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Preview: grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off

Berberine Absorption: Forms, Food & Timing, Compared

Dr. Colin Reily, PhDEvidence reviewed by Dr. Colin Reily, PhD · Draft, pending reviewer sign-off · Data built 2026-11-02

Bottom line

B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.

We found 187 studies with usable absorption data for this supplement, 17 of them in people; every value below is copied from its paper and cited.

Micellar / emulsified softgel measured higher than berberine hcl / chloride (plain) in the one human head-to-head study (grade B).

Berberine HCl / chloride (plain) is the best-characterized form: 8 human studies (total n=69) with measured absorption values (absorption evidence grade B).

Studies in database
187 (all full-text)
Species
17 human, 138 rodent, 16 other animal, 16 in vitro

Educational information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.

Best-absorbed form

Draft — pending reviewer
  • Best-absorbed form in our data: Micellar / emulsified softgel (evidence grade B).
  • Micellar / emulsified softgel measured higher than berberine hcl / chloride (plain) in the one human head-to-head study (grade B).
  • Caveat: this rests on one small study, so treat it as provisional.

Absorption evidence only, from the graded comparisons on this page. Not a recommendation to buy any product, not dosing advice, not medical advice.

170 of 187 studies are not in humans; each is labeled with a species badge.

Berberine forms compared

Peak blood level (Cmax) in human studies, by formRange of values as printed (ng/mL). Studies used different doses and conditions, so this shows spread, not a ranking.
Micellar / emulsified softgel: 0.001–16.8 ng/mL (2 studies, 21 values; PMIDs 38004546, 38891813)Micellar / emulsified softgel0.001–16.8n=2Dihydroberberine (DHB): 0.045–11.2 ng/mL (1 study, 17 values; PMIDs 38891813)Dihydroberberine (DHB)0.045–11.2n=1Berberine HCl / chloride (plain): 0.29–2.1 ng/mL (2 studies, 4 values; PMIDs 38004546, 40949215)Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)0.29–2.1n=2016.8 ng/mL
Peak blood level (Cmax) (ng/mL)
FormLowestHighestStudiesPMIDs
Micellar / emulsified softgel0.00116.75238004546, 38891813
Dihydroberberine (DHB)0.04511.2138891813
Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)0.292.1238004546, 40949215

n = number of human studies. Full values with doses, sources and citations are in the data tables below.

Berberine forms and studies
FormStudies (abstract screen)Species
Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)[PMID 39488825][PMID 27283523][PMID 24593257][PMID 21870106][PMID 17531424][PMID 16133554][PMID 10534753][PMID 41998469][PMID 40524804][PMID 40972937][PMID 38969039][PMID 39366529][PMID 38054840][PMID 34635990][PMID 35935857][PMID 36583113][PMID 33880775][PMID 32013620][PMID 32270794][PMID 32340157][PMID 33584274][PMID 31473193][PMID 29138046][PMID 30597911][PMID 27750103][PMID 27937081][PMID 28533175][PMID 25716428][PMID 24014108][PMID 24451127][PMID 24607213][PMID 23020091][PMID 23664937][PMID 21774632][PMID 22213237][PMID 20138204][PMID 18717486][PMID 16956957][PMID 39923615][PMID 40761345][PMID 37547331][PMID 33359191][PMID 32104483][PMID 23180226][PMID 19782362][PMID 38961012][PMID 37725481][PMID 32682035][PMID 28035611]HumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHumanRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentOther animalOther animalOther animalOther animalOther animalOther animalOther animalIn vitroIn vitroIn vitroIn vitro
Dihydroberberine (DHB)[PMID 38891813][PMID 29579096][PMID 24710930][PMID 20663675]HumanRodentRodentRodent
Berberine phytosome[PMID 34904017][PMID 27020531]HumanRodent
Micellar / emulsified softgel[PMID 38891813][PMID 38004546][PMID 36321951][PMID 42228594][PMID 39339154][PMID 32957491][PMID 24456672][PMID 24614362][PMID 22563917][PMID 21637946][PMID 21742030][PMID 30290822][PMID 27217747]HumanHumanHumanRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentRodentOther animalIn vitro

Form tags are matched automatically and need reviewer confirmation. Values are not normalized across studies.

Species (abstract screen): 11 human, 43 rodent, 8 other animal, 5 in vitro
67 studies (11 human) · show quotes
  • Loading… Each study is also listed with its citation in Studies.

Berberine dihydroberberine (dhb) vs berberine hcl / chloride (plain): which absorbs better?

No study in our database compares these two forms directly.

Species (abstract screen): no studies
No relevant studies in our database address this question yet. We don't fill gaps with guesses.

Berberine berberine phytosome vs berberine hcl / chloride (plain): which absorbs better?

No study in our database compares these two forms directly.

Species (abstract screen): no studies
No relevant studies in our database address this question yet. We don't fill gaps with guesses.

Berberine micellar / emulsified softgel vs berberine hcl / chloride (plain): which absorbs better?

Micellar / emulsified softgel measured higher than berberine hcl / chloride (plain) in the one human head-to-head study (grade B). See the measured values →

Species (abstract screen): no studies
No relevant studies in our database address this question yet. We don't fill gaps with guesses.

Should you take Berberine with food?

B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.human + animal datahow we gradeSpecies (abstract screen): 6 human, 3 rodent

Grade basis (abstract screen): 4 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.

9 studies (6 human) · show quotes
  • Loading… Each study is also listed with its citation in Studies.

Best time to take Berberine

Not graded: no comparable evidence yet. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.no datahow we gradeSpecies (abstract screen): no studies

Grade basis (abstract screen): No relevant studies in the database for this question.

No relevant studies in our database address this question yet. We don't fill gaps with guesses.

Berberine cost per mg calculator

Compare what you pay per mg of each form. Shows published ranges only; no dose recommendations.

What it does: divides what you pay by the total mg in the bottle, so you can compare products and forms by cost per mg. Cost per mg absorbed is shown only as a range, and only where cited human studies measured the fraction absorbed for that form (draft, pending reviewer).

Results update as you type.

Example values: replace them with your product's label

Cost per mg (Berberine HCl / chloride (plain), from your label)

$0.00333

That's $0.33 per 100 mg and $0.33 per serving.

Cost per mg absorbed: not available for this form yet. No cited study in our database measured the fraction absorbed for this form, and we won't estimate one.

This tool compares prices using published ranges. It does not estimate how much you personally absorb and does not recommend a dose. Absorption varies with the person, the dose, food and the product. Not medical advice.

FAQ

Which form of Berberine is best absorbed?

Best-absorbed form in our data: Micellar / emulsified softgel (evidence grade B). Micellar / emulsified softgel measured higher than berberine hcl / chloride (plain) in the one human head-to-head study (grade B). Caveat: this rests on one small study, so treat it as provisional. See the evidence →

Is Berberine dihydroberberine (dhb) better absorbed than berberine hcl / chloride (plain)?

We have no relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section. See the evidence →

Is Berberine berberine phytosome better absorbed than berberine hcl / chloride (plain)?

We have no relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section. See the evidence →

Is Berberine micellar / emulsified softgel better absorbed than berberine hcl / chloride (plain)?

Micellar / emulsified softgel measured higher than berberine hcl / chloride (plain) in the one human head-to-head study (grade B). See the evidence →

Should Berberine be taken with food?

We have 9 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting. See the evidence →

When is the best time to take Berberine?

We have no relevant studies in our database that mention timing. See the evidence →

Is this dosing advice?

No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. Talk to a clinician about what's right for you. See the evidence →

Answers summarize the data on this page.

Measured absorption data (full-text extraction)

277 papers read in full text, 187 with usable data (90 excluded as off-topic, reviews or off-target). 2198 values extracted. Species: Rodent 138Human 17Other animal 16In vitro 16

Grades: draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily). Directions are auto-parsed from author statements; values are copied exactly as printed, never converted or estimated.

Forms with measured values

FormStudiesValuesAbsorption evidence gradeSpecies
Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)61475B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
8 human studies, total n=69, 5 randomized/crossover; median CV 19.1% across 3 matched set(s) (consistent)
Rodent×44Human×11Other animal×5In vitro×1
Dihydroberberine (DHB)467C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
1 human study, total n=5, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)
Rodent×3Human×1
Berberine phytosome221C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
1 human study, total n=12, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)
Human×1Rodent×1
Micellar / emulsified softgel10160B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
3 human studies, total n=26, 3 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)
Rodent×6Human×3In vitro×1

Single-form studies count as evidence for that form. Form tags are keyword-matched from arm descriptions and need reviewer confirmation.

