{"slug":"berberine","name":"Berberine","csvName":"Berberine","rank":25,"rankingBasis":"Added from Patrick's pull list 2026-10-31 (keyword demand sheet); second PDF bundle","rankingSourceUrl":"","commonForms":["Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","Dihydroberberine (DHB)","Berberine phytosome","Micellar / emulsified softgel"],"forms":[{"slug":"hcl","label":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","studyIds":["pmid-39488825","pmid-27283523","pmid-24593257","pmid-21870106","pmid-17531424","pmid-16133554","pmid-10534753","pmid-41998469","pmid-40524804","pmid-40972937","pmid-38969039","pmid-39366529","pmid-38054840","pmid-34635990","pmid-35935857","pmid-36583113","pmid-33880775","pmid-32013620","pmid-32270794","pmid-32340157","pmid-33584274","pmid-31473193","pmid-29138046","pmid-30597911","pmid-27750103","pmid-27937081","pmid-28533175","pmid-25716428","pmid-24014108","pmid-24451127","pmid-24607213","pmid-23020091","pmid-23664937","pmid-21774632","pmid-22213237","pmid-20138204","pmid-18717486","pmid-16956957","pmid-39923615","pmid-40761345","pmid-37547331","pmid-33359191","pmid-32104483","pmid-23180226","pmid-19782362","pmid-38961012","pmid-37725481","pmid-32682035","pmid-28035611"]},{"slug":"dihydroberberine","label":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","studyIds":["pmid-38891813","pmid-29579096","pmid-24710930","pmid-20663675"]},{"slug":"phytosome","label":"Berberine phytosome","studyIds":["pmid-34904017","pmid-27020531"]},{"slug":"micellar","label":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","studyIds":["pmid-38891813","pmid-38004546","pmid-36321951","pmid-42228594","pmid-39339154","pmid-32957491","pmid-24456672","pmid-24614362","pmid-22563917","pmid-21637946","pmid-21742030","pmid-30290822","pmid-27217747"]}],"pairs":[{"anchor":"dihydroberberine-vs-hcl","a":"dihydroberberine","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","bLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"phytosome-vs-hcl","a":"phytosome","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Berberine phytosome","bLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"micellar-vs-hcl","a":"micellar","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","bLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}}],"studies":[{"id":"pmid-39488825","title":"Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans.","year":"2025","journal":"Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","pmid":"39488825","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/cpt.3454","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.3454","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11652804/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label","n":"44","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (over-the-counter capsules, ProNaturalHealth, Heilbronn, Germany)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, despite berberine being an OCT1 substrate, OCT1 deficiency did not affect berberine pharmacokinetics in humans. In contrast, CYP2D6 emerges as a critical enzyme for berberine metabolism in females, but not in males, highlighting sex-specific differences.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"A median of 6.35 μg berberine was excreted unmodified in the urine. This corresponds to 0.0006% of the oral dose.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"0.0006% of the oral dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"A median of only 0.003% (mol/mol) of the orally administrated berberine dose either was recovered in the urine as unmetabolized berberine (0.0006%) or as any phase I metabolite (0.0026%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"A median of only 0.003% (mol/mol) of the orally administrated berberine dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"2.8-­fold higher AUC0–48h in females compared with males (P = 4.1 × 10−6","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no significant sex-­dependent differences in Tmax and in the renal clearance.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant differences were observed in berberine plasma concentrations or AUC0–48h between poor OCT1 transporters, poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, and the reference group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant differences were observed in berberine plasma concentrations or AUC0–48h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Female 0.30 (0.09 to 0.51) 0.007","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40949215","title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of BerbiQ: An Advanced Bioavailable Berberine Formulation Using OMICS Technology by Synergistic Complexation.","year":"2025","journal":"ACS omega","pmid":"40949215","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acsomega.5c05343","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40949215/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40949215/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c05343","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12423846/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, two-period, two-way)","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride; BerbiQ formulation vs conventional)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The study also demonstrated that the novel BerbiQ formulation significantly enhances the oral bioavailability of berberine compared to the conventional berberine formulation. This enhancement is evident from the 4.26-fold increase in AUC and the 4.10-fold increase in Cmax observed for BerbiQ.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.40244","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"a 4.26-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.4 p.40244","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"4.10-fold increase in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BerbiQ demonstrated a significantly (P < 0.001) higher bioavailability than conventional berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38891813","title":"Differences in Metabolite Profiles of Dihydroberberine and Micellar Berberine in Caco-2 Cells and Humans-A Pilot Study.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","pmid":"38891813","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ijms25115625","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38891813/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38891813/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115625","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11171481/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized parallel pilot (double-blind)","n":"9 randomized (20 screened; 5 did not meet inclusion criteria, 6 declined)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (dihydroberberine and micellar berberine)","formTags":["dihydroberberine","micellar"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"LipoMicel treatment demonstrated a higher retention of unmetabolized berberine following Phase 1 and Phase 2 metabolism in both human participants and Caco-2 cell cultures compared to dihydroberberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusions, p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax 1.3 ± 0.4 vs. 0.09 ± 0.03 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"(43 ± 7, 0.085 ± 0.03 ng/mL, respectively for Caco-2 and blood; Table S2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The Tmax values of berberine for DHB and LMB were different (~1 h vs. 11 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Treatment factor: p = 3.98 × 10−5, Wilks' lambda = 0.0031","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant differences in PK parameters such as AUC0–24 (p = 0.002), Cmax (p = 0.032), and Tmax (p < 0.001) of certain berberine metabolites","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significance was found due to the small sample size","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38004546","title":"Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers.","year":"2023","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"38004546","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15112567","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38004546/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38004546/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15112567","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10675484/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized)","n":"10 analysed (14 recruited)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine HCl; standard vs LipoMicel lipid micellar formulation)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The findings present that LMB has higher aqueous solubility and Caco-2 cell permeability compared to that of standard berberine, as well as up to six-fold greater absorption in our study participants over a 24 h period following the oral administration of 500 mg berberine. LMB reached approx. 10 times higher peak blood concentrations of berberine than the standard product and could sustain significantly greater blood uptake in participants over the study period (AUC0–24h).","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (section 5, pp.15-16)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"LMB achieved significantly higher absorption when compared to unformulated/standard berberine (AUC: 78.2 ± 14.4 ng h/mL vs. 13.4 ± 1.97 ng h/mL; p < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Although not significant, LMB showed a lower elimination rate constant (Kel)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences in AUC berberine in male vs. female participants","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1; Fig. 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35419311","title":"Evaluation of food effects on the pharmacokinetics of Pelargonium sidoides and Coptis with each bioactive compound berberine and epicatechin after a single oral dose of an expectorant and antitussive agent UI026 in healthy subjects.","year":"2022","journal":"Translational and clinical pharmacology","pmid":"35419311","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.12793/tcp.2022.30.e3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419311/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419311/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12793/tcp.2022.30.e3","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8979756/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, open-label, single-dose, 2-treatment, parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as Coptis dried extract in UI026 / Lomin Comp Syrup)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This finding suggests that food affects the systemic exposure and bioavailability of berberine and epicatechin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax h 2.00 (1.00–2.00)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax h 2.00 (1.00–3.00)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax ng/L 4.07 ± 1.28","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax ng/L 2.71 ± 0.54","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUClast h*ng/L 23.17 ± 8.70","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUClast h*ng/L 7.70 ± 3.54","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCinf h*ng/L 32.22 ± 8.64","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax ... approximately 33% ... lower, ... both showing statistically significant difference","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUClast for berberine were approximately ... 67% lower","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36321951","title":"Emulsification by vitamin E TPGS or Quillaja extract enhanced absorption of berberine without affecting its metabolism in humans.","year":"2022","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"36321951","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d2fo02288e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36321951/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36321951/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo02288e","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (HCl)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Emulsification by TPGS or Quillaja extract significantly increases the bioavailability of orally ingested berberine in healthy volunteers by increasing its plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax). However, emulsification did not affect phase 1 or phase 2 metabolism of absorbed berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.12142","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC0-12 h and Cmax of berberine and berberrubine for Quillaja extract and TPGS were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than berberine powder.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.12138","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quillaja extract was more effective than TPGS in increasing the Cmax of berberine (5.1 nM vs. 2.0 nM, p <= 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.12141","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"although AUC appeared to be comparable (28.0 vs. 12.6 nM h, p > 0.5)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.12141","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"TPGS emulsification significantly increased plasma concentration of total berberrubine but not demethyleneberberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 (letters); Results p.12139","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant increases of AUC0-12 h and Cmax were also observed for total demethyleneberberine by Quillaja extract emulsification.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.12139","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Emulsification did not alter time to reach peak concentration (Tmax) for berberine or its metabolites.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.12138-12139","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quillaja extract emulsification appeared to shorten the half-elimination time of berberine and its metabolites","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1-3 (letters)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the ratios of phase-1 metabolites and ratios of phase-2 conjugates were not affected by emulsification.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1, Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not reveal any gender differences","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.12138; ESI Tables S1-S3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34904017","title":"Development of an Innovative Berberine Food-Grade Formulation with an Ameliorated Absorption: In Vitro Evidence Confirmed by Healthy Human Volunteers Pharmacokinetic Study.","year":"2021","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","pmid":"34904017","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2021/7563889","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904017/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904017/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7563889","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8665891/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover, double-blind","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride vs berberine Phytosome BBR-PP)","formTags":["phytosome"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A new food-grade custom formulation of berberine (berberine Phytosome) was proposed as more soluble and more absorbed than unformulated berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"AUClast value of BBR-PP tablet is about 4 times (for total berberine)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"2.4 times (for free berberine) higher than values from berberine chloride","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"real improvement in AUClast BBR-PP (considering total berberine) is of 9.76","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"9.76 and 6 times (considering free berberine) with respect to berberine chloride","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"maximal (7-fold) increase in Cmax by two tablets of BBR-PP supplementation as far as total berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"berberine plasma concentrations observed with both doses of BBR-PP were significantly higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significant reduction (free berberine data) can be observed for BBR-PP one tablet","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33183320","title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of HTD1801 (berberine ursodeoxycholate, BUDCA) in patients with hyperlipidemia.","year":"2020","journal":"Lipids in health and disease","pmid":"33183320","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s12944-020-01406-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33183320/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33183320/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01406-4","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7661247/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose ranging, sequential cohorts)","n":"50","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as berberine ursodeoxycholate, HTD1801)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BUDCA is a new single molecular entity that has a significant but modest effect in safely lowering serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations in individuals with a history of hypercholesterolemia.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"peak BBR plasma concentration occurred at a median value of approximately 4.0 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30587933","title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability of berberine chloride with simvastatin and fenofibrate: an open-label, randomized, parallel study in healthy Chinese subjects.","year":"2019","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","pmid":"30587933","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S185487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587933/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587933/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S185487","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6304249/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, randomized, parallel (single dose then multiple-dose parts, 7-day washout)","n":"60","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine chloride (hydrochloride)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"No clinically obvious pharmacokinetic interactions between Bbr and Fbt/Svt were observed with combined administration. The results demonstrated that Bbr can be coadministered safely with Fbt and Svt without dose adjustment.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"3.96±3.84","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"0.33±0.24","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"3.83±4.04","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"6.28±6.06","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"3.13±3.16","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"0.38±0.31","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"3.63±1.85","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the pharmacokinetic parameters of Bbr did not change significantly when used in combination with Svt and Fbt","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.134","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of Bbr, except time to maximum concentration, apparent volume of distribution, and apparent clearance","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27283523","title":"Significant pharmacokinetic differences of berberine are attributable to variations in gut microbiota between Africans and Chinese.","year":"2016","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"27283523","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/srep27671","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27283523/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27283523/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27671","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4901288/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"parallel (two ethnic groups, single dose)","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, significant PK differences of berberine were observed between Africans and Chinese, which is partly attributable to variations in gut microbiota and its corresponding metabolic capacity.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax were respectively 0.16 ± 0.08 and 0.06 ± 0.02 ng·mL−1 for the Africans and Chinese (p = 0.0006).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Africans (0.96 ± 0.34 ng·h·mL−1) compared with the Chinese subjects (0.47 ± 0.13 ng·h·mL−1) with a p value of 0.0037","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) values were observed in the Africans","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant difference in tmax between the two races","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant differences were observed for apparent volume of distribution (p = 0.0125), and total body clearance (p = 0.0201)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24593257","title":"Berberine and its metabolites: relationship between physicochemical properties and plasma levels after administration to human subjects.","year":"2014","journal":"Journal of natural products","pmid":"24593257","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/np400607k","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24593257/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24593257/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/np400607k","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-dose study in healthy volunteers; separate chronic open-label study in hypercholesterolemic patients)","n":"10 (acute); 12 (chronic)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine chloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results indicate that the higher plasma concentration of 2 was a consequence of a more efficient intestinal absorption, suggesting that berberrubine is potentially more pharmacologically active than berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum plasma levels were very low for 1, 4, and 5, i.e., 0.07 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.01, and 0.13 ± 0.02 nM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.769","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"0.07 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.01, and 0.13 ± 0.02 nM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.769","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the maximum plasma concentration of 2 was almost 10 times higher, i.e., 1.4 ± 0.3 nM, 4 h after the administration of 1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.769","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"1.4 ± 0.3 nM, 4 h after the administration of 1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.769","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the maximum plasma concentration of 2 was almost 10 times higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.769","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plasma levels of 1 and its metabolites after chronic administration were considerably higher than those after acute administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.770","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21870106","title":"Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans.","year":"2012","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"21870106","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00228-011-1108-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21870106/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21870106/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-011-1108-2","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898966/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two-phase)","n":"18 entered, 17 completed","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as capsules; perpetrator of CYP interaction)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (CYP phenotyping drug-drug interaction study: berberine (300 mg t.i.d., 14 d) is the perpetrator; the measured analytes are probe drugs (midazolam, caffeine, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, losartan) and metabolites. No berberine concentrations measured. Probe-drug PK recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Repeated administration of berberine (300 mg, t.i.d., p.o.) decreased CYP2D6, 2C9, and CYP3A4 activities. Drug-drug interactions should be considered when berberine is administered.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Conclusions)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the Tmax and T1/2 of midazolam during BBR administration were prolonged from 3.03±0.27 to 3.66±0.37 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.214","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax, AUC0–∞, and AUC0–12 of midazolam were increased 38% (P<0.05), 40% (P<0.01), and 37% (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.214","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21671182","title":"Effects of cinnamon granules on pharmacokinetics of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules in healthy male volunteers.","year":"2011","journal":"Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban","pmid":"21671182","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11596-011-0385-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21671182/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21671182/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-011-0385-4","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label crossover, two phases in fixed order (phase 1 RC alone, phase 2 RC + Cinnamon); randomization NR","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as Rhizoma Coptidis granules)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It was suggested that Rhizoma Coptidis granules combined with Cinnamon granules could increase the plasma concentration of berberine, promote berberine absorption and lengthen the detention time of berberine in healthy male volunteers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Summary)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax and t1/2 were increased markedly","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19269122","title":"Validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantitative determination of hydrastine and berberine in human serum.","year":"2009","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"19269122","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19269122/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19269122/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.036","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"1","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (within goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis, supplement)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It appears that the absorption and pharmacokinetics of berberine following an oral dose of goldenseal supplement is different than that following an oral dose of pure berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1026","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The peak serum concentrations of hydrastine and berberine were 180 and 0.59 ng mL-1 at 2 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.3, p.1026","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC (0 → t)) for hydrastine and berberine was 630 and 6 ng h/mL, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.3, p.1026","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17531424","title":"Determination of berberine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.","year":"2007","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"17531424","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531424/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531424/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.022","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride tablets)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic study of berberine in human subjects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of test preparation was 94.4 ± 12.6%, based on the test-reference ratios of AUC0–96.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3, p.935","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) in twenty volunteers was about 0.4 ng/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3, p.936","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"These pharmacokinetic parameters confirm the bioequivalence of the 400 mg test and reference formulations in terms of the rate and extent of absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3, p.935","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16133554","title":"Effects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2005","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"16133554","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00228-005-0952-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16133554/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16133554/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-005-0952-3","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"104 (clinical); 6 (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is cyclosporin A (CsA) blood concentration/PK, not berberine; berberine (BBR hydrochloride 0.2 g tid) is the interacting agent and its own concentrations were not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The BBR can markedly elevate the blood concentration of CsA in renal-transplant recipients in both clinical and pharmacokinetic studies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"still 29.3% and 27.8%, respectively, higher than those in BBR-free patients","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.569","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"average percentage increase in AUC of CsA was 34.5% (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results p.569","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The mean Cmax was decreased, but no statistical significance existed","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.569","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10534753","title":"Relationship between the clinical effects of berberine on severe congestive heart failure and its concentration in plasma studied by HPLC.","year":"1999","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"10534753","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199911)13:7<442::AID-BMC908>3.0.CO;2-A","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10534753/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10534753/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199911)13:7<442::AID-BMC908>3.0.CO;2-A","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"56","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results showed that the decrease in frequency and complexity of VPBs and the increase in LVEF for patients is related to their plasma berberine concentrations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The T (peak) was 2.39 ± 0.03 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.444","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p < 0.05, A vs B","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 footnote c","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41401085","title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Berberine From Bile-Processed Coptidis Rhizoma in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.","year":"2026","journal":"Chemistry & biodiversity","pmid":"41401085","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202502803","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41401085/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41401085/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202502803","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (single dose, comparative PK across herbal preparations and disease state)","n":"24 rats in plasma PK (6 per group x 4 groups); 60 rats in tissue study (15 per group)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as Coptidis Rhizoma, fried CR, bile-processed CR decoctions)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"By comparing the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution differences between CR and its processed products, the results indicate that the absorption of berberine in BPCR is accelerated, whereas its elimination is slowed, leading to a significantly increased degree of absorption in various tissues.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of BPCR is 2.23 times that of FCR and 1.78 times that of CR","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6; Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant differences in ... Cmax, Tmax, and HL_Lambda_z (h) for BPCR compared to FCR and CR in T2DM rats (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there are no significant differences in area under the concentration-time curve (AUClast) among the three groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUClast is 1.88 times greater (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"concentration of berberine in various tissues after oral administration of BPCR was consistently higher than that after administration of FCR and CR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Fig. 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41619558","title":"Herbal-derived puerarin-berberine cocrystal: Computational insights into mechanisms driving simultaneous enhanced solubility and bioavailability.","year":"2026","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","pmid":"41619558","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157883","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619558/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619558/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157883","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups, single oral dose PK)","n":"32","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as berberine hydrochloride; pure, in puerarin-berberine cocrystal, and in simulated Ge-Gen-Huang-Lian decoction)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The PUE-BER cocrystal significantly improves PUE solubility, IDR, and oral bioavailability while maintaining stability and modestly enhancing BER exposure.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the cocrystal group showed significantly greater exposure than the s-GGHLD group (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"with no significant difference versus the pure BER group (p > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41951843","title":"Intranasal co-delivery of riluzole and berberine via chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles for synergistic neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease: formulation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics analysis.","year":"2026","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","pmid":"41951843","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00210-026-05182-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41951843/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41951843/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-026-05182-3","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups; each subdivided into 7 time-point subgroups, 3 rats each; terminal sampling)","n":"NR (each group n=21 as printed)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic assessment further confirmed efficient direct transport to the brain, as evidenced by the pronounced increase in Cmax and transport efficiency relative to intranasal suspensions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.14137","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"intranasal RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA achieving Cmax levels of 596 ng/mL for BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) observed for RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA (IN) were 529 ng/mL for BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.14135","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"both brain and plasma Cmax values were higher for RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA (IN) compared to RLZ-BER-SUSP (IN)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.14134","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA (IN) exhibited significantly higher values than RLZ-BER-SUSP (IV) and RLZ-BER-SUSP (IN)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.14135-14136","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41998469","title":"Formulation Design of a Hot-melt Extrusion-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersion to Optimize Palatability of Berberine Hydrochloride with In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.","year":"2026","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"41998469","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-026-03419-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41998469/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41998469/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-026-03419-1","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized, 3 groups)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The successful integration of effective taste masking and enhanced oral bioavailability in a single HME-processed ASD formulation underscores its substantial translational value.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.11-12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax increased from 75.63 ± 21.68 ng/mL for pure BH to 158.43 ± 71.34 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-24h increased from 178.84 ± 21.68 ng·h/mL to 394.42 ± 168.02 ng·h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"in vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed a 2.21-fold increase in oral bioavailability relative to crystalline BH","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Formulation F7 demonstrated a moderate enhancement in the oral bioavailability of BH (P < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"For the PM, the observed Cmax and AUC0-24h were comparable to those of pure BH.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42228594","title":"Preparation of berberine micelles and its anti-skin damage in hyperglycemia mice.","year":"2026","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","pmid":"42228594","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/00498254.2026.2683638","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228594/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228594/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00498254.2026.2683638","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized, 2 groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Compared with free berberine, berberine micelle significantly improved oral bioavailability, which was obviously more effective than free berberine in the treatment of skin injury in hyperglycaemic mice.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.487","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability 2.64-fold greater than that of free berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.482","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"**p < 0.01 compared to free API","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42367479","title":"Enhanced Apparent Oral Bioavailability of Berberine Through BioSOLVE Technology: Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Metaberine™.","year":"2026","journal":"Cureus","pmid":"42367479","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.7759/cureus.109791","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42367479/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42367479/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.109791","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13310164/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized, body weight-stratified)","n":"16","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Metaberine demonstrated improved PK performance compared to conventional berberine, characterized by enhanced early systemic exposure, markedly higher peak plasma concentration, and an increased apparent terminal half-life following oral administration at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC0-8 (177.7 ng·h/mL) of test substance was 2.6-fold higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (139.26 ng/mL) was 11.3-fold higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"8.6-fold higher AUC0-8","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.5 (text gives 8.59)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"5.5-fold higher AUC0-48","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"37.3-fold higher Cmax per mg/kg active","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase in AUC0-8 (p < 0.05), with a GMR of 2.07 (90% CI: 1.25-3.41)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax was significantly higher with a GMR of 6.46 (90% CI: 2.88-14.50)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Discussion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No statistically significant differences were observed for AUC0-48 or AUC0-∞","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*p < 0.05 compared to conventional berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42390621","title":"Supra-additive neuroprotective effects of berberine-metformin combination in diabetic encephalopathy: Chou-Talalay synergy quantification, AMPK-Nrf2 axis modulation, and pharmacokinetic verification.","year":"2026","journal":"Metabolic brain disease","pmid":"42390621","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11011-026-01910-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42390621/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42390621/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-026-01910-z","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical animal study; satellite PK cohort alongside 12-group efficacy study)","n":"24 (PK cohort)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (co-administered with metformin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"LC–MS/MS verified bioequivalent drug exposure. Berberine–metformin co-treatment is associated with CI-quantified supra-additive recognition memory recovery in diabetic encephalopathy, with neuroinflammatory suppression as the most statistically robust mechanistic correlate. Pharmacokinetic findings are consistent with a pharmacodynamic rather than pharmacokinetic basis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant differences in plasma drug concentrations were observed between monotherapy and combination groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6; Results, Pharmacokinetic verification","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Hippocampal drug concentrations similarly showed no combination-related alterations","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6; Results, Pharmacokinetic verification","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Brain-to-plasma concentration ratios (Kp) were identical between treatment modalities","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6; Results, Pharmacokinetic verification","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39585246","title":"Surface-modified liposomal in-situ nasal gel enhances brain targeting of berberine hydrochloride for Alzheimer's therapy: optimization and in vivo studies.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of liposome research","pmid":"39585246","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/08982104.2024.2431908","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39585246/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39585246/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2024.2431908","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups; ex vivo and in vitro experiments also reported)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the liposomal in-situ gel achieved a higher drug concentration in the brain, indicating superior drug targeting efficiency and potential.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4, p.150)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"BER liposomal in-situ nasal gel showed a high Cmax (193.50 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"higher concentration in brain (Cmax of 93.50 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"in contrast to pure BER solution (110.08 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The plasma concentration of BER administered intravenously was high (331.2 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"higher in plasma for liposomal hydrogel (5296 ± 18.2) than that of pure BER solution (3423 ± 10.6)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"lower AUC0-t in brain and plasma (2649 ± 20.9 and 3346 ± 22.5)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"increasing the bioavailability of BER from 5% to 14.60%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC0-t was significantly higher in plasma for liposomal hydrogel (5296 ± 18.2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5 footnote; Results 3.8.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the liposomal in situ gel exhibited a 1.83-fold higher AUC0-t in the brain","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.8.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40199152","title":"Gliadin hydrolysates nanoparticles improve the bioavailability and antioxidant activity of berberine.","year":"2025","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"40199152","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143934","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40199152/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40199152/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143934","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Further, in-vivo experiments showed that GLH-BBR NPs significantly improved bioavailability and the antioxidant capacity of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4, p.12)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma BBR content in the GLH-BBR nanoparticle group was significantly increased by 43.85 %","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.11; Fig. 8 caption","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BBR content in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney in the GLH-BBR NPs group was significantly increased","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.11","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40480070","title":"Near-infrared light-triggered methylene blue/berberine co-loaded polydopamine nanoparticles modified with sialic acid for Alzheimer's disease therapy.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of colloid and interface science","pmid":"40480070","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138083","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40480070/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40480070/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138083","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (co-loaded with methylene blue)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetics and in vivo biodistribution studies revealed a higher area under the curve (AUC0-t) of SA-BP-MB/BBR NPs (9.75 and 7.52 times higher) than free MB and BBR, and SA modification promoted brain accumulation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*P＜0.05, compared with MB/BBR mixed solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40524804","title":"Drug Interaction Potential of Berberine Hydrochloride When Co-Administered with Tofacitinib and Filgotinib in Rats.","year":"2025","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","pmid":"40524804","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S491446","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40524804/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40524804/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S491446","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12168975/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 groups), drug-drug interaction","n":"30","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"TOFA and FIGA have no significant effect on the plasma concentration of BBR across various pharmacokinetic parameters. However, due to BBR's inhibition or induction of various drug-metabolizing enzymes, it significantly affects some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of TOFA and FIGA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5053; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"TOFA and FIGA do not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic behavior of BBR in rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5053; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1.76-fold decrease in AUC(0-t) and a 1.55-fold decrease in Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5053; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"all of which were statistically significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5053","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the CL increased by 1.63-fold and the time to peak concentration increased by 2.49-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5053; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"time to peak concentration increased by 2.49-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5053; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1.67-fold increase in AUC(0-t) and a 2.26-fold increase in Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5054; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"2.26-fold increase in Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5054; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the CL decreased by 1.64-fold and the Tmax decreased by 2.09-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5054; Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40972937","title":"Improving the oral bioavailability of berberine: A crystal engineering approach.","year":"2025","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"40972937","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126177","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40972937/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40972937/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126177","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (mouse PK) plus in vitro","n":"24 (4 groups of 6 incl. control)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (chloride vs gentisate, gallate, pamoate salts)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The highest plasma concentration was observed in BBR-GEN, while BBR-GAL and BBR-Cl showed comparable plasma concentrations. Therefore, developing new salt forms using crystal engineering techniques can be an effective approach in tailoring the solubility and permeability, thereby altering the oral bioavailability of berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The berberine-gentisic acid salt enhances the peak plasma concentration by 1.8-fold compared to berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of BBR-GAL and BBR-Cl were found to be comparable","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41219667","title":"Overcoming Bioavailability Barriers: Optimized Hybrid Nanocarrier System to Amplify Berberine Absorption via Peyer's Patches.","year":"2025","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"41219667","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03260-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41219667/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41219667/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-025-03260-y","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"18 (Methods: two groups of nine) vs n=3 per group in Table 5 note","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles BER-LPHN vs pure berberine)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In vivo pharmacokinetic study shows higher Cmax and AUC of BER-LPHN, and Peyer's patch uptake studies revealed that the nanoparticles were efficiently absorbed through M cells mediated Peyer's patch uptake.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Notably, BER-LPHN demonstrated an approximate 18-fold increase in the relative bioavailability compared to the pure drug dispersion","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BER-LPHN exhibited the significantly higher Cmax and prolonged Tmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.11; Table 5 footnote","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41488874","title":"Protective effects of berberine-loaded chitosan/solid lipid nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced gestational diabetes mellitus rats.","year":"2025","journal":"Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)","pmid":"41488874","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/ebm.2025.10749","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41488874/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41488874/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ebm.2025.10749","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12757692/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups, single oral dose PK); separate efficacy study in STZ-induced gestational diabetes rats","n":"20 (PK: 10 per group); efficacy study 49 females + 7 males obtained, 7 groups of 7","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine-loaded chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles vs free berberine)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Compared with free berberine treatment, berberine nanoparticle treatment could provide a significantly higher oral bioavailability of berberine in experimental rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract / Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax ... 399 ± 26 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"141 ± 35 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax ... 2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"lower Tmax (0.5 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC (2,926 ± 75 ng/h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"free berberine (692 ± 74 ng/h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability exhibited a 2.8-fold increase in the berberine nanoparticle group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"399 ± 26 ng/mL ... 141 ± 35 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"2,926 ± 75 ng/h/mL ... 692 ± 74 ng/h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41498108","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Overview of Active Compounds Berberine, Palmatine, and Jatrorrhizine From Fibraurea tinctoria Lour: Drug-Likeness, ADMET Prediction, and In Vivo Extract Toxicity Assessment.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of toxicology","pmid":"41498108","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/jt/7251602","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41498108/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41498108/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jt/7251602","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12767029/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal (in silico predictions; acute toxicity in ddY mice)","design":"other (in silico ADMET prediction + OECD 425 acute oral toxicity)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (in Fibraurea tinctoria Lour ethanol stem extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings indicate that despite the in silico prediction showing the potential toxicity of these three compounds, the extract exhibited relative safety based on in vivo tests and has the potential for further pharmacological development.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"predicted HIA values showed that these three compounds exhibited good absorption, with absorption rates exceeding 90%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38815372","title":"Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells containing berberine for ulcerative colitis therapy.","year":"2024","journal":"Journal of colloid and interface science","pmid":"38815372","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.162","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38815372/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38815372/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.162","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical in vitro and in vivo)","n":"35 mice in colitis experiment","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study describes the development of an exosome-based drug delivery system for the treatment of UC. The hypothesis is that this system can target colonic tissues, enhance the bioavailability of Ber, and synergistically exert anti-inflammatory effects.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"fluorescence intensity of DIR-labeled Exos ... of mice with colitis was significantly greater than ... mice without UC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7, p.363; Fig. 7A-B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38859955","title":"Supersaturated Drug Delivery System of Oxyberberine Based on Cyclodextrin Nanoaggregates: Preparation, Characterization, and in vivo Application.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"38859955","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S464994","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38859955/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38859955/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S464994","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11164094/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 rats (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (metabolite oxyberberine, OBB)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Furthermore, the absorption, bioavailability and potency of OBB could be enhanced by HP-β-CD-SDDS. Therefore, OBB-HP-β-CD SDDS was a feasible and effective technique for enhancing the biopharmaceutical properties of OBB.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions, p.5313","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"the oral bioavailability of OBB (1.55%, Table 4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5309 (Dissolution and Pharmacokinetics)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The bioavailability of OBB-HP-β-CD SDDS was calculated to be 24.73%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5310","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"indicative of a 15.55-fold increase compared to that of OBB raw material","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5310","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"oral relative bioavailability of OBB-HP-β-CD SDDS was also enhanced by 16 times compared to that of the raw material","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–t and Cmax of OBB-HP-β-CD SDDS were 10.882 μg/mL*h and 2.486 μg/mL, respectively, which were 15.32 and 10.66 times higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results p.5310","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"release percentage of OBB-HP-β-CD SDDS was higher than 95% within 20 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 6 legend; Results p.5309","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38969039","title":"Design of berberine hydrochloride sustained-release cold sol using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K100M to achieve superior drug dissolution and transdermal absorption.