.","limitations":""},"19733270":{"pmid":"19733270","title":"The effects of oral glucosamine on joint health: is a change in research approach needed?","authors":"Block JA, Oegema TR, Sandy JD, Plaas A","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2010","volume":"18","issue":"1","pages":"5-11","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2009.07.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19733270/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Block et al., Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010) of glucosamine biology, with secondary PK tables (Tables II-III) compiled from other studies; no new primary absorption data.","conclusion":"Future research to determine therapeutic mechanisms of GlcN salt preparations will require use of standardized and clinically relevant in vitro assay systems and in vivo animal models for testing, as well as development of new outcome measures for inflammation and pain pathways in human OA.","limitations":""},"19814857":{"pmid":"19814857","title":"Importance of pharmaceutical composition and evidence from clinical trials and pharmacological studies in determining effectiveness of chondroitin sulphate and other glycosaminoglycans: a critique.","authors":"Rainsford KD","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","year":"2009","volume":"61","issue":"10","pages":"1263-70","doi":"10.1211/jpp/61.10.0001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19814857/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Editorial/critique (Rainsford, J Pharm Pharmacol 2009) on chondroitin sulphate and other glycosaminoglycans: clinical-trial discussion; any PK statements (e.g. CS oral bioavailability 15-24%) are secondary citations. Not about glucosamine absorption and no primary data.","conclusion":"The findings from this review show there may be potential value of CS in reducing the dependence on intake of NSAIDs and analgesics in patients with osteoarthritis, while at the same time having favourable safety.","limitations":""},"20117789":{"pmid":"20117789","title":"Development and validation of a sensitive solid phase extraction/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the accurate determination of glucosamine in dog plasma.","authors":"Hubert C, Houari S, Lecomte F, Houbart V, De Bleye C, Fillet M, Piel G, Rozet E, Hubert P","journal":"Journal of chromatography. A","year":"2010","volume":"1217","issue":"19","pages":"3275-81","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20117789/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog)","design":"single-arm","n":"9","status":"partial","statusNote":"Bioanalytical method validation (SPE/HILIC/MS in dog plasma); PK limited to a preliminary single-dose study in 9 dogs with only peak value reported in text","conclusion":"A new sensitive and selective SPE–LC-ESI/MS method for the determination of GLcN in dog plasma was developed.","limitations":"method-validation paper; PK is a preliminary application; few PK values reported (peak only); n=9; variance type not stated; only figure for profile"},"20510382":{"pmid":"20510382","title":"About oral absorption and human pharmacokinetics of chondroitin sulfate.","authors":"Volpi N","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage","year":"2010","volume":"18","issue":"8","pages":"1104-5; author reply 1106-7","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2010.02.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20510382/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Letter to the Editor (Volpi, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010) commenting on Jackson et al. regarding oral absorption of chondroitin sulfate; no primary data (secondary citations/estimates only). Subject is chondroitin sulfate, not glucosamine.","conclusion":"According to the above-illustrated considerations and the data available in International Scientific Literature, the statement reported in the paper of Jackson et al.1 should be changed to the more correct statement \"no evidence for absorption of oral CS into the circulation under any dosing regimen has been found under the experimental conditions used in this study\".","limitations":""},"21220090":{"pmid":"21220090","title":"Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate.","authors":"Miller KL, Clegg DO","journal":"Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America","year":"2011","volume":"37","issue":"1","pages":"103-18","doi":"10.1016/j.rdc.2010.11.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21220090/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Rheum Dis Clin N Am 2011) of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in osteoarthritis; not a primary PK study. Includes a section on preparations, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics summarizing other studies.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, secondary data only"},"21310576":{"pmid":"21310576","title":"Application of a liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method to a kinetic study of derivative glucosamine in healthy human urine.","authors":"Guan Y, Tian Y, Li Y, Yang Z, Jia Y, Hang T, Wen A","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2011","volume":"55","issue":"1","pages":"181-6","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310576/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Primarily an LC/MS/MS urine assay validation paper with a small urinary PK application (single arm). Only urinary parameters reported; no plasma data.","conclusion":"a sensitive and efficient LC/MS/MS method with high selectivity was developed and successfully applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics of glucosamine in volunteers after a single oral administration of 1 g glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets.","limitations":"single-dose design, as stated by authors; urine only, no plasma data; small n (10); single arm, no comparator; assay validation focus; funding NR"},"21601033":{"pmid":"21601033","title":"Identification and quantification of glucosamine in rabbit cartilage and correlation with plasma levels by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Pastorini E, Vecchiotti S, Colliva C, Persiani S, Rotini R, Roatti G, Zaccarelli L, Rovati LC, Roda A","journal":"Analytica chimica acta","year":"2011","volume":"695","issue":"1-2","pages":"77-83","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21601033/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rabbit study; method development paper with a single oral-dose PK application (plasma and pooled cartilage glucosamine).","conclusion":"It was possible to demonstrate that after oral administration of crystalline glucosamine sulfate to rabbits GLcN reached the cartilage and after 3 h dosing the concentrations were 50% higher than baseline values. The GLcN cartilage levels were highly correlated with plasma concentrations which on turn reached the maximum levels early at 1.5–2 h after dosing.","limitations":"rabbit model, single dose, n=6; single arm, no comparator formulation; plasma AUC and other PK parameters not reported; cartilage measured only at 3 h in a pooled sample; type of variance (±) not stated; industry-affiliated authors"},"21733414":{"pmid":"21733414","title":"The glucosamine controversy; a pharmacokinetic issue.","authors":"Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Jamali F","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","year":"2011","volume":"14","issue":"2","pages":"264-73","doi":"10.18433/j3xg6f","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21733414/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2011) of the glucosamine controversy and pharmacokinetics; secondary data from other studies, not a primary PK study.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, secondary data only"},"22031460":{"pmid":"22031460","title":"Quantitation of glucosamine sulfate in plasma by HPLC-MS/MS after administration of powder for oral solution formulation.","authors":"César IC, Byrro RM, de Santana E Silva Cardoso FF, Mundim IM, de Souza Teixeira L, Rezende KR, da Silva EP, Gomes SA, de Sousa VA, Bonfim RR, Pianetti GA","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2012","volume":"26","issue":"7","pages":"851-6","doi":"10.1002/bmc.1740","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22031460/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Primarily an LC-MS/MS plasma assay validation paper with a brief single-arm PK application; only mean values reported (no variance).","conclusion":"A rapid HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitation of glucosamine in human plasma. ... The method was shown to be suitable for routine high-throughput analyses and was successfully applied to quantify glucosamine in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a powder for oral solution formulation.","limitations":"assay validation focus, PK application brief; single-arm, no comparator formulation; no variance reported for PK parameters; small n (12); funding NR"},"22293240":{"pmid":"22293240","title":"Is there any scientific evidence for the use of glucosamine in the management of human osteoarthritis?","authors":"Henrotin Y, Mobasheri A, Marty M","journal":"Arthritis research & therapy","year":"2012","volume":"14","issue":"1","pages":"201","doi":"10.1186/ar3657","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22293240/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review article (Arthritis Res Ther 2012) on evidence for glucosamine in osteoarthritis; secondary data, not a primary PK study.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, secondary data only"},"22488120":{"pmid":"22488120","title":"Absorption and bioavailability of glucosamine in the rat.","authors":"Ibrahim A, Gilzad-kohan MH, Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Jamali F","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2012","volume":"101","issue":"7","pages":"2574-83","doi":"10.1002/jps.23145","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22488120/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (specify): rat PK experiments (parallel dose/route groups, randomized crossover food study with 1-week washout, antibiotic vs saline groups) plus in vitro experiments","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Multi-experiment rat study plus in vitro everted gut and faecal incubation; glucosamine (HCl) on-target. In vivo routes: p.o., i.p., i.v.","conclusion":"The present study suggests a linear pharmacokinetic profile for glucosamine following the examined p.o. doses. We have presented evidence of involvement of GLUT2 in the absorption of glucosamine. The low glucosamine bioavailability appears to be, at least in part, caused by the gut microflora that is efficient in clearing the compound.","limitations":"rat model, not directly applicable to humans (authors note coprophagy); large variability; antibiotic effect not statistically significant; small n per group (3–9); in vitro sac data partly figure-only; Funding NR"},"22722009":{"pmid":"22722009","title":"Glucosamine and adjuvant arthritis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.","authors":"Gilzad-Kohan MH, Jamali F","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2012","volume":"47","issue":"2","pages":"387-93","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722009/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily a pharmacodynamic (adjuvant arthritis, cardiac proteins, verapamil) study; only the glucosamine PK experiment (Table 3, Fig. 7) is extracted. Verapamil enantiomer PK (Table 2) is a different analyte and was not extracted.","conclusion":"Inflammation did not influence pharmacokinetics of GlcN and the density of ryanodine-2 protein. GlcN has controlling effect on AA and restores the down-regulating effect of AA on cardiac proteins and response to verapamil, perhaps, through its anti-inflammatory properties.","limitations":"rat model; n=6 per group, single dose; fasting state not stated; PK of GlcN only one sub-experiment of a mainly pharmacodynamic paper; funding NR"},"22850875":{"pmid":"22850875","title":"Crystalline glucosamine sulfate in the management of knee osteoarthritis: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties.","authors":"Rovati LC, Girolami F, Persiani S","journal":"Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease","year":"2012","volume":"4","issue":"3","pages":"167-80","doi":"10.1177/1759720X12437753","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22850875/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review article (Ther Adv Musculoskel Dis 2012, Rovati et al.) of crystalline glucosamine sulfate efficacy, safety and PK; secondary data, not a primary PK study.