Head-to-head comparisons

Not graded: no comparable evidence yet. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.Dihydroberberine (DHB) vs Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)combined head-to-head + matched single-form grade

no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none

C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.Berberine phytosome vs Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)combined head-to-head + matched single-form grade

head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: C (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: unclear (0 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none

StudyComparisonParameterAuthor-stated resultp
Human PMID 34904017B and C vs A (total berberine)AUClast, CmaxB, C > A; C > B (marked $)
“berberine plasma concentrations observed with both doses of BBR-PP were significantly higher” (Table 3)
<0.05
Human PMID 34904017B vs A (free berberine)TmaxB shorter than A and C
“a significant reduction (free berberine data) can be observed for BBR-PP one tablet” (Table 3; Results p.6)
<0.05
Human PMID 34904017B, C vs A (free berberine)MRTB, C lower than A (Table 3)<0.05
B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.Micellar / emulsified softgel vs Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)combined head-to-head + matched single-form grade

head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: first form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none

StudyComparisonParameterAuthor-stated resultp
Rodent PMID 21637946TPGS vs CTRLCmaxTPGS > control
“Significantly different from control group, p<0.05” (Table IV)
<0.05
Rodent PMID 21637946TPGS vs CTRLTmaxTPGS shorter than control
“significantly smaller than that of the control group” (Table IV; Discussion)
<0.05
Rodent PMID 21637946TPGS vs CTRLAUC0-36hTPGS > control
“a Significantly different form control group, p<0.05” (Table IV)
<0.05
Rodent PMID 32957491BBR-MM vs BBR-oralberberine AUCformulation > berberine alone
“The plasma exposure of berberine was significantly greater in rats administered the berberine formulation” (Table 1, Results 3.5.2)
<0.05
Rodent PMID 32957491BBR-MM vs BBR-oralthalifendine AUCformulation > berberine alone<0.05
Rodent PMID 32957491BBR-MM vs BBR-oralthalifendine-glucuronide AUCformulation > berberine alone<0.01
Rodent PMID 32957491BBR-MM vs BBR-oralthalifendine/berberrubine-sulfate AUCformulation > berberine alone<0.05
Rodent PMID 32957491BBR-MM vs BBR-oralberberrubine, berberrubine-glucuronide AUCnot significantly altered
“The fold changes in the AUC values of berberrubine and thalifendine from rats orally administered berberine formulations were not significantly altered” (Results 3.5.2 p.15)
no
Rodent PMID 32957491BBR-MM vs BBR-oralberberine Cmaxformulation higher numerically (140.3 vs 67.0 ng/mL); no significance markNR
Human PMID 38004546LMB vs WBXAUC0-24hLMB > WBX
“LMB achieved significantly higher absorption when compared to unformulated/standard berberine (AUC: 78.2 ± 14.4 ng h/mL vs. 13.4 ± 1.97 ng h/mL; p < 0.05” (Table 2)
0.0053
Human PMID 38004546LMB vs WBXCmaxLMB > WBX0.0041
Human PMID 38004546LMB vs WBXTmaxLMB shorter0.0223
Human PMID 38004546LMB vs WBXKelLMB lower (not significant)
“Although not significant, LMB showed a lower elimination rate constant (Kel)” (Table 2)
0.3783
Human PMID 38004546LMB vs WBX (Caco-2)PappLMB > WBX<0.0001
Cmax, Tmax and AUC by study arm (2070 values)
StudyArm / formDoseFednAnalyteParamValueUnitsSource
Human 10534753
berberine oral
300 mg (NR)NR5berberine (plasma)Tmax
one-compartment fit, single oral 300 mg, CHF patients
2.39 ± 0.03 (SD)hDiscussion p.444
Human 16133554
CsA 3 mg/kg
3 mg/kg CsA (NR)fasted from midnight6cyclosporin A (whole blood)Tmax
tmax (CsA), before BBR
1.3 ± 0.5 (SD)hTable 5
Human 16133554
CsA 3 mg/kg + berberine hydrochloride 0.2 g tid
0.2 g tid (salt/compound)fasted from midnight6cyclosporin A (whole blood)Tmax
tmax (CsA), after 12 days BBR 0.2 g tid
3.0 ± 1.3 (SD)hTable 5
Human 16133554
CsA 3 mg/kg
3 mg/kg CsA (NR)fasted from midnight6cyclosporin A (whole blood)Cmax
Cmax (CsA), before BBR
1224.8 ± 296.2 (SD)µg/lTable 5
Human 16133554
CsA 3 mg/kg + berberine hydrochloride 0.2 g tid
0.2 g tid (salt/compound)fasted from midnight6cyclosporin A (whole blood)Cmax
Cmax (CsA), after 12 days BBR 0.2 g tid
1050.1 ± 290.9 (SD)µg/lTable 5
Human 16133554
CsA 3 mg/kg
3 mg/kg CsA (NR)fasted from midnight6cyclosporin A (whole blood)AUC
AUC0-12 (CsA), before BBR
4681.3 ± 1300.5 (SD)µg/l·hTable 5
Human 16133554
CsA 3 mg/kg + berberine hydrochloride 0.2 g tid
0.2 g tid (salt/compound)fasted from midnight6cyclosporin A (whole blood)AUC
AUC0-12 (CsA), after 12 days BBR 0.2 g tid
6265.7 ± 1871.3 (SD)µg/l·hTable 5
Human 17531424
Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)
400 mg (active compound)NR20berberine (plasma)Cmax0.4356 ± 0.4194 (SD)ng/mlTable 5
Human 17531424
Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)
400 mg (active compound)NR20berberine (plasma)Cmax0.4171 ± 0.2792 (SD)ng/mlTable 5
Human 17531424
Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)
400 mg (active compound)NR20berberine (plasma)Tmax9.8 ± 6.6 (SD)hTable 5
Human 17531424
Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)
400 mg (active compound)NR20berberine (plasma)Tmax9.6 ± 5.2 (SD)hTable 5
Human 17531424
Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)
400 mg (active compound)NR20berberine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-96
7.835 ± 3.743 (SD)h ng/mlTable 5
Human 17531424
Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)
400 mg (active compound)NR20berberine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-96
8.461 ± 4.180 (SD)h ng/mlTable 5
Human 17531424
Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)
400 mg (active compound)NR20berberine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-inf
9.179 ± 3.767 (SD)h ng/mlTable 5
Human 17531424
Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)
400 mg (active compound)NR20berberine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-inf
9.803 ± 4.322 (SD)h ng/mlTable 5
Human 17531424
 berberine (plasma)Cmax
approximate mean in text
0.4 ng/mlResults 3.3, p.936
Human 19269122
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) supplement capsules (Nature's Resource (Lot# 0/10184, Mission Hills, CA))
2.14 g supplement (77 mg hydrastine and 132 mg berberine) per Section 2.6 and Abstract g (active compound)NR1berberine (serum)Cmax0.59 ng mL-1Results 3.2.3, p.1026
Human 19269122
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) supplement capsules (Nature's Resource (Lot# 0/10184, Mission Hills, CA))
2.14 g supplement (77 mg hydrastine and 132 mg berberine) per Section 2.6 and Abstract g (active compound)NR1berberine (serum)Tmax2 hResults 3.2.3, p.1026
Human 19269122
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) supplement capsules (Nature's Resource (Lot# 0/10184, Mission Hills, CA))
2.14 g supplement (77 mg hydrastine and 132 mg berberine) per Section 2.6 and Abstract g (active compound)NR1berberine (serum)AUC
AUC(0→t)
6 ng h/mLResults 3.2.3, p.1026
Human 21671182
Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-t
1063.351 ± 87.411 (NR)μg·h/LTable 1
Human 21671182
JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-t
1916.331 ± 76.351 (NR)μg·h/LTable 1
Human 21671182
Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-∞
1112.624 ± 93.842 (NR)μg·h/LTable 1
Human 21671182
JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-∞
2049.427 ± 99.350 (NR)μg·h/LTable 1
Human 21671182
Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)Tmax
Tmax
2.0 ± 0.018 (NR)hTable 1
Human 21671182
JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)Tmax
Tmax
1.5 ± 0.014 (NR)hTable 1
Human 21671182
Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)Cmax
Cmax
360.883 ± 46.108 (NR)μg/LTable 1
Human 21671182
JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)Cmax
Cmax
396.124 ± 52.130 (NR)μg/LTable 1
Human 21671182
Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)Cmax
Cmax (Abstract)
360.883 μg/LAbstract
Human 21671182
JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)
20 mg/kg (active compound)fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h10berberine (plasma)Cmax
Cmax (Abstract)
396.124 μg/LAbstract
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)AUC
AUC0-∞
45.08 ± 34.84 (SD)ng·h/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)AUC
AUC0-∞
65.18 ± 55.13 (SD)ng·h/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)AUC
AUC0-12h
39.79 ± 27.87 (SD)ng·h/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)AUC
AUC0-12h
57.71 ± 46.96 (SD)ng·h/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)Cmax15.30 ± 10.31 (SD)ng/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)Cmax20.88 ± 14.18 (SD)ng/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)Tmax
tmax
0.66 ± 0.33 (SD)hTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)Tmax
tmax
0.99 ± 0.37 (SD)hTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17caffeine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-∞
33.98 ± 9.40 (SD)μg·h/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17caffeine (plasma)AUC
AUC0-∞
29.80 ± 11.30 (SD)μg·h/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17caffeine (plasma)Cmax4.48 ± 1.03 (SD)μg/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17caffeine (plasma)Cmax4.16 ± 1.86 (SD)μg/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17caffeine (plasma)Tmax0.96 ± 0.45 (SD)hTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17caffeine (plasma)Tmax1.00 ± 0.41 (SD)hTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17omeprazole (plasma)AUC
AUC0-∞
1.73 ± 1.86 (SD)μg·h/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17omeprazole (plasma)AUC
AUC0-∞
1.47 ± 1.48 (SD)μg·h/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17omeprazole (plasma)Cmax0.52 ± 0.45 (SD)μg/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17omeprazole (plasma)Cmax0.44 ± 0.25 (SD)μg/mlTable 1
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17omeprazole (plasma)Tmax1.47 ± 0.82 (SD)hTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17omeprazole (plasma)Tmax1.49 ± 0.54 (SD)hTable 1
Human 21870106
berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)
300 mg (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)Tmax
midazolam Tmax as printed in Abstract/Results text
3.66 ± 0.37 (SD)hAbstract; Results p.214
Human 21870106
placebo capsules
 (NR)probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after17midazolam (plasma)Tmax
midazolam Tmax placebo as printed in Abstract/Results text
3.03 ± 0.27 (SD)hAbstract; Results p.214
Human 21870106
 midazolam (plasma)Cmax
midazolam Cmax increase (% change as stated in Abstract/Results)
38% % changeAbstract; Results p.214
Human 21870106
 midazolam (plasma)AUC
midazolam AUC0-∞ increase (% change as stated in Abstract/Results)
40% % changeAbstract; Results p.214
Human 21870106
 midazolam (plasma)AUC
midazolam AUC0-12 increase (% change as stated in Abstract/Results)
37% % changeAbstract; Results p.214
Human 24593257
berberine chloride
500 mg (salt/compound)NR10berberine (1) (plasma)Cmax
maximum plasma level
0.07 ± 0.01 (NR)nMResults p.769
Human 24593257
berberine chloride
500 mg (salt/compound)NR10demethyleneberberine (4) (plasma)Cmax
maximum plasma level
0.14 ± 0.01 (NR)nMResults p.769
Human 24593257
berberine chloride
500 mg (salt/compound)NR10jatrorrhizine (5) (plasma)Cmax
maximum plasma level
0.13 ± 0.02 (NR)nMResults p.769
Human 24593257
berberine chloride
500 mg (salt/compound)NR10berberrubine (2) (plasma)Cmax
maximum plasma concentration
1.4 ± 0.3 (NR)nMResults p.769
Human 24593257
berberine chloride
500 mg (salt/compound)NR10berberrubine (2) (plasma)Tmax
time of maximum plasma concentration
4 hResults p.769
Human 27283523
Berberine hydrochloride
600 mg (salt/compound)fasted 12 h then standard breakfast with dose10berberine (plasma)Tmax4.00 ± 1.38 (SD)hTable 1

Showing 60 of 2070 Cmax/Tmax/AUC values (human first). All 2198 values are in /api/supplements/berberine.