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"38969039","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133611","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38969039/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38969039/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133611","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro / ex vivo formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The optimized matrix with osmotic enhancers of 0.67 wt% glycerin and 1.33 wt% peppermint oil performed the best drug permeability.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"cumulative drug release of the HPMCK 100 M group was the lowest, reaching 80 % within 8 h, while that of the control group reached 80 % within 2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1.1, p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1 g glycerol and 0.3 g peppermint oil as permeation enhancers was the highest","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.4, p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39029440","title":"Role of berberine nanoformulation in epilepsy: A novel therapeutic strategy.","year":"2024","journal":"Epilepsy research","pmid":"39029440","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107419","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39029440/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39029440/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107419","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK; separate PTZ kindling pharmacodynamic study)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"To conclude, in our study the developed nanoformulation of BBR showed better PK parameters and increased bioavailability as compared to BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"increase in AUC of nano-BBR (35,429.46 h.ng/ml) as compared to BBR (28,211.07 h.ng/ml)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax for nano- BBR (2251.90 ng/ml) is approximately 1.6 times greater than BBR (1505.50 ng/ml).","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The Tmax was also increased from 1 hr to 3 hr with nano-BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase (1.6 fold) in maximum concentration (Cmax) of nano-BBR as compared to BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Both the AUClast (1.26 fold) and AUCextraploted (1.47 fold) of nano-BBR showed increase as compared to BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Tmax was also increased from 1 hr to 3 hr with nano-BBR indicating sustained release","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increase in t1/2 (61.47 hr) of BBR with nanoformulation than conventional BBR (49.62 hrs)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39094668","title":"Preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies of liposomal berberine using novel natural Fiber Interlaced Liposomal technology.","year":"2024","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","pmid":"39094668","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114431","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39094668/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39094668/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114431","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK; plus in vitro release studies)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride (FIL-BBR liposomal fruit-fiber formulation vs unformulated BBR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In vivo bioavailability study of FIL-BBR showed a 3.37-fold higher relative oral bioavailability compared to the unformulated BBR displays the efficacy of the surface modification of the liposomes by the fruit fibers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of berberine in the liposomal formulation reached a maximum value of 50.98 ± 27.03 ng/mL (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"unformulated berberine showed the Cmax of 15.54 ± 9.66 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 0.25 ± 0.00","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t for BBR in FIL-BBR was 1.38 ng.h/mL, significantly greater than the unformulated BBR (0.41 ng.h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"unformulated berberine (0.41 ± 0.04 ng.h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"oral bioavailability of FIL-BBR is 3.37- fold higher than that of the unformulated BBR in rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 50.98 ± 27.03*  15.54 ± 9.66; *p < 0.05 Vs unformulated control","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t (ng.h/mL) 1.38 ± 0.55* 0.41 ± 0.04","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"t1/2 (h) 7.90 ± 1.58  7.32 ± 0.61","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39227962","title":"Berberine and magnolol exert cooperative effects on ulcerative colitis in mice by self-assembling into carrier-free nanostructures.","year":"2024","journal":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","pmid":"39227962","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s12951-024-02804-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39227962/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39227962/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02804-x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11373475/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR), alone vs self-assembled with magnolol (BM)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We provided evidence that BBR improves its bioavailability, colon accumulation and anti-inflammatory effects through its assembly with MAG.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum serum level (Cmax) of BM (63.7 ± 39.4 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that of BBR (16.8 ± 15.5 ng/mL, p = 0.0126)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, 'BM improves the bioavailability' paragraph","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"BBR (16.8 ± 15.5 ng/mL, p = 0.0126)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, 'BM improves the bioavailability' paragraph","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t of BM (96.255 ± 74.895 ng/L × h) was 3.24 times higher than that of BBR (29.85 ± 21.752 ng/L × h, p = 0.0421)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, 'BM improves the bioavailability' paragraph","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"BBR (29.85 ± 21.752 ng/L × h, p = 0.0421)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, 'BM improves the bioavailability' paragraph","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of BM (63.7 ± 39.4 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that of BBR (16.8 ± 15.5 ng/mL, p = 0.0126)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t of BM ... was 3.24 times higher than that of BBR ... p = 0.0421","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the tissue level of BBR in the BM group was significantly higher than that in the free BBR group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Fig. 3E","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39229806","title":"The assessment of pharmacokinetics and neuroprotective effect of berberine hydrochloride-embedded albumin nanoparticles via various administration routes: comparative in-vivo studies in rats.","year":"2024","journal":"Journal of microencapsulation","pmid":"39229806","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/02652048.2024.2395976","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39229806/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39229806/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2024.2395976","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel five-group single-dose rat PK, multiple routes)","n":"30","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride (BBR-BSA nanoparticles vs pure BBR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Sublingual and intranasal routes were the most powerful routes for delivering BBR nanoparticles to plasma and the brain compared to oral and intravenous ones.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39339154","title":"Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Berberine Hydrochloride in Rats.","year":"2024","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"39339154","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16091116","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39339154/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39339154/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16091116","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11435259/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride (BH)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In addition, the in vivo pharmacokinetic investigations revealed an enhanced bioavailability of BH-SMEDDS compared to commercial tablets.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"commercial tablets reached the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 0.55 ± 0.06 μg/mL at 2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"BH-SMEDDS group achieved a Cmax 209.1% significantly higher than the BH tablets, reaching 1.15 ± 0.05 μg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"commercial tablets (3.138 ± 0.263 μg·h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–∞ value for BH-SMEDDS was 5.116 ± 0.829 µg·h/mL, which was 1.63-fold greater than that of the commercial tablets","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of the BH-SMEDDS to the marketed preparation was 163.03%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BH-SMEDDS group achieved a Cmax 209.1% significantly higher than the BH tablets","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"which was 1.63-fold greater than that of the commercial tablets (3.138 ± 0.263 μg·h/mL) with p values less than 0.01","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"t1/2 increased from 5.021 ± 0.614 to 9.347 ± 0.532 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39366529","title":"A potential cocrystal strategy to tailor in-vitro dissolution and improve Caco-2 permeability and oral bioavailability of berberine.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"39366529","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124789","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39366529/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39366529/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124789","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel three-group single-dose rat PK; 24 rats randomized to four groups)","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride (BER) as BER-lornoxicam cocrystal (BLCC) vs BER alone vs physical mixture (BLPM)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The sustained dissolution in simulated intestinal fluid and enhanced intestinal permeability of BLCC resulted in approximately 4.1-fold higher relative oral bioavailability compared to BER.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"from 39.89 ± 10.48 ng/mL (pure BER) to 125.64 ± 19.94 ng/mL (BLPM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax values of BER in BLCC were 81.51 ± 6.31 ng/mL, approximately 2-fold higher than the value of pure BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC(0-24h) from 128.66 ± 14.20 ng·h/mL (pure BER) to 179.39 ± 11.17 ng·h/mL (BLPM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"mean AUC(0-24h) was 531.55 ng·h/mL, exhibiting 4.1-fold and 3.0-fold enhancement in the exposure of BER cocrystal over free BER and physical mixture","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"BLCC demonstrated a relative bioavailability of 410 % in comparison to the original BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"**p < 0.01 is considered a significant difference compared with BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"4.1-fold and 3.0-fold enhancement in the exposure of BER cocrystal over free BER and physical mixture","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Papp (a→b): 50.30 × 10-7 vs 8.82 × 10-7 cm/s","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"ER: 1.71 vs 12.11","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39658523","title":"Redesigning Berberines and Sanguinarines to Target Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy.","year":"2024","journal":"Journal of medicinal chemistry","pmid":"39658523","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02202","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39658523/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39658523/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02202","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (i.v. vs p.o., 3 rats each)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (listed); measured compound is the synthetic derivative (R)-14i / LXZ-42","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Medicinal-chemistry paper: PK measured for the synthetic compound (R)-14i (LXZ-42), a urea-substituted tetrahydroberberine sEH inhibitor, not berberine or a berberine metabolite. Only a literature statement (<1% oral bioavailability of berberine in SD rats, refs 13,58) mentions berberine; no berberine PK measured. Rat data for (R)-14i recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"(R)-14i overcomes the pervasive issue of low bioavailability inherent to these compounds while effectively eliminating the undesired antimicrobial effects typically associated with berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.22177)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"notably achieving an oral bioavailability of 89.3%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results p.22176; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37177975","title":"DSPE-PEG polymer enhanced berberine absorption specifically in the small intestine of rats through paracellular passway.","year":"2023","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","pmid":"37177975","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jpp/rgad028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177975/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177975/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgad028","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ closed-loop rat absorption study plus in vitro mechanistic experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (with DSPE-PEG-OH / DSPE-PEG-SH polymer absorption enhancers)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"DSPE-PEG polymer, as an excellent absorption enhancer, seems very promising in increasing oral bioavailability of berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"berberine levels in rat plasma were significantly increased to be much higher than that obtained for the berberine alone group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.933; Fig. 1a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"DSPE-PEG-SH polymer with berberine to rat small intestine also led to a concentration-dependent enhancement effect on the berberine absorption in rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.933; Fig. 1b","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"berberine absorption was unfortunately not enhanced statistically as compared to relative control group (data not shown)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.934 (data not shown)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"**P < 0.01, compared with berberine group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no statistical difference was found in the reverse permeation of berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.935","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37196811","title":"Intestines-erythrocytes-mediated bio-disposition deciphers the hypolipidemic effect of berberine from Rhizoma Coptidis: A neglected insight.","year":"2023","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","pmid":"37196811","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2023.116600","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37196811/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37196811/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116600","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, tissue distribution, excretion, BDC enterohepatic circulation, cell pharmacodynamics)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR) and metabolite oxyberberine (OBB)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BBR as a prodrug could be metabolized into its active hypolipidemic form OBB based on unique intestines-erythrocytes-mediated bio-disposition. BBR and OBB were mainly presented and transported in the protein-bound form within the circulating erythrocytes, potentially contributing to their hepatocyte targeting accompanied by obvious enterohepatic circulation. OBB might be the major bioactive metabolite obligatory for the hypolipidemic efficacy of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The cumulative urinary excretion of BBR was 10.2% for 48 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the bimodal phenomenon of both BBR and OBB disappeared in BDC rats and the AUC0-t was significantly lower than that in the sham-operated control rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.5; Tables 6-7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a larger amount of OBB was detected in feces, which was significantly higher than that in bile (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"**p < 0.01 vs. unbound BBR of p.o. BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Tables 2-5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37329447","title":"Neuroprotective effect of Berberine Nanoparticles Against Seizures in Pentylenetetrazole Induced Kindling Model of Epileptogenesis: Role of Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms.","year":"2023","journal":"Neurochemical research","pmid":"37329447","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11064-023-03967-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37329447/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37329447/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-023-03967-z","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (two-group parallel single-dose PK within a PD study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride) free vs PLGA nanoparticles","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, Nano-BBR proves to be a potential neuroprotective drug that can either inhibit or delayed the process of epileptogenesis and might be used alone or in combination with existing antiseizure medications (ASMs) to reduce seizure induced oxidative stress and inflammation in epilepsy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax obtained in case of nano-BBR was significantly increased to almost 1.6 fold to that of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic Study","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"indicating the increased bioavailability of nano-BBR as compared to BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic Study","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37914368","title":"Comparison of Berberine Bioavailability between Oral and Rectal Administrations in Rats.","year":"2023","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","pmid":"37914368","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/bpb.b23-00444","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37914368/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37914368/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b23-00444","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups of rats: IV, oral, rectal doses)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as berberine sulfate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, rectal administration that can reduce first-pass metabolism can increase the bioavailability and possibly pharmacological activities of BBR greatly as compared with oral administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The average oral bioavailability of BBR sulfate estimated was 0.26 ± 0.01% in rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"the estimated oral bioavailability of BBR sulfate was 0.27%","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1641","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"** p < 0.01: significantly different from p.o. of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"* p < 0.05: significantly different from p.o. of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"†p < 0.05: significantly different from rectal administration (3 mg/kg) of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38054840","title":"Effect of berberine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemia rats.","year":"2023","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","pmid":"38054840","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/00498254.2023.2290648","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38054840/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38054840/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00498254.2023.2290648","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal drug interaction PK, plus 4-week PD study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as interacting co-administered compound; berberine hydrochloride tablets)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (PK drug-interaction study: measured analyte is plasma atorvastatin (AC) with vs without berberine pretreatment; berberine concentrations were not measured. Berberine acts as the interacting agent (CYP3A/P-gp inhibitor).)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, AC combined with BBR could regulate blood lipids, and improve oxidative stress and liver injury. It is an effective combination in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Meanwhile, BBR could increase the blood exposure of AC in rats, which might result from the inhibition of the activity of CYP3A enzymes and P-gp.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax, tmax, and AUC0-t of AC in combination group significantly increased both in normal and model rats (p < 0.01).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"t1/2 and AUC0-t of model rats showed a significant increase compared to normal rats in combination group (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38067456","title":"Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion of Demethyleneberberine, a Metabolite of Berberine, in Rats and Mice.","year":"2023","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"38067456","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules28237725","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067456/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067456/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237725","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708275/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK/tissue distribution/excretion)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (metabolite demethyleneberberine administered directly)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The absolute oral bioavailability of demethyleneberberine in rats ranged from 2.44% to 5.92%, and that in mice was 4.47%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"its bioavailability was comparable, ranging from 4.47% to 5.94%, higher than that of berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Compared with berberine (0.37~0.68%) [37,38], the bioavailability of demethyleneberberine is higher.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Demethyleneberberine is absorbed significantly faster from the gastrointestinal tract (Tmax, 0.08 ± 0.00 h) than berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34635990","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Huanglian-Houpo Decoction Based on Berberine Hydrochloride and Magnolol Against H1N1 Influenza Virus.","year":"2022","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","pmid":"34635990","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13318-021-00724-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635990/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635990/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-021-00724-x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8505218/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (HH group vs saline control) animal PK; PD in MDCK cells with drug-containing plasma","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of Huanglian-Houpo decoction aqueous extract; extract contains berberine 54.60 mg/g)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicated that berberine and magnolol are the main active ingredients of HH related to its anti-influenza virus effect, which is related to the improvement of IFN-β secretion.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax = 0.9086 μg/ml, Tmax = 64.69 min, AUC = 347.74 μg·min/ml and CL = 0.3220 ml/min for berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35086139","title":"Effect of topical berberine in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions.","year":"2022","journal":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy","pmid":"35086139","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jac/dkac007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35086139/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35086139/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkac007","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9000957/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK/PD efficacy study; IV vs topical comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine-β-glycerophosphate salt, 0.5% cream with 2.5% menthol; berberine solution IV)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The twice-a-day administration of a topical berberine cream was safe, able to stop parasite progression and improved the appearance of skin CL lesions. The relationship between drug plasma levels and in vivo effect was unclear.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 0.25","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 99.2 ± 36.0","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCt (ng/mL·h) 504.6 ± 213.8 (24 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC∞ (ng/mL·h) 976.8 ± 326.7","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"F (%) 100","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 1","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 9.7 ± 4.9","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"154.9 ± 19.4*** (12 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"335.4 ± 189.9**","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35104597","title":"Berberine-loaded liposomes for oral delivery: Preparation, physicochemical characterization and in-vivo evaluation in an endogenous hyperlipidemic animal model.","year":"2022","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"35104597","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121525","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35104597/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35104597/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121525","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized two groups)","n":"14 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR base form C20H18NO4+; liposomes reconstituted from proliposomes)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The oral bioavailability of BBR-loaded liposomes in rats is significantly higher than that of pure BBR (oral suspension).","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax ng/ml 37.8 ± 18.8","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax ng/ml 83.0 ± 18.6","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax h 1.07 ± 1.36","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax h 3.00 ± 1.61","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-36 ng.h/ml 135.4 ± 45.0","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-36 ng.h/ml 852.1 ± 289.5","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-inf ng.h/ml 164.7 ± 67.4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase in Cmax (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35277093","title":"The discovery of berberine erythrocyte-hemoglobin self-assembly delivery system: a neglected carrier underlying its pharmacokinetics.","year":"2022","journal":"Drug delivery","pmid":"35277093","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10717544.2022.2036870","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277093/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277093/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2022.2036870","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8920379/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2 groups, n=8)","n":"16 (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR; BBR hydrochloride in hemolysis experiment)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Cumulatively, there was an erythrocyte-Hb self-assembled drug delivery system after oral or intravenous administration of BBR, which conceivably gained novel insight into the discrepancy between the extremely low plasma concentration and relatively high tissue concentration of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t oral 0.681 ± 0.093","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t IV 6.422 ± 0.685","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-inf oral 0.685 ± 0.093","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-inf IV 7.438 ± 0.548","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"oral 1.000 ± 0.000","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (oral) oral 0.260 ± 0.032","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Although the AUC0-t value of intravenous administration was higher than that of oral administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35337079","title":"Lipid Nanocarriers Overlaid with Chitosan for Brain Delivery of Berberine via the Nasal Route.","year":"2022","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"35337079","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ph15030281","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35337079/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35337079/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030281","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8955068/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups x 6 time-based subgroups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The optimized nanoparticulate system is speculated to be a successful approach for boosting the effect of BER in treating CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, through intranasal therapy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (min) 30","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 780","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–t (ng/mL × min) 74,944","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (min) 15","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 4600","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–t (ng/mL × min) 313,493","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (min) 45","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BER-CTS-NLCs permeated more than BER-SOL (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"level of BER in the brain in the case of BER-CTS-NLCs was substantially greater (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35465190","title":"Chitosan-Coated Solid Lipid Nano-Encapsulation Improves the Therapeutic Antiairway Inflammation Effect of Berberine against COPD in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats.","year":"2022","journal":"Canadian respiratory journal","pmid":"35465190","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2022/8509396","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465190/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465190/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8509396","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9033382/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Upon oral administration to rats, the bioavailability of Ber-encapsulated SLN-chitosan was detected to have been significantly improved relative to that of the pure berberine suspension.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax ng/ml 479 ± 13","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"112 ± 14","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Cmax and Tmax ... 479 ± 13 ng/mL and 3 h, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (0.5 h) were achieved with pure berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"a higher AUC0–t (2973 ± 76 ng·h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"pure berberine, which only obtained 647 ± 77 ng·h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"a 4.6-fold elevation in relative bioavailability","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly lower Cmax (112 ± 14 ng/mL) and Tmax (0.5 h) were achieved with pure berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a higher AUC0–t (2973 ± 76 ng·h/mL) was obtained with Ber-encapsulated SLN-chitosan nanoparticles","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35476182","title":"Baicalin-berberine complex nanocrystals orally promote the co-absorption of two components.","year":"2022","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","pmid":"35476182","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13346-022-01167-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35476182/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35476182/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-022-01167-w","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 (PK); 12 (SPIP/microdialysis)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the above results indicate that the developed and optimized BA-BBR complex nanocrystals could improve the dissolution rate and extent and oral bioavailability, as well as facilitate the co-absorption of the drug prescriptions BA and BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"which were separately 7.49- and 2.64-fold than the complex coarse suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results, Oral pharmacokinetic studies","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"7.49- and 2.64-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results, Oral pharmacokinetic studies","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"area under curve of BA and BBR ... were 622.65 ± 456.95 h·ng/ml and 167.28 ± 78.87 h·ng/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"167.28 ± 78.87 h·ng/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"167.28* ± 78.87 vs 67.89 ± 13.41","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1271.40** ± 400.28 vs 482.03 ± 196.17","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"11,406.24** ± 3257.06","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"401.71* ± 246.30","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"24.74** ± 8.78","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35929374","title":"Quality by design-based optimization of formulation and process parameters for berberine nanosuspension for enhancing its dissolution rate, bioavailability, and cardioprotective activity.","year":"2022","journal":"Journal of food biochemistry","pmid":"35929374","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/jfbc.14361","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35929374/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35929374/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14361","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized crossover","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The dissolution and permeability data showed that the nanosuspension formed by the bottom-up technique significantly enhanced the percentage dissolution rate, permeation, and oral bioavailability of BER owing to reduction in particle size.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"oral bioavailability of BER nanosuspension was found to be 2721.52%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"whereas for naive BER, it was only 3.65%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The p values between permeation rate of raw BER and its nanosuspension was found to be .026","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"About 8.44-fold increase in Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"27.22-fold increase in AUC0–t, and 27.38-fold increase in AUC0–∞","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35935857","title":"A Novel Berberine-Glycyrrhizic Acid Complex Formulation Enhanced the Prevention Effect to Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine in Rats.","year":"2022","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"35935857","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2022.891829","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35935857/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35935857/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.891829","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9353711/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings demonstrated that a novel BBR-loaded BBR–GL complex formulation could increase BBR plasma concentration. Improvement of BBR bioavailability by the BBR–GL complex could coordinate with GL to attenuate DIC.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"absolute bioavailability of BBR was found to be 0.393%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"promoted to 1.741% of BBR-GL complex in PO administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC of the BBR-GL complex in PO administration was 4.4-folds bigger than that of the BBR solution group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4; Table 2-3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUCs of both BBR and the BBR-GL complex in injection administration had no significant difference","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35962183","title":"A co-crystal berberine-ibuprofen improves obesity by inhibiting the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKɛ.","year":"2022","journal":"Communications biology","pmid":"35962183","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/s42003-022-03776-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35962183/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35962183/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03776-0","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9374667/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate a 3-fold increase in in vivo bioavailability of BJ compared to that of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the relative bioavailability of BJ was 308.5% according to the formula: F = AUC (0 - ∞) BJ/AUC (0 - ∞) BBR * 100%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, 'BJ increases the bioavailability and dynamic solubility'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the peak time of BJ was prolonged to 3.8 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, 'BJ increases the bioavailability and dynamic solubility'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BJ promoted the oral absorption of BBR and significantly enhanced the bioavailability of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36079851","title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Sucrosomial(®) Berberine Activity on Insulin Resistance.","year":"2022","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"36079851","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu14173595","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36079851/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36079851/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173595","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9459874/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"48 (4 groups of 12)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Here we described a new formulation of berberine based on Sucrosomial technology with higher GI absorption that shows similar efficacy on controlling insulin resistance on mice fed with HFD as berberine hydrochloride, but at an 8-times lower dosage.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately 8-times higher than berberine (24 ± 17 ng/mL vs. 212 ± 87 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Berberine plasma concentrations were very similar after the oral administration of Sucrosomial berberine (6.25 mg/kg) and berberine (50 mg/kg)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"glucuronide berberine reaching a much higher concentration in the plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4C; Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36583113","title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activation of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex is Mediated by Berberine Erythrocytes Self-Assembly Targeted Delivery System.","year":"2022","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","pmid":"36583113","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S385301","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36583113/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36583113/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S385301","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9793729/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK / distribution / in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR; given as PCC extract or berberine HCl) and metabolite oxyberberine (OBB)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BBR was prodominantly found in erythrocytes, which critically participated in the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, metabolism and target delivery of BBR and its metabolite. The anti-inflammatory activity of BBR and PCC was intimately associated with the metabolism into the active congener OBB and the targeted delivery to monocytes/macrophages mediated by the erythrocytes.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.4380) / Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the Tmax of BBR in rat blood was 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4371 (Pharmacokinetic Study)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t and Cmax of OBB in plasma were both much lower than those in erythrocytes","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4371; Fig. 4B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t) and the peak concentration (Cmax) for the concentration of BBR in erythrocytes were dramatically elevated (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4371; Fig. 4A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the concentrations of BBR/OBB in whole blood were significantly decreased after treatment with acetonitrile","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The levels of BBR and OBB in the whole blood treated with HCl were significantly higher than those treated with acetonitrile","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33452654","title":"Irinotecan and berberine co-delivery liposomes showed improved efficacy and reduced intestinal toxicity compared with Onivyde for pancreatic cancer.","year":"2021","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","pmid":"33452654","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13346-020-00884-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33452654/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33452654/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-020-00884-4","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (IV, free and liposomal co-loaded with irinotecan)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"All results prove that IRI and BER co-delivery liposomes are effective preparations to enhance the treatment of pancreatic cancer and have broad clinical application prospects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC and Cmax of the lipBI group were higher than those of the free drug group, while CLz and Vz were observably lower","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7-8, Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33524788","title":"Oxyberberine, an absorbed metabolite of berberine, possess superior hypoglycemic effect via regulating the PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathways.","year":"2021","journal":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie","pmid":"33524788","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111312","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524788/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524788/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111312","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 rats for PK (vehicle and BBR groups)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (oral); metabolite oxyberberine (OBB)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, BBR and its absorbed oxidative metabolite OBB were mainly presented and transported in the protein-bound form in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"each time point ... of bound-BBR and -OBB was much higher than that of unbound-BBR and -OBB","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1, Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the plasma content of both bound and unbound-OBB significantly decreased in PGF rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1, Fig. 2A","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33774454","title":"A comparative investigation of the interaction and pharmacokinetics of hemoglobin with berberine and its oxymetabolite.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"33774454","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114032","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33774454/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33774454/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114032","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose IV PK in rats; in vitro binding and fluorescence studies)","n":"8 rats (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR) and its metabolite 8-oxoberberine (OBB)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the present study explained that low concentration of BBR in plasma might due to the generation of OBB by metabolism as well as the strong binding interaction with HB. Furthermore, OBB showed much weaker binding interaction with hemoglobin than BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.7-8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p*<0.05 vs Free BBR, p **<0.01 vs Free BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Ka values of BHB-BBR system were much higher than that of BHB-OBB system at the same temperature","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33880775","title":"A rapid LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of berberine and irbesartan in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study after oral administration in rats.","year":"2021","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"33880775","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.5144","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33880775/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33880775/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.5144","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups: BBR alone, irbesartan alone, BBR + irbesartan)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the two drugs had a mutual influence on each other's pharmacokinetic parameters.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–t was 196 ± 28.9 ng·h·mL−1, Tmax was 0.541 ± 0.345 h, t1/2 was 9.96 ± 10.0 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were significant differences in Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ (P < 0.05), and the values significantly increased.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Tmax and Cl/F showed statistically significant differences separately (P < 0.05), and the values significantly decreased.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no statistically significant differences in t1/2, Vz/F, MRT0–t, and MRT0–∞.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33933642","title":"Intranasal co-delivery of berberine and evodiamine by self-assembled thermosensitive in-situ hydrogels for improving depressive disorder.","year":"2021","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"33933642","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120667","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33933642/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33933642/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120667","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups: intragastric solution vs intranasal hydrogel)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR), co-delivered with evodiamine (EVO), HP-β-CD inclusion complex in poloxamer hydrogel","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the intranasally administrated hydrogels were quickly absorbed and entered brain, significantly increasing bioavailability of BBR and EVO in the body.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"bioavailability of BBR and EVO administrated by intranasal were enhanced approximately 135 and 112 folds in plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 2.2 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Both in hippocampus were increased about 143 and 11 folds, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"higher peak concentration (Cmax) and under the curve (AUC) of the hydrogels had a significant increase, and Tmax and mean residence time (MRT) were opposite","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax and mean residence time (MRT) were opposite","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"** p < 0.01 compared with the intragastrically administrated BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The pharmacokinetic parameters of the hydrogels in hippocampus did not show significant difference compared to the solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2 p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34163360","title":"Intra-Herb Interactions: Primary Metabolites in Coptidis Rhizoma Extract Improved the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Berberine Hydrochloride in Mice.","year":"2021","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"34163360","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2021.675368","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34163360/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34163360/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.675368","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8215677/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (five oral groups: water, NADES 1%, NADES 10%, malic acid 98 mg/kg, malic acid 980 mg/kg) plus in vitro experiments","n":"NR (six mice per group per Table 4 title)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride (BBR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the primary metabolites of Coptidis Rhizoma extract could form 'endogenous' NADES, and its dilutions improve the pharmacokinetics of oral BBR. This study demonstrates the synergistic interaction of the constituents of Coptidis Rhizoma extract and the potential use of the NADES dilutions in oral BBR delivery.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NADES dilutions (1–10%) increased (p < 0.01) the transportation of BBR from the mucosal side to the serosal side","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7; Fig. 3A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NADES dilutions also increased (p < 0.01) the transportation of BBR from the serosal side to the mucosal side when its concentration was higher than 10%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7; Fig. 3B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The NADES dilutions significantly decreased the ER of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"production of demethylberberine ... was completely inhibited (all p < 0.01) by the NADES dilutions when its concentration was higher than 1%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8; Fig. 3C","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the NADES dilutions concentration dependently improved the pharmacokinetic properties of BBR in mice receiving oral BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"malic acid promoted the absorption of BBR in a concentration-dependent manner in the range of 4.9–49.0 mg/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Fig. 5A","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34348707","title":"Improving the ameliorative effects of berberine and curcumin combination via dextran-coated bilosomes on non-alcohol fatty liver disease in mice.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","pmid":"34348707","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s12951-021-00979-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34348707/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34348707/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00979-1","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8336351/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four oral formulation groups) plus in vitro Caco-2/mucus experiments","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BER), co-loaded with curcumin (CUR) in DEAE-dextran-coated bilosomes","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"DEAE-DEX coated bilosome displayed promoted oral absorption, prolonged circulation and synchronized biodistribution of BER and CUR, leading to improved ameliorative effects on NAFLD in mice.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The oral bioavailability of BER was 34-fold increased by DEAE-DEX@LSDBC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics study p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"DEAE-DEX@LSDBC improved the AUC0–∞ of BER and CUR for more than 10 times of the BER + CUR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics study p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"LSDBC and DEAE-DEX@LSDBC obviously improved the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of BER or CUR compared with BER + CUR and LBC groups.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7; Fig. 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"***p < 0.001 vs BER + CUR","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4D legend; Results p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34552326","title":"Natural Nano-Drug Delivery System in Coptidis Rhizoma Extract with Modified Berberine Hydrochloride Pharmacokinetics.","year":"2021","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"34552326","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S323685","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34552326/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34552326/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S323685","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8451076/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups) animal PK plus in vitro experiments","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride (BBR); Nnps-BBR complex; Coptidis Rhizoma extract","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The proteinaceous nanoparticles isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma extract can form a natural nano-drug delivery system with BBR, thereby significantly improving the pharmacokinetics of oral BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly increased in the portal vein of mice in the Nnps-BBR-treated group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6304; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Nnps had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of oral BBR in systemic circulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6304","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Nnps caused higher exposure level of BBR in mouse livers","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6305; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Nnps significantly reduced the Papp from BL to AP as well as the ERs (all p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34640154","title":"Optimization of Hyaluronate-Based Liposomes to Augment the Oral Delivery and the Bioavailability of Berberine.","year":"2021","journal":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"34640154","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ma14195759","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34640154/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34640154/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195759","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8510464/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel, 3 randomly divided groups","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride salt used in formulation)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Results of pharmacokinetics studies indicated the potential of the liposomal formulation to increase the oral bioavailability of Brb and to accelerate its entry into the bloodstream.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"approximately 2.26- and 4.38-fold increases in relative bioavailability","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of Brb liposomes and Brb hyaluronate-based liposomes were 31.26 ± 0.109 and 53.61 ± respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9 para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax after oral administration of Brb solution was 21.5 ± 4.71 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9 para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately 2.26- and 4.38-fold increases in relative bioavailability were achieved","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34765276","title":"Transformation of berberine to its demethylated metabolites by the CYP51 enzyme in the gut microbiota.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical analysis","pmid":"34765276","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpha.2020.10.