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, secondary data only; authors affiliated with Rottapharm|Madaus (manufacturer)"},"23830943":{"pmid":"23830943","title":"Bioavailability enhancement of glucosamine hydrochloride by chitosan.","authors":"Qian S, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Lee B, Betageri GV, Chow MS, Huang M, Zuo Z","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2013","volume":"455","issue":"1-2","pages":"365-73","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.055","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23830943/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro; rodent (rat); other animal (beagle dog)","design":"other (specify): in vitro Caco-2; parallel-group rat PK; randomized two-period two-sequence crossover in dogs (separate crossovers for solutions and tablets)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Multi-experiment paper: Caco-2 transport, rat PK (chitosan dose-response) and beagle dog randomized crossover PK of chitosan-containing glucosamine HCl vs commercial products. Cytotoxicity (MTT, LC50) results not extracted.","conclusion":"Our study showed that chitosan could significantly enhance the intestinal permeability of glucosamine by reversibly opening the tight junction of intestinal epithelium cells. Further in vivo studies in rats and beagle dogs demonstrated that the presence of chitosan could increase the plasma concentration and bioavailability of glucosamine without altering its elimination. Chitosan can serve as an effective absorption enhancer for glucosamine.","limitations":"animal and in vitro only; authors state further clinical studies needed; small n (4–6 per dog crossover; 5 per rat group); dog fed/fasted state not stated; relative bioavailability presented without variance or CI; industry co-funded/affiliated authors (Comprehensive Drug Enterprises); dog solution crossover n=4"},"23954236":{"pmid":"23954236","title":"In vivo evaluation of chondroitin sulfate-glycyl-prednisolone for anti-arthritic effectiveness and pharmacokinetic characteristics.","authors":"Onishi H, Isoda Y, Matsuyama M","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2013","volume":"456","issue":"1","pages":"113-20","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23954236/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and efficacy)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK study of chondroitin sulfate-glycyl-prednisolone (CS-GP) conjugate and prednisolone (plasma PD, i.v. in rats); no glucosamine or glucosamine-form analyte measured. Chondroitin sulfate is only the carrier; its levels were not measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"off-target analyte; data sections skipped"},"23954851":{"pmid":"23954851","title":"Antioxidant activity and structural modifications of serum chondroitin sulfate in Graves' disease.","authors":"Winsz-Szczotka K, Komosińska-Vassev K, Kuźnik-Trocha K, Olczyk K","journal":"Clinical biochemistry","year":"2014","volume":"47","issue":"1-2","pages":"19-24","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.08.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23954851/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational study of endogenous serum glycosaminoglycans/chondroitin sulfate and oxidative-stress markers in Graves' disease patients vs controls; no supplement administered, no absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"not absorption-related"},"23958197":{"pmid":"23958197","title":"The antiinflammatory action and pharmacokinetics of a novel glucosamine-based di-peptide aminosugar.","authors":"Gilzad-Kohan MH, Kaur K, Jamali F","journal":"Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques","year":"2013","volume":"16","issue":"2","pages":"279-88","doi":"10.18433/j3s898","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958197/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (randomly assigned)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of oral GlcN vs glycine-valine ester prodrug GVG (and VGG, FFG) with plasma GlcN as the bioavailability measure; efficacy (adjuvant arthritis) data not extracted.","conclusion":"A novel dipeptide ester of GlcN, GVG, is found to have an increased bioavailability assessed using a novel HPLC method.","limitations":"rat study; oral dose only; no IV reference so absolute bioavailability not given; n inconsistent (8-10 vs 8-11); funding not stated; AUC only to 4 h"},"25273387":{"pmid":"25273387","title":"Chondroitin sulfate-glycyl-prednisolone conjugate as arthritis targeting system: localization and drug release in inflammatory joints.","authors":"Onishi H, Yoshida R, Matsuyama M","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"2014","volume":"37","issue":"10","pages":"1641-9","doi":"10.1248/bpb.b14-00390","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25273387/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and tissue distribution)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK/joint distribution study of chondroitin sulfate-glycyl-prednisolone (CS-GP) conjugate and prednisolone (free/total/conjugated PD) after i.v. dosing in arthritic rats; no glucosamine or glucosamine-form analyte measured; CS is only the carrier.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"off-target analyte; data sections skipped"},"25417766":{"pmid":"25417766","title":"Glucosamine enhances paracetamol bioavailability by reducing its metabolism.","authors":"Qinna NA, Shubbar MH, Matalka KZ, Al-Jbour N, Ghattas MA, Badwan AA","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2015","volume":"104","issue":"1","pages":"257-65","doi":"10.1002/jps.24269","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25417766/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Glucosamine was the co-administered modifier; the measured analyte was serum paracetamol (AUC, Cmax) in rats; GlcN concentrations were not measured. Study of glucosamine effect on paracetamol bioavailability/metabolism.","conclusion":"GlcN can increase the relative BA of paracetamol through reducing its metabolism.","limitations":"off-target analyte (paracetamol); data sections skipped"},"25802209":{"pmid":"25802209","title":"Sensitive and rapid analytical method for the quantification of glucosamine in human plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Yang W, Zheng X, Simpemba E, Ma P, Ding L","journal":"Journal of separation science","year":"2015","volume":"38","issue":"11","pages":"1866-71","doi":"10.1002/jssc.201401424","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25802209/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label randomized (single-center, open, randomized trial)","n":"2","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an LC-MS/MS method validation paper; PK data are from one subject per dose (n=2 total) in a brief application section.","conclusion":"The method was successfully applied to the quantification of endogenous glucosamine in human plasma and characterization of the pharmacokinetic profile of glucosamine after oral administration of two doses.","limitations":"n=1 per dose; method validation focus; no variance reported; dose mapping to values by text order; funding NR"},"26262626":{"pmid":"26262626","title":"Metabolomic Analysis of Blood Plasma after Oral Administration of N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine in Dogs.","authors":"Osaki T, Kurozumi S, Sato K, Terashi T, Azuma K, Murahata Y, Tsuka T, Ito N, Imagawa T, Minami S, Okamoto Y","journal":"Marine drugs","year":"2015","volume":"13","issue":"8","pages":"5007-15","doi":"10.3390/md13085007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26262626/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, beagle)","design":"single-arm (before/after)","n":"3","status":"partial","statusNote":"Metabolomics study; the only absorption-relevant result is that plasma GlcNAc was undetectable before and after oral dosing. Changes in endogenous metabolites (ectoine etc., Table 1) are not absorption outcomes and were not extracted.","conclusion":"In this study, oral administration of GlcNAc increased ectoine levels in the plasma.","limitations":"n=3; no PK sampling; sampling time relative to dose NR; industry supplier among authors"},"26878084":{"pmid":"26878084","title":"Glucosamine-anchored doxorubicin-loaded targeted nano-niosomes: pharmacokinetic, toxicity and pharmacodynamic evaluation.","authors":"Pawar S, Shevalkar G, Vavia P","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","year":"2016","volume":"24","issue":"8","pages":"730-43","doi":"10.3109/1061186X.2016.1154560","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26878084/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, toxicity, efficacy)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Glucosamine is only a targeting ligand (N-lauryl glucosamine, NLG) on doxorubicin niosomes; the PK analyte measured is doxorubicin, not glucosamine or a glucosamine supplement form.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"off-target analyte; data sections skipped"},"27108107":{"pmid":"27108107","title":"Safety assessment of non-animal chondroitin sulfate sodium: Subchronic study in rats, genotoxicity tests and human bioavailability.","authors":"Miraglia N, Bianchi D, Trentin A, Volpi N, Soni MG","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","year":"2016","volume":"93","issue":"","pages":"89-101","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27108107/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single center, single dose, open-label, two-way)","n":"24","status":"partial","statusNote":"Safety paper (rat 90-day toxicity, genotoxicity) plus human crossover PK of microbial chondroitin sulfate sodium (CSS) vs bovine CS. Chondroitin sulfate is in scope (glucosamine form); only the human PK (Table 7, total plasma CS) is extracted; disaccharide-level PK values and rat/genotoxicity sections not extracted.","conclusion":"the results of a human bioavailability study suggest that microbial derived CSS is equivalent to chondroitin sulfate from animal sources.","limitations":"industry funded (Gnosis S.p.A.); very large SDs relative to means; Table 7 does not state statistic type; single total-CS values only; disaccharide values not tabulated"},"27150471":{"pmid":"27150471","title":"Poly-ion Complex of Chondroitin Sulfate and Spermine and Its Effect on Oral Chondroitin Sulfate Bioavailability.","authors":"Ge D, Higashi K, Ito D, Nagano K, Ishikawa R, Terui Y, Higashi K, Moribe K, Linhardt RJ, Toida T","journal":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"2016","volume":"64","issue":"5","pages":"390-8","doi":"10.1248/cpb.c15-00940","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150471/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal oral absorption)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Oral chondroitin sulfate (CS) absorption in mice from CS-spermine poly-ion complexes (CS measured as plasma disaccharides by HPLC); no glucosamine or glucosamine-form analyte measured.","conclusion":"High formation efficiency and electrically neutral surface charge of PIC particles are important factors for oral CS bioavailability.","limitations":"off-target analyte; data sections skipped"},"27474544":{"pmid":"27474544","title":"Polyethylene glycol-conjugated chondroitin sulfate A derivative nanoparticles for tumor-targeted delivery of anticancer drugs.","authors":"Lee JY, Park JH, Lee JJ, Lee SY, Chung SJ, Cho HJ, Kim DD","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","year":"2016","volume":"151","issue":"","pages":"68-77","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27474544/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation comparison, IV PK)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"IV pharmacokinetics in rats of doxorubicin (DOX) delivered in chondroitin sulfate A-deoxycholic acid-PEG nanoparticles; measured analyte is DOX, not glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate A is only the nanocarrier polymer.","conclusion":"Developed CSD-PEG NPs can be a promising delivery vehicle for the therapy of CD44 receptor-expressing ovarian cancers.","limitations":"measured analyte is doxorubicin, not the listed supplement; PK data not extracted (off-target)"},"28502673":{"pmid":"28502673","title":"Glucosamine modulates propranolol pharmacokinetics via intestinal permeability in rats.","authors":"Al Shaker HA, Qinna NA, Badr M, Al Omari MMH, Idkaidek N, Matalka KZ, Badwan AA","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2017","volume":"105","issue":"","pages":"137-143","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28502673/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal drug-interaction PK, in situ perfusion, everted sac, hepatocytes)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK of propranolol (PROP) when co-administered with glucosamine HCl (GlcN), cimetidine or rifampin; the measured analyte is serum propranolol. GlcN itself was not measured.","conclusion":"GlcN decreased PROP serum levels in rats in a dose-dependent manner as evident by a significant reduction in the calculated Cmax and AUC values.","limitations":"measured analyte is propranolol, not glucosamine; PK data not extracted (off-target)"},"29403716":{"pmid":"29403716","title":"Precolumn derivatization LC-MS/MS method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of glucosamine in human plasma and urine.","authors":"Song M, Hang TJ, Wang C, Yang L, Wen AD","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical analysis","year":"2012","volume":"2","issue":"1","pages":"19-28","doi":"10.1016/j.jpha.2011.08.