References for this section (12)
  1. Human Zeng X, Zeng X. Relationship between the clinical effects of berberine on severe congestive heart failure and its concentration in plasma studied by HPLC. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 1999;13(7):442-4. PMID 10534753. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199911)13:7<442::AID-BMC908>3.0.CO;2-A PubMed · DOI · single-arm, n=56
  2. Human Wu X, Li Q, Xin H, Yu A, Zhong M. Effects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2005;61(8):567-72. PMID 16133554. doi:10.1007/s00228-005-0952-3 PubMed · DOI · RCT, n=104 (clinical); 6 (PK)
  3. Human Hua W, Ding L, Chen Y, Gong B, He J, Xu G. Determination of berberine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2007;44(4):931-7. PMID 17531424. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.022 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover, n=20
  4. Human Gupta PK, Hubbard M, Gurley B, Hendrickson HP. Validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantitative determination of hydrastine and berberine in human serum. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2009;49(4):1021-6. PMID 19269122. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.036 PubMed · DOI · single-arm, n=1
  5. Human Huang Z, Lu F, Dong H, Xu L, Chen G, Zou X, Lei H. Effects of cinnamon granules on pharmacokinetics of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules in healthy male volunteers. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban. 2011;31(3):379-383. PMID 21671182. doi:10.1007/s11596-011-0385-4 PubMed · DOI · open-label crossover, two phases in fixed order (phase 1 RC alone, phase 2 RC + Cinnamon); randomization NR, n=10
  6. Human Guo Y, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Klaassen CD, Zhou HH. Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2012;68(2):213-7. PMID 21870106. doi:10.1007/s00228-011-1108-2 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover (two-phase), n=18 entered, 17 completed
  7. Human Spinozzi S, Colliva C, Camborata C, Roberti M, Ianni C, Neri F, Calvarese C, Lisotti A, Mazzella G, Roda A. Berberine and its metabolites: relationship between physicochemical properties and plasma levels after administration to human subjects. Journal of natural products. 2014;77(4):766-72. PMID 24593257. doi:10.1021/np400607k PubMed · DOI · other (single-dose study in healthy volunteers; separate chronic open-label study in hypercholesterolemic patients), n=10 (acute); 12 (chronic)
  8. Human Alolga RN, Fan Y, Chen Z, Liu LW, Zhao YJ, Li J, Chen Y, Lai MD, Li P, Qi LW. Significant pharmacokinetic differences of berberine are attributable to variations in gut microbiota between Africans and Chinese. Scientific reports. 2016;6:27671. PMID 27283523. doi:10.1038/srep27671 PubMed · DOI · parallel (two ethnic groups, single dose), n=20
  9. Human Petrangolini G, Corti F, Ronchi M, Arnoldi L, Allegrini P, Riva A. Development of an Innovative Berberine Food-Grade Formulation with an Ameliorated Absorption: In Vitro Evidence Confirmed by Healthy Human Volunteers Pharmacokinetic Study. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 2021;2021:7563889. PMID 34904017. doi:10.1155/2021/7563889 PubMed · DOI · randomized crossover, double-blind, n=12
  10. Rodent Chen W, Miao YQ, Fan DJ, Yang SS, Lin X, Meng LK, Tang X. Bioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2011;12(2):705-11. PMID 21637946. doi:10.1208/s12249-011-9632-z PubMed · DOI · parallel (3 groups: IV, oral control, oral + TPGS)
  11. Rodent Kwon M, Lim DY, Lee CH, Jeon JH, Choi MK, Song IS. Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(9). PMID 32957491. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12090882 PubMed · DOI · other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)
  12. Human Solnier J, Zhang Y, Kuo YC, Du M, Roh K, Gahler R, Wood S, Chang C. Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(11). PMID 38004546. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15112567 PubMed · DOI · other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized), n=10 analysed (14 recruited)

Indirect comparisons (across studies)

Each form's values come from different human studies that tested one form only. Rows are compared only when parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted state, single vs repeated dosing, AUC interval and units all match, and baseline correction matches where reported (a value with baseline correction not reported is labeled and capped at grade D). Serum and plasma are treated as the same matrix. Ranges are the lowest and highest printed values; nothing is averaged or pooled. Conditions a paper does not state are recorded as NR and never matched.

Indirect comparison: weighs less than head-to-head evidence; comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C. The combined grade for named pairs is shown in the head-to-head section. draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily).

Indirect comparisonBerberine phytosome vs Micellar / emulsified softgelNot graded: no comparable evidence yet. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.baseline correction not reported

no clear separation under matched conditions; not graded. No head-to-head grade; indirect only.

Matched conditionsBerberine phytosome: range (studies, n)Micellar / emulsified softgel: range (studies, n)RangesPMIDs
Human Tmax, free berberine, serum/plasma, fasted, single dose, baseline-corrected: not reported
baseline correction not reported (grade capped at C)
values as printed (doses not normalized)
3.15–4.5 h
1 study, n=12
3.15 @ 550 (equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg (PMID 34904017); 4.50 @ 2 x 550 (each equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg (PMID 34904017)
4–4.6 h
1 study, n=12
4.6 @ 800 mg berberine (PMID 36321951); 4.0 @ 800 mg berberine (PMID 36321951)
overlap3490401736321951

Pairs that cannot be compared indirectly yet

  • Berberine HCl / chloride (plain) vs Dihydroberberine (DHB): no matched condition set: arms differ on matrix
  • Berberine HCl / chloride (plain) vs Berberine phytosome: all arms come from the same studies (head-to-head only, see above)
  • Berberine HCl / chloride (plain) vs Micellar / emulsified softgel: matched only within the same study
  • Dihydroberberine (DHB) vs Berberine phytosome: no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte
  • Dihydroberberine (DHB) vs Micellar / emulsified softgel: all arms come from the same studies (head-to-head only, see above)
How this table was built
Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms.
Values are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated,
AUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form
ranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is
'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C.
Run after merge_bundle.py.

Evidence grades

Rubric v2: single-form human studies count. Hover or focus a grade for what it means; see the methodology. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.

QuestionGrade & basisSpecies
Page grade (best of the grades below)B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.rubric v2, draft
Berberine HCl / chloride (plain): absorption evidenceB: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
8 human studies, total n=69, 5 randomized/crossover; median CV 19.1% across 3 matched set(s) (consistent)
human
Dihydroberberine (DHB): absorption evidenceC: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
1 human study, total n=5, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)
human
Berberine phytosome: absorption evidenceC: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
1 human study, total n=12, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)
human
Micellar / emulsified softgel: absorption evidenceB: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
3 human studies, total n=26, 3 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)
human
Berberine phytosome vs Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)C: limited or conflicting human data: 1–2 studies, head-to-head and single-form evidence disagree, or baseline correction not reported. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: C (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: unclear (0 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none
human (head-to-head + matched single-form)
Micellar / emulsified softgel vs Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.
head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: first form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none
human (head-to-head + matched single-form)
With food (abstract screen)B: solid human data. Forms: 3+ human studies. Comparisons: one randomized head-to-head, or matched single-form evidence from 2+ studies per form. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.human + animal datahow we grade
4 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.
6 human, 3 rodent
Best time (abstract screen)Not graded: no comparable evidence yet. All grades are drafts pending reviewer sign-off.no datahow we grade
No relevant studies in the database for this question.
no studies

Studies (187)

Sorted human → primate → pig → rodent → other animal → in vitro. Quotes are verbatim from the abstract or free full text. Paywalled papers: abstract only.