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34765276/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34765276/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.10.001","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8572679/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (BBR vs BBR + voriconazole)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study demonstrated that CYP51 promoted the demethylation of BBR and enhanced its intestinal absorption, providing a new method for studying the metabolic transformation mechanism of isoquinoline alkaloids in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC(0e24 h) increased by 9.8%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.633","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax increased by 45.7%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.633","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC(0e24 h) increased by 9.8%, t1/2 increased by 17.4%, and Cmax increased by 45.7% after addition of voriconazole","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.633; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34771389","title":"Development of Natural Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles of Berberine to Enhance Oral Bioavailability: Formulation, Optimization, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Assessment.","year":"2021","journal":"Polymers","pmid":"34771389","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/polym13213833","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34771389/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34771389/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213833","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8588213/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: saline control, BBR suspension, BNPs)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine chloride (BBR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the BNPs increased 4.10-fold in improving the BBR oral bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"BNPs have better oral bioavailability, as compared to BBR suspension, by a factor of 4.13","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"a 4.10−fold increase in the oral bioavailability of BBR from BNPs as compared to BBR suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of BBR from BNPs significantly increased by 3.41-fold (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9 p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BBR absorption from BNPs was significantly higher than BBR suspension (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9 p.12","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32013620","title":"Autologous erythrocytes delivery of berberine hydrochloride with long-acting effect for hypolipidemia treatment.","year":"2020","journal":"Drug delivery","pmid":"32013620","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10717544.2020.1716880","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32013620/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32013620/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2020.1716880","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7034074/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group IV PK, 2 groups)","n":"12 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BH-loaded autologous erythrocytes seem to be a promising sustained releasing delivery system with long hypolipidemic effect.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the half-life (t1/2) of BH in BH-RBCs preparations was 1.97 d, which indicated a sustained release effect","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32270794","title":"Intranasal delivery of berberine via in situ thermoresponsive hydrogels with non-invasive therapy exhibits better antidepressant-like effects.","year":"2020","journal":"Biomaterials science","pmid":"32270794","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c9bm02006c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32270794/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32270794/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c9bm02006c","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rat)","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride (with HP-β-CD)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The thermoresponsive hydrogel system resulted in similar or better antidepressant-like efficacy even with a lower dosage in reserpine and CUMS-induced depression in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the peak time (Tmax) (3.5 h in the hippocampus)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"(4 h in the hippocampus)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the Cmax of BBH (IN administration) increased 3.1-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2860","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–24 h increased 1.7-fold compared to the BBH/HP-β-CD inclusion complex (IG administration)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability of berberine was enhanced approximately by 110 times that of the oral berberine/HP-β-CD inclusion complex in the hippocampus","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.2860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax ... of the 125I-BBH/HP-β-CD inclusion complex thermoresponsive hydrogel system ... was 2.8-fold ... higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2860","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"(AUC0–24 h) ... 5.3-fold higher than the 125I-BBH/HP-β-CD inclusion complex solution (IG","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of BBH (IN administration) increased 3.1-fold and AUC0–24 h increased 1.7-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"2.8-fold and 5.3-fold higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2860","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32340157","title":"Development and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Microspheres Containing Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate for the Oral Delivery of Berberine Hydrochloride.","year":"2020","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"32340157","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules25081957","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32340157/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32340157/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081957","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7221516/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley rat); in vitro Caco-2","design":"parallel","n":"18 (3 groups of 6, as printed 'divided into three groups, 6 rats in each group')","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings indicate that SNAC is a promising absorption enhancer for oral delivery of BER in the form of both solution and microspheres.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC of BER after administration of BER mixed with SNAC was 9.87-times higher than after administration of BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.9 p.6; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC of BER after administration of BER/SNAC-loaded microspheres was 14.14-times higher than after administration of BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.9 p.6; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a 9.87-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC) of BER mixed with SNAC","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 2.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a 14.14-fold increase in AUC of microspheres compared with BER alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 2.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly larger than after administration of BER (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"prolonged, with significant differences compared to BER mixed with SNAC and BER (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32380387","title":"MgAl monolayer hydrotalcite increases the hypoglycemic effect of berberine by enhancing its oral bioavailability.","year":"2020","journal":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie","pmid":"32380387","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110140","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32380387/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32380387/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110140","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley rat, HFD/STZ T2DM model; ICR mice for efficacy)","design":"parallel","n":"12 diabetic rats in PK (30 rats total)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In a word, the solubility, oral bioavailability and hypoglycemic effect of BBR could be improved by loading onto MLDH.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax and AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞) in the BBR/MLDH group were significantly increased (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4; Table 2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"half time of life (t1/2z) and the clearance rate (CLz/F) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the time to peak (Tmax) showed no significant difference","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32792855","title":"Highly bioavailable Berberine formulation improves Glucocorticoid Receptor-mediated Insulin Resistance via reduction in association of the Glucocorticoid Receptor with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.","year":"2020","journal":"International journal of biological sciences","pmid":"32792855","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.7150/ijbs.39508","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32792855/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32792855/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.39508","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7415432/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal pharmacodynamic study; in vitro C2C12)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as HGSD solid dispersion with sodium caprate and PEG6000; plain BBR comparator)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Excess GC-induced insulin resistance is mediated by increased association of GR with PI3K and treatment with HGSD attenuates these effects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32957491","title":"Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.","year":"2020","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"32957491","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics12090882","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32957491/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32957491/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090882","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7558015/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (chloride; mixed micelle formulation with pluronic P85 and tween 80)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, we successfully prepared berberine mixed micelle formulation using P85 and tween 80 that has inhibitory potential for P-gp and CYPs (CYP2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) and increased the berberine plasma exposure.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The fold increase in the berberine AUC in the berberine formulation group was 15.6-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.2 p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plasma exposure of berberine was significantly greater in rats administered the berberine formulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1, Results 3.5.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The fold changes in the AUC values of berberrubine and thalifendine from rats orally administered berberine formulations were not significantly altered","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.2 p.15","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33584274","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Excretion of Berberine and Its Nine Metabolites in Rats.","year":"2020","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"33584274","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2020.594852","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33584274/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33584274/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.594852","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7874128/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose PK, dose-ranging oral groups plus i.v. group, and excretion study)","n":"24 rats in PK study; 6 rats in excretion study","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride oral; berberine sulfate i.v.) and nine metabolites","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The absolute bioavailability of berberine was very low due to insufficient absorption and extensive metabolism. Berberine, M1, M6, M7, M8, and M9 showed linear dynamics in dose range of 48.2–240 mg/kg. Phase II metabolites were the major circulating components in plasma. The total excretion of berberine and its metabolites in urine, bile and feces was 41.2% within 84 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"the absolute bioavailability of berberine was only 0.37 ± 0.11%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.5; Discussion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"After oral administration, the Tmax values for M7 were 11–13 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"cumulative urinary excretion ... for 84 h were 0.0101, 1.24, 0.399, 0.00284, 0.153, 0.000245, 0.169, 4.21, 0.102, and 0.204%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 and p.8 (Excretion Study)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Compared to 48.2 mg group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; compared to 120 mg group, #p < 0.01.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*p < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The absolute bioavailability of berberine was 0.37 ± 0.11%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30428337","title":"Organic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 co-mediated interaction between metformin and berberine.","year":"2019","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"30428337","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428337/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428337/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.010","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (control vs co-administration)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (with/without metformin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that the combination of metformin and berberine induced a pharmacokinetic interaction by cooperatively inhibiting OCT and MATE1-mediated transport.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"16.3 ± 10.5","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"21.7 ± 5.61","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"2.63 ± 2.96","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"2.50 ± 2.74","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"33.6 ± 5.83","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"53.0 ± 21.1","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"90.8 ± 37.4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference in pharmacokinetics parameters was observed between the co-administration and berberine-only groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"metformin significantly increased the kidney and liver concentrations and tissue/plasma concentration ratio of berberine (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30733676","title":"Enhanced Anti-diabetic Effect of Berberine Combined With Timosaponin B2 in Goto-Kakizaki Rats, Associated With Increased Variety and Exposure of Effective Substances Through Intestinal Absorption.","year":"2019","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"30733676","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2019.00019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30733676/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30733676/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00019","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6353801/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and drug-interaction study: repeated-dose in GK rats; single-dose portal/systemic/liver sparse sampling in Wistar rats; in vitro)","n":"GK: 8 per group x 5 groups; Wistar: 135 (45 per group)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Combining TB-2 and BBR enhanced the anti-diabetic efficacy by increasing the in vivo variety of effective substances, including the parent compounds and active metabolites, and improving the levels of those substances through intestinal absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the combination treatments led to obvious increases in the Cmax and AUC of BBR by 695% (P < 0.05) and 107% (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"combination treatments led to the increased circulating levels of BBR by 107% in GK rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"it didn't significantly increase the AUC or Cmax of M1 (P > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7-8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"co-administration of TB-2 increased the AUC of BBR by 114% (P < 0.01) in the portal vein plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"it didn't increase the AUC of BBR with statistical significance (P > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC and Cmax of M1 were increased by 89% (P < 0.001) and 105% (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC and Cmax of M1 were similarly enhanced by 95% (P < 0.05) and 54% (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Co-administration of TB-2 improved the Cmax of BBR by 136% (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the increased AUC of BBR didn't elicit statistical significance","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31382342","title":"Nanoemulsion improves hypoglycemic efficacy of berberine by overcoming its gastrointestinal challenge.","year":"2019","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","pmid":"31382342","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31382342/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31382342/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.006","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK, in vitro and in situ studies)","n":"12 rats (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"NE overcame the GI deficiency of BBR and significantly increased the oral bioavailability of BBR. Moreover, the promoted bioavailability by NE remarkably improved the hypoglycemic activity of BBR in diabetic mice.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the Fr of BBR-NE group was 212.02% (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC0-t of BBR in the BBR-NE group was significantly increased from 131.23 to 278.23 h μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NE could significantly enhance the Cmax (113.70 μg/L) and shorten the Tmax (0.23 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"shorten the Tmax (0.23 h) of BBR, compared with the BBR control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NE remarkably prolonged the MRT0-t (4.73 h) and T1/2 (21.70 h) values of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NE also could act as the Ver to enhance the uptake of BBR and reduce its efflux","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31420752","title":"Nano-Co-Delivery of Berberine and Anticancer Drug Using PLGA Nanoparticles: Exploration of Better Anticancer Activity and In Vivo Kinetics.","year":"2019","journal":"Pharmaceutical research","pmid":"31420752","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11095-019-2677-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31420752/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31420752/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-019-2677-5","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group IV PK, 5 groups incl. negative control)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed the significant increase in bioavailability as observed in plasma-concentration drug profile study in rat model in vivo leading to significant improvement in overall half-life.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.15)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"the urinary excretion of doxorubicin and berberine was reduced in case of PDBNP","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo Pharmacokinetics (p.14)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In case of PDBNP administration the AUC0-∞ was increased to 13,120.82 ± 158.05 and 3473.77 ± 85.55 μg mL−1/h, respectively for doxorubicin and berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II; Results p.14","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31473193","title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota.","year":"2019","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"31473193","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116818","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31473193/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31473193/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116818","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK interaction study; in vitro incubations)","n":"34 rats (10+5+7+6+6, from Fig. 1)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BBR pretreatment had significant impacts on the MET pharmacokinetics, whereas simultaneous co-administration of BBR and MET led to minimal changes in pharmacokinetics of MET. Two-hour pretreatment with BBR could significantly decrease microbiota mediated degradation of MET, leading to its higher bioavailability in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"plasma concentrations at different time points between different groups were all below 5.69 ng/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 (p.4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The peak concentrations for MET and BBR in rat plasma reached approximately 30,000 ng/ml and 12 ng/ml, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference was found","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28849585","title":"Simultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, scutellarin, berberine, coptisine, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Re of Banxia xiexin decoction in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2018","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"28849585","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.4083","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28849585/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28849585/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.4083","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as constituent of Banxia xiexin decoction, Rhizoma Coptidis)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A rapid, sensitive and accurate method for the determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, scutellarin, berberine, coptisine, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Re in rat plasma using LC–MS/MS has been developed.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29138046","title":"Novel cremochylomicrons for improved oral bioavailability of the antineoplastic phytomedicine berberine chloride: Optimization and pharmacokinetics.","year":"2018","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"29138046","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29138046/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29138046/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.023","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"14 (as printed); group sizes printed as 4 + 4 + 4","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine chloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"berberine-loaded cremochylomicron could be considered as a promising nanoplatform for targeting lymphatic system and improving BER oral bioavailability with lower dose and side effects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"maximum plasma concentration (Cmax: 3.840 μg/l) after 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant difference between BER CrM and free BER groups according to Tukey post-hoc analysis","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5 footnote a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant difference between BER CrM and CHX-BER CrM groups according to Tukey post-hoc analysis","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5 footnote b","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant difference between CHX-BER CrM and free BER groups according to Tukey post-hoc analysis","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5 footnote c; Results 3.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29579096","title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety assessment of transdermal berberine and dihydroberberine.","year":"2018","journal":"PloS one","pmid":"29579096","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0194979","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29579096/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29579096/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194979","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5868852/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"Acute 19 (3/8/8); chronic 40 (8 per group; 4 per group for PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine and dihydroberberine (transdermal vs oral berberine)","formTags":["dihydroberberine"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Transdermal dihydroberberine presented increased systemic berberine and DBG compared with other routes of administration in both acute and chronic studies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.14-16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"enhanced bioavailability (3.6 x AUC0-8, p < 0.05) upon acute administration compared with orally treated animals","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.11; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"improved transdermal permeation over both oral berberine (7.1 x AUC0-8, p <0.05) and topical berberine (2.0 x AUC0-8)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.11; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"topical berberine (2.0 x AUC0-8)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Statistical significance as compared to all other groups (P<0.05) is indicated","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig 4 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"~5-fold decrease (26.5 +/-2.9 vs. 4.8 +/-0.9; P = 0.0004, unpaired t-test)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.14","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29645002","title":"Proteomics analysis reveals a potential new target protein for the lipid-lowering effect of Berberine8998.","year":"2018","journal":"Acta pharmacologica Sinica","pmid":"29645002","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/aps.2017.200","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29645002/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29645002/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2017.200","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6289321/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized crossover (two treatment periods, other compound in second period)","n":"rats 10; hamsters 6","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (free base) vs derivative berberine8998","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The improved bioavailability of berberine8998 is of significant importance and will be examined in future studies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.1481)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Berberine 70 1.5±1.0","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Berberine 70 1.5±1.0 55.1±49.3","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum concentrations of berberine and berberine8998 in the serum (Cmax) were 55.11 ng/mL and 230.3 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1478","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"312.4±165.2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"397.6±170.4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Berberine8998 70 3.0±1.7","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"230.3±70.2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"bioavailability improved significantly by 6.7 times in SD rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1478","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"with the bioavailability enhance by 3.6 times in hamsters","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1478","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29654898","title":"Improvement of intestinal transport, absorption and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine by using Gelucire44/14: In vitro, in situ and in vivo studies.","year":"2018","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"29654898","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29654898/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29654898/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.014","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro/in situ/in vivo animal experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Gelucire44/14 exhibited potential for enhancing the oral absorption of BBR and thus improve its various pharmacological effects, particularly the antidiabetic efficacy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"BBR alone Cmax 0.13","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"BBR alone Tmax 55.0","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"BBR alone AUC 28.04","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"BBR+Gel 0.1% Cmax 0.32","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"BBR+Gel 0.1% Tmax 70.0","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"BBR+Gel 0.1% AUC 74.56","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"BBR+Gel 0.1% enhancement ratio 2.6","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax and AUC0–360 min of BBR with 0.1% (v/v) Gelucire44/14 in the ileum were significantly increased","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"39.83 ± 1.00** vs 31.62 ± 1.72","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29971002","title":"A 42-Markers Pharmacokinetic Study Reveals Interactions of Berberine and Glycyrrhizic Acid in the Anti-diabetic Chinese Medicine Formula Gegen-Qinlian Decoction.","year":"2018","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"29971002","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2018.00622","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29971002/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29971002/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00622","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6018403/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of Huang-Lian/GQD; pure berberine +/- glycyrrhizic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We discovered that glycyrrhizic acid could improve the oral absorption of berberine by inhibiting P-gp, and thus increase the anti-diabetic effects of berberine in db/db mice.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Analyte 24 GQD 0.39 ± 0.76","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Analyte 24 GQD 28.20 ± 17.45","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Analyte 24 GQD 389.12 ± 187.34","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Analyte 24 GQD-GC 0.35 ± 0.23","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Analyte 24 GQD-GC 32.28 ± 13.20","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Analyte 24 GQD-GC 148.97 ± 70.83","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Analyte 24 HL 0.29 ± 1.12","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"GLY increased the AUClast of berberine by around 6 folds","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"GQD could improve the bioavailability of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Huang-Lian","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29988733","title":"Dual-functional Brij-S20-modified nanocrystal formulation enhances the intestinal transport and oral bioavailability of berberine.","year":"2018","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"29988733","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S163763","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988733/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988733/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S163763","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6030940/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups of rats)","n":"10 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (pure BBR vs Brij-S20 nanocrystal formulation)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BBR-BS20-NCs effectively overcome Pgp-mediated BBR efflux (EfR value of 7.12) and significantly enhance BBR absorption (EfR value of 3.62) in MDCK-MDR1 cells. Also, pharmacokinetic study proved that BBR-BS20-NCs statistically enhanced the bioavailability of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"74.5 ± 10.6","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"1.6 ± 0.5","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"450.6 ± 119.4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"527.2 ± 177.2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"144.2 ± 43.6","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"1.2 ± 0.4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"1,081.0 ± 191.5","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"144.2 ± 43.6* vs 74.5 ± 10.6","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1,081.0 ± 191.5** vs 450.6 ± 119.4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30305576","title":"Increased Bioavailable Berberine Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Attenuation of NFκB and JNK Signaling Pathways.","year":"2018","journal":"International heart journal","pmid":"30305576","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1536/ihj.17-458","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30305576/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30305576/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.17-458","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal pharmacology study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (solid dispersion with sodium caprate, HGSD)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"HGSD treatment protects the heart from ischemia reperfusion injury through attenuation of NFκB and JNK signaling pathways.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30558158","title":"Enhancement of Berberine Hypoglycemic Activity by Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins.","year":"2018","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"30558158","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules23123318","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30558158/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30558158/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123318","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6321252/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 mice (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (+ cinnamon oligomeric proanthocyanidins)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study demonstrated that combination of BB with OPCs could significantly improve the pharmacokinetics and hypoglycemic efficacy of BB.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"only BB was administered (17 ± 2.96 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.7 (p.9)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of BB when co-administered with OPCs was 29.7 ± 4.57 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.7 (p.9)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"BB was administered (78.98 ± 13.62 ng h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.7 (p.9)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–24 of BB when co-administered with OPCs was 98.53 ± 21.54 ng·h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.7 (p.9)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately 1.75-fold (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately 1.24-fold of that when only BB was administered","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"4.10 ± 0.78 **","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30597911","title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents of Berberine Organic Acid Salts for Enhancing the Bioavailability.","year":"2018","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"30597911","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules24010103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597911/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597911/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010103","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6337101/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (8 groups, n=5)","n":"NR (8 groups of 5 per Methods; Table 1 reports 5 ig salts + iv)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride vs organic acid salts)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Compared with BH, BOAs, especially BF and BS, can not only control blood sugar to avoid hyperchloremia, but also significantly improve oral bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax 1.00 ± 0.00","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax 4.22 ± 0.87","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t 7.21 ± 0.65","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-∞ 8.29 ± 0.78","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-∞ (iv) 14.05 ± 0.22","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"Fa (%) 0.708","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax 0.90 ± 0.22","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"9.51 ± 1.72 *; 10.60 ± 1.68 *; 48.10 ± 7.44 *","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"10.31 ± 1.34 *; 10.89 ± 1.95 *","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30961123","title":"Precise Dissolution Control and Bioavailability Evaluation for Insoluble Drug Berberine via a Polymeric Particle Prepared Using Supercritical CO₂.","year":"2018","journal":"Polymers","pmid":"30961123","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/polym10111198","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30961123/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30961123/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10111198","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6290634/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK; 3 groups)","n":"18 (Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicate that dissolution enhancement was positive for the increase of BBR oral bioavailability, but the effect was limited. To further largely improve the BBR bioavailability, obstacles relating to drug efflux and metabolism should be overcome.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"oral bioavailability increased by about 54% and 86% when the dissolution rate of BBR was increased by 51% and 83%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Cmax and AUC0–t of BPn were 2.32 and 1.86 times greater than that of raw BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"oral bioavailability of BBR was increased in the sequence of raw BBR < BPm < BPn","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"both the values of Tmax and t1/2 were advanced for BP, and mean residence time (MRT) was shortened in step","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27750103","title":"Pharmacokinetics, excretion of 8-cetylberberine and its main metabolites in rat urine.","year":"2017","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"27750103","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27750103/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27750103/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.022","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups, single dose)","n":"115 rats for plasma PK (50 BBR, 65 8-BBR-C16; 5 per time point); 12 rats for excretion (6 per group)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR) vs 8-cetylberberine (8-BBR-C16)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"At 96 h, the total excretion amount of BBR in urine and feces was 76.9%, but that of 8-BBR-C16 was only 20.5%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (text before Acknowledgements)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The Cmax and AUC0-t of 8-BBR-C16 were 2.8 and 12.9 times higher, respectively, compared with those of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.2 p.201","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the relative bioavailability of BBR to 8-BBR-C16 was 7.7%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.2 p.201","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The cumulative urinary excretion of BBR was very small, only 0.029% of the dose for 96 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.202","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"the accumulated excretion of 8-BBR-C16 in urine was even lower, with 0.0014% of the dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.202","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there are significant differences between 8-BBR-C16 and BBR in all pharmacokinetic parameters except tmax (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27875787","title":"Simultaneous determination of anemoside B4, phellodendrine, berberine, palmatine, obakunone, esculin, esculetin in rat plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and ulcerative colitis rats.","year":"2017","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"27875787","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27875787/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27875787/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.021","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (normal vs UC model), single dose","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (within Pulsatillae Decoction extract: Radix Pulsatilla, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Fraxini)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"There are significant differences in pharmacokinetic properties of the seven analytes between normal and UC rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion, p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the C max varied from 705.02 ± 65.54 ng/mL to 1270.80 ± 140.94 ng/mL (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2, Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the T1/2 varied from 4.69 ± 2.06 h to 7.47 ± 0.57 h (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2, Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC(0–t) varied from 3142.35 ± 103.88 to 6655.08 ± 117.47 nghmL−1 (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2, Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC(0–∞) varied from 3253.17 ± 218.29 to 7387.91 ± 180.31 nghmL−1 (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2, Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27937081","title":"Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of berberine in rats.","year":"2017","journal":"Pharmaceutical biology","pmid":"27937081","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/13880209.2016.1255649","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27937081/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27937081/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1255649","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6130524/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (normal vs T2DM)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In T2DM model rats, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of berberine was significantly altered, which indicated that berberine dosage should be modified in T2DM patients.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"peak concentration, terminal half-life and the area under the plasma drug concentration–time curves of berberine were significantly increased in T2DM model group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic study; Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"terminal half-life ... significantly increased in T2DM model group (3.95 ± 1.27 vs 9.29 ± 2.75 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic study","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"remarkable decrease of CL/F of berberine in T2DM model group (62.55 ± 16.34 L/h/kg)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic study","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28208101","title":"Berberine as a chemical and pharmacokinetic marker of the butanol-extracted Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2.","year":"2017","journal":"International immunopharmacology","pmid":"28208101","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28208101/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28208101/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.009","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (peanut-allergic female C3H/HeJ mice) and in vitro (Caco-2 cells)","design":"parallel (berberine vs B-FAHF-2); in vitro Caco-2 uptake","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"B-FAHF-2 remarkably increased the bioavailability of berberine. Berberine can be used as chemical and pharmacokinetic marker of B-FAHF-2. Other herbal components in B-FAHF-2 may facilitate the absorption of berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"The absorption percentage is 9.75 ± 2.21%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of berberine alone fed mice was significantly lower than that of berberine in B-FAHF-2 formula.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC value of B-FAHF-2 is 2441.10 ng/mL·h, which is about 13 times higher than that of the berberine (176.87 ng/mL ·h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the smaller Tmax of B-FAHF-2 than that of the berberine alone also suggested that the faster absorption rate","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28216883","title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Three Protoberberine-type Alkaloids from Raw and Bile-processed Rhizoma coptidis in Heat Syndrome Rats.","year":"2017","journal":"Pharmacognosy magazine","pmid":"28216883","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.4103/0973-1296.197632","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216883/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216883/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.197632","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5307914/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (RC vs BRC)","n":"16 (8 per group, as printed groups RC n=8, BRC n=8)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as Rhizoma coptidis extract, raw RC vs bile-processed BRC)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The bile processing appears to increase the absorption rate of alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of berberine and palmatine in the BRC group increased about two-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax of the alkaloids ... after oral administration of BRC extract was one-half that of RC","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences between RC and BRC in parameters AUC0→∞, AUC0→t, t1/2, and Clz","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and discussions","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28295319","title":"Preparation, pharmacokinetics and tumour-suppressive activity of berberine liposomes.","year":"2017","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","pmid":"28295319","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/jphp.12692","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28295319/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28295319/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12692","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (rats for plasma PK; SGC-7901 xenografted nude/Balb/c mice for tissue distribution)","design":"parallel (three formulations)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride), IV liposomal formulations","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our study suggested that BBR liposomes may provide a safe form of intravenous drug therapy for strengthening the antitumour effects of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BBR liposomes, especially the long-circulating form, significantly increased the half-life (t1/2) and area under the curve (AUC) of BBR in rat","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28509588","title":"PEG-lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles loaded with berberine-phospholipid complex to facilitate the oral delivery efficiency.","year":"2017","journal":"Drug delivery","pmid":"28509588","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10717544.2017.1321062","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509588/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509588/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2017.1321062","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8241132/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomly 2 groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR; berberine-phospholipid complex in PEG-lipid-PLGA nanoparticles vs BBR suspension)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"After oral administration to rats, the oral bioavailability of the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR–SPC was found to have been significantly enhanced, compared with that of BBR suspensions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (pp. 832-833)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax and Tmax of the BBR suspension were found to be 116.09 ± 15.31 ng/mL and 0.5 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"significantly higher Cmax (369.51 ± 9.10 ng/mL) and Tmax (4 h) were attained","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In vivo pharmacokinetic study","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the enhancement in the oral relative bioavailability of the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR–SPC was 343% compared with that of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher Cmax (369.51 ± 9.10 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In vivo pharmacokinetic study","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"higher AUC0–t (3499.68 ± 220.21 ng h/mL) was achieved with the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR–SPC as compared with the BBR suspension, which only achieved 1029.03 ± 126.02 ng h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3 / Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"an approximately 3.4-fold increase in relative bioavailability was achieved","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28533175","title":"Dendrimer encapsulated and conjugated delivery of berberine: A novel approach mitigating toxicity and improving in vivo pharmacokinetics.","year":"2017","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"28533175","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.073","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28533175/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28533175/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.073","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride) free vs PAMAM dendrimer conjugated (BPC) / encapsulated (BPE)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Among both the developed formulations the conjugated formulation (BPC) was found to be more prominent than the encapsulated one (BPE). Therefore conclusively conjugation can be a better option for the delivery of natural bio-actives through dendrimers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"half-life (t1/2) and AUC of berberine were impressively improved in the plasma level time in vivo studies","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.10; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28893642","title":"Enzyme-inducing effects of berberine on cytochrome P450 1A2 in vitro and in vivo.","year":"2017","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"28893642","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893642/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893642/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.011","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"42","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BER didn't show significant induction effect on CYP1A2 by high-dose orally administrating to rats for 6 consecutive days. But the induction effect of BER on CYP1A2 in rats by intraperitoneal route and in HepG2 cells was exhibited.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"its concentration was 5-fold higher in rat liver in group B (10 mg/kg) than that in group A (250 mg/kg)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29117131","title":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) to Enhance Berberine Absorption: An In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study.","year":"2017","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"29117131","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules22111921","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29117131/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29117131/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111921","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6150298/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"60 (4 groups of 15)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents may thus be considered attractive solubilizing agents and may also play a role in the increase of absorption of poorly bioavailable natural products such as berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher than that occurring in water suspension (p < 0.05) after 30 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"For B and C the values at 10, 60 and 180 min were also significantly different (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29263662","title":"Selenium-coated nanostructured lipid carriers used for oral delivery of berberine to accomplish a synergic hypoglycemic effect.","year":"2017","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"29263662","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S144615","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29263662/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29263662/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S144615","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5724418/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"15","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (chloride)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings show that SeNLCs are promising nanocarriers for oral delivery of berberine to strengthen the antidiabetic action.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative oral bioavailability of BB-NLCs and BB-SeNLCs ... were 396.87% and 663.65%, respectively, compared with berberine solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.8677","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*p<0.05 and **p<0.01, significantly different between BB-NLCs and BB-SeNLCs (ANOVA)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BB-NLCs significantly enhanced the drug absorption both in the rate and extent","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8676","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26577601","title":"Development and application of a UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of fenofibric acid and berberine in rat plasma: application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of fenofibrate combined with berberine after oral administration in rats.","year":"2016","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"26577601","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.3652","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577601/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577601/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3652","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pharmacokinetic results showed that there was a significant drug interaction between BBR and FBT after combined administration, which may lead to the occurrence of side effects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC0-t and Cmax of BBR in the presence of FBT were significantly higher (2.9- and 2.8-fold)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26822920","title":"Naturally occurring proteinaceous nanoparticles in Coptidis Rhizoma extract act as concentration-dependent carriers that facilitate berberine absorption.","year":"2016","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"26822920","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/srep20110","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26822920/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26822920/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20110","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4731763/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, in vitro everted gut sac, solubility and nanoparticle characterization)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (pure berberine vs Coptidis Rhizoma extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, our results clearly indicated that the proteinaceous nanoparticles in the Coptidis Rhizoma extract were crucial for the enhanced plasma exposure and biological activities of berberine, because they acted as natural drug carriers that increased berberine absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–4 h: 338.9 vs. 22.1 ng·h/mL, p < 0.01","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2, Plasma exposure of berberine in mice","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–24 h: 648.7 vs. 722.0 ng·h/mL, p > 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7 (Effects of dilution), Fig. 2D","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"absorption of berberine from the Coptidis Rhizoma extract was significantly greater than that of pure berberine at both concentrations (both p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2-3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"improvement in berberine absorption in the higher concentration group was determined to be significantly better than that in the lower concentration group (p < 0.01, two-way ANOVA)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"roughly equal to the ratio (2.6) calculated based on the in vitro absorption experiment at the low concentration (p > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"solubility of berberine in the Coptidis Rhizoma extract was much higher (5.9 or 17 times higher at the low and high concentrations, respectively) than that of an equal amount of pure berberine (p < 0.01, Fig. 4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma berberine exposure (Fig. 8A) and acute berberine toxicity (Fig. 8B) were not affected by centrifugation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 8A","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26957053","title":"Pretreatment of rats with increased bioavailable berberine attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via down regulation of adenosine-5'monophosphate kinase activity.","year":"2016","journal":"European journal of pharmacology","pmid":"26957053","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26957053/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26957053/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.015","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal pharmacology/neuroprotection with brain concentration comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (solid dispersion of BBR with sodium caprate, HGSD, vs BBR alone)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicate that HGSD-pretreatment of rats protects the brain from ischemia-reperfusion injury and the mechanism is due to its anti-apoptotic effect mediated by decreased activation of AMPK.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the concentration of BBR in brain tissue was increased 4-fold (P < 0.05) in HGSD-treated rats compared to rats treated with BBR alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.84","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27020531","title":"Monodisperse microparticles loaded with the self-assembled berberine-phospholipid complex-based phytosomes for improving oral bioavailability and enhancing hypoglycemic efficiency.","year":"2016","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","pmid":"27020531","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27020531/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27020531/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.019","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (single oral dose, 3 groups)","n":"15 rats (Methods 2.17: 'Fifteen Wistar rats ... 