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29403716/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, randomized, parallel-group","n":"30","status":"complete","statusNote":"Primarily a bioanalytical method paper with an application PK study in healthy volunteers.","conclusion":"The validated method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics in health Chinese volunteers.","limitations":"small n (10 per group); tablet also contained chondroitin sulfate; dose expressed as glucosamine sulfate; figure-only concentration-time profiles; baseline correction not stated"},"30275684":{"pmid":"30275684","title":"Glucosamine-paracetamol spray-dried solid dispersions with maximized intrinsic dissolution rate, bioavailability and decreased levels of in vivo toxic metabolites.","authors":"Ali AMA, Khames A, Alrobaian MM, Hamaidi M, Abourehab MA","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","year":"2018","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"3071-3084","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S176099","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30275684/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"other (animal formulation comparison)","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rabbit PK of paracetamol (and its metabolites) from paracetamol-glucosamine HCl spray-dried solid dispersions; the measured analyte is paracetamol. Glucosamine is a coformer and was not measured in plasma. Also in vitro solubility and intrinsic dissolution of paracetamol.","conclusion":"The spray-dried dispersions support safer and more effective delivery of multiple doses of paracetamol, leading to an acceleration of its analgesic actions.","limitations":"measured analyte is paracetamol, not glucosamine; PK data not extracted (off-target)"},"30952184":{"pmid":"30952184","title":"Conjugating glucosamine to triptolide to enhance its protective effect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduce its toxicity.","authors":"Zhou P, Sun X, Gong T, Zhang Z, Zhang L","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","year":"2014","volume":"22","issue":"3","pages":"200-210","doi":"10.3109/1061186X.2013.856011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30952184/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal tissue distribution and efficacy)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Mouse tissue distribution/PK and rat renal efficacy/toxicity of a triptolide-glucosamine conjugate (TPG) versus triptolide (TP). Measured analytes are TP and TPG (a drug-glucosamine conjugate used for kidney targeting), not glucosamine supplement.","conclusion":"TPG shows greater efficacy and lower toxicity than TP alone in mice and rats, suggesting that it merits further study in clinical trials as a potential next-generation treatment for immunological renal diseases.","limitations":"measured analytes are triptolide and its glucosamine conjugate, not the glucosamine supplement; PK data not extracted (off-target)"},"31040673":{"pmid":"31040673","title":"Characterization and bioactivity of self-assembled anti-angiogenic chondroitin sulfate-ES2-AF nanoparticle conjugate.","authors":"Xing L, Sun F, Wang Z, Li Y, Yang Z, Wang F, Zhai G, Tan H","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2019","volume":"14","issue":"","pages":"2573-2589","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S195934","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31040673/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK of conjugate vs peptide)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Chondroitin sulfate (CS)-peptide nanoparticle conjugate (CS-ES2-AF); mouse blood PK of FITC-labelled ES2-AF peptide and FITC-CS-ES2-AF (fluorescence). Measured analytes are the anti-angiogenic peptide and its CS conjugate, not glucosamine or free chondroitin sulfate. CS is the carrier.","conclusion":"CS is an effective protein/peptide modifier, and CS-ES2-AF displayed good potential in tumor targeting therapy.","limitations":"measured analyte is a peptide/CS conjugate, not the listed supplement; PK data not extracted (off-target)"},"31483870":{"pmid":"31483870","title":"Asiatic Acid Glucosamine Salt Alleviates Ultraviolet B-induced Photoaging of Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Nude Mouse Skin.","authors":"Huang J, Tu T, Wang W, Zhou G, Zhang W, Wu X, Liu W","journal":"Photochemistry and photobiology","year":"2020","volume":"96","issue":"1","pages":"124-138","doi":"10.1111/php.13160","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31483870/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro and in vivo efficacy)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro (human dermal fibroblasts) and nude mouse efficacy study of asiatic acid glucosamine salt (AAGS) against UVB photoaging. No absorption, pharmacokinetic or bioavailability measurements are reported; 'highly bioavailable' is only a claim in the abstract.","conclusion":"Thus, AAGS may become a potential anti-photoaging agent for topical use due to its capability of self-assembling into a water gel.","limitations":"no absorption data"},"31704130":{"pmid":"31704130","title":"A novel and sensitive HILIC-CAD method for glucosamine quantification in plasma and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"Asthana C, Peterson GM, Shastri MD, Patel RP","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2020","volume":"178","issue":"","pages":"112954","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112954","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31704130/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"12","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily a HILIC-CAD bioanalytical method validation paper; application section reports steady-state minimum plasma glucosamine (Css min) in 12 OA patients as ranges only (no group means).","conclusion":"this is the first study to indicate that large inter-patient variability in the pharmacokinetics of glucosamine could be a reason for the previously reported inconsistent clinical outcomes in patients taking glucosamine for the management of OA.","limitations":"very small n (12); single trough sample per patient; no full PK profile; exogenous level estimated by difference from a separate endogenous sample; glucosamine form and brand not stated; no mean or median reported, ranges only; observational with no dosing control"},"31956378":{"pmid":"31956378","title":"Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate: Pharmacokinetic Investigation in Osteoarthritic Rat Models.","authors":"Fonsi M, El Amrani AI, Gervais F, Vincent P","journal":"Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental","year":"2020","volume":"92","issue":"","pages":"100573","doi":"10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.100573","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31956378/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"IA injection in MIA-induced OA rats; CS measured as 14C radioactivity (plasma and knee). Hyaluronic acid (3H-HA) data in the same tables are not extracted (not the listed supplement).","conclusion":"HA and CS showed PK behavior similarly characterized by prolonged residence inside the joint and slow release in plasma, favoring long-term beneficial effects.","limitations":"intra-articular route, not oral absorption; radioactivity measured, not intact chondroitin sulfate; small n (3 rats per time point; composite profile); one knee 24 h sample excluded; industry sponsored; MIA rat model progresses faster than human OA"},"32061694":{"pmid":"32061694","title":"Chondroitin sulfate and its nanocomposites with protamine or chitosan stabilize and deliver available nanosized iron.","authors":"Feng G, Tang S, Gang Y, Zeng M, Wu H","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2020","volume":"150","issue":"","pages":"501-508","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32061694/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Caco-2 iron uptake (calcein quenching) from chondroitin sulfate-stabilized ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticles; measured analyte is iron, not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate is only a carrier/template. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"Overall, the present study provides a more facile and greener alternative route to synthesize the bioavailable nano-sized iron.","limitations":"off-target analyte (iron); in vitro only"},"32064982":{"pmid":"32064982","title":"Sublingual delivery of chondroitin sulfate conjugated tapentadol loaded nanovesicles for the treatment of osteoarthritis.","authors":"Bishnoi M, Jain A, Singla Y, Shrivastava B","journal":"Journal of liposome research","year":"2021","volume":"31","issue":"1","pages":"30-44","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2020.1730400","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32064982/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation PK in animals)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK of tapentadol HCl in sublingual nanovesicles surface-conjugated with chondroitin sulfate (targeting ligand). Measured analyte is tapentadol, not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"It could be a propitious approach to accustomed therapies for methodical and efficient management in advanced OA therapy.","limitations":"off-target analyte (tapentadol)"},"32713600":{"pmid":"32713600","title":"Variation in Plasma Levels of Glucosamine With Chronic Dosing: A Possible Reason for Inconsistent Clinical Outcomes in Osteoarthritis.","authors":"Asthana C, Peterson GM, Shastri MD, Jones G, Patel RP","journal":"Clinical therapeutics","year":"2020","volume":"42","issue":"8","pages":"e140-e149","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713600/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (observational pilot study of steady-state trough concentrations, self-selected products)","n":"91","status":"complete","statusNote":"Steady-state trough plasma glucosamine in OA patients taking their own supplement; single time point per participant (24 h post-dose), so Cmax/AUC not measured.","conclusion":"The results of this study suggest that differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of glucosamine and resulting plasma concentrations could, at least in part, be a possible reason for the observed discrepancy in clinical outcomes in patients with OA.","limitations":"only verbal self-report of compliance; clinical outcomes not examined; pilot study; brand/dose/salt self-selected, uncontrolled; single trough sample per participant; no Cmax/AUC; DONA brand not used by any participant; Actual Css min derived by subtraction of endogenous level"},"32786291":{"pmid":"32786291","title":"Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate 9-18 Oligomers Exhibit Molecular Size-Independent Antithrombotic Activity while Circulating in the Blood.","authors":"Yan L, Wang D, Yu Y, Zhang F, Ye X, Linhardt RJ, Chen S","journal":"ACS chemical biology","year":"2020","volume":"15","issue":"8","pages":"2232-2246","doi":"10.1021/acschembio.0c00439","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32786291/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, parallel groups)","n":"10","status":"partial","statusNote":"Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) oligosaccharides from sea cucumber (antithrombotic drug candidates, not the chondroitin sulfate dietary supplement itself); ambiguous whether on-target for listed supplement (Glucosamine, form chondroitin sulfate). Only a small absorption experiment (SC injection of FITC-labeled FCS in rats); most of the paper is anticoagulant pharmacology (not extracted).","conclusion":"By FITC labeling, we found that both types of FCS 6-mer to 18-mer were rapidly absorbed into the blood after subcutaneous administration in rats and appreciable quantities of them were cleared through the kidneys in ∼5 h.","limitations":"subcutaneous route, not oral; fluorescent (FITC) label, mixture of oligomers; n = 5 per group, no variance or Cmax/AUC reported; concentration data figure-only; analyte is fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber, not supplement chondroitin sulfate"},"32829784":{"pmid":"32829784","title":"MCM-41/chondroitin sulfate hybrid hydrogels with remarkable mechanical properties and superabsorption of methylene blue.","authors":"Veregue FR, de Lima HHC, Ribeiro SC, Almeida MS, da Silva CTP, Guilherme MR, Rinaldi AW","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","year":"2020","volume":"247","issue":"","pages":"116558","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116558","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829784/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (materials characterization)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Materials science: chondroitin sulfate/MCM-41 hydrogels for water absorption and methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution. No biological absorption or pharmacokinetics.","conclusion":"Hybrid hydrogel based on CS network and MCM-41 was synthetized for the removal of MB from aqueous environments.","limitations":"not absorption-related"},"33026610":{"pmid":"33026610","title":"Chondroitin sulfate conjugation facilitates tumor cell internalization of albumin nanoparticles for brain-targeted delivery of temozolomide via CD44 receptor-mediated targeting.","authors":"Kudarha RR, Sawant KK","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","year":"2021","volume":"11","issue":"5","pages":"1994-2008","doi":"10.1007/s13346-020-00861-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33026610/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation PK/biodistribution)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Temozolomide-loaded albumin nanoparticles conjugated with chondroitin sulfate as CD44-targeting ligand; rat PK and biodistribution measure temozolomide, not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"From all obtained results, it may be concluded that CS-TNPs are promising carrier to deliver TMZ to the brain for targeted therapy of brain tumor.","limitations":"off-target analyte (temozolomide)"},"33049960":{"pmid":"33049960","title":"Dietary Supplementation with Palmitoyl-Glucosamine Co-Micronized with Curcumin Relieves Osteoarthritis Pain and Benefits Joint Mobility.","authors":"Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Siracusa R, Fusco R, D'Amico R, Paola RD, Schievano C, Cuzzocrea S, Crupi R","journal":"Animals : an open access journal from MDPI","year":"2020","volume":"10","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ani10101827","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33049960/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (pharmacodynamic efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study of oral palmitoyl-glucosamine co-micronized with curcumin in rat carrageenan and MIA osteoarthritis models (edema, pain, histology, cytokines). No plasma concentration, absorption or PK measurements.","conclusion":"PGA-Cur emerged as a useful dietary intervention for OA.","limitations":"not absorption-related"},"33278965":{"pmid":"33278965","title":"Chondroitin sulfate-hybridized zein nanoparticles for tumor-targeted delivery of docetaxel.","authors":"Lee HS, Kang NW, Kim H, Kim DH, Chae JW, Lee W, Song GY, Cho CW, Kim DD, Lee JY","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","year":"2021","volume":"253","issue":"","pages":"117187","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117187","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33278965/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation PK / tumor targeting)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Docetaxel-loaded zein nanoparticles hybridized with chondroitin sulfate as CD44-targeting ligand; mouse PK measures docetaxel (and Cy5.5 imaging), not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"The NPs exhibited improved pharmacokinetic properties (9.5-fold longer terminal half-life, versus free docetaxel) and anti-tumor efficacy comparable to Taxotere with negligible systemic toxicity, suggesting zein/CS NPs could be a promising nanoplatform for targeted cancer therapy.","limitations":"off-target analyte (docetaxel)"},"33424274":{"pmid":"33424274","title":"Developed simvastatin chitosan nanoparticles co-crosslinked with tripolyphosphate and chondroitin sulfate for ASGPR-mediated targeted HCC delivery with enhanced oral bioavailability.","authors":"Faris TM, Harisa GI, Alanazi FK, Samy AM, Nasr FA","journal":"Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society","year":"2020","volume":"28","issue":"12","pages":"1851-1867","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33424274/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation PK)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Simvastatin chitosan nanoparticles cross-linked with tripolyphosphate and chondroitin sulfate (hepatic targeting ligand); rat oral PK measures simvastatin and simvastatin acid, not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"These findings demonstrated that hepatic-targeted CSChSNPs delivering SV could potentially serve as a promising platform for HCC and other liver-related diseases.","limitations":"off-target analyte (simvastatin)"},"33864528":{"pmid":"33864528","title":"Chondroitin Sulfate/Polycaprolactone/Gelatin Electrospun Nanofibers with Antithrombogenicity and Enhanced Endothelial Cell Affinity as a Potential Scaffold for Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering.","authors":"Kong X, He Y, Zhou H, Gao P, Xu L, Han Z, Yang L, Wang M","journal":"Nanoscale research letters","year":"2021","volume":"16","issue":"1","pages":"62","doi":"10.1186/s11671-021-03518-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864528/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (materials characterization)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Materials/biomaterials study: electrospun chondroitin sulfate/polycaprolactone/gelatin nanofibers tested for antithrombogenicity (coagulation time, platelet adhesion) and endothelial cell affinity in vitro. No absorption or pharmacokinetics.