Show all 187 studies and quotes
  1. HumanSex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans.
    Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2025 · Design: open-label · n: 44 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 39488825DOI 10.1002/cpt.3454 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  2. HumanPreparation, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of BerbiQ: An Advanced Bioavailable Berberine Formulation Using OMICS Technology by Synergistic Complexation.
    ACS omega, 2025 · Design: randomized crossover (double-blind, two-period, two-way) · n: 10 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 40949215DOI 10.1021/acsomega.5c05343 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  3. HumanDifferences in Metabolite Profiles of Dihydroberberine and Micellar Berberine in Caco-2 Cells and Humans-A Pilot Study.
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2024 · Design: randomized parallel pilot (double-blind) · n: 9 randomized (20 screened; 5 did not meet inclusion criteria, 6 declined) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 38891813DOI 10.3390/ijms25115625 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  4. HumanCharacterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers.
    Pharmaceutics, 2023 · Design: other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized) · n: 10 analysed (14 recruited) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 38004546DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112567 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  5. HumanEvaluation of food effects on the pharmacokinetics of Pelargonium sidoides and Coptis with each bioactive compound berberine and epicatechin after a single oral dose of an expectorant and antitussive agent UI026 in healthy subjects.
    Translational and clinical pharmacology, 2022 · Design: randomized, open-label, single-dose, 2-treatment, parallel · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 35419311DOI 10.12793/tcp.2022.30.e3 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  6. HumanEmulsification by vitamin E TPGS or Quillaja extract enhanced absorption of berberine without affecting its metabolism in humans.
    Food & function, 2022 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 36321951DOI 10.1039/d2fo02288e
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  7. HumanDevelopment of an Innovative Berberine Food-Grade Formulation with an Ameliorated Absorption: In Vitro Evidence Confirmed by Healthy Human Volunteers Pharmacokinetic Study.
    Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2021 · Design: randomized crossover, double-blind · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 34904017DOI 10.1155/2021/7563889 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  8. HumanPharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of HTD1801 (berberine ursodeoxycholate, BUDCA) in patients with hyperlipidemia.
    Lipids in health and disease, 2020 · Design: RCT (double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose ranging, sequential cohorts) · n: 50 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 33183320DOI 10.1186/s12944-020-01406-4 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  9. HumanPharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability of berberine chloride with simvastatin and fenofibrate: an open-label, randomized, parallel study in healthy Chinese subjects.
    Drug design, development and therapy, 2019 · Design: open-label, randomized, parallel (single dose then multiple-dose parts, 7-day washout) · n: 60 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 30587933DOI 10.2147/DDDT.S185487 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  10. HumanSignificant pharmacokinetic differences of berberine are attributable to variations in gut microbiota between Africans and Chinese.
    Scientific reports, 2016 · Design: parallel (two ethnic groups, single dose) · n: 20 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 27283523DOI 10.1038/srep27671 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  11. HumanBerberine and its metabolites: relationship between physicochemical properties and plasma levels after administration to human subjects.
    Journal of natural products, 2014 · Design: other (single-dose study in healthy volunteers; separate chronic open-label study in hypercholesterolemic patients) · n: 10 (acute); 12 (chronic) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 24593257DOI 10.1021/np400607k
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  12. HumanRepeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans.
    European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2012 · Design: randomized crossover (two-phase) · n: 18 entered, 17 completed · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 21870106DOI 10.1007/s00228-011-1108-2 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  13. HumanEffects of cinnamon granules on pharmacokinetics of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules in healthy male volunteers.
    Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban, 2011 · Design: open-label crossover, two phases in fixed order (phase 1 RC alone, phase 2 RC + Cinnamon); randomization NR · n: 10 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 21671182DOI 10.1007/s11596-011-0385-4
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  14. HumanValidation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantitative determination of hydrastine and berberine in human serum.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2009 · Design: single-arm · n: 1 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 19269122DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.036
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  15. HumanDetermination of berberine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2007 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 20 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 17531424DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.022
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  16. HumanEffects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study.
    European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2005 · Design: RCT · n: 104 (clinical); 6 (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 16133554DOI 10.1007/s00228-005-0952-3
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  17. HumanRelationship between the clinical effects of berberine on severe congestive heart failure and its concentration in plasma studied by HPLC.
    Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 1999 · Design: single-arm · n: 56 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 10534753DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199911)13:7<442::AID-BMC908>3.0.CO;2-A
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  18. RodentComparative Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Berberine From Bile-Processed Coptidis Rhizoma in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.
    Chemistry & biodiversity, 2026 · Design: parallel (single dose, comparative PK across herbal preparations and disease state) · n: 24 rats in plasma PK (6 per group x 4 groups); 60 rats in tissue study (15 per group) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 41401085DOI 10.1002/cbdv.202502803
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  19. RodentHerbal-derived puerarin-berberine cocrystal: Computational insights into mechanisms driving simultaneous enhanced solubility and bioavailability.
    Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2026 · Design: parallel (4 groups, single oral dose PK) · n: 32 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 41619558DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157883
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  20. RodentIntranasal co-delivery of riluzole and berberine via chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles for synergistic neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease: formulation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics analysis.
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2026 · Design: parallel (3 groups; each subdivided into 7 time-point subgroups, 3 rats each; terminal sampling) · n: NR (each group n=21 as printed) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 41951843DOI 10.1007/s00210-026-05182-3
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  21. RodentFormulation Design of a Hot-melt Extrusion-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersion to Optimize Palatability of Berberine Hydrochloride with In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2026 · Design: parallel (randomized, 3 groups) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 41998469DOI 10.1208/s12249-026-03419-1
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  22. RodentPreparation of berberine micelles and its anti-skin damage in hyperglycemia mice.
    Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, 2026 · Design: parallel (randomized, 2 groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 42228594DOI 10.1080/00498254.2026.2683638
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  23. RodentEnhanced Apparent Oral Bioavailability of Berberine Through BioSOLVE Technology: Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Metaberine™.
    Cureus, 2026 · Design: parallel (randomized, body weight-stratified) · n: 16 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 42367479DOI 10.7759/cureus.109791 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  24. RodentSupra-additive neuroprotective effects of berberine-metformin combination in diabetic encephalopathy: Chou-Talalay synergy quantification, AMPK-Nrf2 axis modulation, and pharmacokinetic verification.
    Metabolic brain disease, 2026 · Design: other (preclinical animal study; satellite PK cohort alongside 12-group efficacy study) · n: 24 (PK cohort) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 42390621DOI 10.1007/s11011-026-01910-z
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  25. RodentSurface-modified liposomal in-situ nasal gel enhances brain targeting of berberine hydrochloride for Alzheimer's therapy: optimization and in vivo studies.
    Journal of liposome research, 2025 · Design: parallel (three groups; ex vivo and in vitro experiments also reported) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 39585246DOI 10.1080/08982104.2024.2431908
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  26. RodentGliadin hydrolysates nanoparticles improve the bioavailability and antioxidant activity of berberine.
    Food chemistry, 2025 · Design: parallel (two groups) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 40199152DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143934
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  27. RodentNear-infrared light-triggered methylene blue/berberine co-loaded polydopamine nanoparticles modified with sialic acid for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
    Journal of colloid and interface science, 2025 · Design: parallel (three groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 40480070DOI 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138083
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  28. RodentDrug Interaction Potential of Berberine Hydrochloride When Co-Administered with Tofacitinib and Filgotinib in Rats.
    Drug design, development and therapy, 2025 · Design: parallel (5 groups), drug-drug interaction · n: 30 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 40524804DOI 10.2147/DDDT.S491446 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  29. RodentImproving the oral bioavailability of berberine: A crystal engineering approach.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2025 · Design: parallel (mouse PK) plus in vitro · n: 24 (4 groups of 6 incl. control) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 40972937DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126177
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  30. RodentOvercoming Bioavailability Barriers: Optimized Hybrid Nanocarrier System to Amplify Berberine Absorption via Peyer's Patches.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2025 · Design: parallel (two groups) · n: 18 (Methods: two groups of nine) vs n=3 per group in Table 5 note · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 41219667DOI 10.1208/s12249-025-03260-y
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  31. RodentProtective effects of berberine-loaded chitosan/solid lipid nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced gestational diabetes mellitus rats.
    Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 2025 · Design: parallel (two groups, single oral dose PK); separate efficacy study in STZ-induced gestational diabetes rats · n: 20 (PK: 10 per group); efficacy study 49 females + 7 males obtained, 7 groups of 7 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 41488874DOI 10.3389/ebm.2025.10749 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  32. RodentPharmacokinetics and Toxicity Overview of Active Compounds Berberine, Palmatine, and Jatrorrhizine From Fibraurea tinctoria Lour: Drug-Likeness, ADMET Prediction, and In Vivo Extract Toxicity Assessment.
    Journal of toxicology, 2025 · Design: other (in silico ADMET prediction + OECD 425 acute oral toxicity) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 41498108DOI 10.1155/jt/7251602 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  33. RodentExosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells containing berberine for ulcerative colitis therapy.
    Journal of colloid and interface science, 2024 · Design: other (preclinical in vitro and in vivo) · n: 35 mice in colitis experiment · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 38815372DOI 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.162
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  34. RodentSupersaturated Drug Delivery System of Oxyberberine Based on Cyclodextrin Nanoaggregates: Preparation, Characterization, and in vivo Application.
    International journal of nanomedicine, 2024 · Design: parallel · n: 18 rats (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 38859955DOI 10.2147/IJN.S464994 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  35. RodentDesign of berberine hydrochloride sustained-release cold sol using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K100M to achieve superior drug dissolution and transdermal absorption.
    International journal of biological macromolecules, 2024 · Design: other (in vitro / ex vivo formulation study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 38969039DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133611
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  36. RodentRole of berberine nanoformulation in epilepsy: A novel therapeutic strategy.
    Epilepsy research, 2024 · Design: other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK; separate PTZ kindling pharmacodynamic study) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 39029440DOI 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107419
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  37. RodentPreparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies of liposomal berberine using novel natural Fiber Interlaced Liposomal technology.
    European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 2024 · Design: other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK; plus in vitro release studies) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 39094668DOI 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114431