3 groups')","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine-phospholipid complex phytosomes, P-BER; spray-dried microparticles reconstituted, RP-BER)","formTags":["phytosome"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In the Vivo studies, after oral administration of the P-BER, the rats could produce a significantly improved oral bioavailability of the drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.146","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 66.01 ± 15.03","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 219.67 ± 6.02","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 228.14 ± 15.03","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 0.5","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC (ng h/mL) 384.45 ± 108.62","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the AUC (0–24 h) for the P-BER group was 1169.19 ± 93.75 ng h/mL, corresponding to a 3 folds enhancement of BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.11 p.146","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"oral bioavailability of the P-BER was significantly improved by 3-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.11 p.146; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"compared to the rats after oral administration of the P-BER, no significant difference was found for the rats treated with the oral administration of the RP-BER","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.11 p.146","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27494281","title":"Pharmacokinetic studies of novel berberine derivatives with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","year":"2016","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"27494281","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.038","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27494281/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27494281/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.038","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (dose groups, oral and IV)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR) vs BBR-bile acid derivatives A4 and B4","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Together, the experimental results proved that compared with BBR and A4, the derivative B4 had higher absolute oral bioavailability and the ability of deeply targeting so that can be likely used in some organ-targeted diseases.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the Cmax of A4, B4 or BBR are 1.42 ng/mL, 27.6 ng/mL, 3.41 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.2 p.177","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"absolute oral bioavailability of A4, B4, and BBR ... 0.12%, 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.2 p.177","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Cmax of B4 is about eight times higher than BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the results calculated were 0.12%, 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the pharmacokinetic parameter levels of A4 were all inferior to BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25359200","title":"Organic cation transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential between berberine and metformin.","year":"2015","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","pmid":"25359200","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12272-014-0510-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359200/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359200/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-014-0510-6","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (berberine alone n=6; berberine + metformin n=10; metformin alone n=4)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (IV)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Berberine inhibited the transport activity of OCT1 and OCT2 and showed significant potential drug-drug interactions with metformin in in vivo rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations of berberine were not changed by the co-administration with metformin (Fig. 3b and Table 1)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25716428","title":"Pharmacokinetic difference of berberine between normal and chronic visceral hypersensitivity irritable bowel syndrome rats and its mechanism.","year":"2015","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","pmid":"25716428","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12272-015-0568-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25716428/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25716428/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-015-0568-9","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel, normal vs model rats)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the pharmacokinetic behavior of berberine after oral administration of berberine hydrochloride was significantly altered in CVH-IBS pathological conditions compared with the normal rats, which indicated the dosage modification of berberine hydrochloride in CVH-IBS.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion and conclusions (last paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"terminal half-life and the area under the plasma drug concentration time curves of berberine in CVH-IBS model group significantly increased","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25746576","title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of puerarin, daidzin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, berberine, palmatine and jateorhizine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after oral administration of Gegenqinlian decoction and active components alignment (ACA) to rats.","year":"2015","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"25746576","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.039","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25746576/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25746576/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.039","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel, GQD vs ACA)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of Gegenqinlian decoction, GQD, and active components alignment, ACA)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the eight analytes of GQD and ACA had partly similar pharmacokinetics, which were different from single composition (such as puerarin).","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"berberine of ACA had markedly shorter t1/2 and lower Cmax (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of berberine in ACA group (0.062 ± 0.0084 and 0.043 ± 0.0052 µg/ml) was similar to GQD group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 para 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25861719","title":"Preparation, characterization and in vivo studies of amorphous solid dispersion of berberine with hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine.","year":"2015","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"25861719","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25861719/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25861719/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.001","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups for PK); ex vivo/in situ absorption experiments","n":"18 (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the permeability and bioavailability of amorphous BHPC-SD were enhanced compared with that of crystalline berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability of BHPC-SD to berberine and BHPC-PM were 370.4% and 303.0%, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC0-inf and Cmax of BHPC-SD was much higher than that of berberine and BHPC-PM (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"much higher than that of berberine and BHPC-PM (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Ka value of BHPC-SD groups in jejunum, ileum and colon were greater than that of berberine groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 / Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Ka and Papp of BHPC-SD group were greater than that of berberine group in jejunum (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the absorption rate of berberine in jejunum was greater than that of ileum and colon","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26002585","title":"In vivo anti-apoptosis activity of novel berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles effectively ameliorates osteoarthritis.","year":"2015","journal":"International immunopharmacology","pmid":"26002585","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26002585/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26002585/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.014","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two formulations)","n":"36 rats for synovial retention study","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BBR-loaded CNs prolonged BBR retention time in synovial fluid by reducing leakage to systemic circulation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax (4.16 ± 0.49 ng/ml) in 48 h, whereas the Cmax of BBR solution injection was 16.02 ± 1.63 ng/ml in 8 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant differences were observed in AUC0-t, MRT0-t, t1/2a, t1/2b, and Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26519618","title":"Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of simvastatin, simvastatin hydroxy acid and berberine in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of simvastatin combined with berberine after oral administration in rats.","year":"2015","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"26519618","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26519618/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26519618/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.033","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results showed that simvastatin significantly enhanced systemic exposure of BBR, suggesting existence of pharmacokinetic interaction between BBR and simvastatin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t and Cmax of BBR in the presence of simvastatin were significantly higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the CL of BBR dramatically decreased by 58.4% compared with those administered BBR alone (p = 0.025)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24014108","title":"The study of absorption kinetics of berberine based on portal vein in rat, and the influence of verapamil and borneol to its absorption ability by UHPLC method.","year":"2014","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","pmid":"24014108","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13318-013-0152-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24014108/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24014108/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-013-0152-y","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (4 groups), P-gp inhibitor interaction","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We found that single dosage of verapamil in advance had no remarkable improvement to berberine's portal-vein absorption. Moreover, it is clearly demonstrated that co-administration of borneol 2 h in advance could significantly reduce the Tmax and Cmax, which also delay the absorption process.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.171","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC of four group exhibited no significant differences (P > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1.6 p.169; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"co-administration of berberine with borneol ... could both reduce the Tmax and Cmax as compared to group BG (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax value of group BBG and group LBBG were also remarkably reduced comparing to group BG (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.170","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax was prolonged comparing to single dosage of berberine (group BG), but the differences between two groups were not significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.169-170","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24269776","title":"Pharmacokinetic comparisons of berberine and palmatine in normal and metabolic syndrome rats.","year":"2014","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","pmid":"24269776","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.031","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24269776/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24269776/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.031","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups of 12)","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as San-Huang formula extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicated that berberine and palmatine have higher uptake and slower elimination in the rats with metabolic syndrome, which suggests that the rate and extent of drug metabolism were altered in metabolic syndrome rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there were significant differences (P<0.05) between the important pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC0-t, Cmax and CL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.289-290","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24451127","title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison of berberine in rat plasma after oral administration of berberine hydrochloride in normal and post inflammation irritable bowel syndrome rats.","year":"2014","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","pmid":"24451127","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ijms15010456","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24451127/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24451127/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15010456","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3907819/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups, normal vs model)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pharmacokinetic process of berberine can be altered in PI-IBS pathological conditions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 5 Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the size of the area under the plasma drug concentration time curves of berberine increased significantly in the model group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 2.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the marked decrease of CL/F of berberine in the model group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 2.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Only AUC0-t and CL/F carry a significance mark (* p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24456672","title":"Solid dispersion of berberine-phospholipid complex/TPGS 1000/SiO₂: preparation, characterization and in vivo studies.","year":"2014","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"24456672","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24456672/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24456672/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.023","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 formulation groups, n=3 each)","n":"15","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (raw berberine, berberine-phospholipid complex BPC, and BPC/TPGS 1000/SiO2 solid dispersions BPTS-SD)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In vivo pharmacokinetic study also proved the improvement of BPTS-SD in absorption, while BPTS-SD (1:5:3, w/w/w, 20% SiO2, w/w) displayed the optimal absorption and bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 4 Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of BPC and three kinds of BPTS-SD were 211.82%, 245.12%, 322.66% and 303.85%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Compared with Ber, BPC were presented higher Cmax and AUC0→t (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Absorption parameters of Ber + TPGS group were increased significantly comparing with the group of Ber","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Ka and Peff of BPC group were significantly higher than those of Ber","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 5; Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24607213","title":"Amorphous solid dispersion of berberine with absorption enhancer demonstrates a remarkable hypoglycemic effect via improving its bioavailability.","year":"2014","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"24607213","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24607213/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24607213/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.017","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups in PK); in vitro and in situ experiments","n":"12 (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (pure berberine, commercial berberine tablet, and amorphous solid dispersion HGSD P9 with sodium caprate and PEG6000)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"HGSDs prepared with berberine and sodium caprate together with suitable carrier using the solid dispersion technology of solvent evaporation represent an ideal combination for oral berberine preparations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 5 Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"AUC0–24 h was increased 381.40 ± 85.95% in the P9 preparation compared to berberine tablet","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax was increased approximately 6-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax was also advanced from 60 min to 40 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"the absorption rates of berberine, commercial berberine tablets and the P9 preparation were 17.6%, 17.1%, and 68.2% in the small intestine at 4 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax, Tmax and AUC0–24 h were all significantly increased in the P9 preparation group compared to the berberine tablet group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The t1/2 of berberine the P9 preparation was unaltered compared to berberine tablet.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"was significantly increased approximately 3-fold compared to berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the P9 preparation promoted a 4-fold higher absorption of berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24614362","title":"Approaches to improve the oral bioavailability and effects of novel anticancer drugs berberine and betulinic acid.","year":"2014","journal":"PloS one","pmid":"24614362","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0089919","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24614362/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24614362/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089919","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3948684/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two randomized groups, free drug vs SD formulation)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR hydrochloride; spray-dried formulation)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Due to significant increase in oral bioavailability and superior anticancer effects, our results suggest that spray drying is a superior alternative formulation approach for oral delivery of BBR and BA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Conclusions)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"3.46 fold increase in the Cmax levels were observed in BBR-SD compared to free drug","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The 6.98 fold increase in the (AUC)0-∞ was observed in BBR-SD.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The (AUC)0-∞ was found to be significantly higher in SD formulation when compared to free drug","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma half life (t1/2) was also significantly increased in spay dried group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"***p<0.001 Vs respective free drug groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2 legend; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24710930","title":"Intestinal absorption of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine and their effects on sugar absorption in rat small intestine.","year":"2014","journal":"Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban","pmid":"24710930","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11596-014-1256-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24710930/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24710930/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-014-1256-6","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized groups of 6; in situ perfusion)","n":"NR (20 groups of 6 rats stated)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine (Hdber, structurally modified berberine)","formTags":["dihydroberberine"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It is suggested that Hdber is absorbed easily in rat small intestine and that its inhibitory effect on the absorption of sugar is better than Ber.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary (Abstract)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"The absorption rate of Ber was below 10% at 2.5 h, but that of Hdber was over 70%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.1; Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The results showed that the absorption rate of Hdber groups was significantly higher than that of Ber groups.","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1; Results 2.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24815220","title":"Integrated pharmacokinetics of five protoberberine-type alkaloids in normal and insomnic rats after single and multiple oral administration of Jiao-Tai-Wan.","year":"2014","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","pmid":"24815220","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.040","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24815220/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24815220/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.040","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups of 6: single/multiple dose x normal/model)","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of Jiao-Tai-Wan: Rhizoma coptidis extract with cinnamon oil)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of this study suggested that multiple dosing may improve the absorption of JTW in insomnic rats, which will increase the bioavailability and bring into full play of its therapeutical effect.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 5 Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax, Tmax and AUC0-t of berberine ... had significant differences","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.2.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Cmax varied from 10.19±3.96 to 63.77±14.36 ng/mL and the Tmax varied from 5.00±2.00 to 0.44±0.34 h after multiple oral administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-1 of berberine were 86.85±16.69 ng/mL, 156.73±41.41 ng h/mL and 192.62±57.39 ng h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22563917","title":"Development of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for oral bioavailability enhancement of berberine hydrochloride.","year":"2013","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"22563917","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3109/03639045.2012.683875","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22563917/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22563917/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2012.683875","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized crossover (described as random allocation to two groups with crossover design)","n":"NR (each group six rats)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride (BBH)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The study confirmed that the SMEDDS formulation could be used as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of BBH to improve its bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the relative bioavailability of SMEDDS to the commercial tablet was 242.5%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Conclusions p.505","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of SMEDDS of BBH was enhanced about 2.42-fold compared with the commercial tablet in rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.504","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"SMEDDS showed significantly greater extent of absorption than the control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.505","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23020091","title":"Enhancement by sodium caprate and sodium deoxycholate of the gastrointestinal absorption of berberine chloride in rats.","year":"2013","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"23020091","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3109/03639045.2012.723219","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23020091/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23020091/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2012.723219","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (control vs enhancer groups; 'randomly divided into two experimental groups')","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study demonstrates that C10 and SDC could significantly promote the absorption of berberine chloride from the gastrointestinal tract with few toxic effects","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability (Fr) of co-administration with C10 was 4212.9%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1449","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"that of SDC was 3627.9%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1449","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*p < 0.05 compared with the berberine chloride control group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no difference between the control group and the test group, p > 0.05.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23079743","title":"Berberine analogue IMB-Y53 improves glucose-lowering efficacy by averting cellular efflux especially P-glycoprotein efflux.","year":"2013","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","pmid":"23079743","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23079743/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23079743/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.009","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that overcoming cellular efflux especially P-gp's function improves bioavailability and hypoglycemic effect of BBR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"nearly 1.61-fold (p<0.05) that of BBR (3.62ng/ml)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–24) of IMB-Y53 was 75.5 ng*h/ml, about 2.27-fold (p<0.01) that of BBR (33.2 ng*h/ml)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"average time to Cmax (tmax) was 2 h for IMB-Y53, but 0.5 h for BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"average maximum concentration (Cmax) of IMB-Y53 was 5.84 ng/ml, nearly 1.61-fold (p<0.05) that of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"about 2.27-fold (p<0.01) that of BBR (33.2 ng*h/ml)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23159470","title":"Reduced system exposures of total rhein and baicalin after combinatory oral administration of rhein, baicalin and berberine to beagle dogs and rats.","year":"2013","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","pmid":"23159470","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23159470/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23159470/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.008","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ perfusion and in vitro; 3x3 Latin square for in vivo PK of other analytes)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of rhein + baicalin + berberine combination)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It was deduced that the possible mechanism of the reduction of the system exposures of total Rh and BG was related to that combination decreased the metabolism of BG to B or the phase II conjugates of Rh/BG excreted from liver/bile duct to their free aglycones in vivo by inhibiting intestinal flora.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant differences in Ka, t1/2 and P (%) of BG and Be between compound alone and combination","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences in Papp between the compound alone and after combinatory","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23582408","title":"The anti-diabetic effects and pharmacokinetic profiles of berberine in mice treated with Jiao-Tai-Wan and its compatibility.","year":"2013","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","pmid":"23582408","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23582408/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23582408/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.004","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (in Rhizoma Coptidis extract; JTW = Rhizoma Coptidis + Cinnamomum cassia)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicated that the compatibility effects of ingredients present in Cinnamomum cassia could affect the anti-diabetic ability and pharmacokinetics of berberine in JTW.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax, AUC(0–t), AUC(0–∞) were significantly different among the 3 groups, reaching their maximums in JTW2 group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.785","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23664937","title":"Effects of β-cyclodextrin on the intestinal absorption of berberine hydrochloride, a P-glycoprotein substrate.","year":"2013","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"23664937","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.074","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23664937/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23664937/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.074","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ perfusion, parallel groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The dissolution rate of BBH in vitro and the intestinal absorption of BBH in vivo were enhanced by the BBH/β-CD inclusion complex.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"gave a 1.64- and 1.67-fold absorption rate and permeability, respectively, as compared to BBH alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7; Fig. 10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"presence of verapamil significantly increased the absorption rate and the permeability of BBH","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23924821","title":"Tetrandrine potentiates the hypoglycemic efficacy of berberine by inhibiting P-glycoprotein function.","year":"2013","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","pmid":"23924821","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/bpb.b13-00272","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23924821/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23924821/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b13-00272","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three oral dosing groups); plus in vitro Caco-2 uptake/efflux assays","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In summary, combination with P-gp inhibitors such as Tet can improve the intestinal absorption and in vivo hypoglycemic efficacy of BBR. This implicates a feasible strategy for exploring therapeutic effects of BBR and other pharmaceuticals which are substrates of P-gp.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion, final paragraph (p.1568)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"BBR alone (11.3 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Tet Improves the Pharmacokinetics of BBR in Mice (p.1566)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"15.4 and 18.3 ng/mL, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1566","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"that of BBR alone (96.8 ng*h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1566","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"BBR when co-administered with 10 mg/kg of Tet was 128.7 ng*h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1566","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"that of BBR plus 20 mg/kg of Tet was 155.8 ng*h/mL, about 1.61-fold (p<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1566","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"about 1.36-fold (p<0.05) ... of that of BBR alone (11.3 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1566","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1.62-fold (p<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1566","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"about 1.33-fold (p<0.05) of that of BBR alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1566","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"about 1.61-fold (p<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1566","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24205048","title":"Tissue distribution of berberine and its metabolites after oral administration in rats.","year":"2013","journal":"PloS one","pmid":"24205048","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0077969","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24205048/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24205048/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077969","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3815028/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm; plasma PK in 6 rats plus tissue distribution in 66 rats (n=6 per time point)","n":"72 (6 plasma PK + 66 tissue distribution, as printed in Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In summary, the organ concentration of BBR (as well as its bioactive metabolites) was higher than its concentration in the blood after oral administration. It might explain BBR's pharmacological effects on human diseases in clinic.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax was 25.85±7.34","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of BBR (p.6)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reached maximum concentration of BBR in liver 8 h after treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Time to the maximum concentration in tissues varied with 2 h for pancreas and fat, 4 h for lungs, 12 h for kidneys, muscle, and brain, 24 h for heart","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p<0.0001, compared BBR AUC (0-t) of tissues with BBR AUC(0-t) of plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p<0.0001, compared metabolites AUC (0-t) of tissues with BBR AUC (0-t) of plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24353417","title":"Characterization, pharmacokinetics, and hypoglycemic effect of berberine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles.","year":"2013","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"24353417","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S51262","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24353417/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24353417/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S51262","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3862509/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized two groups)","n":"16 randomized (Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (free berberine vs solid lipid nanoparticle formulation)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"SLNs can entrap BBR, which results in improved bioavailability of BBR in plasma. A SLN delivery system can enhance the antidiabetic action of BBR, and BBR-SLNs offer a promising delivery system to facilitate BBR antidiabetic clinical therapy and other applications.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t, 113.57 ± 72.93 μg ⋅ h/L; Cmax, 44.65 ± 4.77 μg/L; t1/2, 11.50 ± 10.78 hours; and VRT0-t, 42.58 ± 21.82 hours","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics (p.4681)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significant increase in Cmax (P<0.05), AUC (P<0.05), and VRT0→t (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.4681","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21774632","title":"Enhancing effects of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride on intestinal absorption of berberine in rats.","year":"2012","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"21774632","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3109/03639045.2011.592531","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21774632/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21774632/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2011.592531","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two experiments, each with its own control group)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Chitosan showed a dose-dependent absorption-enhancing ability. Addition of 3.0% chitosan produced the highest BBR AUC0–36 h. Chitosan hydrochloride did not show an absorption increasing effect and this may be due to the common ion effect of chloride.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.109-110","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"chitosan produced a dose-dependent enhancement of BBR absorption","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not show any absorption-enhancing ability but produced a decreased Cmax and AUC0–36 h (p > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.109","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22114028","title":"Drug-drug interactions between ketoconazole and berberine in rats: pharmacokinetic effects benefit pharmacodynamic synergism.","year":"2012","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","pmid":"22114028","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/ptr.3621","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22114028/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22114028/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3621","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (BBR alone vs BBR + ketoconazole; oral and i.v.)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"pharmacokinetic drug interactions between KTZ and BBR were found to some extent in this study. The drug interactions may be mediated by the inhibition of intestinal P-gp","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion final paragraph p.777","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22213237","title":"Simultaneous quantification of berberine and lysergol by HPLC-UV: evidence that lysergol enhances the oral bioavailability of berberine in rats.","year":"2012","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"22213237","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.2674","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22213237/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22213237/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.2674","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: berberine; berberine + lysergol; lysergol)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (isolated from Berberis aristata root; berberine hydrochloride recrystallised)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results showed that lysergol enhanced the bioavailability of orally administered berberine in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.1175","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A significant difference was found between the bioavailability of berberine upon administration as a single compound and in combination with lysergol with p < 0.05 as calculated from AUCs","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Statistical analysis p.1173","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24250523","title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Berberine, Palmatine and Jatrorrhizine in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Rhizoma coptidis and Zuojinwan Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.","year":"2012","journal":"Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR","pmid":"24250523","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24250523/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24250523/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3813130/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized crossover (two groups, 7-day washout) - as described: 'split into two groups to complete the crossover design'","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as Rhizoma coptidis powder and Zuojinwan herbal preparation)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The interactions between Rhizoma coptidis and Evodia rutaecarpa caused obvious alteration of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the alkaloids. Evodia rutaecarpa weakened the effects of Rhizoma coptidis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.957","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the tmax after administration of Zuojinwan is longer than that of Rhizoma coptidis","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Discussion p.957","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Cmax after administration of Zuojinwan is lower than that of Rhizoma coptidis","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Discussion p.957","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC after administration of Zuojinwan is a little lower than that of Rhizoma coptidis","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.957","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21061266","title":"Dietary administration of berberine or Phellodendron amurense extract inhibits cell cycle progression and lung tumorigenesis.","year":"2011","journal":"Molecular carcinogenesis","pmid":"21061266","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/mc.20690","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21061266/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21061266/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.20690","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6004604/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (athymic nude mice with A549 xenografts)","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (pure, Sigma) and Phellodendron amurense extract (Nexrutine, ~33% berberine per HPLC)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Demonstration that berberine is effective against tumorigenesis when administered orally through the diet, either alone or as a part of a whole plant extract, implicate berberine as a bio-available and effective anti-tumor compound.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"berberine administered as a pure compound or in the extract is equally bioavailable and detectable by HPLC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21637946","title":"Bioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats.","year":"2011","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"21637946","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-011-9632-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21637946/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21637946/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-011-9632-z","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3134654/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: IV, oral control, oral + TPGS)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The absolute bioavailability of BBR in rats was studied, and the results showed that BBR has an extreme low bioavailability of 0.68%. TPGS (2.5%) was studied as an absorption enhancer for BBR, and it showed a significant absorption enhancing effect.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.710","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"BBR has an absolute bioavailability of 0.68%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results (Animal Studies)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significantly different from control group, p<0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly smaller than that of the control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a Significantly different form control group, p<0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant solubility enhancing ability on BBR (p>0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21742030","title":"Preparation of an anhydrous reverse micelle delivery system to enhance oral bioavailability and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine.","year":"2011","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"21742030","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2011.06.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21742030/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21742030/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2011.06.015","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (IV, oral ARM, oral solution, plus control groups for efficacy)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, this novel ARM delivery system provides a valid method to improve oral bioavailability and anti-diabetic efficacy of BER, offering a promising product alternative to other hypoglycemic drugs for diabetes therapy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC (0–16 h) for the group orally treated with BER-loaded ARMs was 6 μg h/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8 p.132","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the oral bioavailability of BER-loaded ARMs was enhanced 2.4-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.8; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"2-h time lag leading to a prolonged efficacy","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"the BA of oral BER loaded ARMs was still no higher than 20%","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.133","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"These results demonstrated that the intestinal absorption of BER was significantly enhanced by the ARMs","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20138204","title":"Acute toxicity of berberine and its correlation with the blood concentration in mice.","year":"2010","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","pmid":"20138204","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20138204/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20138204/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.033","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (ICR mice)","design":"parallel (dose groups by route)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The LD50 of BBR for IV and IP injections was determined for the first time in mice. Attempting to find the LD50 of BBR for IG administration proved to be strenuous and the LD50 could not be established, but the limitation of BBR blood concentration and its effect on mice mortality rate was explored.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reached its peak after IV, IP and IG administration was at 5 min, 30 min and 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"bioavailability of the drug deliveries is 100%, 20.946%, 0.0001%, 0.002%, 0.024% and 0.011%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the bioavailability of BBR decreases in the following order of administration routes: IV > IP > IG","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion; Fig. 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"(*) p < 0.05, as compared to the blood concentration of 20.8 g/kg","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the concentration of BBR in the blood is approximately the same as in the dosage of 41.6 g/kg","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20237966","title":"Enhancement of sodium caprate on intestine absorption and antidiabetic action of berberine.","year":"2010","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"20237966","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-010-9386-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20237966/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20237966/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-010-9386-z","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2850468/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rats)","design":"parallel (in situ, in vitro, in vivo experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (with sodium caprate absorption enhancer)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results demonstrated that berberine was a drug with poor absorption situation in the rat small intestine, and the overall absorptive profile of it can be increased obviously by coadministrated with sodium caprate, moreover enhance its antidiabetic action, without causing significant damage to the intestinal mucosa.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The absorption rates of berberine in the small intestine at 4 h were 9.3%, 10.0%, and 10.2%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"After coadministration, the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of berberine was increased 28%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"(526.6±30.9) ng vs. (272.7±50.0) ng, P<0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there were no differences in Ka between berberine combined with sodium caprate and berberine alone (P>0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of berberine was significantly increased after coadministration while Tmax was delayed from 30 to 60 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Table III","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of berberine was increased 28%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table III; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The absorption rates at 4 h were significantly increased to 18.5%, 13.1%, and 20.1%, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Papp increased in the three tested intestinal segments when sodium caprate was added","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20430560","title":"Simultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and application in pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparations containing scutellaria-coptis herb couple.","year":"2010","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"20430560","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20430560/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20430560/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.002","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rats)","design":"parallel (5 rats per preparation)","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of herbal preparations: Yiqing Capsule, Gegen-Qinlian Tablet)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A rapid, sensitive and convenient LC–MS–MS method for the simultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in scutellaria–coptis herb couple was developed, validated and successfully applied in pharmacokinetic studies of Yiqing Capsule and Gegen-Qinlian Tablet.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–t was 558.08 ± 250.65 ng h/ml in Yiqing Capsule","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 (p.597)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"809.24 ± 190.23 ng h/ml in Gegen-Qinlian Tablet","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 (p.597)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20634337","title":"Extensive intestinal first-pass elimination and predominant hepatic distribution of berberine explain its low plasma levels in rats.","year":"2010","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","pmid":"20634337","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1124/dmd.110.033936","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634337/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634337/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.110.033936","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley rats)","design":"parallel (four dosing routes; tissue distribution; perfusion)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that intestinal first-pass elimination of berberine is the major barrier of its oral bioavailability and that its high extraction and distribution in the liver could be other important factors that lead to its low plasma levels in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"extremely low extent of absolute oral bioavailability in rats (0.36%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"the Ft and Fg values were estimated at 0.37 and 1.16%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results (Gastrointestinal First-Pass)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"the Fa value was estimated at 44%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results (Gastrointestinal First-Pass)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–t values of berberine after intragastric administration were not significantly different from that after intraduodenal dosing","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"466.0 ± 109.9 versus 649.2 ± 99.5 ng·h/ml; n = 5; P < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–t values after intraduodenal dosing were significantly less than those after intraportal administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20663675","title":"8,8-Dimethyldihydroberberine with improved bioavailability and oral efficacy on obese and diabetic mouse models.","year":"2010","journal":"Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry","pmid":"20663675","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.085","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20663675/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20663675/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.085","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley rats for PK)","design":"single-arm","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"8,8-Dimethyldihydroberberine (Di-Me), dihydroberberine analog of berberine","formTags":["dihydroberberine"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"By further structural modification, we found Di-Me, a more aqueous soluble and chemical stable dhBBR derivative. The beneficial effects on both obese and diabetic mouse models indicate that the improved aqueous solubility, stability and bioavailability, at least partially, enhanced oral efficacy of Di-Me in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 17.8 ± 4.4 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Di-Me was rapidly detected in the plasma at 15 min (Fig. 4B)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The bioavailability of Di-Me was 10.03%, much higher than dhBBR (2.65%, administered at 20 mg/kg)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4; Fig. 4 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"dhBBR had ... a higher bioavailability of 2.65% compared to berberine which was not detectable in the plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4; Introduction","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18258496","title":"Simultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of coptis-evodia herb couple.","year":"2008","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"18258496","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.12.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258496/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258496/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.12.028","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of coptis-evodia (6:1, g/g) powder, Zuojinwan)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The LC-MS/MS assay was applied to the detailed pharmacokinetic studies of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 6)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18717486","title":"Preparation and evaluation of a microemulsion for oral delivery of berberine.","year":"2008","journal":"Die Pharmazie","pmid":"18717486","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18717486/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18717486/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 (2 groups of 6 as printed)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results suggest that the microemulsion is a promising oral drug delivery system for berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of microemulsion formulation to the tablet group was 647%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 2.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax decreased by 1 h compared with that of the tablet formulation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3, p.518","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–∞, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the corresponding time (Tmax) of microemulsion formulations were significantly different from conventional tablets (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3, p.518","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16293389","title":"Simultaneous determination of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma by HPLC-ESI-MS after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction and the pharmacokinetic application of the method.","year":"2006","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"16293389","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2005.09.023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16293389/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16293389/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.09.023","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In the present study, a highly selective and sensitive LC-ESI-MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma after oral administration of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 7)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16730245","title":"Simultaneous determination of baicalin, rhein and berberine in rat plasma by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography.","year":"2006","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"16730245","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730245/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730245/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.015","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5 (per figure captions)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of Xiexin-Tang decoction; berberine hydrochloride standard)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The suitability of the method was proved in the plasma concentration-time curve study of baicalin, rhein and berberine after oral administration of Xiexin-Tang decoction in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax (mean value) was 2.31 µg/mL (0.5 h) and the high concentration level lasted until 5 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3, p.54","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The Cmax (mean value) was 2.31 µg/mL (0.5 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3, p.54","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16956957","title":"Pharmacokinetics of berberine and its main metabolites in conventional and pseudo germ-free rats determined by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry.","year":"2006","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","pmid":"16956957","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1124/dmd.106.011361","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16956957/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16956957/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.106.011361","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR (PK n = 4 per Methods wording; see notes)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride) and metabolites berberrubine, thalifendine, demethyleneberberine, jatrorrhizine","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The intestinal flora did not exert significant metabolic activity against Ber and its metabolites, but it played a significant role in the enterohepatic circulation of metabolites. In this sense, the liver and intestinal bacteria participate in the metabolism and disposition of Ber in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the concentration peak value of Ber reached 10 ng·ml-1 at 2 h after p.o. administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.2071","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reached 10 ng·ml-1 at 2 h after p.o. administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.2071","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"The proportion of Ber absorbed by the jejunum was 19.1%, 26.5%, 26.8%, and 33.6% at 10, 20, 40, and 60 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Absorption of Ber in the Small Intestine, p.2069","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"the absorption ratio of Ber reached about 33.6% within 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.2071","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC0-limt and mean transit time values of the metabolites significantly differed between conventional and pseudo germ-free rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Discussion p.2071","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"levels of Ber did not obviously differ between the two groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.2068","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15996686","title":"Kinetic difference of berberine between hippocampus and plasma in rat after intravenous administration of Coptidis rhizoma extract.","year":"2005","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"15996686","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2005.02.