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"not absorption-related"},"34082970":{"pmid":"34082970","title":"Improved drug delivery and accelerated diabetic wound healing by chondroitin sulfate grafted alginate-based thermoreversible hydrogels.","authors":"Shah SA, Sohail M, Khan SA, Kousar M","journal":"Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications","year":"2021","volume":"126","issue":"","pages":"112169","doi":"10.1016/j.msec.2021.112169","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34082970/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit; wound-healing study in rat)","design":"parallel (two groups, randomly divided)","n":"12 (6 rabbits per group, Methods 2.6.1)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is curcumin (PK in rabbits, subcutaneous). Chondroitin sulfate is only a hydrogel carrier; no glucosamine or chondroitin absorption/PK measured.","conclusion":"The developed injectable hydrogel exhibited controlled drug release properties, well-distributed microporous structure, and high diabetic wound healing and tissue-restructuring potential.","limitations":"off-target analyte (curcumin); SC route in rabbit; dose inconsistent between Methods and Results; several SD values inconsistent between Table 2 and text; sampling times not stated in text; table footnote says triplicates while Methods says 6 rabbits per group"},"34977371":{"pmid":"34977371","title":"N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine improves the intestinal development and nutrient absorption of weaned piglets via regulating the activity of intestinal stem cells.","authors":"Wang Z, Hu J, Yang X, Yin L, Wang M, Yin Y, Li J, Yang H, Yin Y","journal":"Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui)","year":"2022","volume":"8","issue":"1","pages":"10-17","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34977371/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"parallel (randomized 3 dietary treatments, 28 d)","n":"24","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Dietary N-acetyl-D-glucosamine given to weaned piglets; paper measures nutrient digestibility (DM, CP, ash, GE), intestinal morphology and transporter mRNA. Absorption/PK of D-GlcNAc itself was not measured.","conclusion":"D-GlcNAc can improve the intestinal development and nutrient absorption of weaned piglets via regulating the activity of intestinal stem cells.","limitations":"off-target: D-GlcNAc absorption not measured; small n (8 per group, single-housed); acid-insoluble ash marker may overestimate digestibility (authors); only Phase 2 digestibility; transporter mRNA (Table 8) and organoid data not recorded as PK"},"35872320":{"pmid":"35872320","title":"Silymarin nanocrystals-laden chondroitin sulphate-based thermoreversible hydrogels; A promising approach for bioavailability enhancement.","authors":"Jabeen N, Sohail M, Shah SA, Mahmood A, Khan S, Kashif MUR, Khaliq T","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2022","volume":"218","issue":"","pages":"456-472","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.114","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35872320/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"parallel (three groups)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is silymarin (subcutaneous PK in rabbits). Chondroitin sulfate is only a hydrogel carrier; no glucosamine/chondroitin absorption measured.","conclusion":"the nanocrystals-loaded thermoresponsive injectable hydrogel system fabricated in this study provides high drug loading as well as controlled and stable release of hydrophobic drug for an extended time duration to achieve desirable aqueous solubility and bioavailability of a drug.","limitations":"off-target analyte (silymarin); subcutaneous route in rabbits; n and statistics ambiguous (n = 6 in Fig. 9 vs 'triplicates' in Table footnote); AUC SD inconsistent between Table 3 and text; sampling times not listed in text"},"35956389":{"pmid":"35956389","title":"Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Chitosan-Derived and Biofermentation-Derived Glucosamine in Nutritional Supplement for Bone Health.","authors":"Kang HE, Kim SJ, Yeo EJ, Hong J, Rajgopal A, Hu C, Murray MA, Dang J, Park E","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2022","volume":"14","issue":"15","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu14153213","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35956389/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, single dose)","n":"20 enrolled; 18 analyzed","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Our current finding is the first to outline the bioavailability of biofermentation-based glucosamine, indicating bioequivalence to the traditional chitosan-based glucosamine.","limitations":"industry funded; small n (18 analyzed); high intrasubject variability for Cmax (ANOVA-CV 35.1%); sparse sampling near Tmax (authors); Tmax and half-life only descriptive (CI ND); sampling only to 8 h"},"36034319":{"pmid":"36034319","title":"Conversion of calcium-l-methylfolate and (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine salt into dietary folate equivalents.","authors":"Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Peláez C, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Abrahantes JC, Dumas C, Ercolano V, Titz A, Pentieva K","journal":"EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority","year":"2022","volume":"20","issue":"8","pages":"e07452","doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7452","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36034319/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (regulatory scientific opinion / systematic review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"EFSA NDA Panel scientific opinion (systematic review) on conversion of 5-MTHF (calcium-L-methylfolate and 5-MTHF glucosamine salt) into dietary folate equivalents. Analyte is folate; glucosamine is only the counter-ion of the 5-MTHF salt. Not a primary glucosamine absorption study; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"At 400 μg/day, 5-MTHF was found to be more bioavailable than folic acid and a conversion factor of 2 is proposed for this intake level and for higher intakes.","limitations":"review/regulatory opinion, not a primary PK study; analyte is folate, not glucosamine"},"36436864":{"pmid":"36436864","title":"H(2)O(2)-TiO(2) photocatalytic degradation of chondroitin sulfate and in vivo absorption and excertion of its product.","authors":"Tian W, You Y, Sun X, Wang L, Wang L, Wang S, Ai C, Song S","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","year":"2023","volume":"301","issue":"Pt A","pages":"120295","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120295","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36436864/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: Blank, CS, LWCS6)","n":"18","status":"partial","statusNote":"Oral chondroitin sulfate (CS) and photocatalytically degraded CS (LWCS6) in rats; Cmax and fecal excretion printed in text, plasma profile and urine/feces time courses figure-only. Chondroitin sulfate analyzed as the listed form (forms_from_list); glucosamine itself not measured.","conclusion":"In vivo experiments in rats demonstrated that the degraded CS showed a better absorption performance than original CS. ... the photocatalytic degradation ... could be applied to enhance the absorption of CS in vivo.","limitations":"rat study; plasma profile figure-only; no AUC/Tmax tabulated; large fecal excretion variability (SD 21.43 on 28.28); dosing schedule ambiguous (second gavage after 1 day); DMMB assay measures sulfated saccharides generally; glucosamine not measured"},"37440435":{"pmid":"37440435","title":"Quantification of orally administered chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides in human plasma and urine.","authors":"Mizuta H, Kawahara S, Tsutsumi N, Miyamoto N","journal":"Glycobiology","year":"2023","volume":"33","issue":"9","pages":"755-763","doi":"10.1093/glycob/cwad054","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37440435/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (open-label, non-randomized, repeated single-dose crossover-type with at least 3-day intervals)","n":"5","status":"partial","statusNote":"Oral chondroitin sulfate (listed form) in 5 humans; urinary Exo-CS per 24 h tabulated for individuals; plasma data for CS tetrasaccharide figure-only; plasma for CSOS/HMWCS 'no quantitative results (data not shown)'. Glucosamine not measured.","conclusion":"our results demonstrated for the first time that lower molecular weight of chondroitin sulfate is more efficiently absorbed through the digestive tract in human, and the improvement of its bioavailability is expected.","limitations":"n = 5 participants; urinary Exo-CS used as surrogate for absorption; negative Exo-CS values after HMWCS in participant 2; plasma not quantifiable for polydisperse CS ('data not shown'); industry employees/corporate research; no statistical test details given for 'significantly lower'; not randomized"},"37441137":{"pmid":"37441137","title":"Chondroitin sulfate functionalized palmitic acid and cysteine cografted-quaternized chitosan for CD44 and gut microbiota dual-targeted delivery of curcumin.","authors":"Xie Y, Xu W, Jin Z, Zhao K","journal":"Materials today. Bio","year":"2023","volume":"20","issue":"","pages":"100617","doi":"10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100617","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37441137/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups, randomly divided)","n":"9","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is curcumin (oral nanoparticles in rats). Chondroitin sulfate is only a nanoparticle surface ligand; no glucosamine/chondroitin absorption measured. PK parameters are in supplementary Table S2, not in the PDF.","conclusion":"This study demonstrates that CUR@Chs-PNC NPs, which exhibit excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, on-demand drug release property, and CD44 and GM dual-targeted capacities, have the potential for further application in the treatment of colitis.","limitations":"off-target analyte (curcumin); n = 3 per group; PK parameter values only in supplementary Table S2; no numeric AUC/Cmax in main text"},"37949274":{"pmid":"37949274","title":"Chondroitin sulfate and chitosan-coated liposomes as a novel delivery system for betanin: Preparation, characterization and in vitro digestion behavior.","authors":"Guan Y, Ning Y, Xu Z, Zhou C, Zhao Z","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"254","issue":"Pt 3","pages":"128001","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37949274/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation/digestion study)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"In vitro digestion/release of betanin from liposomes; chondroitin sulfate is only a coating layer. No glucosamine/chondroitin absorption or PK measured.","conclusion":"SCNPS better absorbed betanin in the intestinal phase, and released betanin more slowly than NPS and CNPS. In summary, SCNPS is a promising delivery system that can stabilize and protect betanin in different chemical environments and in vitro digestion.","limitations":"off-target analyte (betanin); in vitro only; n and variance NR for release values; cumulative vs stage basis of release % not stated"},"38262829":{"pmid":"38262829","title":"A chondroitin sulfate purified from shark cartilage and bovine serum albumin interaction activity.","authors":"Pang HL, Lu H, Liu P, Zhang YT, Zhang LT, Ren Q","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"260","issue":"Pt 1","pages":"129499","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129499","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38262829/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro physicochemical study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Physicochemical characterization of chondroitin sulfate purified from shark cartilage and its in vitro binding to bovine serum albumin (fluorescence quenching, UV, CD, molecular docking). No absorption, bioavailability or PK measured.","conclusion":"The study of the interactions between CS and serum albumin will be beneficial for the development of better carrier materials and the elucidation of lubrication mechanisms, leading to better applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering.","limitations":"not absorption-related; in vitro only"},"38901773":{"pmid":"38901773","title":"Effect of reducing isoflurane level on glucosamine uptake in the mouse brain during magnetic resonance imaging studies.","authors":"Rivlin M, Navon G","journal":"NeuroImage","year":"2024","volume":"297","issue":"","pages":"120691","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120691","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901773/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (two parallel anesthesia groups; CEST MRI before and after GlcN injection)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"IV glucosamine sulfate in mice; brain uptake measured indirectly by CEST MRI signal (MTRasym, AUC). Numeric values in text are fold/percent changes and p-values; time-course values are figure-only.","conclusion":"We demonstrated that it is possible to reduce and maintain the level of isoflurane when combined with midazolam anesthesia, resulting in an increased GlcN CEST MRI signal, indicating enhanced GlcN uptake through the BBB.