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  38. RodentBerberine and magnolol exert cooperative effects on ulcerative colitis in mice by self-assembling into carrier-free nanostructures.
    Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2024 · Design: other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 39227962DOI 10.1186/s12951-024-02804-x (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  39. RodentThe assessment of pharmacokinetics and neuroprotective effect of berberine hydrochloride-embedded albumin nanoparticles via various administration routes: comparative in-vivo studies in rats.
    Journal of microencapsulation, 2024 · Design: other (parallel five-group single-dose rat PK, multiple routes) · n: 30 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 39229806DOI 10.1080/02652048.2024.2395976
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  40. RodentSelf-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Berberine Hydrochloride in Rats.
    Pharmaceutics, 2024 · Design: other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 39339154DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091116 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  41. RodentA potential cocrystal strategy to tailor in-vitro dissolution and improve Caco-2 permeability and oral bioavailability of berberine.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2024 · Design: other (parallel three-group single-dose rat PK; 24 rats randomized to four groups) · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 39366529DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124789
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  42. RodentRedesigning Berberines and Sanguinarines to Target Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy.
    Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2024 · Design: parallel (i.v. vs p.o., 3 rats each) · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 39658523DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02202
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  43. RodentDSPE-PEG polymer enhanced berberine absorption specifically in the small intestine of rats through paracellular passway.
    The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2023 · Design: other (in situ closed-loop rat absorption study plus in vitro mechanistic experiments) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 37177975DOI 10.1093/jpp/rgad028
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  44. RodentIntestines-erythrocytes-mediated bio-disposition deciphers the hypolipidemic effect of berberine from Rhizoma Coptidis: A neglected insight.
    Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2023 · Design: other (animal PK, tissue distribution, excretion, BDC enterohepatic circulation, cell pharmacodynamics) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 37196811DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116600
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  45. RodentNeuroprotective effect of Berberine Nanoparticles Against Seizures in Pentylenetetrazole Induced Kindling Model of Epileptogenesis: Role of Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms.
    Neurochemical research, 2023 · Design: other (two-group parallel single-dose PK within a PD study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 37329447DOI 10.1007/s11064-023-03967-z
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  46. RodentComparison of Berberine Bioavailability between Oral and Rectal Administrations in Rats.
    Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2023 · Design: other (parallel groups of rats: IV, oral, rectal doses) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 37914368DOI 10.1248/bpb.b23-00444
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  47. RodentEffect of berberine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemia rats.
    Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, 2023 · Design: other (parallel-group animal drug interaction PK, plus 4-week PD study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 38054840DOI 10.1080/00498254.2023.2290648
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  48. RodentPharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion of Demethyleneberberine, a Metabolite of Berberine, in Rats and Mice.
    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2023 · Design: other (parallel-group animal PK/tissue distribution/excretion) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 38067456DOI 10.3390/molecules28237725 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  49. RodentPharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Huanglian-Houpo Decoction Based on Berberine Hydrochloride and Magnolol Against H1N1 Influenza Virus.
    European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2022 · Design: parallel (HH group vs saline control) animal PK; PD in MDCK cells with drug-containing plasma · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 34635990DOI 10.1007/s13318-021-00724-x (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  50. RodentEffect of topical berberine in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions.
    The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2022 · Design: other (animal PK/PD efficacy study; IV vs topical comparison) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 35086139DOI 10.1093/jac/dkac007 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  51. RodentBerberine-loaded liposomes for oral delivery: Preparation, physicochemical characterization and in-vivo evaluation in an endogenous hyperlipidemic animal model.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2022 · Design: parallel (randomized two groups) · n: 14 rats · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 35104597DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121525
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  52. RodentThe discovery of berberine erythrocyte-hemoglobin self-assembly delivery system: a neglected carrier underlying its pharmacokinetics.
    Drug delivery, 2022 · Design: parallel (2 groups, n=8) · n: 16 (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 35277093DOI 10.1080/10717544.2022.2036870 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  53. RodentLipid Nanocarriers Overlaid with Chitosan for Brain Delivery of Berberine via the Nasal Route.
    Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2022 · Design: parallel (3 groups x 6 time-based subgroups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 35337079DOI 10.3390/ph15030281 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  54. RodentChitosan-Coated Solid Lipid Nano-Encapsulation Improves the Therapeutic Antiairway Inflammation Effect of Berberine against COPD in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats.
    Canadian respiratory journal, 2022 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 35465190DOI 10.1155/2022/8509396 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  55. RodentBaicalin-berberine complex nanocrystals orally promote the co-absorption of two components.
    Drug delivery and translational research, 2022 · Design: parallel · n: 12 (PK); 12 (SPIP/microdialysis) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 35476182DOI 10.1007/s13346-022-01167-w
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  56. RodentQuality by design-based optimization of formulation and process parameters for berberine nanosuspension for enhancing its dissolution rate, bioavailability, and cardioprotective activity.
    Journal of food biochemistry, 2022 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 35929374DOI 10.1111/jfbc.14361
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  57. RodentA Novel Berberine-Glycyrrhizic Acid Complex Formulation Enhanced the Prevention Effect to Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine in Rats.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2022 · Design: parallel · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 35935857DOI 10.3389/fphar.2022.891829 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  58. RodentA co-crystal berberine-ibuprofen improves obesity by inhibiting the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKɛ.
    Communications biology, 2022 · Design: parallel · n: 10 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 35962183DOI 10.1038/s42003-022-03776-0 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  59. RodentIn Vitro and In Vivo Sucrosomial(®) Berberine Activity on Insulin Resistance.
    Nutrients, 2022 · Design: parallel · n: 48 (4 groups of 12) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 36079851DOI 10.3390/nu14173595 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  60. RodentAnti-Inflammatory Activation of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex is Mediated by Berberine Erythrocytes Self-Assembly Targeted Delivery System.
    Drug design, development and therapy, 2022 · Design: other (animal PK / distribution / in vitro) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 36583113DOI 10.2147/DDDT.S385301 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  61. RodentIrinotecan and berberine co-delivery liposomes showed improved efficacy and reduced intestinal toxicity compared with Onivyde for pancreatic cancer.
    Drug delivery and translational research, 2021 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 33452654DOI 10.1007/s13346-020-00884-4
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  62. RodentOxyberberine, an absorbed metabolite of berberine, possess superior hypoglycemic effect via regulating the PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathways.
    Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2021 · Design: parallel · n: 18 rats for PK (vehicle and BBR groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 33524788DOI 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111312
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  63. RodentA comparative investigation of the interaction and pharmacokinetics of hemoglobin with berberine and its oxymetabolite.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2021 · Design: other (single-dose IV PK in rats; in vitro binding and fluorescence studies) · n: 8 rats (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 33774454DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114032
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  64. RodentA rapid LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of berberine and irbesartan in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study after oral administration in rats.
    Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2021 · Design: parallel (three groups: BBR alone, irbesartan alone, BBR + irbesartan) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 33880775DOI 10.1002/bmc.5144
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  65. RodentIntranasal co-delivery of berberine and evodiamine by self-assembled thermosensitive in-situ hydrogels for improving depressive disorder.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2021 · Design: parallel (two groups: intragastric solution vs intranasal hydrogel) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 33933642DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120667
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  66. RodentIntra-Herb Interactions: Primary Metabolites in Coptidis Rhizoma Extract Improved the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Berberine Hydrochloride in Mice.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021 · Design: parallel (five oral groups: water, NADES 1%, NADES 10%, malic acid 98 mg/kg, malic acid 980 mg/kg) plus in vitro experiments · n: NR (six mice per group per Table 4 title) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 34163360DOI 10.3389/fphar.2021.675368 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  67. RodentImproving the ameliorative effects of berberine and curcumin combination via dextran-coated bilosomes on non-alcohol fatty liver disease in mice.
    Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2021 · Design: parallel (four oral formulation groups) plus in vitro Caco-2/mucus experiments · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 34348707DOI 10.1186/s12951-021-00979-1 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  68. RodentNatural Nano-Drug Delivery System in Coptidis Rhizoma Extract with Modified Berberine Hydrochloride Pharmacokinetics.
    International journal of nanomedicine, 2021 · Design: parallel (3 groups) animal PK plus in vitro experiments · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 34552326DOI 10.2147/IJN.S323685 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  69. RodentOptimization of Hyaluronate-Based Liposomes to Augment the Oral Delivery and the Bioavailability of Berberine.
    Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2021 · Design: parallel, 3 randomly divided groups · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 34640154DOI 10.3390/ma14195759 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  70. RodentTransformation of berberine to its demethylated metabolites by the CYP51 enzyme in the gut microbiota.
    Journal of pharmaceutical analysis, 2021 · Design: parallel (BBR vs BBR + voriconazole) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 34765276DOI 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.10.001 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  71. RodentDevelopment of Natural Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles of Berberine to Enhance Oral Bioavailability: Formulation, Optimization, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Assessment.
    Polymers, 2021 · Design: parallel (3 groups: saline control, BBR suspension, BNPs) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 34771389DOI 10.3390/polym13213833 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  72. RodentAutologous erythrocytes delivery of berberine hydrochloride with long-acting effect for hypolipidemia treatment.
    Drug delivery, 2020 · Design: other (parallel-group IV PK, 2 groups) · n: 12 rats · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 32013620DOI 10.1080/10717544.2020.1716880 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  73. RodentIntranasal delivery of berberine via in situ thermoresponsive hydrogels with non-invasive therapy exhibits better antidepressant-like effects.
    Biomaterials science, 2020 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 32270794DOI 10.1039/c9bm02006c
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  74. RodentDevelopment and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Microspheres Containing Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate for the Oral Delivery of Berberine Hydrochloride.
    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2020 · Design: parallel · n: 18 (3 groups of 6, as printed 'divided into three groups, 6 rats in each group') · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 32340157DOI 10.3390/molecules25081957 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  75. RodentMgAl monolayer hydrotalcite increases the hypoglycemic effect of berberine by enhancing its oral bioavailability.
    Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2020 · Design: parallel · n: 12 diabetic rats in PK (30 rats total) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 32380387DOI 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110140
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  76. RodentHighly bioavailable Berberine formulation improves Glucocorticoid Receptor-mediated Insulin Resistance via reduction in association of the Glucocorticoid Receptor with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.