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15996686/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15996686/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.02.033","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rat, 180-220 g)","design":"single-arm","n":"60","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Following intravenous administration of C. rhizoma extract, the results showed that berberine could penetrate through the blood–brain barrier to reach the hippocampus and the kinetic characteristics of berberine are dissimilar in different tissues, especially in the hippocampus and plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.3066","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15039293","title":"Hepatobiliary excretion of berberine.","year":"2004","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","pmid":"15039293","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1124/dmd.32.4.405","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039293/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039293/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.32.4.405","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rat, 300 ± 50 g)","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the studies reveal that CsA, quinidine, and SKF-525A all interact with berberine and, additionally, that P-gp and P450 may play important roles in the regulation of hepatobiliary excretion and liver metabolism for berberine in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.411","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reached peak concentration at about 10 to 20 min and could be detected for up to 6 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.407","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"berberine level in liver and bile decreased dramatically after it was coadministered with CsA","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"CsA could not alter the pharmacokinetics of berberine in blood","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.407","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"berberine level in bile was increased and the duration of berberine in the liver was prolonged","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the increase in the AUC was proportional to that in berberine dose through 10 to 20 mg/kg","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12186383","title":"Simultaneous determination of berberine in rat blood, liver and bile using microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography.","year":"2002","journal":"Journal of chromatography. A","pmid":"12186383","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12186383/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12186383/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rat, 280-320 g)","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The data obtained suggest that berberine may be excreted in the bile.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.129 conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"both the bile and liver graphs have a peak concentration at 20 min after berberine administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.129","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the concentration of berberine in rat bile was significantly higher than that in blood and liver","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.129","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12530470","title":"The involvement of P-glycoprotein in berberine absorption.","year":"2002","journal":"Pharmacology & toxicology","pmid":"12530470","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.t01-1-910403.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12530470/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12530470/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.t01-1-910403.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rat, 240-260 g) and in vitro (Caco-2)","design":"other (in vivo perfusion plus in vitro models)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"P-glycoprotein appears to contribute to the poor intestinal absorption of berberine which suggests P-glycoprotein inhibitors could be of therapeutic value by improving its bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"after 160 min. only 2.5% of the berberine was absorbed","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.194","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"Absorption at 160 min. increased to 14.8% for cyclosporin A group and 17.2% for verapamil group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.194","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"berberine is a xenobiotic with poor bioavailability (<5%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.196","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The difference in amount absorbed was significant at almost all time points in the cyclosporin A group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.194","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"and at 70 min. and 160 min. in the verapamil group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.194","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"cyclosporin A significantly decreased berberine transport after 40 min. (P<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.195","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The effect of verapamil on berberine transport was not significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.195","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8463958","title":"[Comparative studies on concentration of berberine in plasma after oral administration of coptidis rhizoma extract, its cultured cells extract, and combined use of these extracts and glycyrrhizae radix extract in rats].","year":"1993","journal":"Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan","pmid":"8463958","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/yakushi1947.113.1_63","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8463958/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8463958/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.113.1_63","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups, single oral dose (rat PK)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The values of Tmax, Cmax and AUC24h of berberine after oral administration of both extracts were about the same. The values ... after oral administration of both extracts and an aqueous extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix were about the same as that of individual administration of both extracts.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Footnote a) 'Significantly different from berberine 100 mg/kg at p<0.01.'","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I (superscript a)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Footnote b) 'Significantly different from berberine 300 mg/kg at p<0.05.'","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I (superscript b)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Footnote c) 'Not significantly different from Coptidis Rhizoma extract 1.5 g/kg.'","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Footnote a) 'Not significantly different from Coptidis Rhizoma aqueous extract.'","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II footnote a; text p.67-68 (translated)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39923615","title":"Residual and pharmacokinetic behavior of berberine in Carassius auratus under intraperitoneal injection conditions by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"39923615","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2025.124507","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39923615/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39923615/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2025.124507","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Carassius auratus, crucian carp/goldfish)","design":"other (single-dose tissue-residue PK, serial sacrifice)","n":"36 exposed + 3 control (Abstract); Methods: 3 fish per time point at 13 time points","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The research results of the article explain the retention of BBR in Carassius auratus until excretion and can be used to determine residual levels over time.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The maximum BBR concentrations (Cmax) in all tissues were achieved 24 h after the administration of the intraperitoneal injection.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40761345","title":"Pharmacokinetics Study of Herb-Drug Interaction of Berberine and Glipizide in Beagle Dogs Using UPLC-MS/MS.","year":"2025","journal":"International journal of analytical chemistry","pmid":"40761345","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/ianc/7941435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40761345/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40761345/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ianc/7941435","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12321411/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog)","design":"other (sequential within-animal self-controlled, paired comparison)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine hydrochloride tablets) as interacting herb; analyte measured is glipizide","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Berberine given for 7 days to beagle dogs, but only glipizide (co-administered drug) was measured in plasma; no berberine PK. Glipizide rows recorded as an interaction finding.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BBR could affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of glipizide in beagle dogs, thereby inhibiting its metabolism and increasing its plasma exposure. In clinical practice, attention should be paid to the possible occurrence of HDIs when BBR is used in combination with glipizide.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax 52.71% higher than when used alone, with AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) being 60.29% and 61.66% higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant differences in the main pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞), and CL) of glipizide","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37547331","title":"A sustained-release phospholipid-based phase separation gel loaded with berberine for treating rheumatoid arthritis.","year":"2023","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"37547331","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2023.1210129","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37547331/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37547331/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1210129","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10397395/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (healthy male SD rats; healthy New Zealand rabbits)","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride hydrate) as aqueous injection and as phospholipid-based phase separation gel (BBR-PPSG)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A single dose of BCR-PPSG could be released smoothly and continuously in animals for 1 month.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) by nearly 9-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC and t1/2 of BBR-PPSG-S group were significantly higher, while the Tmax value was reduced","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the BBR-PPSG-A group showed a markedly higher AUC and t1/2 values (Table 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35296955","title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Berberine-Loaded Microparticles Filled In-House 3D Printed Hollow Capsular Device for Improved Oral Bioavailability.","year":"2022","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"35296955","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-022-02241-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35296955/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35296955/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-022-02241-9","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8926385/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"parallel","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In vivo data showed sustained and prolonged absorption behavior of BBR from MPs compared to their pristine counterparts, which resulted in a cumulative increment of relative oral bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax 7.131 ± 0.76","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax 4.803 ± 0.452","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax 4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-tAUC 27.299 ± 3.270","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-tAUC 59.758 ± 0.497","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-infAUC 28.699 ± 5.400","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-infAUC 99.911 ± 9.090","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"RBA of BBR-MPs was 2.19 times higher than that of the pristine BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax value for pristine BBR (7.131 ± 0.76 ng/mL) was found to be higher than that of BBR-MPs","source":"fulltext","location":"Results In Vivo PK","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33359191","title":"Suppression effect of plant-derived berberine on cyprinid herpesvirus 2 proliferation and its pharmacokinetics in Crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio).","year":"2021","journal":"Antiviral research","pmid":"33359191","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.105000","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33359191/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33359191/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.105000","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio)","design":"other (animal PK sub-study, three dose groups)","n":"81","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The favorable pharmacokinetic data of berberine in Crucian carp provides compelling support for further development of berberine as an anti-CyHV-2 therapeutic agent.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Area under curve (AUC) increased significantly over the entire dose range","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"markedly higher concentration of BBH in either kidney or hepatopancreas than that in plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33424313","title":"Bioavailability and hepatoprotection enhancement of berberine and its nanoparticles prepared by liquid antisolvent method.","year":"2021","journal":"Saudi journal of biological sciences","pmid":"33424313","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33424313/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33424313/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.006","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7783676/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit; hepatoprotection in Sprague-Dawley rats)","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (unprocessed vs nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The study revealed that the reduction of berberine particle size to nano range improved pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbits.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BB-APSP has enhanced bioavailability (Fig. 2) in comparison to that of BB","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1, Fig. 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32104483","title":"Preparation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of intestinal retention pellets of Berberine chloride to enhance hypoglycemic and lipid-lowing efficacy.","year":"2019","journal":"Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences","pmid":"32104483","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ajps.2018.09.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32104483/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32104483/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2018.09.006","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7032169/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog; rabbit for retention study)","design":"randomized crossover (two-period, balanced)","n":"6 dogs","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride/HCl)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BBR intestinal retention type pellets are prepared successfully in this study, and the pellets show satisfactory in vivo and in vitro behaviors.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the half-life of BBR was increased significantly from 24 h to 36 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BBR pellets cannot improve the bioavailability significantly in contrast to BBR tablets","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6, p.566","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Tmax and CL of BBR pellet increased significantly due to the sustained release behavior","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6, p.566","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29618977","title":"Gut Microbiota-Regulated Pharmacokinetics of Berberine and Active Metabolites in Beagle Dogs After Oral Administration.","year":"2018","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"29618977","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2018.00214","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29618977/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29618977/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00214","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5871679/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"single-arm","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"this is the first study to describe gut microbiota-regulated pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs after oral administration of BBR, which is beneficial for discovery of drugs with poor absorption but good therapeutic efficacy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30290822","title":"Self-nanoemulsifying system improves oral absorption and enhances anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity of berberine.","year":"2018","journal":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","pmid":"30290822","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s12951-018-0402-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30290822/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30290822/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0402-x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6172716/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"parallel (randomized to two groups)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (SNE formulation vs suspension)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The relative oral bioavailability of the system was significantly enhanced by 3.41-fold compared with BBR solution.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"1071.258 ± 6.147","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"3639.937 ± 10.367","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"1263.456 ± 1.472","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"4319.261 ± 26.784","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"1.379 ± 0.247","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"4.205 ± 0.234","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"62.466 ± 0.248","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"3639.937 ± 10.367** vs 1071.258 ± 6.147","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"113.699 ± 0.369** vs 62.466 ± 0.248","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28700828","title":"Herbicidal Spectrum, Absorption and Transportation, and Physiological Effect on Bidens pilosa of the Natural Alkaloid Berberine.","year":"2017","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"28700828","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01259","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28700828/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28700828/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01259","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (plant uptake experiment)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"berberine was mainly absorbed by plant root and was acropetally transported through vascular bundle in stem to leaves.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6108","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"berberine was mainly absorbed by root (Figure 4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6105, Fig. 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25411028","title":"A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine.","year":"2015","journal":"Molecular bioSystems","pmid":"25411028","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c4mb00500g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411028/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411028/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c4mb00500g","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4302037/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Syrian hamster, high-fat-diet hyperlipidemic)","design":"other (animal PK, parallel dose groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results showed that intragastrically-administered berberine was poorly absorbed into circulation and most berberine accumulated in gut content.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"intraperitoneal injection, even at a much lower dose (2 mg kg-1), produced a much higher AUC than the intragastric administration of 200 mg kg-1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 para 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32261793","title":"Chitosan-coated nano-liposomes for the oral delivery of berberine hydrochloride.","year":"2014","journal":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","pmid":"32261793","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c4tb00876f","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32261793/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32261793/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb00876f","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (New Zealand white rabbit)","design":"parallel (randomized into 4 groups)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"All values of pharmacokinetic analysis for chitosan-coated nano-liposomes were higher than for uncoated ones. These findings demonstrate that chitosan-coated nano-liposomes are more efficient than uncoated ones for the oral delivery of BH.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher (p < 0.05) Cmax values were achieved for chitosan-coated liposomes","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.2, p.7157","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"all values of AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞), AUMC(0-t), AUMC(0-∞), MRT(0-t) and MRT(0-∞) for the coated liposomes were higher than for the uncoated samples","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.2, p.7157","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23180226","title":"Preparation and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablets containing taste-masked microcapsules of berberine hydrochloride.","year":"2013","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"23180226","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-012-9880-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180226/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180226/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-012-9880-6","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3581648/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The ODTs containing Ber microcapsules had pleasant taste, disintegrated rapidly, and were bioequivalent to commercial Ber tablets in rabbits.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"values were 125.96±26.56 ng/ml, 1.02±0.44 h, and 699.29±44.75 ng·h/ml, respectively for taste-masked ODTs","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo Study p.36","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"129.49±24.54 ng/ml, 1.09±0.37 h and 675.84±47.34 ng·h/ml, respectively for commercial tablets","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo Study p.36","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0−24 values were not significantly different from each other","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo Study","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21890297","title":"Determination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.","year":"2011","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"21890297","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21890297/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21890297/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.001","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"single-arm","n":"16 purchased; PK n=6 (Table 5); Fig. 5 caption n=5","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as San-Huang decoction herbal formula)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The LC–ESI-MS assay was firstly successfully used in the pharmacokinetic studies of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rabbit plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.1014","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The time to reach the maximum plasma drug concentration was 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 h for berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.1014","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19782362","title":"Berberine and plant stanols synergistically inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters.","year":"2010","journal":"Atherosclerosis","pmid":"19782362","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.050","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19782362/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19782362/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.050","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Golden Syrian hamster)","design":"parallel (randomized 4 groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (chloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is dietary cholesterol absorption/synthesis in hamsters (effect of berberine), not berberine absorption or PK.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, BBR lowered plasma cholesterol and nonHDL-cholesterol levels possibly through a combination of inhibition of cholesterol absorption and stimulation of bile acid synthesis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BBR inhibited (p < 0.05) fractional cholesterol absorption by 10.1% as compared with the control","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"PS group, which was 44.0% lower (p < 0.0001) than the control","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"inhibited to levels that were over 71.4% lower (p < 0.0001) than the control","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The effect was significantly synergistic (p = 0.016 for the interaction between BBR and PS)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increased by 32% (p < 0.01) and 48% (p < 0.001) after BBR and PS treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"cholesterol synthesis rates were increased by 225% (p < 0.0001) compared to that of control animals","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was a significant interaction between BBR and PS (p < 0.0001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7795781","title":"Determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile by high-performance liquid chromatography.","year":"1995","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications","pmid":"7795781","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0378-4347(94)00517-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7795781/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7795781/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(94)00517-9","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"randomized crossover (IV vs IM described as crossover; design details NR)","n":"6 (IV and IM); biliary excretion n NR","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine sulfate injection, Stopin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the HPLC assay used in this study has high specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility, and is suitable for the determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile samples.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results/Conclusion p.122","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The absolute bioavailability of i.m. administration estimated from the AUC ... was 99.77%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4, text p.122","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The cumulative urinary excretion of berberine was found to be only 4.93% of the dose given.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4, text p.122","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41624931","title":"Enhanced controlled drug delivery of berberine-loaded gelatin nanoparticles: characterization and in vitro assessment.","year":"2026","journal":"RSC advances","pmid":"41624931","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d5ra08567e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41624931/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41624931/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra08567e","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12853093/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride hydrate, gelatin nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Overall, the developed BBR-GNPs provide an efficient and biocompatible platform for improving the solubility, stability, and therapeutic performance of berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.10","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41686123","title":"Folate receptor-α targeted delivery of berberine via folate-functionalized bovine serum albumin nanocarriers to enhance intracellular internalization and suppress 3D spheroid formation as a pioneering therapeutic modality for glioblastoma.","year":"2026","journal":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","pmid":"41686123","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d5tb01715g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41686123/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41686123/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tb01715g","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and cell study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (folate-functionalized BSA nanoparticles, FA-BER-BSA NPs)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings highlight the potential of the nanoparticles as a promising targeted therapeutic agent for glioblastoma, offering enhanced tumor-specific delivery and improved anticancer efficacy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42730342","title":"Vitamin A-Modified Berberine Liposomes Potentiate Anti-Fibrotic Effects Through Enhanced Hepatic Stellate Cell Uptake.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"42730342","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S629505","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42730342/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42730342/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S629505","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13565399/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterisation and uptake; in vivo efficacy)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (vitamin A-modified liposomal)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results demonstrate that VA-functionalized liposomes facilitate the efficient targeted delivery of BBR to activated HSCs in hepatic fibrosis. Such targeted delivery augments the inherent anti-fibrotic potency of free BBR, highlighting the potential of this nanoplatform for hepatic fibrosis treatment.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"VA-modified liposomes exhibited significantly higher cellular uptake in HSCs","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Fig. 3E-F legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40556818","title":"Berberine's Impact on Apoptosis, Proliferation, Uptake Efficiency, and Nanoparticle-Based Therapy in DBTRG Cells.","year":"2025","journal":"ACS nanoscience Au","pmid":"40556818","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.5c00004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40556818/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40556818/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.5c00004","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12183579/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell study with small mouse tissue distribution)","n":"mice n=5; cells n=3 independent experiments","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride; gold-collagen nanoparticle formulation Au-Col-BB)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings underscore berberine's potential as an anticancer agent, particularly when delivered through a nanoparticle-based system to address the challenges of limited bioavailability and achieve targeted delivery to cancer cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"showed a 1.88-fold increase in internalization (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.8 p.175","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41366488","title":"Innovative approach in Parkinson's targeting via berberine-loaded mucoadhesive surface-modified liposomes: a multi-faceted study.","year":"2025","journal":"BMC pharmacology & toxicology","pmid":"41366488","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s40360-025-01039-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41366488/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41366488/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-025-01039-2","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12690832/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro / rodent (rat)","design":"other (formulation characterization, in vitro release, and in vivo efficacy in rat PD model)","n":"32 rats (32 rats purchased; four equal groups per Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine chloride) in chitosan-coated liposomes (chitosomes), intranasal","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings imply that BER chitosomes are a viable intranasal delivery tool for the efficient treatment of PD due to their enhanced bioavailability. and greater nasal mucosa penetration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the BER release rate from formulation F2 was lower than that from F4","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Drug release p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38081485","title":"Chitosan/alginate nanogel potentiate berberine uptake and enhance oxidative stress mediated apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"38081485","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128717","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38081485/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38081485/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128717","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and cell study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings revealed significantly enhanced thermal stability, in-vitro cellular uptake, and pH-dependent sustained release of BBR. Obtained results also demonstrates that BBR-NG (25 μM), at a four times lower dose, exhibits effects similar to the free BBR (100 μM) in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion, p.13","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase of ~19 % more berberine uptake in BBR-NG (25 μM) treated HepG2 cells than in BBR (100 μM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3, p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase of ~0.75 fold in fluorescence intensity of Berberine in BBR-NG (25 μM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3, p.8; Fig. 3g","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38961012","title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Berberine-Excipient Complexes in Enhancing the Dissolution Rate of Berberine Incorporated into Pellet Formulations.","year":"2024","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"38961012","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-024-02863-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38961012/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38961012/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-024-02863-1","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of this study showed that the use of berberine-citric acid or berberine-gelucire complex could be considered a promising technique to increase the saturation solubility and improve the release characteristics of berberine from the pellet formulation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"complex forms of berberine with other excipients such as phospholipid, gelucire, or citric acid have higher solubility compared to the plain drug","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"rate and amount of drug released from all pellet formulations in the simulated gastric medium were significantly lower than in the intestine medium","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.7-8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"all formulations have a higher release percentage than the pure berberine pellet","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41822709","title":"Enhancement of the stability and cytotoxicity of berberine by liposomal nanocarriers for gastric cancer treatment and its application in gummy candy.","year":"2024","journal":"Frontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland)","pmid":"41822709","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fgstr.2024.1387343","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41822709/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41822709/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgstr.2024.1387343","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12952299/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (berberine-loaded liposomes; also in gummy candy)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results indicated that encapsulation of BER protects its antioxidant activity and increases its bioavailability. Also, encapsulation can promote a controlled liberation of the BER, which makes it favorable for oral administration in the form of gummy candies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37725481","title":"Novel co-crystal of 3-methylcinnamic acid with berberine (1:1): synthesis, characterization, and intestinal absorption property.","year":"2023","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"37725481","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/03639045.2023.2259460","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37725481/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37725481/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2023.2259460","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (ex vivo permeability, two groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (BBR-HCl vs BBR-3-methylcinnamic acid 1:1 co-crystal)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BBR–3MCA significantly improves the intestinal absorption of BBR and has the potential to develop a new drug for antibacterial.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"BBR–3MCA significantly improves the intestinal absorption of BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Intestinal permeability; Conclusion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35048143","title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model predictions of natural product-drug interactions between goldenseal, berberine, imatinib and bosutinib.","year":"2022","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"35048143","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00228-021-03266-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35048143/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35048143/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-021-03266-y","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (PBPK model simulation with in vitro CYP3A inhibition experiments)","n":"11 (observed clinical data used for verification)","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (as component of goldenseal extract; also high-dose berberine supplement simulations)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"PBPK models of two important goldenseal alkaloids, hydrastine and berberine, were developed with good accuracy in predicting the extent of CYP3A- and ABCB1-mediated drug interactions with goldenseal extracts and high-dose berberine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng mL-1) 1.2 ± 0.8","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng mL-1) 1.1 ± 1.2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"tmax (h) 2.8 ± 0.5","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"tmax (h) 3.0 ± 3.3","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-inf (ng h mL-1) 10 ± 7","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-inf (ng h mL-1) 11 ± 6","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"fag 0.02","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The mean predicted AUC of hydrastine and berberine were 1.15- and 0.91-fold of the clinically reported values","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32307652","title":"Fabrication, characterization and optimization of berberine-loaded PLA nanoparticles using coaxial electrospray for sustained drug release.","year":"2020","journal":"Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","pmid":"32307652","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s40199-020-00335-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307652/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307652/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00335-y","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7214554/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine chloride/hydrochloride","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It is concluded that nano-scaled NPBs prepared by CES can improve toxicity and chemotherapeutic properties of BBR against cancerous cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the BBR release rate from the NPBs was significantly slower than the free BBR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.245-246","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the cellular uptake of NPBs was higher than BBR, at both concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.247","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32682035","title":"Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel of berberine chloride-loaded escinosomes: Dermal absorption and biocompatibility.","year":"2020","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"32682035","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.129","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32682035/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32682035/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.129","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Franz cell skin permeation; in vivo irritation test)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (chloride)","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The study proved that hydrogels formulated with BRB-loaded escinosomes had the highest BRB skin absorption both in terms of absorbed dose (A24) and of dose retained inside the skin (S24).","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.239","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Escinosomes increased BRB skin absorption, since A24 and TA24 were found to be higher than the values obtained with BEW","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6.3, Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the skin retention S24 of BRB was comparable for the two samples B-EL and BEW","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A24 and S24 values found for BRB resulted slightly higher for G-B-EL compared to those of G-BEw","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6.5, Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"viscosity due to the three-dimensional HMPC network is responsible for the lower drug penetration","source":"fulltext","location":"Tables 2 and 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31013627","title":"Inhibitory Effect of Berberine on Broiler P-glycoprotein Expression and Function: In Situ and In Vitro Studies.","year":"2019","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","pmid":"31013627","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ijms20081966","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013627/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013627/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081966","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6515058/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chicken) and in vitro (MDCK-chAbcb1 cells)","design":"other (in situ perfusion + in vitro transport + docking)","n":"18 broilers","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results indicate that berberine is a substrate of chicken P-gp and down-regulates P-gp expression in chicken tissues, thereby increasing the absorption of P-gp substrates.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the berberine transport ratio was 4.2 due to increased apically and decreased basolaterally directed berberine translocation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"this was attenuated by verapamil (an inhibitor of P-gp), which resulted in a ratio of 1.13","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 2.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28035611","title":"The In vitro/vivo Evaluation of Prepared Gastric Floating Tablets of Berberine Hydrochloride.","year":"2017","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"28035611","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-016-0696-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28035611/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28035611/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-016-0696-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (New Zealand rabbit, 2.0-2.5 kg); in vitro release tests","design":"randomized two-period crossover","n":"3","formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine hydrochloride","formTags":["hcl"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In vivo pharmacokinetic study suggested that prepared gastric floating tablets had significantly sustained-releasing effects compared with market tablets.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of F3 was decreased, while the Tmax was prolonged","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant different mean residence time (MRT) values between floating tablets (7.949 ± 0.125 h) and market tablets (4.932 ± 0.891 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27217747","title":"Development and evaluation of vitamin E d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-mixed polymeric phospholipid micelles of berberine as an anticancer nanopharmaceutical.","year":"2016","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"27217747","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S103332","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27217747/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27217747/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S103332","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4853014/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (formulation, in vitro cell studies and PK simulation)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine (hydrochloride; mixed PEG-PE/TPGS micelles, Brb-mMic, vs free berberine solution)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Mixed PEG-PE/TPGS micelles represent a promising delivery platform for the sparingly soluble anticancer agent, Brb, encouraging further pharmaceutical development of this drug for cancer therapy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"only Cmax =0.3977 mg/L obtained for the same 300 mg/kg dose of free Brb (reported oral BA =5%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1695","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1.2257 mg/kg can be projected for Brb-mMic (estimated oral BA =15%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1695","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"100 mg/kg oral dose of Brb-Mic would be predicted to yield the same Cmax as that reported for three times larger dose of free Brb solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4A","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–∞ attained after a single 100 mg/kg bolus IV dose of Brb-sol was 1.979 mg/h/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1696","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"achieved a projected AUC0–∞=69.308 mg/h/L, ~37-fold higher compared to free drug injection","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1696","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"simulated 40-fold lower IV dose of Brb-mMic (2.5 mg/kg) was projected to attain AUC0–∞ value of 1.7754 mg/h/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1696","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of 1.2257 mg/kg can be projected for Brb-mMic (estimated oral BA =15%), compared to only Cmax =0.3977 mg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1695","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significantly higher accumulation of Brb was observed in cells treated with verapamil hydrochloride versus nontreated cells","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1696; Fig. 4C","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21319959","title":"Intestinal absorption mechanisms of berberine, palmatine, jateorhizine, and coptisine: involvement of P-glycoprotein.","year":"2011","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","pmid":"21319959","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3109/00498254.2010.529180","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21319959/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21319959/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/00498254.2010.529180","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake and bidirectional transport experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Berberine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Jateorhizine, coptisine, palmatine, and berberine are all P-gp substrates, not MRP2 substrates, which may be one of the reasons for their low bioavailability. They have no significant inhibitory effects on the activity of P-gp at concentrations of 1–100 μM.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.7 (295)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"CsA and Ver significantly increased the intracellular amount of jateorhizine, coptisine, palmatine, and berberine","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MK-571 had no effect on the intracellular amounts","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increased the absorptive (AP-BL) permeability and decreased the secretive (BL-AP) permeability significantly","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MK-571 had no effects on mucosal permeability or on the ER","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"all Papp (BL-AP) values were significantly higher than Papp (AP-BL) values","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5 (293)","truncated":false}]}],"sections":{"forms":{"studyIds":["pmid-39488825","pmid-38891813","pmid-38004546","pmid-36321951","pmid-34904017","pmid-27283523","pmid-24593257","pmid-21870106","pmid-17531424","pmid-16133554","pmid-10534753","pmid-41998469","pmid-42228594","pmid-40524804","pmid-40972937","pmid-38969039","pmid-39339154","pmid-39366529","pmid-38054840","pmid-34635990","pmid-35935857","pmid-36583113","pmid-33880775","pmid-32013620","pmid-32270794","pmid-32340157","pmid-32957491","pmid-33584274","pmid-31473193","pmid-29138046","pmid-29579096","pmid-30597911","pmid-27750103","pmid-27937081","pmid-28533175","pmid-27020531","pmid-25716428","pmid-24014108","pmid-24451127","pmid-24456672","pmid-24607213","pmid-24614362","pmid-24710930","pmid-22563917","pmid-23020091","pmid-23664937","pmid-21774632","pmid-22213237","pmid-21637946","pmid-21742030","pmid-20138204","pmid-20663675","pmid-18717486","pmid-16956957","pmid-39923615","pmid-40761345","pmid-37547331","pmid-33359191","pmid-32104483","pmid-30290822","pmid-23180226","pmid-19782362","pmid-38961012","pmid-37725481","pmid-32682035","pmid-28035611","pmid-27217747"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"6 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). 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See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Is Berberine berberine phytosome better absorbed than berberine hcl / chloride (plain)?","anchor":"phytosome-vs-hcl","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Is Berberine micellar / emulsified softgel better absorbed than berberine hcl / chloride (plain)?","anchor":"micellar-vs-hcl","a":"Micellar / emulsified softgel measured higher than berberine hcl / chloride (plain) in 1 human head-to-head study we have (grade B, draft)."},{"q":"Should Berberine be taken with food?","anchor":"with-food","a":"We have 9 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting."},{"q":"When is the best time to take Berberine?","anchor":"best-time","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention timing."},{"q":"Is this dosing advice?","anchor":"calculator","a":"No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. Talk to a clinician about what's right for you."