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); no direct GlcN concentration measurement; CEST signal is an indirect measure; time-course values figure-only; single dose, IV route, female mice only"},"38920923":{"pmid":"38920923","title":"Half-Curcuminoids Encapsulated in Alginate-Glucosamine Hydrogel Matrices as Bioactive Delivery Systems.","authors":"Raduly FM, Raditoiu V, Raditoiu A, Nicolae CA, Grapin M, Stan MS, Voinea IC, Vlasceanu RI, Nitu CD, Mihailescu DF, Avram S, Mernea M","journal":"Gels (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2024","volume":"10","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/gels10060376","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38920923/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Materials/chemistry paper: half-curcuminoids (C1-C4) and Schiff bases with glucosamine in alginate-glucosamine hydrogels. Glucosamine is a hydrogel component/linker, not an absorbed analyte. Only in silico (SwissADME) predictions of absorption (Table S1-S3, Supplementary, not in the PDF) and in vitro cytotoxicity/NO/MDA assays; no measured absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"The compounds analyzed present good drug-likeness and bioavailability features. Additionally, they present promising ADMET features, being readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to the brain, while being non-mutagenic and safe for the heart and liver.","limitations":"absorption statements are computational predictions only; no measured absorption/PK data"},"39048209":{"pmid":"39048209","title":"Structural analysis and bioavailability study of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate‑iron complexes prepared by photocatalysis-Fenton reaction.","authors":"Du Q, Song H, Yan C, Ai C, Wu S, Song S","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","year":"2024","volume":"342","issue":"","pages":"122435","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39048209/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (ex vivo everted gut sac, 6 groups)","n":"18 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and low-molecular-weight CS-iron complexes; absorption measured ex vivo in everted rat duodenal gut sacs (CS and iron transport) plus in vitro iron release. Text and Fig. 9 are inconsistent for transport values (see extraction_notes).","conclusion":"LMWCS-15 and LMWCS-60 demonstrated 3.31times and 3.75 times, respectively, higher iron absorption than FeSO4 while 8.30 times and 12.60 times, respectively, higher CS absorption than original CS in the everted gut sac model.","limitations":"ex vivo everted rat duodenal sac only, no in vivo PK; n per group stated only as 5 intestinal segments; text values and Fig. 9 are inconsistent in units and magnitude; fold changes not consistent with printed means; dose basis not stated as elemental iron/CS; values in Fig. 8 and 9 are figure-only"},"39233178":{"pmid":"39233178","title":"Multifunctional natamycin modified chondroitin sulfate eye drops with anti-inflammatory, antifungal and tissue repair functions possess therapeutic effects on fungal keratitis in mice.","authors":"Tian X, Zhan L, Long X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Luan J, Peng X, Zhao G","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"279","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"135290","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135290","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39233178/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Only PK measured is natamycin (drug) content in mouse tears by HPLC after topical eye drops of oxidized chondroitin sulfate-natamycin (ON) vs 5% natamycin (Table 3, Fig. 6E; MRT of ON 106.620 +/- 15.411 min vs NAT 41.111 +/- 2.539 min as printed). Chondroitin sulfate is only the carrier; CS itself not measured. Remaining work is antifungal/anti-inflammatory efficacy in murine fungal keratitis.","conclusion":"ON eye drops possess remarkable capabilities in promoting corneal proliferation and migration, enhancing the residence time of NAT on the ocular surface, and exhibiting potent antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities.","limitations":"measured analyte is natamycin, not chondroitin sulfate or glucosamine"},"39537068":{"pmid":"39537068","title":"Chondroitin sulfate sponge scaffold for slow-release Mg(2+)/Cu(2+) in diabetic wound management: Hemostasis, effusion absorption, and healing.","authors":"Zhu F, Wen Q, Hu Y, Gong J, Zhang X, Huang C, Zhou H, Chen L, Yu L","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"282","issue":"Pt 6","pages":"137561","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137561","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39537068/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Chondroitin sulfate sponge wound dressing loaded with MgO/CuO for diabetic wound healing in rats. Only in vitro Mg2+/Cu2+ release from the sponge (about 40% over 7 days) and sponge fluid/blood absorption (a material property) are reported; no absorption/PK of glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate.","conclusion":"a polysaccharide sponge with hemostatic and secretory fluid aggregation function was innovatively prepared, and it could cooperatively accelerate the healing of diabetic wounds through the sustained and slow release of Cu2+/Mg2+.","limitations":"no absorption/PK data on the listed supplement"},"39708883":{"pmid":"39708883","title":"Fabrication and evaluation of chondroitin sulfate based hydrogels loaded with chitosan nanoparticles for oral delivery of vildagliptin.","authors":"Fahad M, Shah SU, Saeed MD, Shah KU, Nazir U, Khan NR, Shah KU, Asad M","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2025","volume":"290","issue":"","pages":"139011","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39708883/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Chondroitin sulfate-based hydrogel (CS, sodium alginate, acrylic acid) loaded with chitosan nanoparticles as oral delivery system for vildagliptin. Only in vitro drug release/swelling characterization and rabbit oral toxicity (hematology, biochemistry); authors state no in vivo PK performed. Analyte of interest is vildagliptin, not glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate.","conclusion":"While no in-vivo investigation has been performed in the study. Conclusively, the synthesized system is deemed suitable for the oral delivery of vildagliptin. Overall, the results suggested that the current study can proceed on a clinical basis while conducting a pharmacokinetics study on animal species.","limitations":"no in vivo pharmacokinetic study; drug of interest is vildagliptin"},"39864685":{"pmid":"39864685","title":"Fabrication and characterization of teriflunomide-loaded chondroitin sulfate hybridized zein nanoparticles for the management of triple negative breast cancer.","authors":"Rajana N, Naraharisetti LT, Kumari NU, Vasave R, Chigurupati SPD, Sharma A, Godugu C, Mehra NK","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2025","volume":"300","issue":"","pages":"140316","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140316","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39864685/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Only PK is of teriflunomide (TFM, drug) after IV injection in Wistar rats (10 mg/kg) of free TFM vs TFM-loaded chondroitin sulfate hybridized zein nanoparticles (TZCNPs); Table 1 AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, MRT, CL, terminal t1/2 are of TFM. Chondroitin sulfate is only a nanoparticle coating; CS/glucosamine not measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"measured analyte is teriflunomide, not the listed supplement"},"40603843":{"pmid":"40603843","title":"Glucosamine activates intestinal P-glycoprotein inhibiting drug absorption.","authors":"Wu Q, Wang Q, Luo X, Jin P, Jin M, Hussain S, Qi Y, Mo J, Yu Y, Shao H, Luo L","journal":"Nature communications","year":"2025","volume":"16","issue":"1","pages":"6100","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-61437-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40603843/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK interaction experiments and in vitro mechanistic assays)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Glucosamine (GlcN) is the intervention, but all measured analytes are other compounds: capecitabine, acyclovir, cimetidine, oxcarbazepine, digoxin, paraquat (plasma PK in rats/mice with or without oral GlcN), Rh123 in Caco-2, P-gp assays. GlcN's own absorption/plasma levels are not measured. Study shows GlcN activates intestinal P-gp and lowers co-administered drug absorption (drug-interaction). Drug PK values are mostly in figures or Supplementary Tables (not in PDF).","conclusion":"This study identifies glucosamine (GlcN) as a potent P-gp activator that swiftly enhances drug efflux, significantly reducing drug absorption without altering P-gp expression levels.","limitations":"measured analytes are co-administered drugs, not GlcN; values mainly in figures/Supplementary Tables not in the PDF; animal and in vitro only"},"40838214":{"pmid":"40838214","title":"Brinzolamide encapsulated β-cyclodextrin-chondroitin sulfate nanocomplexes anchored chitosan/polycaprolactone nanofibers as an ocular insert for glaucoma treatment.","authors":"Iqbal H, Zhou D, Razzaq A, Zhang H, Xiao R, Lin F, Liang Y","journal":"Materials today. Bio","year":"2025","volume":"34","issue":"","pages":"102179","doi":"10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102179","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40838214/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Brinzolamide (antiglaucoma drug) loaded in beta-cyclodextrin/chondroitin sulfate nanocomplexes in chitosan/polycaprolactone nanofiber ocular insert. Measured PK (aqueous humor Cmax, AUC, t1/2 in rabbits), ex vivo corneal permeation and in vitro release are all of brinzolamide; chondroitin sulfate is only a carrier component, not measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"measured analyte is brinzolamide, not the listed supplement"},"41097525":{"pmid":"41097525","title":"In Vivo Absorption of Iron Complexes of Chondroitin Sulfates with Different Molecular Weights and Their Anti-Inflammation and Metabolism Regulation Effects on LPS-Induced Macrophages.","authors":"Du Q, Zheng J, Kong F, Wu X, Ai C, Song S","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2025","volume":"14","issue":"19","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/foods14193356","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41097525/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"96 mice (24 per group x 4 groups) as printed: 'Each treatment group included 24 mice'","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oral single-dose PK of 5-aminofluorescein-labeled chondroitin sulfate (CS), CS-iron complex and low-MW CS-iron complex in mice (plasma fluorescence). Cmax, Tmax in text; AUC and t1/2 printed only for F-LCS-Fe and F-CS; CS-Fe AUC/t1/2 not printed.","conclusion":"chondroitin sulfate-iron complex (CS-Fe) and low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate-iron complex (LCS-Fe) ... both demonstrated significantly higher plasma concentration and liver accumulation in vivo compared to original CS following oral administration in mice, with LCS-Fe showing the highest Cmax of 415.16 ± 109.50 µg/mL.","limitations":"fluorescein-labeled conjugates measured, not native CS; single dose, mice only; n=4 per time point (destructive sampling); Cmax variability very large (SD/SEM exceeds mean for F-CS); AUC/t1/2 not printed for F-CS-Fe; variance type not restated beside Cmax values"},"41197717":{"pmid":"41197717","title":"Distal tip cell migration mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans are rescued by bioequivalent outputs from chondroitin and N-glycosylation pathways.","authors":"Dennis JW, Dunn RJ, Levy-Strumpf N, Brooun M, Moghal N, Culotti JG","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","year":"2025","volume":"301","issue":"12","pages":"110895","doi":"10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110895","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41197717/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"C. elegans developmental genetics study (distal tip cell migration, glycosylation/chondroitin mutants). GlcNAc dietary supplementation (7 to 10 mM) used only as a genetic rescue of migration defects; no absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements reported.