    International journal of biological sciences, 2020 · Design: other (animal pharmacodynamic study; in vitro C2C12) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 32792855DOI 10.7150/ijbs.39508 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  77. RodentEnhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.
    Pharmaceutics, 2020 · Design: other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 32957491DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090882 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  78. RodentPharmacokinetics and Excretion of Berberine and Its Nine Metabolites in Rats.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2020 · Design: other (single-dose PK, dose-ranging oral groups plus i.v. group, and excretion study) · n: 24 rats in PK study; 6 rats in excretion study · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 33584274DOI 10.3389/fphar.2020.594852 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  79. RodentOrganic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 co-mediated interaction between metformin and berberine.
    European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019 · Design: parallel (control vs co-administration) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 30428337DOI 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.010
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  80. RodentEnhanced Anti-diabetic Effect of Berberine Combined With Timosaponin B2 in Goto-Kakizaki Rats, Associated With Increased Variety and Exposure of Effective Substances Through Intestinal Absorption.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2019 · Design: other (animal PK and drug-interaction study: repeated-dose in GK rats; single-dose portal/systemic/liver sparse sampling in Wistar rats; in vitro) · n: GK: 8 per group x 5 groups; Wistar: 135 (45 per group) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 30733676DOI 10.3389/fphar.2019.00019 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  81. RodentNanoemulsion improves hypoglycemic efficacy of berberine by overcoming its gastrointestinal challenge.
    Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2019 · Design: other (parallel-group rat PK, in vitro and in situ studies) · n: 12 rats (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 31382342DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.006
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  82. RodentNano-Co-Delivery of Berberine and Anticancer Drug Using PLGA Nanoparticles: Exploration of Better Anticancer Activity and In Vivo Kinetics.
    Pharmaceutical research, 2019 · Design: other (parallel-group IV PK, 5 groups incl. negative control) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 31420752DOI 10.1007/s11095-019-2677-5
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  83. RodentPharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota.
    Life sciences, 2019 · Design: other (parallel-group animal PK interaction study; in vitro incubations) · n: 34 rats (10+5+7+6+6, from Fig. 1) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 31473193DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116818
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  84. RodentSimultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, scutellarin, berberine, coptisine, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Re of Banxia xiexin decoction in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
    Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2018 · Design: single-arm · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 28849585DOI 10.1002/bmc.4083
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  85. RodentNovel cremochylomicrons for improved oral bioavailability of the antineoplastic phytomedicine berberine chloride: Optimization and pharmacokinetics.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2018 · Design: parallel · n: 14 (as printed); group sizes printed as 4 + 4 + 4 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 29138046DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.023
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  86. RodentComparative pharmacokinetics and safety assessment of transdermal berberine and dihydroberberine.
    PloS one, 2018 · Design: parallel · n: Acute 19 (3/8/8); chronic 40 (8 per group; 4 per group for PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 29579096DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0194979 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  87. RodentProteomics analysis reveals a potential new target protein for the lipid-lowering effect of Berberine8998.
    Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 2018 · Design: randomized crossover (two treatment periods, other compound in second period) · n: rats 10; hamsters 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 29645002DOI 10.1038/aps.2017.200 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  88. RodentImprovement of intestinal transport, absorption and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine by using Gelucire44/14: In vitro, in situ and in vivo studies.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2018 · Design: other (in vitro/in situ/in vivo animal experiments) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 29654898DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.014
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  89. RodentA 42-Markers Pharmacokinetic Study Reveals Interactions of Berberine and Glycyrrhizic Acid in the Anti-diabetic Chinese Medicine Formula Gegen-Qinlian Decoction.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2018 · Design: parallel (randomized groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 29971002DOI 10.3389/fphar.2018.00622 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  90. RodentDual-functional Brij-S20-modified nanocrystal formulation enhances the intestinal transport and oral bioavailability of berberine.
    International journal of nanomedicine, 2018 · Design: parallel (two groups of rats) · n: 10 rats · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 29988733DOI 10.2147/IJN.S163763 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  91. RodentIncreased Bioavailable Berberine Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Attenuation of NFκB and JNK Signaling Pathways.
    International heart journal, 2018 · Design: other (animal pharmacology study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 30305576DOI 10.1536/ihj.17-458
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  92. RodentEnhancement of Berberine Hypoglycemic Activity by Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins.
    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2018 · Design: parallel · n: 12 mice (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 30558158DOI 10.3390/molecules23123318 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  93. RodentPreparation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents of Berberine Organic Acid Salts for Enhancing the Bioavailability.
    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2018 · Design: parallel (8 groups, n=5) · n: NR (8 groups of 5 per Methods; Table 1 reports 5 ig salts + iv) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 30597911DOI 10.3390/molecules24010103 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  94. RodentPrecise Dissolution Control and Bioavailability Evaluation for Insoluble Drug Berberine via a Polymeric Particle Prepared Using Supercritical CO₂.
    Polymers, 2018 · Design: other (parallel-group animal PK; 3 groups) · n: 18 (Methods) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 30961123DOI 10.3390/polym10111198 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  95. RodentPharmacokinetics, excretion of 8-cetylberberine and its main metabolites in rat urine.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2017 · Design: parallel (two groups, single dose) · n: 115 rats for plasma PK (50 BBR, 65 8-BBR-C16; 5 per time point); 12 rats for excretion (6 per group) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 27750103DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.022
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  96. RodentSimultaneous determination of anemoside B4, phellodendrine, berberine, palmatine, obakunone, esculin, esculetin in rat plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and ulcerative colitis rats.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2017 · Design: parallel (normal vs UC model), single dose · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 27875787DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.021
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  97. RodentEffects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of berberine in rats.
    Pharmaceutical biology, 2017 · Design: parallel (normal vs T2DM) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 27937081DOI 10.1080/13880209.2016.1255649 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  98. RodentBerberine as a chemical and pharmacokinetic marker of the butanol-extracted Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2.
    International immunopharmacology, 2017 · Design: parallel (berberine vs B-FAHF-2); in vitro Caco-2 uptake · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 28208101DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.009
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  99. RodentComparative Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Three Protoberberine-type Alkaloids from Raw and Bile-processed Rhizoma coptidis in Heat Syndrome Rats.
    Pharmacognosy magazine, 2017 · Design: parallel (RC vs BRC) · n: 16 (8 per group, as printed groups RC n=8, BRC n=8) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 28216883DOI 10.4103/0973-1296.197632 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  100. RodentPreparation, pharmacokinetics and tumour-suppressive activity of berberine liposomes.
    The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2017 · Design: parallel (three formulations) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 28295319DOI 10.1111/jphp.12692
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  101. RodentPEG-lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles loaded with berberine-phospholipid complex to facilitate the oral delivery efficiency.
    Drug delivery, 2017 · Design: parallel (randomly 2 groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 28509588DOI 10.1080/10717544.2017.1321062 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  102. RodentDendrimer encapsulated and conjugated delivery of berberine: A novel approach mitigating toxicity and improving in vivo pharmacokinetics.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2017 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 28533175DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.073
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  103. RodentEnzyme-inducing effects of berberine on cytochrome P450 1A2 in vitro and in vivo.
    Life sciences, 2017 · Design: parallel · n: 42 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 28893642DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.011
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  104. RodentNatural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) to Enhance Berberine Absorption: An In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study.
    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2017 · Design: parallel · n: 60 (4 groups of 15) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 29117131DOI 10.3390/molecules22111921 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  105. RodentSelenium-coated nanostructured lipid carriers used for oral delivery of berberine to accomplish a synergic hypoglycemic effect.
    International journal of nanomedicine, 2017 · Design: parallel · n: 15 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 29263662DOI 10.2147/IJN.S144615 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  106. RodentDevelopment and application of a UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of fenofibric acid and berberine in rat plasma: application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of fenofibrate combined with berberine after oral administration in rats.
    Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2016 · Design: parallel (three groups) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 26577601DOI 10.1002/bmc.3652
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  107. RodentNaturally occurring proteinaceous nanoparticles in Coptidis Rhizoma extract act as concentration-dependent carriers that facilitate berberine absorption.
    Scientific reports, 2016 · Design: other (animal PK, in vitro everted gut sac, solubility and nanoparticle characterization) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 26822920DOI 10.1038/srep20110 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  108. RodentPretreatment of rats with increased bioavailable berberine attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via down regulation of adenosine-5'monophosphate kinase activity.
    European journal of pharmacology, 2016 · Design: other (animal pharmacology/neuroprotection with brain concentration comparison) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 26957053DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.015
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  109. RodentMonodisperse microparticles loaded with the self-assembled berberine-phospholipid complex-based phytosomes for improving oral bioavailability and enhancing hypoglycemic efficiency.
    European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 2016 · Design: parallel (single oral dose, 3 groups) · n: 15 rats (Methods 2.17: 'Fifteen Wistar rats ... 3 groups') · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 27020531DOI 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.019
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  110. RodentPharmacokinetic studies of novel berberine derivatives with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
    Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2016 · Design: parallel (dose groups, oral and IV) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 27494281DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.038
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  111. RodentOrganic cation transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential between berberine and metformin.
    Archives of pharmacal research, 2015 · Design: parallel (berberine alone n=6; berberine + metformin n=10; metformin alone n=4) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 25359200DOI 10.1007/s12272-014-0510-6
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  112. RodentPharmacokinetic difference of berberine between normal and chronic visceral hypersensitivity irritable bowel syndrome rats and its mechanism.
    Archives of pharmacal research, 2015 · Design: other (parallel, normal vs model rats) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 25716428DOI 10.1007/s12272-015-0568-9
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  113. RodentComparative pharmacokinetics of puerarin, daidzin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, berberine, palmatine and jateorhizine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after oral administration of Gegenqinlian decoction and active components alignment (ACA) to rats.
    Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2015 · Design: other (parallel, GQD vs ACA) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 25746576DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.039
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  114. RodentPreparation, characterization and in vivo studies of amorphous solid dispersion of berberine with hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine.