}],"evidence_grade":"B","evidence_grade_status":"draft — pending reviewer (rubric v2)","form_grades":{"hcl":{"label":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","grade":"B","basis":"8 human studies, total n=69, 5 randomized/crossover; median CV 19.1% across 3 matched set(s) (consistent)","studies":8,"total_n":69,"randomized":5,"median_cv":19.1,"cv_sets":[{"set":"Tmax / berberine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / h","studies":["30587933","40949215"],"cv":19.1},{"set":"Tmax / berberine / serum/plasma / fed / single /  / h","studies":["10534753","27283523"],"cv":35.6},{"set":"Tmax / free berberine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / h","studies":["34904017","36321951"],"cv":6.7}],"pmids":["10534753","24593257","27283523","30587933","34904017","36321951","38004546","40949215"]},"dihydroberberine":{"label":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=5, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":5,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["38891813"]},"phytosome":{"label":"Berberine phytosome","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=12, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":12,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["34904017"]},"micellar":{"label":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","grade":"B","basis":"3 human studies, total n=26, 3 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":3,"total_n":26,"randomized":3,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["36321951","38004546","38891813"]}},"measured_pk":{"slug":"berberine","name":"Berberine","source":"PDF full-text extraction bundle 2 (1,666 papers), merged 2026-11-02","gradeStatus":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","counts":{"papers":277,"withData":187,"rejected":90,"species":{"rodent":138,"human":17,"other_animal":16,"in_vitro":16},"pkValues":2198},"forms":[{"slug":"hcl","label":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","n_studies":61,"species":{"rodent":44,"human":11,"other_animal":5,"in_vitro":1},"n_values":475,"pmids":["10534753","16133554","16956957","17531424","18717486","19782362","20138204","21637946","21774632","21870106","23020091","24014108","24451127","24593257","24607213","24614362","24710930","25716428","26002585","26519618","27283523","27750103","27937081","28035611","28295319","28533175","29138046","29263662","29579096","30587933","30597911","30961123","31420752","32013620","32270794","32957491","33359191","33584274","33880775","34163360","34552326","34771389","34904017","35935857","36321951","37329447","37547331","38004546","38054840","39029440","39094668","39229806","39339154","39366529","39923615","40524804","40761345","40949215","40972937","41619558","41998469"]},{"slug":"dihydroberberine","label":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","n_studies":4,"species":{"rodent":3,"human":1},"n_values":67,"pmids":["20663675","24710930","29579096","38891813"]},{"slug":"phytosome","label":"Berberine phytosome","n_studies":2,"species":{"human":1,"rodent":1},"n_values":21,"pmids":["27020531","34904017"]},{"slug":"micellar","label":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","n_studies":10,"species":{"rodent":6,"human":3,"in_vitro":1},"n_values":160,"pmids":["21637946","24456672","24614362","27217747","32957491","36321951","38004546","38891813","39339154","42228594"]}],"pairs":[{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"dihydroberberine-vs-hcl","a":"dihydroberberine","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","bLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":"C","basis":"1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: unclear (0 agree, 0 contradict)","majority":"unclear","tally":{"unclear":1},"pmids":["34904017"],"anchor":"phytosome-vs-hcl","a":"phytosome","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Berberine phytosome","bLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"phytosome-vs-hcl","pmid":"34904017","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover, double-blind","n":"12","title":"Development of an Innovative Berberine Food-Grade Formulation with an Ameliorated Absorption: In Vitro Evidence Confirmed by Healthy Human Volunteers Pharmacokinetic Study.","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2021","comparison":"B and C vs A (total berberine)","parameter":"AUClast, Cmax","direction_text":"B, C > A; C > B (marked $)","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 3","quote":"berberine plasma concentrations observed with both doses of BBR-PP were significantly higher"},{"pair":"phytosome-vs-hcl","pmid":"34904017","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover, double-blind","n":"12","title":"Development of an Innovative Berberine Food-Grade Formulation with an Ameliorated Absorption: In Vitro Evidence Confirmed by Healthy Human Volunteers Pharmacokinetic Study.","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2021","comparison":"B vs A (free berberine)","parameter":"Tmax","direction_text":"B shorter than A and C","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 3; Results p.6","quote":"a significant reduction (free berberine data) can be observed for BBR-PP one tablet"},{"pair":"phytosome-vs-hcl","pmid":"34904017","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover, double-blind","n":"12","title":"Development of an Innovative Berberine Food-Grade Formulation with an Ameliorated Absorption: In Vitro Evidence Confirmed by Healthy Human Volunteers Pharmacokinetic Study.","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2021","comparison":"B, C vs A (free berberine)","parameter":"MRT","direction_text":"B, C lower than A (Table 3)","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 3","quote":""}],"old_grade":"C","grade_v2":"C","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: C (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: unclear (0 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":"B","basis":"1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: first form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)","majority":"A_better","tally":{"A_better":1},"pmids":["21637946","32957491","38004546"],"anchor":"micellar-vs-hcl","a":"micellar","b":"hcl","aLabel":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","bLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: IV, oral control, oral + TPGS)","n":"NR","title":"Bioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats.","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2011","comparison":"TPGS vs CTRL","parameter":"Cmax","direction_text":"TPGS > control","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table IV","quote":"Significantly different from control group, p<0.05"},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: IV, oral control, oral + TPGS)","n":"NR","title":"Bioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats.","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2011","comparison":"TPGS vs CTRL","parameter":"Tmax","direction_text":"TPGS shorter than control","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table IV; Discussion","quote":"significantly smaller than that of the control group"},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: IV, oral control, oral + TPGS)","n":"NR","title":"Bioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats.","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2011","comparison":"TPGS vs CTRL","parameter":"AUC0-36h","direction_text":"TPGS > control","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table IV","quote":"a Significantly different form control group, p<0.05"},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)","n":"NR","title":"Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2020","comparison":"BBR-MM vs BBR-oral","parameter":"berberine AUC","direction_text":"formulation > berberine alone","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 1, Results 3.5.2","quote":"The plasma exposure of berberine was significantly greater in rats administered the berberine formulation"},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)","n":"NR","title":"Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2020","comparison":"BBR-MM vs BBR-oral","parameter":"thalifendine AUC","direction_text":"formulation > berberine alone","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 1","quote":""},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)","n":"NR","title":"Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2020","comparison":"BBR-MM vs BBR-oral","parameter":"thalifendine-glucuronide AUC","direction_text":"formulation > berberine alone","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.01","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 1","quote":""},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)","n":"NR","title":"Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2020","comparison":"BBR-MM vs BBR-oral","parameter":"thalifendine/berberrubine-sulfate AUC","direction_text":"formulation > berberine alone","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 1","quote":""},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)","n":"NR","title":"Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2020","comparison":"BBR-MM vs BBR-oral","parameter":"berberrubine, berberrubine-glucuronide AUC","direction_text":"not significantly altered","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results 3.5.2 p.15","quote":"The fold changes in the AUC values of berberrubine and thalifendine from rats orally administered berberine formulations were not significantly altered"},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)","n":"NR","title":"Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2020","comparison":"BBR-MM vs BBR-oral","parameter":"berberine Cmax","direction_text":"formulation higher numerically (140.3 vs 67.0 ng/mL); no significance mark","significant":"NR","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 1","quote":""},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"38004546","species":"human","design":"other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized)","n":"10 analysed (14 recruited)","title":"Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","comparison":"LMB vs WBX","parameter":"AUC0-24h","direction_text":"LMB > WBX","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.0053","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 2","quote":"LMB achieved significantly higher absorption when compared to unformulated/standard berberine (AUC: 78.2 ± 14.4 ng h/mL vs. 13.4 ± 1.97 ng h/mL; p < 0.05"},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"38004546","species":"human","design":"other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized)","n":"10 analysed (14 recruited)","title":"Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","comparison":"LMB vs WBX","parameter":"Cmax","direction_text":"LMB > WBX","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.0041","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 2","quote":""},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"38004546","species":"human","design":"other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized)","n":"10 analysed (14 recruited)","title":"Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","comparison":"LMB vs WBX","parameter":"Tmax","direction_text":"LMB shorter","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.0223","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Table 2","quote":""},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"38004546","species":"human","design":"other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized)","n":"10 analysed (14 recruited)","title":"Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","comparison":"LMB vs WBX","parameter":"Kel","direction_text":"LMB lower (not significant)","significant":"no","p_value":"0.3783","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 2","quote":"Although not significant, LMB showed a lower elimination rate constant (Kel)"},{"pair":"micellar-vs-hcl","pmid":"38004546","species":"human","design":"other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized)","n":"10 analysed (14 recruited)","title":"Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","comparison":"LMB vs WBX (Caco-2)","parameter":"Papp","direction_text":"LMB > WBX","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.0001","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 5","quote":""}],"old_grade":"B","grade_v2":"B","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: first form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null}],"pk":[{"pmid":"10534753","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"one-compartment fit, single oral 300 mg, CHF patients","value":"2.39","variance":"± 0.03 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Discussion p.444","quote":"The T (peak) was 2.39 ± 0.03 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text layer prints T (peak) without 'max'; ± sign read from page layout; statistic type not stated; individual data not shown"},{"pmid":"16133554","species":"human","arm":"","form":"CsA 3 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg CsA","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from midnight","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin A","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax (CsA), before BBR","value":"1.3","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16133554","species":"human","arm":"","form":"CsA 3 mg/kg + berberine hydrochloride 0.2 g tid","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"0.2 g tid","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted from midnight","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin A","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax (CsA), after 12 days BBR 0.2 g tid","value":"3.0","variance":"± 1.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05, ** P<0.01 versus before co-administration"},{"pmid":"16133554","species":"human","arm":"","form":"CsA 3 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg CsA","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from midnight","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin A","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (CsA), before BBR","value":"1224.8","variance":"± 296.2 (SD)","units":"µg/l","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16133554","species":"human","arm":"","form":"CsA 3 mg/kg + berberine hydrochloride 0.2 g tid","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"0.2 g tid","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted from midnight","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin A","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (CsA), after 12 days BBR 0.2 g tid","value":"1050.1","variance":"± 290.9 (SD)","units":"µg/l","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Not significant (text: mean Cmax decreased, no statistical significance)"},{"pmid":"16133554","species":"human","arm":"","form":"CsA 3 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg CsA","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from midnight","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin A","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12 (CsA), before BBR","value":"4681.3","variance":"± 1300.5 (SD)","units":"µg/l·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Within-patient crossover-type comparison, n=6; AUC unit printed as (µg/l)·h"},{"pmid":"16133554","species":"human","arm":"","form":"CsA 3 mg/kg + berberine hydrochloride 0.2 g tid","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"0.2 g tid","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted from midnight","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin A","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12 (CsA), after 12 days BBR 0.2 g tid","value":"6265.7","variance":"± 1871.3 (SD)","units":"µg/l·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05, ** P<0.01 versus before co-administration"},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.4356","variance":"± 0.4194 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.4171","variance":"± 0.2792 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9.8","variance":"± 6.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists 'tmax' and 'AUC0–∞'"},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9.6","variance":"± 5.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-96","value":"7.835","variance":"± 3.743 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists 'tmax' and 'AUC0–∞'"},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-96","value":"8.461","variance":"± 4.180 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"9.179","variance":"± 3.767 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists 'tmax' and 'AUC0–∞'"},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"9.803","variance":"± 4.322 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablet (0.1 g berberine per tablet) (Yunnan Gulin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"20","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"based on test-reference ratios of AUC0-96","value":"94.4","variance":"± 12.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 3.3, p.935","quote":"The relative bioavailability of test preparation was 94.4 ± 12.6%, based on the test-reference ratios of AUC0–96.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"17531424","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"approximate mean in text","value":"0.4","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results 3.3, p.936","quote":"the mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) in twenty volunteers was about 0.4 ng/ml","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate value in text for 400 mg oral dose; see Table 5 for tabulated values."},{"pmid":"19269122","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) supplement capsules (Nature's Resource (Lot# 0/10184, Mission Hills, CA))","forms":[],"dose":"2.14 g supplement (77 mg hydrastine and 132 mg berberine) per Section 2.6 and Abstract g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"1","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.59","variance":"","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Results 3.2.3, p.1026","quote":"The peak serum concentrations of hydrastine and berberine were 180 and 0.59 ng mL-1 at 2 h.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Single subject. Discussion (p.1026) rounds this to 'Cmax = 0.6 ng mL-1'."},{"pmid":"19269122","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) supplement capsules (Nature's Resource (Lot# 0/10184, Mission Hills, CA))","forms":[],"dose":"2.14 g supplement (77 mg hydrastine and 132 mg berberine) per Section 2.6 and Abstract g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"1","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.2.3, p.1026","quote":"The peak serum concentrations of hydrastine and berberine were 180 and 0.59 ng mL-1 at 2 h.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Single subject; sampling times were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 and 24 h."},{"pmid":"19269122","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) supplement capsules (Nature's Resource (Lot# 0/10184, Mission Hills, CA))","forms":[],"dose":"2.14 g supplement (77 mg hydrastine and 132 mg berberine) per Section 2.6 and Abstract g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"1","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0→t)","value":"6","variance":"","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Results 3.2.3, p.1026","quote":"The area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC (0 → t)) for hydrastine and berberine was 630 and 6 ng h/mL, respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Single subject; t is last sampling time (24 h per sampling schedule; not stated explicitly in the sentence)."},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1063.351","variance":"± 87.411 (NR)","units":"μg·h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± SD not defined for table (Methods: figures shown as ±s)"},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1916.331","variance":"± 76.351 (NR)","units":"μg·h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± SD not defined for table (Methods: figures shown as ±s)"},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1112.624","variance":"± 93.842 (NR)","units":"μg·h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± SD not defined for table (Methods: figures shown as ±s)"},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"2049.427","variance":"± 99.350 (NR)","units":"μg·h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± SD not defined for table (Methods: figures shown as ±s)"},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.018 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± SD not defined for table (Methods: figures shown as ±s)"},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.014 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± SD not defined for table (Methods: figures shown as ±s)"},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"360.883","variance":"± 46.108 (NR)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± SD not defined for table (Methods: figures shown as ±s)"},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"396.124","variance":"± 52.130 (NR)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± SD not defined for table (Methods: figures shown as ±s)"},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis granules (6.0 g per pocket) (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (Abstract)","value":"360.883","variance":"","units":"μg/L","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21671182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"JTW pocket: Rhizoma Coptidis 6.0 g + Cinnamon 3.0 g (Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; meals at 2 h and 10 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (Abstract)","value":"396.124","variance":"","units":"μg/L","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"45.08","variance":"± 34.84 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"65.18","variance":"± 55.13 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"39.79","variance":"± 27.87 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"57.71","variance":"± 46.96 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.30","variance":"± 10.31 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"20.88","variance":"± 14.18 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"0.66","variance":"± 0.33 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"0.99","variance":"± 0.37 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"33.98","variance":"± 9.40 (SD)","units":"μg·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"29.80","variance":"± 11.30 (SD)","units":"μg·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.48","variance":"± 1.03 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.16","variance":"± 1.86 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.96","variance":"± 0.45 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.41 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"omeprazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1.73","variance":"± 1.86 (SD)","units":"μg·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"omeprazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1.47","variance":"± 1.48 (SD)","units":"μg·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"omeprazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.52","variance":"± 0.45 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"omeprazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.44","variance":"± 0.25 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"omeprazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.47","variance":"± 0.82 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"omeprazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.49","variance":"± 0.54 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists values as mean (SD); asterisk significance per Wilcoxon signed-rank"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine capsules (Yunnan Baiyao Group Dali Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"midazolam Tmax as printed in Abstract/Results text","value":"3.66","variance":"± 0.37 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Abstract; Results p.214","quote":"the Tmax and T1/2 of midazolam during BBR administration were prolonged from 3.03±0.27 to 3.66±0.37 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 1: Table 1 gives tmax 0.66 (0.33) to 0.99 (0.37) h and t1/2 3.03 (1.11) to 3.66 (1.53) h; text appears to swap them. Variance type for text values NR (Table 1 SD differs)."},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo capsules","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"probe drugs 8 am; meals 3 h after","n":"17","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"midazolam Tmax placebo as printed in Abstract/Results text","value":"3.03","variance":"± 0.27 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Abstract; Results p.214","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 1 (see BBR row)"},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"midazolam Cmax increase (% change as stated in Abstract/Results)","value":"38%","variance":"","units":"% change","location":"Abstract; Results p.214","quote":"Cmax, AUC0–∞, and AUC0–12 of midazolam were increased 38% (P<0.05), 40% (P<0.01), and 37% (P<0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"midazolam AUC0-∞ increase (% change as stated in Abstract/Results)","value":"40%","variance":"","units":"% change","location":"Abstract; Results p.214","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21870106","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"midazolam","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"midazolam AUC0-12 increase (% change as stated in Abstract/Results)","value":"37%","variance":"","units":"% change","location":"Abstract; Results p.214","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24593257","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (1)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma level","value":"0.07","variance":"± 0.01 (NR)","units":"nM","location":"Results p.769","quote":"The maximum plasma levels were very low for 1, 4, and 5, i.e., 0.07 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.01, and 0.13 ± 0.02 nM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance type not stated; plateau reached 1 h after administration and persisted up to 24 h"},{"pmid":"24593257","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"demethyleneberberine (4)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma level","value":"0.14","variance":"± 0.01 (NR)","units":"nM","location":"Results p.769","quote":"0.07 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.01, and 0.13 ± 0.02 nM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"plateau reached 1 h after administration; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"24593257","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"jatrorrhizine (5)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma level","value":"0.13","variance":"± 0.02 (NR)","units":"nM","location":"Results p.769","quote":"0.07 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.01, and 0.13 ± 0.02 nM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"plateau reached 2 h after administration; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"24593257","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberrubine (2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma concentration","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"nM","location":"Results p.769","quote":"the maximum plasma concentration of 2 was almost 10 times higher, i.e., 1.4 ± 0.3 nM, 4 h after the administration of 1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"24593257","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberrubine (2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum plasma concentration","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.769","quote":"1.4 ± 0.3 nM, 4 h after the administration of 1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Tmax not tabulated; stated in text"},{"pmid":"27283523","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h then standard breakfast with dose","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.00","variance":"± 1.38 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table gives mean ± SD for tmax; statistic type as printed 'observed means ± SD'"},{"pmid":"27283523","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h then standard breakfast with dose","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.00","variance":"± 1.34 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table gives mean ± SD for tmax; statistic type as printed 'observed means ± SD'"},{"pmid":"27283523","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h then standard breakfast with dose","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.16","variance":"± 0.08 (SD)","units":"ng · mL−1","location":"Table 1; Results p.2","quote":"The Cmax were respectively 0.16 ± 0.08 and 0.06 ± 0.02 ng·mL−1 for the Africans and Chinese (p = 0.0006).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27283523","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h then standard breakfast with dose","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.06","variance":"± 0.02 (SD)","units":"ng · mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27283523","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h then standard breakfast with dose","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"0.96","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"ng · h · mL−1","location":"Table 1; Results p.2","quote":"Africans (0.96 ± 0.34 ng·h·mL−1) compared with the Chinese subjects (0.47 ± 0.13 ng·h·mL−1) with a p value of 0.0037","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27283523","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"600 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h then standard breakfast with dose","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"0.47","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"ng · h · mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted, 200 mL water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.96","variance":"± 3.84 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 6","quote":"3.96±3.84","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted, 200 mL water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.33","variance":"± 0.24 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"0.33±0.24","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted, 200 mL water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"3.83","variance":"± 4.04 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 6","quote":"3.83±4.04","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted, 200 mL water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"6.28","variance":"± 6.06 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 6","quote":"6.28±6.06","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + simvastatin (Merck) (Northeast Pharmaceutical / Merck)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr + 40 mg Svt mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.13","variance":"± 3.16 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 6","quote":"3.13±3.16","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + simvastatin (Merck) (Northeast Pharmaceutical / Merck)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr + 40 mg Svt mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.38","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"0.38±0.31","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + simvastatin (Merck) (Northeast Pharmaceutical / Merck)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr + 40 mg Svt mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"3.83","variance":"± 4.04 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 6","quote":"3.83±4.04","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ identical to Bbr alone group (3.83±4.04; 6.28±6.06) as printed"},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + simvastatin (Merck) (Northeast Pharmaceutical / Merck)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr + 40 mg Svt mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"6.28","variance":"± 6.06 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 6","quote":"6.28±6.06","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ identical to Bbr alone group (3.83±4.04; 6.28±6.06) as printed"},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + fenofibrate (Recipharm Fontaine) (Northeast Pharmaceutical / Recipharm)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr + 200 mg Fbt mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.63","variance":"± 1.85 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 6","quote":"3.63±1.85","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + fenofibrate (Recipharm Fontaine) (Northeast Pharmaceutical / Recipharm)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr + 200 mg Fbt mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.44","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"0.44±0.38","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + fenofibrate (Recipharm Fontaine) (Northeast Pharmaceutical / Recipharm)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr + 200 mg Fbt mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"4.48","variance":"± 4.73 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 6","quote":"4.48±4.73","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + fenofibrate (Recipharm Fontaine) (Northeast Pharmaceutical / Recipharm)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr + 200 mg Fbt mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"7.75","variance":"± 5.97 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 6","quote":"7.75±5.97","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state (per Fig 1)","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.99","variance":"± 0.88 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 7","quote":"0.99±0.88","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state (per Fig 1)","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.67","variance":"± 2.05 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 7","quote":"1.67±2.05","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state (per Fig 1)","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"29.60","variance":"± 30.16 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 7","quote":"29.60±30.16","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"300 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state (per Fig 1)","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"38.74","variance":"± 37.80 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 7","quote":"38.74±37.80","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + simvastatin","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr q8h + 40 mg Svt q24h mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.89","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 7","quote":"0.89±0.52","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + simvastatin","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr q8h + 40 mg Svt q24h mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.25","variance":"± 4.63 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 7","quote":"4.25±4.63","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + simvastatin","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr q8h + 40 mg Svt q24h mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"25.35","variance":"± 15.49 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 7","quote":"25.35±15.49","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + simvastatin","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr q8h + 40 mg Svt q24h mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"38.06","variance":"± 39.99 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 7","quote":"38.06±39.99","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + fenofibrate","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr q8h + 200 mg Fbt q24h mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.96","variance":"± 0.45 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 7","quote":"0.96±0.45","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + fenofibrate","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr q8h + 200 mg Fbt q24h mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.50","variance":"± 6.39 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 7","quote":"4.50±6.39","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + fenofibrate","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr q8h + 200 mg Fbt q24h mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"31.11","variance":"± 16.35 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 7","quote":"31.11±16.35","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30587933","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + fenofibrate","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg Bbr q8h + 200 mg Fbt q24h mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted state","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"41.77","variance":"± 28.59 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 7","quote":"41.77±28.59","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg per dose (500 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water (first dose after a morning meal)","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"2.9","variance":"± 1.4 (NR)","units":"hr·ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"value printed as mean (± x); variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg per dose (500 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water (first dose after a morning meal)","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.4","variance":"± 0.2 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg per dose (500 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water (first dose after a morning meal)","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.5","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed with square brackets, presumed range; text says median Tmax"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg per dose (1000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"3.3","variance":"± 2.4 (NR)","units":"hr·ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"value printed as mean (± x); variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg per dose (1000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.4","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg per dose (1000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.0","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed with square brackets, presumed range; text says median Tmax"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg per dose (2000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"7.2","variance":"± 3.8 (NR)","units":"hr·ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"value printed as mean (± x); variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg per dose (2000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.9","variance":"± 0.5 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg per dose (2000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.0","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed with square brackets, presumed range; text says median Tmax"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg per dose (500 mg/day, 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stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg per dose (500 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water (first dose after a morning meal)","n":"NR","analyte":"ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, co-component of BUDCA salt)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed with square brackets, presumed range; text says median Tmax"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg per dose (1000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, co-component of BUDCA salt)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"8530","variance":"± 4600 (NR)","units":"hr·ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"value printed as mean (± x); variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg per dose (1000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, co-component of BUDCA salt)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1730","variance":"± 873 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg per dose (1000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, co-component of BUDCA salt)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.0","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed with square brackets, presumed range; text says median Tmax"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg per dose (2000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after breakfast and after dinner with water","n":"NR","analyte":"ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, co-component of BUDCA salt)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"15,500","variance":"± 5830 (NR)","units":"hr·ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"value printed as mean (± x); variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine ursodeoxycholate film-coated tablet (HTD1801)","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg per dose (2000 mg/day, BID)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"after 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Tmax"},{"pmid":"33183320","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"median Tmax of BBR after single dose approx 4.0 h","value":"4.0","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Results p.4","quote":"peak BBR plasma concentration occurred at a median value of approximately 4.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"34904017","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride film-coated tablet","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 (equivalent to 452 mg berberine) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"free berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"1057","variance":"± 117 (SEM)","units":"pg/mL*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"34904017","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine Phytosome (berberine extract + sunflower lecithin + pea protein 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Phytosome (Indena))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"550 (equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"total berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUClast ratio B vs A (author-stated, 'about 4 times')","value":"4","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"AUClast value of BBR-PP tablet is about 4 times (for total berberine)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-stated approximate ratio"},{"pmid":"34904017","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine Phytosome (berberine extract + sunflower lecithin + pea protein + grape seed extract) (Berberine Phytosome (Indena))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"550 (equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"free berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUClast ratio B vs A (author-stated)","value":"2.4","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"2.4 times (for free berberine) higher than values from berberine chloride","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-stated; same number 2.4 is also the stated berberine content ratio"},{"pmid":"34904017","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine Phytosome (berberine extract + sunflower lecithin + pea protein + grape seed extract) (Berberine Phytosome (Indena))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"550 (equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"total berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"dose-adjusted AUClast improvement (author-stated)","value":"9.76","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"real improvement in AUClast BBR-PP (considering total berberine) is of 9.76","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-calculated using effective berberine content (188 vs 452 mg)"},{"pmid":"34904017","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine Phytosome (berberine extract + sunflower lecithin + pea protein + grape seed extract) (Berberine Phytosome (Indena))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"550 (equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"free berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"dose-adjusted AUClast improvement (author-stated)","value":"6","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"9.76 and 6 times (considering free berberine) with respect to berberine chloride","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-calculated, approximate; text prints '6 times'"},{"pmid":"34904017","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Berberine Phytosome (Berberine Phytosome (Indena))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"2 x 550 (each equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"total 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(capillary)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"1.30","variance":"± 0.05 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"DB-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.9","variance":"± 2.3 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marked * in Table 2: significant difference between groups (Bonferroni CI, alpha 0.05)."},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"DB-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.35","variance":"± 0.05 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marked * in Table 2: significant difference between groups (Bonferroni CI, alpha 0.05)."},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"DB-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.6","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"DB-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"± 0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"Jatrorrhizine-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"0.066","variance":"± 0.035 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"Jatrorrhizine-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"0.002","variance":"± 0.001 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"Jatrorrhizine-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.045","variance":"± 0.025 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"Jatrorrhizine-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.001","variance":"± 0.001 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"Jatrorrhizine-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.5 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"Jatrorrhizine-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.6 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"Bbrb/Thalif-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"3.8","variance":"± 2.0 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"Bbrb/Thalif-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"0.70","variance":"± 0.11 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"Bbrb/Thalif-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.9","variance":"± 2.2 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"Bbrb/Thalif-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.17","variance":"± 0.04 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"Bbrb/Thalif-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.6","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"Bbrb/Thalif-SO4","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.3","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dihydroberberine capsule with 5 mg black pepper extract (GlucoVantage (Alpha Lion))","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"100 mg dihydroberberine per capsule","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberrubine","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.3","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 2.4, p.4","quote":"Cmax 1.3 ± 0.4 vs. 0.09 ± 0.03 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Consistent with Table 2."},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Micellar berberine hydrochloride in soft-gelatin capsule (Berberis vulgaris) (LipoMicel Berberine (Natural Factors))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (hydrochloride) per capsule","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted dose, then standardized breakfast after 0.5 h","n":"4","analyte":"berberrubine","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.085","variance":"± 0.03 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Discussion p.7","quote":"(43 ± 7, 0.085 ± 0.03 ng/mL, respectively for Caco-2 and blood; Table S2)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Discussion prints 0.085 for LMB blood berberrubine; Table 2 and Results text print 0.09 ± 0.03."},{"pmid":"38891813","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"whole blood (capillary)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"approximate Tmax stated in text","value":"~1 h (DHB) vs 11 h (LMB)","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 2.4, p.4","quote":"The Tmax values of berberine for DHB and LMB were different (~1 h vs. 11 h)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 2 prints 1.2 ± 0.5 and 10.5 ± 5.0 h."},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.434","variance":"± 0.218/1.13 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Welch t-test on log-transformed values; *** vs female for male column; genotype columns vs reference (no significance mark)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.441","variance":"± 0.234/1.09 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Welch t-test on log-transformed values; *** vs female for male column; genotype columns vs reference (no significance mark)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.351","variance":"± 0.181/1.30 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Welch t-test on log-transformed values; *** vs female for male column; genotype columns vs reference (no significance mark)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.736","variance":"± 0.204/1.02 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Welch t-test on log-transformed values; *** vs female for male column; genotype columns vs reference (no significance mark)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.851","variance":"± 0.523/1.30 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Welch t-test on log-transformed values; *** vs female for male column; genotype columns vs reference (no significance mark)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.238","variance":"± 0.177/0.431 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Welch t-test on log-transformed values; *** vs female for male column; genotype columns vs reference (no significance mark)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"± 2/5 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex-dependent difference in Tmax per text"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"± 2/5 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex-dependent difference in Tmax per text"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"± 2.63/5.0 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex-dependent difference in Tmax per text"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"± 2.5/5 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex-dependent difference in Tmax per text"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"± 2/5 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex-dependent difference in Tmax per text"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"± 1.5/5 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex-dependent difference in Tmax per text"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"556","variance":"± 302/985 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"578","variance":"± 391/924 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"481","variance":"± 273/987 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"907","variance":"± 265/1005 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"977","variance":"± 632/1089 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"354","variance":"± 264/508 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10h","value":"154","variance":"± 85.7/315 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10h","value":"149","variance":"± 96.6/312 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10h","value":"133","variance":"± 75.8/360 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10h","value":"270","variance":"± 70.2/344 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10h","value":"307","variance":"± 165/377 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"39488825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10h","value":"94.8","variance":"± 67.1/143 (25th/75th percentiles) (IQR)","units":"min*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (min*ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl complexed with silymarin, B. aristata water extract and coconut milk powder (nanomilled, spray-dried), capsule (BerbiQ (Molecules Biolabs))","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg berberine (in 350 mg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (min 10 h) with 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.21","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p-value as printed in Table 5 column 'P value' (BerbiQ vs conventional)"},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"purified berberine hydrochloride (~98%) from B. aristata root, capsule (Molecules Biolabs)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (in 350 mg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (min 10 h) with 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.29","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl complexed with silymarin, B. aristata water extract and coconut milk powder (nanomilled, spray-dried), capsule (BerbiQ (Molecules Biolabs))","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg berberine (in 350 mg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (min 10 h) with 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (AUC0-48h)","value":"29.89","variance":"± 4.10 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p-value as printed in Table 5 column 'P value' (BerbiQ vs conventional)"},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"purified berberine hydrochloride (~98%) from B. aristata root, capsule (Molecules Biolabs)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (in 350 mg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (min 10 h) with 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (AUC0-48h)","value":"7.01","variance":"± 0.94 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl complexed with silymarin, B. aristata water extract and coconut milk powder (nanomilled, spray-dried), capsule (BerbiQ (Molecules Biolabs))","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg berberine (in 350 mg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (min 10 h) with 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"41.95","variance":"± 9.41 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p-value as printed in Table 5 column 'P value' (BerbiQ vs conventional)"},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"purified berberine hydrochloride (~98%) from B. aristata root, capsule (Molecules Biolabs)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (in 350 mg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (min 10 h) with 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"8.75","variance":"± 1.73 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl complexed with silymarin, B. aristata water extract and coconut milk powder (nanomilled, spray-dried), capsule (BerbiQ (Molecules Biolabs))","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg berberine (in 350 mg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (min 10 h) with 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.20","variance":"± 1.93 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p-value as printed in Table 5 column 'P value' (BerbiQ vs conventional)"},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"purified berberine hydrochloride (~98%) from B. aristata root, capsule (Molecules Biolabs)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"250 mg berberine (in 350 mg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (min 10 h) with 250 mL water","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.20","variance":"± 1.67 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40949215","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-48 fold increase BerbiQ vs conventional","value":"4.26","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results 3.4 p.40244","quote":"a 4.26-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold change as printed by authors; not recomputed"},{"pmid":"12186383","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (form not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"blood (microdialysate)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (to infinity per methods)","value":"291","variance":"± 59 (NR)","units":"min µg/ml","location":"Results p.129","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed 291±59 min µg/ml; variance type not stated; units µg printed as µ"},{"pmid":"12186383","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (form not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"liver (microdialysate)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"70","variance":"± 14 (NR)","units":"min µg/ml","location":"Results p.129","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed 70±14 min µg/ml; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"12186383","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (form not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"liver (microdialysate)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak concentration (liver)","value":"20","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.129","quote":"both the bile and liver graphs have a peak concentration at 20 min after berberine administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Stated from curves, no variance"},{"pmid":"12186383","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (form not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"bile (microdialysate)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak concentration (bile)","value":"20","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.129","quote":"both the bile and liver graphs have a peak concentration at 20 min after berberine administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12530470","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine in D-PBS","forms":[],"dose":"50 µM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat ileum recirculating perfusion (in vivo)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% absorbed at 160 min (berberine alone)","value":"2.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.194","quote":"after 160 min. only 2.5% of the berberine was absorbed","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"n=5 from Fig. 1 legend; variance not given"},{"pmid":"12530470","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + CsA","forms":[],"dose":"50 µM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat ileum recirculating perfusion (in vivo)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% absorbed at 160 min with cyclosporin A 5 µM","value":"14.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.194","quote":"Absorption at 160 min. increased to 14.8% for cyclosporin A group and 17.2% for verapamil group","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Variance not given"},{"pmid":"12530470","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + verapamil","forms":[],"dose":"50 µM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat ileum recirculating perfusion (in vivo)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% absorbed at 160 min with verapamil 200 µM","value":"17.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.194","quote":"Absorption at 160 min. increased to 14.8% for cyclosporin A group and 17.2% for verapamil group","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12530470","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine in D-PBS","forms":[],"dose":"50 µM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat ileum recirculating perfusion (in vivo)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"poor bioavailability statement","value":"<5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.196","quote":"berberine is a xenobiotic with poor bioavailability (<5%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Stated as '(<5%)' in Discussion/summary"},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine injection (Kyorin, 5 mg/ml)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"blood dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"265.4","variance":"± 44.0 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + CsA","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"blood dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"306.4","variance":"± 55.5 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine injection","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"blood dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"506.6","variance":"± 39.3 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote a: p<0.05 vs 10 mg/kg berberine alone"},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + CsA","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"blood dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"471.6","variance":"± 55.9 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + quinidine","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"blood dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"342.6","variance":"± 29.6 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + SKF-525A","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"blood dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"322.6","variance":"± 42.6 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + probenecid","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"blood dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"167.8","variance":"± 18.3 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + quinidine","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"bile dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC not calculable (no decay; n.c.)","value":"n.c.","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 prints 'n.c' (not calculable) for AUC and ratio; no numeric value"},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine injection (Kyorin, 5 mg/ml)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"bile dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast to 60 min","value":"682.2","variance":"± 78.0 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Results p.407-408 (Quinidine section)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + quinidine","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"bile dialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast to 60 min","value":"218.4","variance":"± 13.6 (SEM)","units":"min µg ml-1","location":"Results p.407-408 (Quinidine section)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text: biliary excretion significantly affected by quinidine in first hour; p not printed"},{"pmid":"15039293","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine injection","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (unbound)","matrix":"bile dialysate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to bile peak concentration","value":"10-20","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.407","quote":"reached peak concentration at about 10 to 20 min and could be detected for up to 6 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Range as printed 'about 10 to 20 min'; both doses"},{"pmid":"15996686","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"C. rhizoma extract batch 031126, 29.4% berberine","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"hippocampus","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"6940","variance":"± 206 (SD)","units":"ng·h·g-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15996686","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"C. rhizoma extract batch 031126, 29.4% berberine","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"hippocampus","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (printed 'maximum thalamus concentration' in table footnote)","value":"272","variance":"± 12 (SD)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 footnote says 'Cmax: maximum thalamus concentration' although tissue is hippocampus"},{"pmid":"15996686","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"C. rhizoma extract batch 031126, 29.4% berberine","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"hippocampus","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"T(peak)","value":"3.67","variance":"± 0.48 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16293389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Decoction extract (Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix, Phellodendri cortex, Gardeniae fructus) in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"4.38 g extract/kg (containing 245 mg berberine and 60 mg palmatine/kg body weight) g extract/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.5","variance":"± 1.