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"41198308":{"pmid":"41198308","title":"Oral efficacy of structurally defined chondroitin sulfate Co-administered with SNAC in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Guo Y, Zhang B, Bu C, An Z, Shi D, Jin L, Sheng A, Zhen A, Chi L","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","year":"2026","volume":"371","issue":"","pages":"124492","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124492","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41198308/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, destructive sampling, n = 3 per time point)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse PK of chondroitin sulfate (LMWCS, CS-dp8-de6S) by route/enhancer; oral SNAC vs DOCA vs unmodified vs subcutaneous.","conclusion":"Our results demonstrated that co-administration with SNAC significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of CS.","limitations":"Mouse study; PD model only partially representative; n = 3 per time point, destructive sampling; no variance reported for PK parameters; Statistic type and AUC interval not stated; Reference route for bioavailability % not stated; text and Table 2 relative values differ; Brain dose/arm not stated; Industry-affiliated author (Shandong Sheelian Pharmaceutical)"},"42310329":{"pmid":"42310329","title":"Glucosamine/chitosan blend surface-engineered rutin-loaded polymer/lipid hybrid nanoparticles for neuroprotection in induced schizophrenia model.","authors":"Salama A, Elgohary R, Salama AH, Elmotasem H","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2026","volume":"16","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-52920-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42310329/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Glucosamine is only a surface-coating excipient (with chitosan HCl) on rutin-loaded polymer/lipid hybrid nanoparticles. The measured compound is rutin (in vitro release, e.g. 33.60 +/- 3.1% free rutin, 64.76 +/- 5.8% F4, 59.12 +/- 4.3% CF4 per abstract; efficacy in cuprizone mouse model). No absorption/PK of glucosamine measured; authors state pharmacokinetics and brain uptake remain to be assessed.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42828739":{"pmid":"42828739","title":"Orally administered chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides attenuate hypertension via multiple protective pathways, including Hmox1-mediated antioxidant responses.","authors":"Mizuta H, Nakamura K, Yamaguchi M, Yamaguchi M, Miyamoto N","journal":"Glycobiology","year":"2026","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","doi":"10.1093/glycob/cwag087","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42828739/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, single oral dose in rats; in vitro Caco-2 permeation)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Absorption data in text are limited to CSOS Cmax/Tmax/t1/2 in rats; HMwCS absorption reported qualitatively; plasma time-course, Caco-2 Papp values (Fig. 1, Table S1) and Table S2 are figure-only or in supplementary files not in the PDF.","conclusion":"In conclusion, CSOS was efficiently absorbed and exerted antihypertensive effects in a rat model of hypertension.","limitations":"Plasma time-course values and Caco-2 Papp values figure-only or in supplementary tables not in PDF; n for PK parameters not stated in text; Single oral dose, male rats only; Manufacturer-employed authors (industry); Fed/fasted state not stated"}},"rejected":[{"pmid":"10226711","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Biomaterials/tissue-engineering paper on EDC/DHT-crosslinked collagen matrices with immobilized chondroitin sulphate; 'bioavailable' refers to antibody binding and chondroitinase digestion of matrix-bound CS. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data. Only release of CS from matrices in PBS (about 13% plateau, Fig. 4) is reported, in vitro."},{"pmid":"10515644","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational study of endogenous serum chondroitin sulphate epitopes (3-B-3, 7-D-4) as cartilage turnover markers in early rheumatoid arthritis vs controls. No chondroitin supplement administered; no absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"10534010","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy-biomarker study in horses: oral glucosamine and exercise effects on serum keratan sulfate and osteocalcin. Glucosamine itself was not measured; no absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"1133264","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Physics paper on ultrasonic (acoustic) absorption in aqueous chondroitin sulfate solutions; 'absorption' refers to sound attenuation, not physiological uptake. No PK or bioavailability data."},{"pmid":"11452238","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic (Emax/Hill) modelling of published chondroitin sulfate and diclofenac efficacy data in knee osteoarthritis (Morreale 1996; Pavelka 1999). No absorption or plasma PK data are reported; the only PK statement (total chondroitin sulfate half-life around 15 hours) is cited from other studies. Chondroitin sulfate, not glucosamine."},{"pmid":"12062498","status":"off-target analyte","note":"IV rat pharmacokinetics of cisplatin (CDDP)-chondroitin sulfate A/C complexes; measured analyte is total/free platinum (cisplatin), not chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate is only the polymeric carrier. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"13554571","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Measured analyte is C14-labelled oxytetracycline (radioactivity in serum) in beagle dogs (Table I, 10 mg/kg oral) and Strain A mice (Table II, 250 mg/kg oral); glucosamine HCl (1:1 with oxytetracycline) was an additive tested for its effect on oxytetracycline serum levels. Glucosamine absorption itself was not measured. Species in list (human) is incorrect: dogs and mice."},{"pmid":"15797526","status":"off-target analyte","note":"HPLC assay development for N-butyryl glucosamine (GLBU), an N-acylated glucosamine derivative under development as a drug, in rat plasma; oral GLBU 233 mg/kg PK in 4 rats (Cmax time within 45 min, terminal t1/2 1.4 +/- 0.5 h, AUC0-4h 7.2 +/- 1.2 h ug/mL). Measured analyte is GLBU, not glucosamine or a listed glucosamine form; no glucosamine was detected after GLBU dosing. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"16779785","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Biomed. Chromatogr. 20:539-550) on chondroitin sulfate metabolism and analytical methods for CS in blood; PubMed type Review; no primary data extracted"},{"pmid":"16818461","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study of serum glucose and insulin (AUC) during an oral glucose tolerance test with and without 1500 mg glucosamine sulphate; glucosamine concentrations were not measured in this paper"},{"pmid":"16936295","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Serum chondroitin sulfate WF6 epitope and hyaluronan as biomarkers in ovarian epithelial cancer; no supplement administration or absorption/PK"},{"pmid":"19214525","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Randomized trial of glucosamine sulfate 1500 mg/day vs acetaminophen in patellar cartilage degeneration; 'pharmacokinetic' refers to DCE-MRI contrast-agent (Gd-DTPA-BMA) modelling of cartilage permeability (Ktrans, kep, ve), not glucosamine absorption/PK. No glucosamine concentrations measured."},{"pmid":"19263491","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Biomaterials study: release kinetics of 125I-rhBMP-2 from collagen vs collagen-chondroitin sulfate scaffolds (in vitro and rat ectopic implants). Chondroitin sulfate is a scaffold modifier, not an orally absorbed supplement; no supplement absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"19733270","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Block et al., Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010) of glucosamine biology, with secondary PK tables (Tables II-III) compiled from other studies; no new primary absorption data."},{"pmid":"19814857","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Editorial/critique (Rainsford, J Pharm Pharmacol 2009) on chondroitin sulphate and other glycosaminoglycans: clinical-trial discussion; any PK statements (e.g. CS oral bioavailability 15-24%) are secondary citations. Not about glucosamine absorption and no primary data."},{"pmid":"20510382","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Letter to the Editor (Volpi, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010) commenting on Jackson et al. regarding oral absorption of chondroitin sulfate; no primary data (secondary citations/estimates only). Subject is chondroitin sulfate, not glucosamine."},{"pmid":"21220090","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Rheum Dis Clin N Am 2011) of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in osteoarthritis; not a primary PK study. Includes a section on preparations, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics summarizing other studies."},{"pmid":"21733414","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2011) of the glucosamine controversy and pharmacokinetics; secondary data from other studies, not a primary PK study."},{"pmid":"22293240","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review article (Arthritis Res Ther 2012) on evidence for glucosamine in osteoarthritis; secondary data, not a primary PK study."},{"pmid":"22850875","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review article (Ther Adv Musculoskel Dis 2012, Rovati et al.) of crystalline glucosamine sulfate efficacy, safety and PK; secondary data, not a primary PK study."},{"pmid":"23954236","status":"off-target analyte","note":"PK study of chondroitin sulfate-glycyl-prednisolone (CS-GP) conjugate and prednisolone (plasma PD, i.v. in rats); no glucosamine or glucosamine-form analyte measured. Chondroitin sulfate is only the carrier; its levels were not measured."},{"pmid":"23954851","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational study of endogenous serum glycosaminoglycans/chondroitin sulfate and oxidative-stress markers in Graves' disease patients vs controls; no supplement administered, no absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"25273387","status":"off-target analyte","note":"PK/joint distribution study of chondroitin sulfate-glycyl-prednisolone (CS-GP) conjugate and prednisolone (free/total/conjugated PD) after i.v. dosing in arthritic rats; no glucosamine or glucosamine-form analyte measured; CS is only the carrier."},{"pmid":"25417766","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Glucosamine was the co-administered modifier; the measured analyte was serum paracetamol (AUC, Cmax) in rats; GlcN concentrations were not measured. Study of glucosamine effect on paracetamol bioavailability/metabolism."},{"pmid":"26878084","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Glucosamine is only a targeting ligand (N-lauryl glucosamine, NLG) on doxorubicin niosomes; the PK analyte measured is doxorubicin, not glucosamine or a glucosamine supplement form."},{"pmid":"27150471","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Oral chondroitin sulfate (CS) absorption in mice from CS-spermine poly-ion complexes (CS measured as plasma disaccharides by HPLC); no glucosamine or glucosamine-form analyte measured."},{"pmid":"27474544","status":"off-target analyte","note":"IV pharmacokinetics in rats of doxorubicin (DOX) delivered in chondroitin sulfate A-deoxycholic acid-PEG nanoparticles; measured analyte is DOX, not glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate A is only the nanocarrier polymer."},{"pmid":"28502673","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK of propranolol (PROP) when co-administered with glucosamine HCl (GlcN), cimetidine or rifampin; the measured analyte is serum propranolol. GlcN itself was not measured."},{"pmid":"30275684","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rabbit PK of paracetamol (and its metabolites) from paracetamol-glucosamine HCl spray-dried solid dispersions; the measured analyte is paracetamol. Glucosamine is a coformer and was not measured in plasma. Also in vitro solubility and intrinsic dissolution of paracetamol."},{"pmid":"30952184","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Mouse tissue distribution/PK and rat renal efficacy/toxicity of a triptolide-glucosamine conjugate (TPG) versus triptolide (TP). Measured analytes are TP and TPG (a drug-glucosamine conjugate used for kidney targeting), not glucosamine supplement."},{"pmid":"3102689","status":"not absorption-related","note":"X-ray absorption (EXAFS) and Moessbauer spectroscopy structural comparison of iron cores in horse spleen ferritin, iron-chondroitin sulfate (Blutal) and iron-dextran (Imferon). 'Absorption' refers to X-ray absorption spectroscopy, not nutrient absorption; no pharmacokinetic or bioavailability data reported."},{"pmid":"31040673","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Chondroitin sulfate (CS)-peptide nanoparticle conjugate (CS-ES2-AF); mouse blood PK of FITC-labelled ES2-AF peptide and FITC-CS-ES2-AF (fluorescence). Measured analytes are the anti-angiogenic peptide and its CS conjugate, not glucosamine or free chondroitin sulfate. CS is the carrier."},{"pmid":"31483870","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro (human dermal fibroblasts) and nude mouse efficacy study of asiatic acid glucosamine salt (AAGS) against UVB photoaging. No absorption, pharmacokinetic or bioavailability measurements are reported; 'highly bioavailable' is only a claim in the abstract."},{"pmid":"32061694","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Caco-2 iron uptake (calcein quenching) from chondroitin sulfate-stabilized ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticles; measured analyte is iron, not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate is only a carrier/template. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"32064982","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK of tapentadol HCl in sublingual nanovesicles surface-conjugated with chondroitin sulfate (targeting ligand). Measured analyte is tapentadol, not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"32829784","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Materials science: chondroitin sulfate/MCM-41 hydrogels for water absorption and methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution. No biological absorption or pharmacokinetics."