    European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015 · Design: parallel (3 groups for PK); ex vivo/in situ absorption experiments · n: 18 (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 25861719DOI 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.001
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  115. RodentIn vivo anti-apoptosis activity of novel berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles effectively ameliorates osteoarthritis.
    International immunopharmacology, 2015 · Design: parallel (two formulations) · n: 36 rats for synovial retention study · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 26002585DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.014
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  116. RodentValidated UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of simvastatin, simvastatin hydroxy acid and berberine in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of simvastatin combined with berberine after oral administration in rats.
    Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2015 · Design: parallel (three groups) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 26519618DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.033
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  117. RodentThe study of absorption kinetics of berberine based on portal vein in rat, and the influence of verapamil and borneol to its absorption ability by UHPLC method.
    European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2014 · Design: parallel groups (4 groups), P-gp inhibitor interaction · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 24014108DOI 10.1007/s13318-013-0152-y
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  118. RodentPharmacokinetic comparisons of berberine and palmatine in normal and metabolic syndrome rats.
    Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014 · Design: parallel (two groups of 12) · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 24269776DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.031
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  119. RodentPharmacokinetic comparison of berberine in rat plasma after oral administration of berberine hydrochloride in normal and post inflammation irritable bowel syndrome rats.
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2014 · Design: parallel (two groups, normal vs model) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 24451127DOI 10.3390/ijms15010456 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  120. RodentSolid dispersion of berberine-phospholipid complex/TPGS 1000/SiO₂: preparation, characterization and in vivo studies.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2014 · Design: parallel (5 formulation groups, n=3 each) · n: 15 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 24456672DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.023
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  121. RodentAmorphous solid dispersion of berberine with absorption enhancer demonstrates a remarkable hypoglycemic effect via improving its bioavailability.
    International journal of pharmaceutics, 2014 · Design: parallel (two groups in PK); in vitro and in situ experiments · n: 12 (PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 24607213DOI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.017
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  122. RodentApproaches to improve the oral bioavailability and effects of novel anticancer drugs berberine and betulinic acid.
    PloS one, 2014 · Design: parallel (two randomized groups, free drug vs SD formulation) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 24614362DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0089919 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  123. RodentIntestinal absorption of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine and their effects on sugar absorption in rat small intestine.
    Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban, 2014 · Design: parallel (randomized groups of 6; in situ perfusion) · n: NR (20 groups of 6 rats stated) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 24710930DOI 10.1007/s11596-014-1256-6
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  124. RodentIntegrated pharmacokinetics of five protoberberine-type alkaloids in normal and insomnic rats after single and multiple oral administration of Jiao-Tai-Wan.
    Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014 · Design: parallel (4 groups of 6: single/multiple dose x normal/model) · n: 24 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 24815220DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.040
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  125. RodentDevelopment of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for oral bioavailability enhancement of berberine hydrochloride.
    Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 2013 · Design: randomized crossover (described as random allocation to two groups with crossover design) · n: NR (each group six rats) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 22563917DOI 10.3109/03639045.2012.683875
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  126. RodentEnhancement by sodium caprate and sodium deoxycholate of the gastrointestinal absorption of berberine chloride in rats.
    Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 2013 · Design: parallel (control vs enhancer groups; 'randomly divided into two experimental groups') · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 23020091DOI 10.3109/03639045.2012.723219
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  127. RodentBerberine analogue IMB-Y53 improves glucose-lowering efficacy by averting cellular efflux especially P-glycoprotein efflux.
    Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2013 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 23079743DOI 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.009
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  128. RodentReduced system exposures of total rhein and baicalin after combinatory oral administration of rhein, baicalin and berberine to beagle dogs and rats.
    Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013 · Design: other (in situ perfusion and in vitro; 3x3 Latin square for in vivo PK of other analytes) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 23159470DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.008
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  129. RodentThe anti-diabetic effects and pharmacokinetic profiles of berberine in mice treated with Jiao-Tai-Wan and its compatibility.
    Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2013 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 23582408DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.004
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  130. RodentEffects of β-cyclodextrin on the intestinal absorption of berberine hydrochloride, a P-glycoprotein substrate.
    International journal of biological macromolecules, 2013 · Design: other (in situ perfusion, parallel groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 23664937DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.074
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  131. RodentTetrandrine potentiates the hypoglycemic efficacy of berberine by inhibiting P-glycoprotein function.
    Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2013 · Design: parallel (three oral dosing groups); plus in vitro Caco-2 uptake/efflux assays · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 23924821DOI 10.1248/bpb.b13-00272
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  132. RodentTissue distribution of berberine and its metabolites after oral administration in rats.
    PloS one, 2013 · Design: single-arm; plasma PK in 6 rats plus tissue distribution in 66 rats (n=6 per time point) · n: 72 (6 plasma PK + 66 tissue distribution, as printed in Methods) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 24205048DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0077969 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  133. RodentCharacterization, pharmacokinetics, and hypoglycemic effect of berberine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles.
    International journal of nanomedicine, 2013 · Design: parallel (randomized two groups) · n: 16 randomized (Methods) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 24353417DOI 10.2147/IJN.S51262 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  134. RodentEnhancing effects of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride on intestinal absorption of berberine in rats.
    Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 2012 · Design: parallel (two experiments, each with its own control group) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 21774632DOI 10.3109/03639045.2011.592531
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  135. RodentDrug-drug interactions between ketoconazole and berberine in rats: pharmacokinetic effects benefit pharmacodynamic synergism.
    Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2012 · Design: parallel (BBR alone vs BBR + ketoconazole; oral and i.v.) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 22114028DOI 10.1002/ptr.3621
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  136. RodentSimultaneous quantification of berberine and lysergol by HPLC-UV: evidence that lysergol enhances the oral bioavailability of berberine in rats.
    Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2012 · Design: parallel (3 groups: berberine; berberine + lysergol; lysergol) · n: 18 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 22213237DOI 10.1002/bmc.2674
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  137. RodentComparative Pharmacokinetics of Berberine, Palmatine and Jatrorrhizine in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Rhizoma coptidis and Zuojinwan Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
    Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR, 2012 · Design: randomized crossover (two groups, 7-day washout) - as described: 'split into two groups to complete the crossover design' · n: 5 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 24250523 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  138. RodentDietary administration of berberine or Phellodendron amurense extract inhibits cell cycle progression and lung tumorigenesis.
    Molecular carcinogenesis, 2011 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 21061266DOI 10.1002/mc.20690 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  139. RodentBioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2011 · Design: parallel (3 groups: IV, oral control, oral + TPGS) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 21637946DOI 10.1208/s12249-011-9632-z (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  140. RodentPreparation of an anhydrous reverse micelle delivery system to enhance oral bioavailability and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine.
    European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011 · Design: parallel (IV, oral ARM, oral solution, plus control groups for efficacy) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 21742030DOI 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.06.015
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  141. RodentAcute toxicity of berberine and its correlation with the blood concentration in mice.
    Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2010 · Design: parallel (dose groups by route) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 20138204DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.033
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  142. RodentEnhancement of sodium caprate on intestine absorption and antidiabetic action of berberine.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2010 · Design: parallel (in situ, in vitro, in vivo experiments) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 20237966DOI 10.1208/s12249-010-9386-z (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  143. RodentSimultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and application in pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparations containing scutellaria-coptis herb couple.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2010 · Design: parallel (5 rats per preparation) · n: 10 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 20430560DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.002
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  144. RodentExtensive intestinal first-pass elimination and predominant hepatic distribution of berberine explain its low plasma levels in rats.
    Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2010 · Design: parallel (four dosing routes; tissue distribution; perfusion) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 20634337DOI 10.1124/dmd.110.033936
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  145. Rodent8,8-Dimethyldihydroberberine with improved bioavailability and oral efficacy on obese and diabetic mouse models.
    Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2010 · Design: single-arm · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 20663675DOI 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.085
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  146. RodentSimultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of coptis-evodia herb couple.
    Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2008 · Design: single-arm · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 18258496DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.12.028
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  147. RodentPreparation and evaluation of a microemulsion for oral delivery of berberine.
    Die Pharmazie, 2008 · Design: parallel · n: 12 (2 groups of 6 as printed) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 18717486
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  148. RodentSimultaneous determination of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma by HPLC-ESI-MS after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction and the pharmacokinetic application of the method.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2006 · Design: single-arm · n: 5 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 16293389DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.09.023
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  149. RodentSimultaneous determination of baicalin, rhein and berberine in rat plasma by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography.
    Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2006 · Design: single-arm · n: 5 (per figure captions) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 16730245DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.015
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  150. RodentPharmacokinetics of berberine and its main metabolites in conventional and pseudo germ-free rats determined by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry.
    Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2006 · Design: parallel · n: NR (PK n = 4 per Methods wording; see notes) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 16956957DOI 10.1124/dmd.106.011361
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    7 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  151. RodentKinetic difference of berberine between hippocampus and plasma in rat after intravenous administration of Coptidis rhizoma extract.
    Life sciences, 2005 · Design: single-arm · n: 60 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 15996686DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.02.033