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16293389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Decoction extract (Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix, Phellodendri cortex, Gardeniae fructus) in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"4.38 g extract/kg (containing 245 mg berberine and 60 mg palmatine/kg body weight) g extract/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.2","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16293389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Decoction extract (Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix, Phellodendri cortex, Gardeniae fructus) in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"4.38 g extract/kg (containing 245 mg berberine and 60 mg palmatine/kg body weight) g extract/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-T)","value":"44.6","variance":"± 10.1 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16293389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Decoction extract (Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix, Phellodendri cortex, Gardeniae fructus) in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"4.38 g extract/kg (containing 245 mg berberine and 60 mg palmatine/kg body weight) g extract/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.4","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"co-analyte in the same extract, not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"16293389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Decoction extract (Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix, Phellodendri cortex, Gardeniae fructus) in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"4.38 g extract/kg (containing 245 mg berberine and 60 mg palmatine/kg body weight) g extract/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.1","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"co-analyte, not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"16293389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Decoction extract (Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix, Phellodendri cortex, Gardeniae fructus) in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"4.38 g extract/kg (containing 245 mg berberine and 60 mg palmatine/kg body weight) g extract/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-T)","value":"22.2","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"co-analyte, not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"16730245","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Decoction of Radix Scutellariae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Rhizoma Coptidis","forms":[],"dose":"20 mL/kg (equivalent to 121.1 mg baicalin, 2.5 mg rhein and 27.6 mg berberine) mL/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.31","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3, p.54","quote":"The Cmax (mean value) was 2.31 µg/mL (0.5 h) and the high concentration level lasted until 5 h.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text states high standard deviation due to large individual variation; berberine under LOD in some rats; SD not printed in text."},{"pmid":"16730245","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Decoction of Radix Scutellariae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Rhizoma Coptidis","forms":[],"dose":"20 mL/kg (equivalent to 121.1 mg baicalin, 2.5 mg rhein and 27.6 mg berberine) mL/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of mean Cmax","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3, p.54","quote":"The Cmax (mean value) was 2.31 µg/mL (0.5 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Time of the mean-curve maximum as printed in parentheses; not explicitly labelled Tmax."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"37.42","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"40.89","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"M1 berberrubine (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"1879.64","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"NR","analyte":"M1 berberrubine (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"437.29","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"M2 thalifendine (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"811.05","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"NR","analyte":"M2 thalifendine (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"287.85","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"M3 demethyleneberberine (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"1763.62","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"NR","analyte":"M3 demethyleneberberine (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"735.22","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"M4 jatrorrhizine (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"356.05","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"NR","analyte":"M4 jatrorrhizine (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-limt","value":"101.98","variance":"","units":"ng·h·ml-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 gives total contents (free + glucuronide, per table title); computed from the mean concentration at each time point."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"approximate peak value from text","value":"10","variance":"","units":"ng·ml-1","location":"Discussion p.2071","quote":"the concentration peak value of Ber reached 10 ng·ml-1 at 2 h after p.o. administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate; text says concentration peak value reached 10 ng/ml at 2 h; also eliminated within 12 h and low level maintained for 48 h."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak from text","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Discussion p.2071","quote":"reached 10 ng·ml-1 at 2 h after p.o. administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate; see Cmax row."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine","forms":[],"dose":"0.02 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"intestinal loop contents (disappearance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"proportion absorbed from rat jejunal in situ loop (0.02 mM Ber)","value":"19.1","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results, Absorption of Ber in the Small Intestine, p.2069","quote":"The proportion of Ber absorbed by the jejunum was 19.1%, 26.5%, 26.8%, and 33.6% at 10, 20, 40, and 60 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calculated by authors as difference between initial and final loop solution amounts; also shown in Fig. 7. No n or variance printed."},{"pmid":"16956957","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine","forms":[],"dose":"0.02 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"intestinal loop contents (disappearance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption ratio 'about 33.6% within 1 h' (Discussion)","value":"33.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.2071","quote":"the absorption ratio of Ber reached about 33.6% within 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"90","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"121.1","variance":"± 11.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"28341.5","variance":"± 5241.2 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"90","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"co-analyte in herb preparation (palmatine), not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"35.2","variance":"± 9.5 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"co-analyte in herb preparation (palmatine), not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"6345.5","variance":"± 133.9 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"co-analyte in herb preparation (palmatine), not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"90","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"jatrorrhizine is a berberine metabolite but here is also present in the coptis herb dose (14.4 mg/kg); not attributable to berberine absorption"},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"219.9","variance":"± 12.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"jatrorrhizine is a berberine metabolite but here is also present in the coptis herb dose (14.4 mg/kg); not attributable to berberine absorption"},{"pmid":"18258496","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptis-evodia powder in 0.1% CMC-Na (Coptis rhizome extract contains 4.89 g berberine/100 g extract)","forms":[],"dose":"1.086 g powder/kg (containing 46.5 mg berberine, 10.1 mg palmatine and 14.4 mg jatrorrhizine/kg body weight) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food withheld 18 h (see study)","n":"6","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"43576.9","variance":"± 4767.8 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"jatrorrhizine is a berberine metabolite but here is also present in the coptis herb dose (14.4 mg/kg); not attributable to berberine absorption"},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"O/W microemulsion: 15 wt.% oleic acid, 17 wt.% Tween-80, 17 wt.% PEG400, 51 wt.% water (NR (berberine gift from JinHua Pharmaceutical))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.169","variance":"","units":"mg/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Section 2.3) prints Cmax as mg/ml (0.394 mg/ml; 4.169 mg/ml) while Table 1 prints mg/l; recorded as in Table 1."},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine tablets milled and suspended in 0.5% sodium methylcellulose","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.394","variance":"","units":"mg/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Section 2.3) prints Cmax as mg/ml (0.394 mg/ml; 4.169 mg/ml) while Table 1 prints mg/l; recorded as in Table 1."},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"O/W microemulsion: 15 wt.% oleic acid, 17 wt.% Tween-80, 17 wt.% PEG400, 51 wt.% water (NR (berberine gift from JinHua Pharmaceutical))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.333","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine tablets milled and suspended in 0.5% sodium methylcellulose","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8.333","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"O/W microemulsion: 15 wt.% oleic acid, 17 wt.% Tween-80, 17 wt.% PEG400, 51 wt.% water (NR (berberine gift from JinHua Pharmaceutical))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0–t)","value":"34.879","variance":"","units":"mg/l·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine tablets milled and suspended in 0.5% sodium methylcellulose","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0–t)","value":"5.392","variance":"","units":"mg/l·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"O/W microemulsion: 15 wt.% oleic acid, 17 wt.% Tween-80, 17 wt.% PEG400, 51 wt.% water (NR (berberine gift from JinHua Pharmaceutical))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0–∞)","value":"64.647","variance":"","units":"mg/l·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine tablets milled and suspended in 0.5% sodium methylcellulose","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0–∞)","value":"8.312","variance":"","units":"mg/l·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"O/W microemulsion: 15 wt.% oleic acid, 17 wt.% Tween-80, 17 wt.% PEG400, 51 wt.% water (NR (berberine gift from JinHua Pharmaceutical))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"microemulsion vs tablet suspension (AUC ratio, equal doses)","value":"647","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1; Results 2.3","quote":"The relative bioavailability of microemulsion formulation to the tablet group was 647%.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract states 6.47 times greater."},{"pmid":"18717486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"difference microemulsion vs tablet","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 2.3, p.518","quote":"Tmax decreased by 1 h compared with that of the tablet formulation.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Verbal difference printed in text (decrease of 1 h); not computed by extractor. Table 1 values: 7.333 vs 8.333 h."},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"9.0386 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8 (Fig. 5/6)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak blood BBR concentration","value":"5","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results 3.2.5","quote":"reached its peak after IV, IP and IG administration was at 5 min, 30 min and 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Sampling-time based; first sample at 5 min"},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"57.61 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8 (Fig. 5/6)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak blood BBR concentration","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results 3.2.5","quote":"reached its peak after IV, IP and IG administration was at 5 min, 30 min and 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"41.6 g/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8 (Fig. 5/6); 9 (Fig. 4)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak blood BBR concentration","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.2.5","quote":"reached its peak after IV, IP and IG administration was at 5 min, 30 min and 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text 3.2.5 states 41.6 and 83.2 g/kg IG used for time course; peak 1 h for IG (arm not separated)"},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"9.0386 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8 (Fig. 5/6)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"blood BBR conc. as % of IV (LD50 dose) blood conc.","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2.7","quote":"bioavailability of the drug deliveries is 100%, 20.946%, 0.0001%, 0.002%, 0.024% and 0.011%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Order of six values mapped to IV, IP, IG 10.4, 20.8, 41.6, 83.2 per text 'IV, IP, and IG ... at four successively increasing dosages'; calculated by authors as ratio of blood concentrations at single timepoints, not AUC"},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"57.61 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8 (Fig. 5/6)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"blood BBR conc. as % of IV (LD50 dose) blood conc.","value":"20.946","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2.7","quote":"bioavailability of the drug deliveries is 100%, 20.946%, 0.0001%, 0.002%, 0.024% and 0.011%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Order of six values mapped to IV, IP, IG 10.4, 20.8, 41.6, 83.2 per text 'IV, IP, and IG ... at four successively increasing dosages'; calculated by authors as ratio of blood concentrations at single timepoints, not AUC"},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10.4 g/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (Fig. 5/6); 4 (Fig. 4)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"blood BBR conc. as % of IV (LD50 dose) blood conc.","value":"0.0001","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2.7","quote":"bioavailability of the drug deliveries is 100%, 20.946%, 0.0001%, 0.002%, 0.024% and 0.011%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Order of six values mapped to IV, IP, IG 10.4, 20.8, 41.6, 83.2 per text 'IV, IP, and IG ... at four successively increasing dosages'; calculated by authors as ratio of blood concentrations at single timepoints, not AUC"},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20.8 g/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (Fig. 5/6); 4 (Fig. 4)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"blood BBR conc. as % of IV (LD50 dose) blood conc.","value":"0.002","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2.7","quote":"bioavailability of the drug deliveries is 100%, 20.946%, 0.0001%, 0.002%, 0.024% and 0.011%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Order of six values mapped to IV, IP, IG 10.4, 20.8, 41.6, 83.2 per text 'IV, IP, and IG ... at four successively increasing dosages'; calculated by authors as ratio of blood concentrations at single timepoints, not AUC"},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"41.6 g/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8 (Fig. 5/6); 9 (Fig. 4)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"blood BBR conc. as % of IV (LD50 dose) blood conc.","value":"0.024","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2.7","quote":"bioavailability of the drug deliveries is 100%, 20.946%, 0.0001%, 0.002%, 0.024% and 0.011%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Order of six values mapped to IV, IP, IG 10.4, 20.8, 41.6, 83.2 per text 'IV, IP, and IG ... at four successively increasing dosages'; calculated by authors as ratio of blood concentrations at single timepoints, not AUC"},{"pmid":"20138204","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Beijing Ocean Pharmacy Co. Ltd.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"83.2 g/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"8 (Fig. 5/6); 9 (Fig. 4)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood (plasma)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"blood BBR conc. as % of IV (LD50 dose) blood conc.","value":"0.011","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2.7","quote":"bioavailability of the drug deliveries is 100%, 20.946%, 0.0001%, 0.002%, 0.024% and 0.011%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Order of six values mapped to IV, IP, IG 10.4, 20.8, 41.6, 83.2 per text 'IV, IP, and IG ... at four successively increasing dosages'; calculated by authors as ratio of blood concentrations at single timepoints, not AUC"},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>99.8%)","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/L in 100 mL PBS","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) at 4 h, in situ perfusion","value":"9.3","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table I; Results","quote":"The absorption rates of berberine in the small intestine at 4 h were 9.3%, 10.0%, and 10.2%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>99.8%) + sodium caprate","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/L in 100 mL PBS","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) at 4 h, in situ perfusion","value":"18.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table I; Results","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>99.8%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µmol/L in 100 mL PBS","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) at 4 h, in situ perfusion","value":"10.0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table I; Results","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>99.8%) + sodium caprate","forms":[],"dose":"100 µmol/L in 100 mL PBS","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) at 4 h, in situ perfusion","value":"13.1","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table I; Results","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>99.8%)","forms":[],"dose":"200 µmol/L in 100 mL PBS","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) at 4 h, in situ perfusion","value":"10.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table I; Results","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>99.8%) + sodium caprate","forms":[],"dose":"200 µmol/L in 100 mL PBS","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) at 4 h, in situ perfusion","value":"20.1","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table I; Results","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6 h","value":"2,641.024","variance":"± 230.8 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1 h","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution + sodium caprate","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (berberine); sodium caprate 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6 h","value":"3,385.22","variance":"± 131.4 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1 h","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p vs B group"},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution + sodium caprate","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (berberine); sodium caprate 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic not stated; Results: Tmax delayed from 30 to 60 min"},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"721.39","variance":"± 53.45 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution + sodium caprate","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (berberine); sodium caprate 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"988.84","variance":"± 135.56 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p vs B group"},{"pmid":"20237966","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution + sodium caprate","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (berberine); sodium caprate 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-6 h increase with sodium caprate","value":"28","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Results","quote":"After coadministration, the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of berberine was increased 28%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author-stated percent increase"},{"pmid":"20430560","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Yiqing Capsule (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) (Kanghong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Chengdu))","forms":[],"dose":"1.29 mg/kg berberine (in 300 mg/kg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"free access to food until 12 h prior to experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"465","variance":"± 30.9 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header says n = 10 but text says 5 rats per preparation"},{"pmid":"20430560","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Gegen-Qinlian Tablet (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Puerariae Lobatae, Radix Glycyrrhizae) (Lijun Modrem TCM Co., Ltd. (Shaanxi))","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg berberine (in 600 mg/kg tablet)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"free access to food until 12 h prior to experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"206","variance":"± 20.8 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header says n = 10 but text says 5 rats per preparation"},{"pmid":"20430560","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Yiqing Capsule (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) (Kanghong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Chengdu))","forms":[],"dose":"1.29 mg/kg berberine (in 300 mg/kg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"free access to food until 12 h prior to experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"16.3","variance":"± 7.64 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header says n = 10 but text says 5 rats per preparation; text gives 16.25 min"},{"pmid":"20430560","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Gegen-Qinlian Tablet (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Puerariae Lobatae, Radix Glycyrrhizae) (Lijun Modrem TCM Co., Ltd. (Shaanxi))","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg berberine (in 600 mg/kg tablet)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"free access to food until 12 h prior to experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"101","variance":"± 39.4 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header says n = 10 but text says 5 rats per preparation; text gives 101.25 min"},{"pmid":"20430560","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Yiqing Capsule (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) (Kanghong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Chengdu))","forms":[],"dose":"1.29 mg/kg berberine (in 300 mg/kg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"free access to food until 12 h prior to experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"558.1","variance":"± 205.7 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 SD 205.7 inconsistent with text 558.08 ± 250.65 ng h/ml; Table 5 header says n = 10 but text says 5 rats per preparation"},{"pmid":"20430560","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Yiqing Capsule (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) (Kanghong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Chengdu))","forms":[],"dose":"1.29 mg/kg berberine (in 300 mg/kg capsule)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"free access to food until 12 h prior to experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (text)","value":"558.08","variance":"± 250.65 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Results 3.3 (p.597)","quote":"AUC0–t was 558.08 ± 250.65 ng h/ml in Yiqing Capsule","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SD inconsistent with Table 5 (205.7)"},{"pmid":"20430560","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Gegen-Qinlian Tablet (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Puerariae Lobatae, Radix Glycyrrhizae) (Lijun Modrem TCM Co., Ltd. (Shaanxi))","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg berberine (in 600 mg/kg tablet)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"free access to food until 12 h prior to experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"809.2","variance":"± 190.2 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header says n = 10 but text says 5 rats per preparation"},{"pmid":"20430560","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Gegen-Qinlian Tablet (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Puerariae Lobatae, Radix Glycyrrhizae) (Lijun Modrem TCM Co., Ltd. (Shaanxi))","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg berberine (in 600 mg/kg tablet)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"free access to food until 12 h prior to experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (text)","value":"809.24","variance":"± 190.23 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Results 3.3 (p.597)","quote":"809.24 ± 190.23 ng h/ml in Gegen-Qinlian Tablet","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"57.9","variance":"± 20.6 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"59.3","variance":"± 17.0 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"466.0","variance":"± 109.9 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 intraportal vs intravenous"},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"649.2","variance":"± 99.5 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested (total incl. glucuronides)","value":"65.1","variance":"± 3.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p vs undigested"},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M1","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested (total incl. glucuronides)","value":"441.5","variance":"± 109.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p vs undigested"},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M2","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested (total incl. glucuronides)","value":"178.6","variance":"± 53.9 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M3","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested (total incl. glucuronides)","value":"13.9","variance":"± 2.4 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested (free)","value":"73.5","variance":"± 7.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M1","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested (free)","value":"83.3","variance":"± 29.7 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M2","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested (free)","value":"0","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M3","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested (free)","value":"0","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested (total incl. glucuronides)","value":"631.1","variance":"± 77.6 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M1","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested (total incl. glucuronides)","value":"234.7","variance":"± 35.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M2","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested (total incl. glucuronides)","value":"1040.2","variance":"± 145.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p vs undigested"},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M3","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested (total incl. glucuronides)","value":"82.7","variance":"± 15.9 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p vs undigested"},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested (free)","value":"656.5","variance":"± 32.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M1","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested (free)","value":"198.1","variance":"± 53.0 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M2","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested (free)","value":"149.0","variance":"± 45.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M3","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested (free)","value":"21.8","variance":"± 1.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M1","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested","value":"22.2","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M1","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested","value":"631.1","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M2","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested","value":"60.4","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M2","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested","value":"683.1","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M3","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested","value":"0.6","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M3","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested","value":"80.6","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, undigested","value":"21.6","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, beta-glucuronidase digested","value":"25.1","variance":"","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20634337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (chloride per reagent description: NR; purity >99%) (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Fa fraction of absorption","value":"44","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results (Gastrointestinal First-Pass)","quote":"the Fa value was estimated at 44%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"20663675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8,8-dimethyldihydroberberine hydrochloride (Di-Me)","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"Di-Me","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"17.8","variance":"± 4.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 2.4","quote":"a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 17.8 ± 4.4 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance type not stated (± only)"},{"pmid":"20663675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8,8-dimethyldihydroberberine hydrochloride (Di-Me)","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"Di-Me","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first detection time","value":"15 min","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results 2.4","quote":"Di-Me was rapidly detected in the plasma at 15 min (Fig. 4B)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"This is time of first detection, not a Tmax"},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride injection in dextrose solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"44.9","variance":"± 6.64 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride injection in dextrose solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.083","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints '0.083±0' for IV (SD zero)"},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride injection in dextrose solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"68.7","variance":"± 10.5 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed 'ng hmL−1' in text layer (ng·h/mL)"},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride in 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.48","variance":"± 3.40 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride in 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.60","variance":"± 1.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride in 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"46.5","variance":"± 12.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed 'ng hmL−1' in text layer (ng·h/mL)"},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride in 2.5% TPGS solution","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"27.9","variance":"± 14.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride in 2.5% TPGS solution","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.40","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21637946","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride in 2.5% TPGS solution","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 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water","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg BBH/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride (BBH)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"236.6","variance":"± 7.9 (NR)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not defined in Table 2"},{"pmid":"22563917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBH tablet, 100 mg per tablet, excipients starch, dextrin, hydroxypropyl cellulose (Huanghai Pharmaceutical (Qingdao, China))","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg BBH/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride (BBH)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"65.1","variance":"± 5.7 (NR)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not defined in Table 2"},{"pmid":"22563917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"SMEDDS: 40% ethyl linoleate:oleic acid (2:1), 35% Tween-80, 25% glycerol, 2.5% BBH, diluted with distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg BBH/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride (BBH)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr = AUCSMEDDS/AUCreference","value":"242.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2; Conclusions p.505","quote":"the relative bioavailability of SMEDDS to the commercial tablet was 242.5%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract/Results say 2.42-fold and Abstract says about 2.42-fold"},{"pmid":"22563917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"SMEDDS: 40% ethyl linoleate:oleic acid (2:1), 35% Tween-80, 25% glycerol, 2.5% BBH, diluted with distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg BBH/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride (BBH)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative bioavailability as fold (Abstract/Results)","value":"2.42","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results p.504","quote":"The relative bioavailability of SMEDDS of BBH was enhanced about 2.42-fold compared with the commercial tablet in rats","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2 and Conclusions print 242.5%"},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + C10","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"597.6","variance":"± 517.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + C10","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.79","variance":"± 0.66 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; reported as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + C10","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"1959","variance":"± 1774 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as 'ngh/mL' in text layer"},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + SDC","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"436.8","variance":"± 456.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + SDC","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.21","variance":"± 1.39 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; reported as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + SDC","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"1687","variance":"± 1886 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as 'ngh/mL' in text layer"},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.48","variance":"± 3.40 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1 and Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.60","variance":"± 1.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1 and Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; reported as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"46.5","variance":"± 12.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1 and Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + C10","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr, % (AUC0-t/dose test vs control)","value":"4212.9","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.1449","quote":"The relative bioavailability (Fr) of co-administration with C10 was 4212.9%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"23020091","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + SDC","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine chloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr, % (AUC0-t/dose test vs control)","value":"3627.9","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.1449","quote":"that of SDC was 3627.9%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"23079743","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.62","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","quote":"nearly 1.61-fold (p<0.05) that of BBR (3.62ng/ml)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text says 'average'; mean±SD of 6 animals per Fig. 5 legend"},{"pmid":"23079743","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"33.2","variance":"","units":"ng*h/ml","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","quote":"AUC0–24) of IMB-Y53 was 75.5 ng*h/ml, about 2.27-fold (p<0.01) that of BBR (33.2 ng*h/ml)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"23079743","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","quote":"average time to Cmax (tmax) was 2 h for IMB-Y53, but 0.5 h for BBR","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"described as 'average'"},{"pmid":"23079743","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IMB-Y53 (pseudo-berberine), isomer of BBR","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"IMB-Y53 (pseudo-berberine, analogue)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.84","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","quote":"average maximum concentration (Cmax) of IMB-Y53 was 5.84 ng/ml, nearly 1.61-fold (p<0.05) that of BBR","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"analogue, not listed supplement; recorded for comparison"},{"pmid":"23079743","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IMB-Y53 (pseudo-berberine), isomer of BBR","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"IMB-Y53 (pseudo-berberine, analogue)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"75.5","variance":"","units":"ng*h/ml","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analogue, recorded for comparison"},{"pmid":"23079743","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IMB-Y53 (pseudo-berberine), isomer of BBR","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"IMB-Y53 (pseudo-berberine, analogue)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.2 p.452","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analogue, recorded for comparison"},{"pmid":"23159470","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"5.00 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"in situ rat intestinal perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"P (%) absorption fraction in unit time, in situ perfusion","value":"3.5","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23159470","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rhein 1.67 + baicalin 15.00 + berberine 5.00 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"5.00 mg/kg berberine","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"in situ rat intestinal perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"P (%) absorption fraction in unit time, in situ perfusion","value":"5.2","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis extract","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"742.92","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan 1","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1309.20","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan 2","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1562.25","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis extract","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"789.91","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan 1","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1507.69","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan 2","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1670.67","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis extract","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan 1","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan 2","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma Coptidis extract","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"202.79","variance":"","units":"µg/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan 1","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"241.27","variance":"","units":"µg/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23582408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan 2","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine (in extract)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"290.73","variance":"","units":"µg/l","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 prints single values without SD"},{"pmid":"23924821","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (purity >=98%, Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"average Cmax, 100 mg/kg oral","value":"11.3","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results, Tet Improves the Pharmacokinetics of BBR in Mice (p.1566)","quote":"BBR alone (11.3 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says 'average'; SD only in Fig. 5 for concentration-time points"},{"pmid":"23924821","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine 100 mg/kg plus tetrandrine 10 mg/kg (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"average Cmax, BBR + Tet 10 mg/kg","value":"15.4","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1566","quote":"15.4 and 18.3 ng/mL, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as about 1.36-fold of BBR alone (p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"23924821","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine 100 mg/kg plus tetrandrine 20 mg/kg (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"average Cmax, BBR + Tet 20 mg/kg","value":"18.3","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1566","quote":"15.4 and 18.3 ng/mL, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as about 1.62-fold of BBR alone (p<0.01)"},{"pmid":"23924821","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (purity >=98%, Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"96.8","variance":"","units":"ng*h/mL","location":"Results p.1566","quote":"that of BBR alone (96.8 ng*h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says 'average'"},{"pmid":"23924821","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine 100 mg/kg plus tetrandrine 10 mg/kg (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"128.7","variance":"","units":"ng*h/mL","location":"Results p.1566","quote":"BBR when co-administered with 10 mg/kg of Tet was 128.7 ng*h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"About 1.33-fold of BBR alone (p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"23924821","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine 100 mg/kg plus tetrandrine 20 mg/kg (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"155.8","variance":"","units":"ng*h/mL","location":"Results p.1566","quote":"that of BBR plus 20 mg/kg of Tet was 155.8 ng*h/mL, about 1.61-fold (p<0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"1.61-fold printed by authors"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride, intraduodenal suspension (portal-vein cannulated, anaesthetised rats) (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48 (as printed; sampling was to 240 min)","value":"7,207.08","variance":"± 3,892.67 (SD)","units":"µg min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Row label printed as AUC0–48; sampling ran 0-240 min"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Verapamil 50 mg/kg by gavage 2 h before berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48 (as printed; sampling was to 240 min)","value":"6,391.42","variance":"± 3,217.83 (SD)","units":"µg min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Row label printed as AUC0–48; sampling ran 0-240 min"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Borneol 31.5 mg/kg by gavage 2 h before berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48 (as printed; sampling was to 240 min)","value":"5,800.41","variance":"± 1,401.83 (SD)","units":"µg min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Row label printed as AUC0–48; sampling ran 0-240 min"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Borneol 31.5 mg/kg by gavage daily for 7 days, then on day 8 as BBG; berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48 (as printed; sampling was to 240 min)","value":"6,644.59","variance":"± 1,203.13 (SD)","units":"µg min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Row label printed as AUC0–48; sampling ran 0-240 min"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride, intraduodenal suspension (portal-vein cannulated, anaesthetised rats) (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"82.26","variance":"± 51.42 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Verapamil 50 mg/kg by gavage 2 h before berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"51.97","variance":"± 27.23 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Borneol 31.5 mg/kg by gavage 2 h before berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"51.13","variance":"± 14.91 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 vs BG (t test)"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Borneol 31.5 mg/kg by gavage daily for 7 days, then on day 8 as BBG; berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"57.15","variance":"± 5.39 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 vs BG (t test)"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride, intraduodenal suspension (portal-vein cannulated, anaesthetised rats) (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"120.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h (as printed; values appear to be minutes, e.g. 120.00 matches the 120 min sample)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as h in Table 3 but values consistent with min"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Verapamil 50 mg/kg by gavage 2 h before berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"127.50","variance":"± 81.47 (SD)","units":"h (as printed; values appear to be minutes, e.g. 120.00 matches the 120 min sample)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as h in Table 3 but values consistent with min"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Borneol 31.5 mg/kg by gavage 2 h before berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"70.00","variance":"± 30.98 (SD)","units":"h (as printed; values appear to be minutes, e.g. 120.00 matches the 120 min sample)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as h in Table 3 but values consistent with min; * p<0.05 vs BG (t test)"},{"pmid":"24014108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Borneol 31.5 mg/kg by gavage daily for 7 days, then on day 8 as BBG; berberine 94.5 mg/kg intraduodenal (NR (reference standard from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control))","forms":[],"dose":"94.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR (free access to food and water before experiment; anaesthetised)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (portal vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"30.00","variance":"± 33.54 (SD)","units":"h (as printed; values appear to be minutes, e.g. 120.00 matches the 120 min sample)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as h in Table 3 but values consistent with min; * p<0.05 vs BG (t test)"},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"86.37","variance":"± 13.57 (SD)","units":"ng/mL×h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"75.83","variance":"± 5.60 (SD)","units":"ng/mL×h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma AUC0-t here is 75.83; Table 2 footnote gives plasma BBR AUC0-t control as 71.65 (not reconciled by authors)"},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"25.85","variance":"± 7.34 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text layer prints Cmax unit as mg/L in Results; Table 1 and page image print µg/L"},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.33","variance":"± 0.29 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax stated in Results text","value":"25.85","variance":"± 7.34 (SD)","units":"µg/L (text layer printed mg/L)","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of BBR (p.6)","quote":"Cmax was 25.85±7.34","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Image of page 6 prints µg/L"},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 per time point (66 rats)","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t of BBR in tissue","value":"728.6","variance":"± 188.1 (SD)","units":"ng/mL×h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 per time point (66 rats)","analyte":"BBR metabolites (sum of M1, M2, M4)","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t of metabolites in tissue","value":"2103.5","variance":"± 347.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL×h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 per time point (66 rats)","analyte":"thalifendine (M1)","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t of metabolite in tissue","value":"700.9","variance":"± 91.3 (SD)","units":"ng/mL×h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 per time point (66 rats)","analyte":"berberrubine (M2)","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t of metabolite in tissue","value":"1370","variance":"± 292.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL×h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 per time point (66 rats)","analyte":"jatrorrhizine (M4)","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t of metabolite in tissue","value":"32.6","variance":"± 8.