},{"pmid":"33026610","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Temozolomide-loaded albumin nanoparticles conjugated with chondroitin sulfate as CD44-targeting ligand; rat PK and biodistribution measure temozolomide, not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"33049960","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study of oral palmitoyl-glucosamine co-micronized with curcumin in rat carrageenan and MIA osteoarthritis models (edema, pain, histology, cytokines). No plasma concentration, absorption or PK measurements."},{"pmid":"33278965","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Docetaxel-loaded zein nanoparticles hybridized with chondroitin sulfate as CD44-targeting ligand; mouse PK measures docetaxel (and Cy5.5 imaging), not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"33424274","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Simvastatin chitosan nanoparticles cross-linked with tripolyphosphate and chondroitin sulfate (hepatic targeting ligand); rat oral PK measures simvastatin and simvastatin acid, not glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"33864528","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Materials/biomaterials study: electrospun chondroitin sulfate/polycaprolactone/gelatin nanofibers tested for antithrombogenicity (coagulation time, platelet adhesion) and endothelial cell affinity in vitro. No absorption or pharmacokinetics."},{"pmid":"36034319","status":"review/non-primary","note":"EFSA NDA Panel scientific opinion (systematic review) on conversion of 5-MTHF (calcium-L-methylfolate and 5-MTHF glucosamine salt) into dietary folate equivalents. Analyte is folate; glucosamine is only the counter-ion of the 5-MTHF salt. Not a primary glucosamine absorption study; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"38262829","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Physicochemical characterization of chondroitin sulfate purified from shark cartilage and its in vitro binding to bovine serum albumin (fluorescence quenching, UV, CD, molecular docking). No absorption, bioavailability or PK measured."},{"pmid":"38920923","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Materials/chemistry paper: half-curcuminoids (C1-C4) and Schiff bases with glucosamine in alginate-glucosamine hydrogels. Glucosamine is a hydrogel component/linker, not an absorbed analyte. Only in silico (SwissADME) predictions of absorption (Table S1-S3, Supplementary, not in the PDF) and in vitro cytotoxicity/NO/MDA assays; no measured absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"39233178","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Only PK measured is natamycin (drug) content in mouse tears by HPLC after topical eye drops of oxidized chondroitin sulfate-natamycin (ON) vs 5% natamycin (Table 3, Fig. 6E; MRT of ON 106.620 +/- 15.411 min vs NAT 41.111 +/- 2.539 min as printed). Chondroitin sulfate is only the carrier; CS itself not measured. Remaining work is antifungal/anti-inflammatory efficacy in murine fungal keratitis."},{"pmid":"39537068","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Chondroitin sulfate sponge wound dressing loaded with MgO/CuO for diabetic wound healing in rats. Only in vitro Mg2+/Cu2+ release from the sponge (about 40% over 7 days) and sponge fluid/blood absorption (a material property) are reported; no absorption/PK of glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate."},{"pmid":"39708883","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Chondroitin sulfate-based hydrogel (CS, sodium alginate, acrylic acid) loaded with chitosan nanoparticles as oral delivery system for vildagliptin. Only in vitro drug release/swelling characterization and rabbit oral toxicity (hematology, biochemistry); authors state no in vivo PK performed. Analyte of interest is vildagliptin, not glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate."},{"pmid":"39864685","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Only PK is of teriflunomide (TFM, drug) after IV injection in Wistar rats (10 mg/kg) of free TFM vs TFM-loaded chondroitin sulfate hybridized zein nanoparticles (TZCNPs); Table 1 AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, MRT, CL, terminal t1/2 are of TFM. Chondroitin sulfate is only a nanoparticle coating; CS/glucosamine not measured."},{"pmid":"40603843","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Glucosamine (GlcN) is the intervention, but all measured analytes are other compounds: capecitabine, acyclovir, cimetidine, oxcarbazepine, digoxin, paraquat (plasma PK in rats/mice with or without oral GlcN), Rh123 in Caco-2, P-gp assays. GlcN's own absorption/plasma levels are not measured. Study shows GlcN activates intestinal P-gp and lowers co-administered drug absorption (drug-interaction). Drug PK values are mostly in figures or Supplementary Tables (not in PDF)."},{"pmid":"40838214","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Brinzolamide (antiglaucoma drug) loaded in beta-cyclodextrin/chondroitin sulfate nanocomplexes in chitosan/polycaprolactone nanofiber ocular insert. Measured PK (aqueous humor Cmax, AUC, t1/2 in rabbits), ex vivo corneal permeation and in vitro release are all of brinzolamide; chondroitin sulfate is only a carrier component, not measured."},{"pmid":"41197717","status":"not absorption-related","note":"C. elegans developmental genetics study (distal tip cell migration, glycosylation/chondroitin mutants). GlcNAc dietary supplementation (7 to 10 mM) used only as a genetic rescue of migration defects; no absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements reported."},{"pmid":"42310329","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Glucosamine is only a surface-coating excipient (with chitosan HCl) on rutin-loaded polymer/lipid hybrid nanoparticles. The measured compound is rutin (in vitro release, e.g. 33.60 +/- 3.1% free rutin, 64.76 +/- 5.8% F4, 59.12 +/- 4.3% CF4 per abstract; efficacy in cuprizone mouse model). No absorption/PK of glucosamine measured; authors state pharmacokinetics and brain uptake remain to be assessed."}],"indirect":[{"anchor":"indirect-sulfate-vs-combination","a":"sulfate","b":"combination","aLabel":"Glucosamine sulfate","bLabel":"Glucosamine + chondroitin","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":"D","grade_basis":"non-overlapping ranges but <2 studies per form (single-study ranges); uses value(s) with baseline correction not reported (capped at C under rubric v2)","head_to_head_grade":null,"note":"No head-to-head grade; indirect only.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Cmax","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"not reported","units":"µg/ml","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":2,"n_values":5,"total_n":38,"range":[3,3.3],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"16145658","value":"3.0","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16145658","value":"3.3","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16145658","value":"3.2","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16740419","value":"3.2125","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"20","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16740419","value":"3.1065","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"20","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":3,"total_n":10,"range":[0.417,0.925],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29403716","value":"0.417","units":"µg/ml","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"29403716","value":"0.795","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1000 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"29403716","value":"0.925","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"sulfate","separated":true,"pmids":["16145658","16740419","29403716"]},{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"repeated","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"yes","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":3,"total_n":12,"range":[3,4],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"16168682","value":"3","units":"h","dose":"750 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table IV","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16168682","value":"3","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table IV","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16168682","value":"4","units":"h","dose":"3000 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table IV","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":10,"range":[1.9,1.9],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29403716","value":"1.90","units":"h","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"combination","separated":true,"pmids":["16168682","29403716"]},{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"not reported","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":4,"n_values":8,"total_n":68,"range":[1.54,3.2],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"16145658","value":"1.9","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16145658","value":"1.8","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16145658","value":"1.8","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16740419","value":"1.54","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"20","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16740419","value":"1.76","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"20","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"22031460","value":"3.2","units":"h","dose":"1.5 g glucosamine sulfate","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"35956389","value":"2.0","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"35956389","value":"1.6","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":3,"total_n":10,"range":[1.9,2.7],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29403716","value":"2.60","units":"h","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"29403716","value":"2.70","units":"h","dose":"1000 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"29403716","value":"1.90","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null}]},"higher":null,"separated":false,"pmids":["16145658","16740419","22031460","29403716","35956389"]}],"pmids":["16145658","16168682","16740419","22031460","29403716","35956389"],"grade_v2":"C","old_grade":"D","grade_v2_basis":"matched single-form evidence only; non-overlapping ranges in 1 matched set(s), up to 1 studies per form (baseline correction not reported: capped at C)"}],"indirectUnavailable":[{"a":"sulfate","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Glucosamine sulfate","bLabel":"Glucosamine HCl","reason":"no human single-form arm with a printed value for Glucosamine HCl"},{"a":"sulfate","b":"chondroitin","aLabel":"Glucosamine sulfate","bLabel":"Chondroitin sulfate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"chondroitin","b":"combination","aLabel":"Chondroitin sulfate","bLabel":"Glucosamine + chondroitin","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"}],"indirectMethod":"Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms.\nValues are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated,\nAUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form\nranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is\n'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C.\nRun after merge_bundle.py.","formGrades":{"sulfate":{"label":"Glucosamine sulfate","grade":"B","basis":"5 human studies, total n=80, 4 randomized/crossover; median CV 1.4% across 5 matched set(s) (consistent)","studies":5,"total_n":80,"randomized":4,"median_cv":1.4,"cv_sets":[{"set":"AUC / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single / 0-∞ / ng/ml·h","studies":["22031460","35956389"],"cv":3.9},{"set":"AUC / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single / ∞ / µg/ml·h","studies":["16145658","16740419"],"cv":1.4},{"set":"Cmax / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / ng/ml","studies":["22031460","35956389"],"cv":1.2},{"set":"Cmax / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / µg/ml","studies":["16145658","16740419"],"cv":0.9},{"set":"Tmax / glucosamine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / h","studies":["16145658","16740419","22031460","35956389"],"cv":34.5}],"pmids":["16145658","16168682","16740419","22031460","35956389"]},"hcl":{"label":"Glucosamine HCl","grade":"D","basis":"animal/in vitro data only","studies":0},"chondroitin":{"label":"Chondroitin sulfate","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=27, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":27,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["27108107","37440435"]},"combination":{"label":"Glucosamine + chondroitin","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=10, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":10,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["29403716"]}},"headlineGrade":"B","rubric":"Rubric v2 (draft, pending reviewer): single-form human studies count.\n(1) Per-form 'absorption evidence' grade from human PK/absorption values of single-form arms:\n    studies, total n, design (randomized/crossover share), consistency = CV of per-study medians within\n    matched condition sets (same parameter, analyte, matrix [serum=plasma], fed, dosing, AUC interval, units; >=2 studies).\n    A: >=5 studies, total n >=100, >=2 randomized/crossover, and no evidence of inconsistency\n       (median CV <=100% across matched sets, or not evaluable because no matched set has >=2 studies; this is reported).\n    B: >=3 studies (or 2 studies with consistent matched values). C: 1-2 studies. D: animal/in vitro only.\n    Median CV <=50% = consistent; 50-100% = heterogeneous (reported, not penalized: dose, iron status and\n    population differ between studies); >100% = inconsistent, grade lowered one step.\n(2) Per pair: combine head-to-head (H2H) grade with matched single-form (indirect) evidence.\n    Indirect direction = form favored in matched sets whose ranges do not overlap (Tmax excluded).\n    Strong indirect: separated set(s) with >=3 studies per form (A-capable) or >=2 (B-capable), no contradicting set.\n    A: strong indirect (>=3/form) agreeing with H2H or no H2H, or H2H A not contradicted.