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  152. RodentHepatobiliary excretion of berberine.
    Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2004 · Design: parallel · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 15039293DOI 10.1124/dmd.32.4.405
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  153. RodentSimultaneous determination of berberine in rat blood, liver and bile using microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography.
    Journal of chromatography. A, 2002 · Design: single-arm · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 12186383
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  154. RodentThe involvement of P-glycoprotein in berberine absorption.
    Pharmacology & toxicology, 2002 · Design: other (in vivo perfusion plus in vitro models) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 12530470DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.t01-1-910403.x
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  155. Rodent[Comparative studies on concentration of berberine in plasma after oral administration of coptidis rhizoma extract, its cultured cells extract, and combined use of these extracts and glycyrrhizae radix extract in rats].
    Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 1993 · Design: parallel groups, single oral dose (rat PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 8463958DOI 10.1248/yakushi1947.113.1_63
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  156. Other animalResidual and pharmacokinetic behavior of berberine in Carassius auratus under intraperitoneal injection conditions by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS.
    Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2025 · Design: other (single-dose tissue-residue PK, serial sacrifice) · n: 36 exposed + 3 control (Abstract); Methods: 3 fish per time point at 13 time points · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 39923615DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2025.124507
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  157. Other animalPharmacokinetics Study of Herb-Drug Interaction of Berberine and Glipizide in Beagle Dogs Using UPLC-MS/MS.
    International journal of analytical chemistry, 2025 · Design: other (sequential within-animal self-controlled, paired comparison) · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 40761345DOI 10.1155/ianc/7941435 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  158. Other animalA sustained-release phospholipid-based phase separation gel loaded with berberine for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2023 · Design: other (parallel-group animal PK) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 37547331DOI 10.3389/fphar.2023.1210129 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  159. Other animalIn Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Berberine-Loaded Microparticles Filled In-House 3D Printed Hollow Capsular Device for Improved Oral Bioavailability.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2022 · Design: parallel · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 35296955DOI 10.1208/s12249-022-02241-9 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  160. Other animalSuppression effect of plant-derived berberine on cyprinid herpesvirus 2 proliferation and its pharmacokinetics in Crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio).
    Antiviral research, 2021 · Design: other (animal PK sub-study, three dose groups) · n: 81 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 33359191DOI 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.105000
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  161. Other animalBioavailability and hepatoprotection enhancement of berberine and its nanoparticles prepared by liquid antisolvent method.
    Saudi journal of biological sciences, 2021 · Design: parallel · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 33424313DOI 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.006 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  162. Other animalPreparation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of intestinal retention pellets of Berberine chloride to enhance hypoglycemic and lipid-lowing efficacy.
    Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2019 · Design: randomized crossover (two-period, balanced) · n: 6 dogs · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 32104483DOI 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.09.006 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  163. Other animalGut Microbiota-Regulated Pharmacokinetics of Berberine and Active Metabolites in Beagle Dogs After Oral Administration.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2018 · Design: single-arm · n: 5 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 29618977DOI 10.3389/fphar.2018.00214 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  164. Other animalSelf-nanoemulsifying system improves oral absorption and enhances anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity of berberine.
    Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2018 · Design: parallel (randomized to two groups) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 30290822DOI 10.1186/s12951-018-0402-x (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    10 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  165. Other animalHerbicidal Spectrum, Absorption and Transportation, and Physiological Effect on Bidens pilosa of the Natural Alkaloid Berberine.
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2017 · Design: other (plant uptake experiment) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 28700828DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01259
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  166. Other animalA metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine.
    Molecular bioSystems, 2015 · Design: other (animal PK, parallel dose groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 25411028DOI 10.1039/c4mb00500g (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  167. Other animalChitosan-coated nano-liposomes for the oral delivery of berberine hydrochloride.
    Journal of materials chemistry. B, 2014 · Design: parallel (randomized into 4 groups) · n: 12 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 32261793DOI 10.1039/c4tb00876f
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  168. Other animalPreparation and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablets containing taste-masked microcapsules of berberine hydrochloride.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2013 · Design: randomized crossover · n: 6 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 23180226DOI 10.1208/s12249-012-9880-6 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  169. Other animalDetermination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2011 · Design: single-arm · n: 16 purchased; PK n=6 (Table 5); Fig. 5 caption n=5 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 21890297DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.001
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  170. Other animalBerberine and plant stanols synergistically inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters.
    Atherosclerosis, 2010 · Design: parallel (randomized 4 groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 19782362DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.050
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    8 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  171. Other animalDetermination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile by high-performance liquid chromatography.
    Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications, 1995 · Design: randomized crossover (IV vs IM described as crossover; design details NR) · n: 6 (IV and IM); biliary excretion n NR · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 7795781DOI 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00517-9
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  172. In vitroEnhanced controlled drug delivery of berberine-loaded gelatin nanoparticles: characterization and in vitro assessment.
    RSC advances, 2026 · Design: other (in vitro formulation study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 41624931DOI 10.1039/d5ra08567e (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  173. In vitroFolate receptor-α targeted delivery of berberine via folate-functionalized bovine serum albumin nanocarriers to enhance intracellular internalization and suppress 3D spheroid formation as a pioneering therapeutic modality for glioblastoma.
    Journal of materials chemistry. B, 2026 · Design: other (in vitro formulation and cell study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 41686123DOI 10.1039/d5tb01715g
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  174. In vitroVitamin A-Modified Berberine Liposomes Potentiate Anti-Fibrotic Effects Through Enhanced Hepatic Stellate Cell Uptake.
    International journal of nanomedicine, 2026 · Design: other (in vitro formulation characterisation and uptake; in vivo efficacy) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 42730342DOI 10.2147/IJN.S629505 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  175. In vitroBerberine's Impact on Apoptosis, Proliferation, Uptake Efficiency, and Nanoparticle-Based Therapy in DBTRG Cells.
    ACS nanoscience Au, 2025 · Design: other (in vitro cell study with small mouse tissue distribution) · n: mice n=5; cells n=3 independent experiments · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 40556818DOI 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.5c00004 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  176. In vitroInnovative approach in Parkinson's targeting via berberine-loaded mucoadhesive surface-modified liposomes: a multi-faceted study.
    BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2025 · Design: other (formulation characterization, in vitro release, and in vivo efficacy in rat PD model) · n: 32 rats (32 rats purchased; four equal groups per Methods) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 41366488DOI 10.1186/s40360-025-01039-2 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  177. In vitroChitosan/alginate nanogel potentiate berberine uptake and enhance oxidative stress mediated apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells.
    International journal of biological macromolecules, 2024 · Design: other (in vitro formulation and cell study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 38081485DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128717
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  178. In vitroPreparation and Evaluation of Berberine-Excipient Complexes in Enhancing the Dissolution Rate of Berberine Incorporated into Pellet Formulations.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2024 · Design: other (in vitro formulation comparison) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 38961012DOI 10.1208/s12249-024-02863-1
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    4 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  179. In vitroEnhancement of the stability and cytotoxicity of berberine by liposomal nanocarriers for gastric cancer treatment and its application in gummy candy.
    Frontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland), 2024 · Design: other (in vitro formulation study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 41822709DOI 10.3389/fgstr.2024.1387343 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    1 verbatim quote · view in JSON
  180. In vitroNovel co-crystal of 3-methylcinnamic acid with berberine (1:1): synthesis, characterization, and intestinal absorption property.
    Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 2023 · Design: other (ex vivo permeability, two groups) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 37725481DOI 10.1080/03639045.2023.2259460
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    2 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  181. In vitroPhysiologically based pharmacokinetic model predictions of natural product-drug interactions between goldenseal, berberine, imatinib and bosutinib.
    European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022 · Design: other (PBPK model simulation with in vitro CYP3A inhibition experiments) · n: 11 (observed clinical data used for verification) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 35048143DOI 10.1007/s00228-021-03266-y
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  182. In vitroFabrication, characterization and optimization of berberine-loaded PLA nanoparticles using coaxial electrospray for sustained drug release.
    Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2020 · Design: other (in vitro formulation study) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes (free in PMC)
    PMID 32307652DOI 10.1007/s40199-020-00335-y (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  183. In vitroHydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel of berberine chloride-loaded escinosomes: Dermal absorption and biocompatibility.
    International journal of biological macromolecules, 2020 · Design: other (in vitro Franz cell skin permeation; in vivo irritation test) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 32682035DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.129
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    5 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  184. In vitroInhibitory Effect of Berberine on Broiler P-glycoprotein Expression and Function: In Situ and In Vitro Studies.
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2019 · Design: other (in situ perfusion + in vitro transport + docking) · n: 18 broilers · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 31013627DOI 10.3390/ijms20081966 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  185. In vitroThe In vitro/vivo Evaluation of Prepared Gastric Floating Tablets of Berberine Hydrochloride.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2017 · Design: randomized two-period crossover · n: 3 · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 28035611DOI 10.1208/s12249-016-0696-7
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    3 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  186. In vitroDevelopment and evaluation of vitamin E d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-mixed polymeric phospholipid micelles of berberine as an anticancer nanopharmaceutical.
    International journal of nanomedicine, 2016 · Design: other (formulation, in vitro cell studies and PK simulation) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: yes
    PMID 27217747DOI 10.2147/IJN.S103332 (free full text)
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    9 verbatim quotes · view in JSON
  187. In vitroIntestinal absorption mechanisms of berberine, palmatine, jateorhizine, and coptisine: involvement of P-glycoprotein.
    Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, 2011 · Design: other (in vitro cell uptake and bidirectional transport experiments) · full text (PDF extraction) · open access: no
    PMID 21319959DOI 10.3109/00498254.2010.529180
    Verification: values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending
    6 verbatim quotes · view in JSON

Reviewer

Dr. Colin Reily, PhD

Dr. Colin Reily, PhD

PhD, molecular pathology (UAB); BS, molecular biology & biochemistry (St. Olaf College). Reviews the science and evidence (not medical advice).

Draft, pending sign-off Next review: set at sign-off

Animal and lab findings are labeled and never presented as proof of effects in people. Claims are limited to what the cited studies report. See our methodology.