\n    Conflict between H2H and indirect direction: one step below the better of the two (min D).\n    Comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C.\nValues are never computed into new estimates: CV is used only as a consistency check and is shown with its inputs.","headlineBasis":"best grade across this page's form absorption grades and form-comparison grades (rubric v2, draft)"},"indirect_comparisons":[{"anchor":"indirect-sulfate-vs-combination","a":"sulfate","b":"combination","aLabel":"Glucosamine sulfate","bLabel":"Glucosamine + chondroitin","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":"D","grade_basis":"non-overlapping ranges but <2 studies per form (single-study ranges); uses value(s) with baseline correction not reported (capped at C under rubric v2)","head_to_head_grade":null,"note":"No head-to-head grade; indirect only.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Cmax","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"not reported","units":"µg/ml","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":2,"n_values":5,"total_n":38,"range":[3,3.3],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"16145658","value":"3.0","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16145658","value":"3.3","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16145658","value":"3.2","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16740419","value":"3.2125","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"20","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16740419","value":"3.1065","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"20","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":3,"total_n":10,"range":[0.417,0.925],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29403716","value":"0.417","units":"µg/ml","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"29403716","value":"0.795","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1000 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"29403716","value":"0.925","units":"µg/ml","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"sulfate","separated":true,"pmids":["16145658","16740419","29403716"]},{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"repeated","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"yes","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":3,"total_n":12,"range":[3,4],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"16168682","value":"3","units":"h","dose":"750 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table IV","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16168682","value":"3","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table IV","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16168682","value":"4","units":"h","dose":"3000 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table IV","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":10,"range":[1.9,1.9],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29403716","value":"1.90","units":"h","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"combination","separated":true,"pmids":["16168682","29403716"]},{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"glucosamine","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"not reported","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":4,"n_values":8,"total_n":68,"range":[1.54,3.2],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"16145658","value":"1.9","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16145658","value":"1.8","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16145658","value":"1.8","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16740419","value":"1.54","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"20","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"16740419","value":"1.76","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg (six capsules)","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"20","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"22031460","value":"3.2","units":"h","dose":"1.5 g glucosamine sulfate","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Application to a pharmacokinetic study, p.855","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"35956389","value":"2.0","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"35956389","value":"1.6","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"18","arm":"","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":3,"total_n":10,"range":[1.9,2.7],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29403716","value":"2.60","units":"h","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"29403716","value":"2.70","units":"h","dose":"1000 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"29403716","value":"1.90","units":"h","dose":"1500 mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"10","arm":"","location":"Table 4","per_mg":null}]},"higher":null,"separated":false,"pmids":["16145658","16740419","22031460","29403716","35956389"]}],"pmids":["16145658","16168682","16740419","22031460","29403716","35956389"],"grade_v2":"C","old_grade":"D","grade_v2_basis":"matched single-form evidence only; non-overlapping ranges in 1 matched set(s), up to 1 studies per form (baseline correction not reported: capped at C)"}],"citations":[{"id":"pmid-37440435","pmid":"37440435","doi":"10.1093/glycob/cwad054","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37440435/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-35956389","pmid":"35956389","doi":"10.3390/nu14153213","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35956389/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-31704130","pmid":"31704130","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112954","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31704130/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-32713600","pmid":"32713600","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713600/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-27108107","pmid":"27108107","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27108107/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-25802209","pmid":"25802209","doi":"10.1002/jssc.201401424","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25802209/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-22031460","pmid":"22031460","doi":"10.1002/bmc.1740","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22031460/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-29403716","pmid":"29403716","doi":"10.1016/j.jpha.2011.08.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29403716/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-21310576","pmid":"21310576","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310576/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-17353133","pmid":"17353133","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17353133/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-17544344","pmid":"17544344","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17544344/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-16145658","pmid":"16145658","doi":"10.1002/bmc.558","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16145658/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-16740419","pmid":"16740419","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.045","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16740419/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-16931183","pmid":"16931183","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931183/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-17065354","pmid":"17065354","doi":"10.2337/db06-0714","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17065354/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-16168682","pmid":"16168682","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168682/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-34977371","pmid":"34977371","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34977371/","species":"pig"},{"id":"pmid-41198308","pmid":"41198308","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124492","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41198308/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-42828739","pmid":"42828739","doi":"10.1093/glycob/cwag087","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42828739/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-41097525","pmid":"41097525","doi":"10.3390/foods14193356","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41097525/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-38901773","pmid":"38901773","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120691","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901773/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-39048209","pmid":"39048209","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39048209/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-36436864","pmid":"36436864","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120295","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36436864/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-37441137","pmid":"37441137","doi":"10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100617","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37441137/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-31956378","pmid":"31956378","doi":"10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.100573","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31956378/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-32786291","pmid":"32786291","doi":"10.1021/acschembio.0c00439","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32786291/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-23958197","pmid":"23958197","doi":"10.18433/j3s898","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958197/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-22488120","pmid":"22488120","doi":"10.1002/jps.23145","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22488120/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-22722009","pmid":"22722009","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722009/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-18814196","pmid":"18814196","doi":"10.1002/bmc.1056","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18814196/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-17207418","pmid":"17207418","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17207418/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-11878794","pmid":"11878794","doi":"10.1006/abio.2001.5545","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11878794/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-12207870","pmid":"12207870","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207870/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-12207871","pmid":"12207871","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207871/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-10725098","pmid":"10725098","doi":"10.1021/bc990128+","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725098/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-11005675","pmid":"11005675","doi":"10.1007/s002040000124","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11005675/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-10030829","pmid":"10030829","doi":"10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00171-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10030829/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-5970874","pmid":"5970874","doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(66)90489-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5970874/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-5970875","pmid":"5970875","doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(66)90490-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5970875/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-35872320","pmid":"35872320","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.114","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35872320/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-34082970","pmid":"34082970","doi":"10.1016/j.msec.2021.112169","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34082970/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-26262626","pmid":"26262626","doi":"10.3390/md13085007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26262626/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-21601033","pmid":"21601033","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21601033/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-20117789","pmid":"20117789","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20117789/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-18295513","pmid":"18295513","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18295513/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-15641100","pmid":"15641100","doi":"10.1002/art.20762","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641100/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-15083499","pmid":"15083499","doi":"10.1002/bdd.392","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15083499/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-12214321","pmid":"12214321","doi":"10.1002/bdd.315","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12214321/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-10701989","pmid":"10701989","doi":"10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00085-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10701989/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-37949274","pmid":"37949274","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37949274/","species":"in_vitro"},{"id":"pmid-23830943","pmid":"23830943","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.055","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23830943/","species":"in_vitro"},{"id":"pmid-16426790","pmid":"16426790","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16426790/","species":"in_vitro"}],"disclaimer":"Educational information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.","last_reviewed":null,"page_url":"https://supplementabsorption.com/glucosamine?utm_source=chatgpt"}