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL×h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 per time point (66 rats)","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"liver","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum BBR concentration in liver","value":"8","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.6","quote":"reached maximum concentration of BBR in liver 8 h after treatment","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"24205048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (J&K Scientific), saline suspension 40 mg/mL (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 per time point (66 rats)","analyte":"BBR","matrix":"pancreas","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to maximum BBR concentration in tissue","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.6","quote":"Time to the maximum concentration in tissues varied with 2 h for pancreas and fat, 4 h for lungs, 12 h for kidneys, muscle, and brain, 24 h for heart","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma coptidis powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sifang Pharmacy (herb source))","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g Rhizoma coptidis powder/kg body 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h","n":"5","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"123.1","variance":"± 31.1 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Jatrorrhizine and palmatine are other herb alkaloids (jatrorrhizine is also a berberine metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma coptidis powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sifang Pharmacy (herb source))","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g Rhizoma coptidis powder/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"128.9","variance":"± 37.4 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Jatrorrhizine and palmatine are other herb alkaloids (jatrorrhizine is also a berberine metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma coptidis powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sifang Pharmacy (herb 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metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Zuojinwan powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Prepared from Sifang Pharmacy herbs)","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g Rhizoma coptidis powder/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"107.9","variance":"± 50.8 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Jatrorrhizine and palmatine are other herb alkaloids (jatrorrhizine is also a berberine metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Zuojinwan powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Prepared from Sifang Pharmacy herbs)","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g Rhizoma coptidis powder/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"113.8","variance":"± 48.1 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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h","n":"5","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"39.63","variance":"± 13.35 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Jatrorrhizine and palmatine are other herb alkaloids (jatrorrhizine is also a berberine metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma coptidis powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sifang Pharmacy (herb source))","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g Rhizoma coptidis powder/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"78.8","variance":"± 18.1 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Jatrorrhizine and palmatine are other herb alkaloids (jatrorrhizine is also a berberine metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma coptidis powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sifang Pharmacy (herb 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metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rhizoma coptidis powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sifang Pharmacy (herb source))","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g Rhizoma coptidis powder/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"55.35","variance":"± 8.90 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Jatrorrhizine and palmatine are other herb alkaloids (jatrorrhizine is also a berberine metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Zuojinwan powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Prepared from Sifang Pharmacy herbs)","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g Rhizoma coptidis powder/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"60.9","variance":"± 33.8 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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h","n":"5","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.50","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Jatrorrhizine and palmatine are other herb alkaloids (jatrorrhizine is also a berberine metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24250523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Zuojinwan powder suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Prepared from Sifang Pharmacy herbs)","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g Rhizoma coptidis powder/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"27.03","variance":"± 6.57 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Jatrorrhizine and palmatine are other herb alkaloids (jatrorrhizine is also a berberine metabolite)"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract (Astragalus, Coptis chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Typha, Alisma), 8.39 mg/mL berberine and 1.74 mg/mL palmatine (NR (prepared in-house))","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"27.98","variance":"± 1.40 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract (Astragalus, Coptis chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Typha, Alisma), 8.39 mg/mL berberine and 1.74 mg/mL palmatine (NR (prepared in-house))","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"29.44","variance":"± 1.74 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract (Astragalus, Coptis chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Typha, Alisma), 8.39 mg/mL berberine and 1.74 mg/mL palmatine (NR (prepared in-house))","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"7.31","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as µg/ml in Table 1; Fig. 2 axis is concentration in ng/ml (peaks about 12-14), so unit labels appear inconsistent"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract (Astragalus, Coptis chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Typha, Alisma), 8.39 mg/mL berberine and 1.74 mg/mL palmatine (NR (prepared in-house))","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.05","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract, same dose","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"54.99","variance":"± 2.06 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract, same dose","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"56.50","variance":"± 2.38 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract, same dose","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"12.81","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as µg/ml in Table 1; Fig. 2 axis is concentration in ng/ml (peaks about 12-14), so unit labels appear inconsistent; * P<0.05 vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract, same dose","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"2.02","variance":"± 0.05 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract (Astragalus, Coptis chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Typha, Alisma), 8.39 mg/mL berberine and 1.74 mg/mL palmatine (NR (prepared in-house))","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"10.11","variance":"± 0.99 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract (Astragalus, Coptis chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Typha, Alisma), 8.39 mg/mL berberine and 1.74 mg/mL palmatine (NR (prepared in-house))","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"15.08","variance":"± 3.13 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract (Astragalus, Coptis chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Typha, Alisma), 8.39 mg/mL berberine and 1.74 mg/mL palmatine (NR (prepared in-house))","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"2.76","variance":"± 0.23 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as µg/ml in Table 1; Fig. 2 axis is concentration in ng/ml (peaks about 12-14), so unit labels appear inconsistent"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract (Astragalus, Coptis chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Typha, Alisma), 8.39 mg/mL berberine and 1.74 mg/mL palmatine (NR (prepared in-house))","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.01","variance":"± 0.09 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract, same dose","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"29.31","variance":"± 2.45 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract, same dose","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"32.62","variance":"± 3.35 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract, same dose","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"4.96","variance":"± 0.16 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as µg/ml in Table 1; Fig. 2 axis is concentration in ng/ml (peaks about 12-14), so unit labels appear inconsistent; * P<0.05 vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24269776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"San-Huang formula extract, same dose","forms":[],"dose":"60.4 mg/kg berberine (extract 1.44 ml/kg); palmatine 12.52 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (16 h)","n":"12","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"2.06","variance":"± 0.05 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine reference grade (>99.8%) (Sigma Chemical Co)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"56.478","variance":"± 29.61 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-SLNs: glycerol tripalmitate:soybean phospholipid 1:6:6, labrasol, pluronic F-68; size 76.8 nm, encapsulation efficiency 58%, drug loading 4.2%, lyophilized with mannitol (Patented in-house method (No 201210495674.4))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"113.57","variance":"± 72.927 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs berberine group; text gives 113.57 ± 72.93 µg·h/L"},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine reference grade (>99.8%) (Sigma Chemical Co)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"86.417","variance":"± 40.84 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-SLNs: glycerol tripalmitate:soybean phospholipid 1:6:6, labrasol, pluronic F-68; size 76.8 nm, encapsulation efficiency 58%, drug loading 4.2%, lyophilized with mannitol (Patented in-house method (No 201210495674.4))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"179.384","variance":"± 160.07 (SD)","units":"μg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine reference grade (>99.8%) (Sigma Chemical Co)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"2.25","variance":"± 3.68 (SD)","units":"H (as printed; hours)","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 shows Tmax shorter for BBR-SLNs (0.381 h) than BBR (2.25 h), but Discussion states the peak time was delayed with SLNs"},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-SLNs: glycerol tripalmitate:soybean phospholipid 1:6:6, labrasol, pluronic F-68; size 76.8 nm, encapsulation efficiency 58%, drug loading 4.2%, lyophilized with mannitol (Patented in-house method (No 201210495674.4))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"0.381","variance":"± 0.71 (SD)","units":"H (as printed; hours)","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 shows Tmax shorter for BBR-SLNs (0.381 h) than BBR (2.25 h), but Discussion states the peak time was delayed with SLNs"},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine reference grade (>99.8%) (Sigma Chemical Co)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"11.057","variance":"± 6.24 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-SLNs: glycerol tripalmitate:soybean phospholipid 1:6:6, labrasol, pluronic F-68; size 76.8 nm, encapsulation efficiency 58%, drug loading 4.2%, lyophilized with mannitol (Patented in-house method (No 201210495674.4))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"44.651","variance":"± 4.77 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs berberine group"},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-SLNs: glycerol tripalmitate:soybean phospholipid 1:6:6, labrasol, pluronic F-68; size 76.8 nm, encapsulation efficiency 58%, drug loading 4.2%, lyophilized with mannitol (Patented in-house method (No 201210495674.4))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (stated in Results text)","value":"113.57","variance":"± 72.93 (SD)","units":"μg ⋅ h/L","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics (p.4681)","quote":"AUC0-t, 113.57 ± 72.93 μg ⋅ h/L; Cmax, 44.65 ± 4.77 μg/L; t1/2, 11.50 ± 10.78 hours; and VRT0-t, 42.58 ± 21.82 hours","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text rounding of Table 1 value"},{"pmid":"24353417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-SLNs: glycerol tripalmitate:soybean phospholipid 1:6:6, labrasol, pluronic F-68; size 76.8 nm, encapsulation efficiency 58%, drug loading 4.2%, lyophilized with mannitol (Patented in-house method (No 201210495674.4))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (stated in Results text)","value":"44.65","variance":"± 4.77 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics (p.4681)","quote":"AUC0-t, 113.57 ± 72.93 μg ⋅ h/L; Cmax, 44.65 ± 4.77 μg/L; t1/2, 11.50 ± 10.78 hours; and VRT0-t, 42.58 ± 21.82 hours","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text rounding of Table 1 value"},{"pmid":"24451127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in pure water (Berberine chloride purity 86.7% (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax read directly from observed individual data (Methods 4.6)"},{"pmid":"24451127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in pure water (Berberine chloride purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax read directly from observed individual data (Methods 4.6)"},{"pmid":"24451127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in pure water (Berberine chloride purity 86.7% (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.74","variance":"± 4.47 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24451127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in pure water (Berberine chloride purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"18.53","variance":"± 0.61 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark"},{"pmid":"24451127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in pure water (Berberine chloride purity 86.7% (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2,039.49","variance":"± 492.24 (SD)","units":"min ng/mL","location":"Table 5; Abstract; Results 2.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as 'min ng/mL' in Table 5"},{"pmid":"24451127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in pure water (Berberine chloride purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2,763.43","variance":"± 203.14 (SD)","units":"min ng/mL","location":"Table 5; Abstract; Results 2.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 vs normal. Units printed as 'min ng/mL' in Table 5"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine powder in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.10","variance":"± 0.03 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPC","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.28","variance":"± 0.02 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '*' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:1 w/w/w, SiO2 20% w/w solid dispersion","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.31","variance":"± 0.02 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '*' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:3, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.36","variance":"± 0.03 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '* , **' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:5, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.38","variance":"± 0.03 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '* , **' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine powder in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPC","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:1 w/w/w, SiO2 20% w/w solid dispersion","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:3, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:5, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine powder in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.86","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPC","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2.00","variance":"± 0.29 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:1 w/w/w, SiO2 20% w/w solid dispersion","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2.34","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '*' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:3, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3.11","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '* , **' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:5, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2.86","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '* , **' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine powder in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1.51","variance":"± 0.33 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPC","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3.10","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '*' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:1 w/w/w, SiO2 20% w/w solid dispersion","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3.59","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '*' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:3, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4.73","variance":"± 0.78 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '* , **' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:5, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4.45","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"ug h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marks as printed in Table 5: '* , **' (* P<0.05 vs Ber group; ** P<0.05 vs BPC group)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPC","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBA, Ber group as control","value":"2.12","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"(ratio, no unit printed)","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed; RBA printed with Ber as control; text gives % values"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:1 w/w/w, SiO2 20% w/w solid dispersion","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBA, Ber group as control","value":"2.45","variance":"± 0.45 (SD)","units":"(ratio, no unit printed)","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed; RBA printed with Ber as control; text gives % values"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:3, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBA, Ber group as control","value":"3.23","variance":"± 0.72 (SD)","units":"(ratio, no unit printed)","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed; RBA printed with Ber as control; text gives % values"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:5, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBA, Ber group as control","value":"3.04","variance":"± 0.56 (SD)","units":"(ratio, no unit printed)","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark printed; RBA printed with Ber as control; text gives % values"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPC","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative oral bioavailability vs Ber (%)","value":"211.82%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.6","quote":"The relative bioavailability of BPC and three kinds of BPTS-SD were 211.82%, 245.12%, 322.66% and 303.85%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 RBA ratios consistent with text"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:1 w/w/w, SiO2 20% w/w solid dispersion","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative oral bioavailability vs Ber (%)","value":"245.12%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.6 ; Abstract","quote":"The relative bioavailability of BPC and three kinds of BPTS-SD were 211.82%, 245.12%, 322.66% and 303.85%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract states highest improvement 322.66% (attributed there to BPTS-SD-1; Results text lists 322.66% as the 3rd value, i.e. 1:5:3). Table 5 RBA: 2.12, 2.45, 3.23, 3.04 (consistent with text)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:3, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative oral bioavailability vs Ber (%)","value":"322.66%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.6","quote":"The relative bioavailability of BPC and three kinds of BPTS-SD were 211.82%, 245.12%, 322.66% and 303.85%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract states highest improvement 322.66% (attributed there to BPTS-SD-1; Results text lists 322.66% as the 3rd value, i.e. 1:5:3). Table 5 RBA: 2.12, 2.45, 3.23, 3.04 (consistent with text)"},{"pmid":"24456672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ber:phospholipid:TPGS 1000 = 1:5:5, SiO2 20%","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (Ber equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (PK); fasted overnight (SPIP)","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative oral bioavailability vs Ber (%)","value":"303.85%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.6","quote":"The relative bioavailability of BPC and three kinds of BPTS-SD were 211.82%, 245.12%, 322.66% and 303.85%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 RBA ratios consistent with text"},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Commercial berberine tablet (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No. 1), dispersed/dissolved, intragastric","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"303.0","variance":"± 28.2 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Amorphous solid dispersion P9","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1786.8","variance":"± 64.9 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 mark '***' vs berberine tablet"},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Commercial berberine tablet (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No. 1), dispersed/dissolved, intragastric","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.67","variance":"± 0.10 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Amorphous solid dispersion P9","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.08","variance":"± 0.15 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 mark '*' vs berberine tablet"},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Commercial berberine tablet (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No. 1), dispersed/dissolved, intragastric","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1127","variance":"± 111 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Amorphous solid dispersion P9","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"4717","variance":"± 466 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 mark '***' vs berberine tablet"},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Amorphous solid dispersion P9","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Rel.BA vs commercial berberine tablet","value":"381.40","variance":"± 85.95 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5; Results 3.3.3","quote":"AUC0–24 h was increased 381.40 ± 85.95% in the P9 preparation compared to berberine tablet","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 mark ***; text: 'AUC0-24h was increased 381.40 ± 85.95% in the P9 preparation compared to berberine tablet'; table lists it as Rel.BA (value of the relative bioavailability vs increase ambiguous in paper)"},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Amorphous solid dispersion P9","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"fold increase vs berberine tablet (text approximation)","value":"approximately 6-fold","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.3.3","quote":"Cmax was increased approximately 6-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author approximation"},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Amorphous solid dispersion P9","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax per text (advanced from 60 min to 40 min)","value":"40","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results 3.3.3","quote":"Tmax was also advanced from 60 min to 40 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"INCONSISTENT with Table 5 (Tmax 0.67 h for tablet vs 1.08 h for P9, i.e. P9 later, marked *) and with the sentence stating Tmax was 'significantly increased'; Discussion also says Tmax 'advanced'"},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Commercial berberine tablet (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No. 1), dispersed/dissolved, intragastric","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax per text","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results 3.3.3","quote":"Tmax was also advanced from 60 min to 40 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"INCONSISTENT with Table 5 (0.67 h)"},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"100 umol/L (printed as 100 mM in Methods, 100 mmol/L in Fig. 3 legend)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat small intestine perfusate","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) in small intestine at 4 h","value":"17.6%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.3.2","quote":"the absorption rates of berberine, commercial berberine tablets and the P9 preparation were 17.6%, 17.1%, and 68.2% in the small intestine at 4 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"commercial berberine tablet","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 umol/L (printed as 100 mM in Methods, 100 mmol/L in Fig. 3 legend)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat small intestine perfusate","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) in small intestine at 4 h","value":"17.1%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.3.2","quote":"the absorption rates of berberine, commercial berberine tablets and the P9 preparation were 17.6%, 17.1%, and 68.2% in the small intestine at 4 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"24607213","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"P9 preparation","forms":[],"dose":"100 umol/L (printed as 100 mM in Methods, 100 mmol/L in Fig. 3 legend)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat small intestine perfusate","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%) in small intestine at 4 h","value":"68.2%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.3.2","quote":"the absorption rates of berberine, commercial berberine tablets and the P9 preparation were 17.6%, 17.1%, and 68.2% in the small intestine at 4 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fig. 3a also shows profile; P9 described as 4-fold higher; no p value in text"},{"pmid":"24614362","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride free drug (BBR hydrochloride from Alfa Aesar)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3-4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"146.87","variance":"± 21.76 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1; Results 'Pharmacokinetic study'","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24614362","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 1.5 g, HP-beta-CD 1.5 g, HPMC 1 g, chitosan 1 g, vitamin E TPGS 500 mg, glycerol 100 mg, menthone 100 mg; dual-channel spray drying with chitosan coating (BBR hydrochloride from Alfa Aesar)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3-4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"509.31","variance":"± 39.87 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1; Results 'Pharmacokinetic study'","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24614362","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride free drug (BBR hydrochloride from Alfa Aesar)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3-4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.41","variance":"± 0.67 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24614362","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 1.5 g, HP-beta-CD 1.5 g, HPMC 1 g, chitosan 1 g, vitamin E TPGS 500 mg, glycerol 100 mg, menthone 100 mg; dual-channel spray drying with chitosan coating (BBR hydrochloride from Alfa Aesar)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3-4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.86","variance":"± 0.91 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24614362","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride free drug (BBR hydrochloride from Alfa Aesar)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3-4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"819.35","variance":"± 81.96 (SEM)","units":"ng.h/ml","location":"Table 1; Results 'Pharmacokinetic study'","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24614362","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 1.5 g, HP-beta-CD 1.5 g, HPMC 1 g, chitosan 1 g, vitamin E TPGS 500 mg, glycerol 100 mg, menthone 100 mg; dual-channel spray drying with chitosan coating (BBR hydrochloride from Alfa Aesar)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3-4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5724.39","variance":"± 453.67 (SEM)","units":"ng.h/ml","location":"Table 1; Results 'Pharmacokinetic study'","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24614362","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 1.5 g, HP-beta-CD 1.5 g, HPMC 1 g, chitosan 1 g, vitamin E TPGS 500 mg, glycerol 100 mg, menthone 100 mg; dual-channel spray drying with chitosan coating (BBR hydrochloride from Alfa Aesar)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3-4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"fold increase vs free drug (text)","value":"3.46","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results","quote":"3.46 fold increase in the Cmax levels were observed in BBR-SD compared to free drug","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"24614362","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 1.5 g, HP-beta-CD 1.5 g, HPMC 1 g, chitosan 1 g, vitamin E TPGS 500 mg, glycerol 100 mg, menthone 100 mg; dual-channel spray drying with chitosan coating (BBR hydrochloride from Alfa Aesar)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3-4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-inf fold increase vs free drug (text)","value":"6.98","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results","quote":"The 6.98 fold increase in the (AUC)0-∞ was observed in BBR-SD.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"24710930","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride (purity 97.4%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 ug/mL (concentration in intestinal circulation fluid)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"intestinal circulation fluid (rat small intestine, in situ)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%)","value":"<10","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 2.1; Summary","quote":"The absorption rate of Ber was below 10% at 2.5 h, but that of Hdber was over 70%.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Text gives a bound for Ber (all concentrations assumed per text); exact values in Fig. 1 only"},{"pmid":"24710930","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-hydroxy dihydroberberine, synthesized from berberine","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"10 ug/mL (concentration in intestinal circulation fluid)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"8-hydroxy dihydroberberine (Hdber)","matrix":"intestinal circulation fluid (rat small intestine, in situ)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption rate (%)","value":">70","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 2.1; Summary","quote":"The absorption rate of Ber was below 10% at 2.5 h, but that of Hdber was over 70%.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Text gives bound ('over 70%') for Hdber across concentrations; exact values in Fig. 1 only"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.19","variance":"± 3.96 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark; units not printed in Table 2, ng/mL per text"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"28.68","variance":"± 6.06 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 mark '*' vs normal rats; units not printed in Table 2, ng/mL per text"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"63.77","variance":"± 14.36 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark; units not printed in Table 2, ng/mL per text"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"86.85","variance":"± 16.69 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 mark '*' vs normal rats; units not printed in Table 2, ng/mL per text"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.00","variance":"± 2.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.60","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 mark '**' vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.44","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.20","variance":"± 0.45 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 mark '*' vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"98.00","variance":"± 28.80 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"53.96","variance":"± 9.51 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 mark '*' vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"73.09","variance":"± 43.19 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"156.73","variance":"± 41.41 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 mark '*' vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"102.83","variance":"± 29.94 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"77.60","variance":"± 31.31 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"87.56","variance":"± 57.46 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance mark"},{"pmid":"24815220","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) extract: Rhizoma coptidis extract + Cortex cinnamomi oil, suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (in-house preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg Rhizoma coptidis extract + 4.7 mg/kg cinnamon oil","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted before experiments (details NR)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"192.62","variance":"± 57.39 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 mark '*' vs normal rats"},{"pmid":"25359200","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich) in ethanol/DMSO/propylene glycol/DW (2:2:1:1 v/v) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"C0 (initial plasma concentration after IV dosing)","value":"7.253","variance":"± 2.50 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; Table 1 'Berberine' column"},{"pmid":"25359200","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine IV (10 mg/kg) + metformin IV (2 mg/kg) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 (berberine) + 2 (metformin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"C0 (initial plasma concentration after IV dosing)","value":"8.801","variance":"± 1.38 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; no significance mark on berberine values (text: berberine PK not changed by metformin)"},{"pmid":"25359200","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich) in ethanol/DMSO/propylene glycol/DW (2:2:1:1 v/v) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC6h","value":"4.841","variance":"± 1.07 (SD)","units":"µmol/l h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; Table 1 'Berberine' column"},{"pmid":"25359200","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine IV (10 mg/kg) + metformin IV (2 mg/kg) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 (berberine) + 2 (metformin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC6h","value":"5.737","variance":"± 0.805 (SD)","units":"µmol/l h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; no significance mark on berberine values (text: berberine PK not changed by metformin)"},{"pmid":"25359200","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich) in ethanol/DMSO/propylene glycol/DW (2:2:1:1 v/v) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC∞)","value":"6.494","variance":"± 1.39 (SD)","units":"µmol/l h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; Table 1 'Berberine' column"},{"pmid":"25359200","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine IV (10 mg/kg) + metformin IV (2 mg/kg) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 (berberine) + 2 (metformin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC∞)","value":"7.393","variance":"± 1.31 (SD)","units":"µmol/l h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; no significance mark on berberine values (text: berberine PK not changed by metformin)"},{"pmid":"25716428","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25716428","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"23.26","variance":"± 13.43 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25716428","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8657.19","variance":"± 1,562.54 (SD)","units":"min.ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25716428","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25716428","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"29.07","variance":"± 5.77 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25716428","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (purity 86.7%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"11,415.12","variance":"± 1,670.72 (SD)","units":"min.ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"multi-herb decoction containing Rhizoma Coptidis","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"0.28","variance":"± 0.033 (SD)","units":"µgh/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine plus puerarin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, palmatine, daidzin, liquiritin, jatrorrhizine","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"0.22","variance":"± 0.023 (SD)","units":"µgh/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"multi-herb decoction containing Rhizoma Coptidis","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax1","value":"0.063","variance":"± 0.0053 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine plus puerarin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, palmatine, daidzin, liquiritin, jatrorrhizine","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax1","value":"0.062","variance":"± 0.0084 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 shows no significance marker; text (Results 3.4 para 3) says ACA berberine had 'lower Cmax (P < 0.01)' vs decoction but also 'Cmax of berberine in ACA group ... similar to GQD group' - inconsistent"},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"multi-herb decoction containing Rhizoma Coptidis","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax2 (second peak)","value":"0.037","variance":"± 0.0054 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine plus puerarin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, palmatine, daidzin, liquiritin, jatrorrhizine","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax2 (second peak)","value":"0.043","variance":"± 0.0052 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"multi-herb decoction containing Rhizoma Coptidis","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax1","value":"0.63","variance":"± 0.075 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine plus puerarin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, palmatine, daidzin, liquiritin, jatrorrhizine","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax1","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"multi-herb decoction containing Rhizoma Coptidis","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax2 (second peak)","value":"4.40","variance":"± 0.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine plus puerarin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, palmatine, daidzin, liquiritin, jatrorrhizine","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax2 (second peak)","value":"4.40","variance":"± 0.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25746576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine plus puerarin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, palmatine, daidzin, liquiritin, jatrorrhizine","forms":[],"dose":"berberine approx. 2.3 mg/mL in dosing liquid, given at 10 mL/kg mg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fre (%) ACA vs decoction (AUC ratio per Methods)","value":"80.81","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fre defined in Methods 2.8 as AUC ACA / AUC GQD; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (purity 97.4%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.07","variance":"± 0.79 (SD)","units":"ng/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine/HPC physical mixture","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"18.21","variance":"± 1.49 (SD)","units":"ng/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine solid dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine; 500 mg/kg of SD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"65.15","variance":"± 5.20 (SD)","units":"ng/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 prints unit as ng/L; Fig. 3 y-axis and text use ng/ml"},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (purity 97.4%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.08","variance":"± 0.20 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine/HPC physical mixture","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.96","variance":"± 0.10 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine solid dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine; 500 mg/kg of SD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.08","variance":"± 0.20 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (purity 97.4%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"142.29","variance":"± 5.39 (SD)","units":"ng h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine/HPC physical mixture","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"171.55","variance":"± 7.66 (SD)","units":"ng h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine solid dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine; 500 mg/kg of SD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"515.11","variance":"± 31.47 (SD)","units":"ng h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 prints unit as ng/L; Fig. 3 y-axis and text use ng/ml"},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (purity 97.4%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"166.91","variance":"± 13.23 (SD)","units":"ng h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine/HPC physical mixture","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"193.81","variance":"± 9.68 (SD)","units":"ng h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine solid dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine; 500 mg/kg of SD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"597.52","variance":"± 123.42 (SD)","units":"ng h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 prints unit as ng/L; Fig. 3 y-axis and text use ng/ml"},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine solid dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine; 500 mg/kg of SD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BHPC-SD relative to berberine","value":"370.4","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5","quote":"relative bioavailability of BHPC-SD to berberine and BHPC-PM were 370.4% and 303.0%, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"25861719","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine solid dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (equivalent berberine; 500 mg/kg of SD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BHPC-SD relative to BHPC-PM","value":"303.0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5","quote":"relative bioavailability of BHPC-SD to berberine and BHPC-PM were 370.4% and 303.0%, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"26002585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride dissolved in PBS (Sigma-Aldrich (purity >=98%))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"60 µg/ml (50 µl injected)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"267.57","variance":"± 15.71 (SD)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26002585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan/STPP nanoparticles loaded with berberine","forms":[],"dose":"0.6 mg/ml nanoparticles containing 60 µg/ml BBR (50 µl injected) mg/ml","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"307.93","variance":"± 27.82 (SD)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26002585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride dissolved in PBS (Sigma-Aldrich (purity >=98%))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"60 µg/ml (50 µl injected)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26002585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan/STPP nanoparticles loaded with berberine","forms":[],"dose":"0.6 mg/ml nanoparticles containing 60 µg/ml BBR (50 µl injected) mg/ml","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"48","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no variance printed for Tmax"},{"pmid":"26002585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride dissolved in PBS (Sigma-Aldrich (purity >=98%))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"60 µg/ml (50 µl injected)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.02","variance":"± 1.63 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26002585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan/STPP nanoparticles loaded with berberine","forms":[],"dose":"0.6 mg/ml nanoparticles containing 60 µg/ml BBR (50 µl injected) mg/ml","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.16","variance":"± 0.49 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26519618","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"88.8","variance":"± 41.2 (SD)","units":"µg/L h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26519618","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"228.6","variance":"± 122.5 (SD)","units":"µg/L h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26519618","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"99.7","variance":"± 48.8 (SD)","units":"µg/L h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26519618","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"237.1","variance":"± 118.2 (SD)","units":"µg/L h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26519618","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"29.2","variance":"± 26.1 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26519618","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"111.2","variance":"± 85.0 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26519618","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 1.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26519618","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 1.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26577601","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (as BBR; hydrochloride not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"90.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"305.8","variance":"± 156.7 (SD)","units":"µg/L h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26577601","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"90.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"878.4","variance":"± 317.2 (SD)","units":"µg/L h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26577601","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (as BBR; hydrochloride not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"90.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"342.1","variance":"± 165.3 (SD)","units":"µg/L h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26577601","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"90.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"892.1","variance":"± 309.8 (SD)","units":"µg/L h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26577601","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (as BBR; hydrochloride not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"90.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"28.2","variance":"± 12.7 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26577601","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"90.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"79.4","variance":"± 28.9 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26577601","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (as BBR; hydrochloride not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"90.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"18.9","variance":"± 23.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26577601","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"90.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"13.3","variance":"± 9.8 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26822920","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptidis Rhizoma aqueous-dissolved 50% ethanol extract powder (berberine 20.62%)","forms":[],"dose":"3 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4h","value":"338.9","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.2, Plasma exposure of berberine in mice","quote":"AUC0–4 h: 338.9 vs. 22.1 ng·h/mL, p < 0.01","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"3 g/kg extract vs 618 mg/kg pure berberine; text does not state whether values are means"},{"pmid":"26822920","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine in water","forms":[],"dose":"618 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4h","value":"22.1","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.2, Plasma exposure of berberine in mice","quote":"AUC0–4 h: 338.9 vs. 22.1 ng·h/mL, p < 0.01","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"p-value is for comparison with E1-H-EXT"},{"pmid":"26822920","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptidis Rhizoma extract","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"648.7","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.7 (Effects of dilution), Fig. 2D","quote":"AUC0–24 h: 648.7 vs. 722.0 ng·h/mL, p > 0.05","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"1 g/kg extract vs 206 mg/kg pure berberine; text does not state whether values are means"},{"pmid":"26822920","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine in water","forms":[],"dose":"206 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"722.0","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.7 (Effects of dilution), Fig. 2D","quote":"AUC0–24 h: 648.7 vs. 722.0 ng·h/mL, p > 0.05","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"p-value is for comparison with E1-L-EXT"},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"66.01","variance":"± 15.03 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 66.01 ± 15.03","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text rounds to 66 ng/mL (Results 3.11)"},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Phytosomes loaded with berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"219.67","variance":"± 6.02 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 219.67 ± 6.02","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text rounds to 219 ng/mL (Results 3.11)"},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Spray-dried microparticles@P-BER reconstituted in DI water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"228.14","variance":"± 15.03 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 228.14 ± 15.03","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SD identical to that printed for free BER Cmax (15.03)"},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax (h) 0.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Phytosomes loaded with berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax (h) 2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Spray-dried microparticles@P-BER reconstituted in DI water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax (h) 2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (Table 3 header; text states AUC0-24h for P-BER)","value":"384.45","variance":"± 108.62 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC (ng h/mL) 384.45 ± 108.62","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval is not stated in the table"},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Phytosomes loaded with berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1169.19","variance":"± 93.75 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3; Results 3.11 p.146","quote":"the AUC (0–24 h) for the P-BER group was 1169.19 ± 93.75 ng h/mL, corresponding to a 3 folds enhancement of BER","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Spray-dried microparticles@P-BER reconstituted in DI water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (Table 3 header)","value":"1116.07","variance":"± 209.55 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC (ng h/mL) 1116.07 ± 209.55","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval not stated in the table"},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Phytosomes loaded with berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BAR, relative bioavailability of P-BER vs oral BER","value":"3.17","variance":"± 0.68 (SD)","units":"ratio (BAR)","location":"Table 3","quote":"BAR 3.17 ± 0.68","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 footnote: BAR is relative bioavailability compared to oral BER group"},{"pmid":"27020531","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Spray-dried microparticles@P-BER reconstituted in DI water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BAR, relative bioavailability of RP-BER vs oral BER","value":"2.96","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"ratio (BAR)","location":"Table 3","quote":"BAR 2.96 ± 0.31","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.76","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2.01","variance":"± 1.1 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.52","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3.38","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3.84","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.99","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"4.84","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5.51","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.42","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"1 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"56.00","variance":"± 2.1 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"1 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"A4 (berberine-bile acid amide-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"56.25","variance":"± 2.0 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"37.96","variance":"± 1.0 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"39.74","variance":"± 1.3 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.87","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"80.13","variance":"± 3.1 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"73.24","variance":"± 2.8 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D.; AUC0-inf < AUC0-t as printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"19.46","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"110.79","variance":"± 4.7 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"102.00","variance":"± 5.1 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D.; AUC0-inf < AUC0-t as printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"27.6","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"1 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"44.33","variance":"± 2.3 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"1 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"B4 (berberine-bile acid ester-linked derivative)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"47.92","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3.57","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5.73","variance":"± 0.7 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"25 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.29","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6.93","variance":"± 1.1 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"11.13","variance":"± 1.7 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"50 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.50","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"9.46","variance":"± 0.9 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"15.20","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"70 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.41","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5; Results 3.2 p.177","quote":"the Cmax of A4, B4 or BBR are 1.42 ng/mL, 27.6 ng/mL, 3.41 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"1 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"20.34","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D. (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"27494281","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (BBR) (BBR from aladdin regents; A4 and B4 synthesized in authors' lab)","forms":[],"dose":"1 umol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"23.71","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header does not label ± as SD; Fig. 3 legend states mean ± S.D."},{"pmid":"27750103","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride (94.5% pure) (National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5 per time point (plasma, 50 rats); 6 (excretion)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.50","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 states n = 5, X ± S.D.; PK analysed from mean concentration of 5 rats at each time point (Methods 2.9), so SD basis unclear; units as printed (µg·L−1 = ng/mL scale); CL has no /F in Table 3"},{"pmid":"27750103","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-BBR-C16 (98.5% pure), synthesized by authors","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5 per time point (plasma, 65 rats); 6 (excretion)","analyte":"8-cetylberberine (8-BBR-C16)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.50","variance":"± 0.43 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Derivative, not berberine. Table 3 states n = 5, X ± S.D.; units as printed"},{"pmid":"27750103","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride (94.5% pure) (National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5 per time point (plasma, 50 rats); 6 (excretion)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"45.92","variance":"± 2.44 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 states n = 5, X ± S.D.; PK analysed from mean concentration of 5 rats at each time point (Methods 2.9), so SD basis unclear; units as printed (µg·L−1 = ng/mL scale); CL has no /F in Table 3"},{"pmid":"27750103","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-BBR-C16 (98.5% pure), synthesized by authors","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5 per time point (plasma, 65 rats); 6 (excretion)","analyte":"8-cetylberberine (8-BBR-C16)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"129.41","variance":"± 25.58 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Derivative, not berberine. Table 3 states n = 5, X ± S.D.; units as printed"},{"pmid":"27750103","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride (94.5% pure) (National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5 per time point (plasma, 50 rats); 6 (excretion)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"201.76","variance":"± 16.72 (SD)","units":"µg·h·L−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 states n = 5, X ± S.D.; PK analysed from mean concentration of 5 rats at each time point (Methods 2.9), so SD basis unclear; units as printed (µg·L−1 = ng/mL scale); CL has no /F in Table 3"},{"pmid":"27750103","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-BBR-C16 (98.5% pure), synthesized by authors","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5 per time point (plasma, 65 rats); 6 (excretion)","analyte":"8-cetylberberine (8-BBR-C16)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2609.21","variance":"± 136.47 (SD)","units":"µg·h·L−1","location":"Table 3; Results 3.2 p.201","quote":"The Cmax and AUC0-t of 8-BBR-C16 were 2.8 and 12.9 times higher, respectively, compared with those of BBR.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Derivative, not berberine. Table 3 states n = 5, X ± S.D.; units as printed"},{"pmid":"27750103","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride (94.5% pure) (National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5 per time point (plasma, 50 rats); 6 (excretion)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative bioavailability of BBR to 8-BBR-C16 = AUC0-t(BBR)/AUC0-t(8-BBR-C16) x 100%","value":"7.7%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Results 3.2 p.201","quote":"the relative bioavailability of BBR to 8-BBR-C16 was 7.7%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Reference is the derivative 8-BBR-C16, not berberine"},{"pmid":"27875787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pulsatillae Decoction aqueous extract (1 g/mL), berberine content approx. 16.64 mg/g","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Normal (control) group"},{"pmid":"27875787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pulsatillae Decoction aqueous extract (1 g/mL), berberine content approx. 16.64 mg/g","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"705.02","variance":"± 65.54 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Normal (control) group"},{"pmid":"27875787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pulsatillae Decoction aqueous extract (1 g/mL), berberine content approx. 16.64 mg/g","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"3142.35","variance":"± 103.88 (SD)","units":"ng h mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Normal (control) group"},{"pmid":"27875787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pulsatillae Decoction aqueous extract (1 g/mL), berberine content approx. 16.64 mg/g","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3253.17","variance":"± 218.29 (SD)","units":"ng h mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Normal (control) group"},{"pmid":"27875787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pulsatillae Decoction aqueous extract (1 g/mL), berberine content approx. 16.64 mg/g","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Model (TNBS colitis) group; * p<0.05 vs normal group in table"},{"pmid":"27875787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pulsatillae Decoction aqueous extract (1 g/mL), berberine content approx. 16.64 mg/g","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1270.80","variance":"± 140.94 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Model (TNBS colitis) group; * p<0.05 vs normal group in table"},{"pmid":"27875787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pulsatillae Decoction aqueous extract (1 g/mL), berberine content approx. 16.64 mg/g","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"6655.08","variance":"± 117.47 (SD)","units":"ng h mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Model (TNBS colitis) group; * p<0.05 vs normal group in table"},{"pmid":"27875787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pulsatillae Decoction aqueous extract (1 g/mL), berberine content approx. 16.64 mg/g","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"7387.91","variance":"± 180.31 (SD)","units":"ng h mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Model (TNBS colitis) group; * p<0.05 vs normal group in table"},{"pmid":"27937081","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride oral suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.04","variance":"± 0.16 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27937081","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride oral suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"17.35","variance":"± 3.24 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27937081","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride oral suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"151.21","variance":"± 23.96 (SD)","units":"µg/h/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27937081","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride oral suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.24","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27937081","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride oral suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"34.41","variance":"± 4.25 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27937081","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride oral suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"283.81","variance":"± 53.92 (SD)","units":"µg/h/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28208101","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine standard (Sigma, purity >98%) (Sigma Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/mouse","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"35.13","variance":"± 47.90 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD as printed (SD larger than mean for berberine alone)"},{"pmid":"28208101","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine standard (Sigma, purity >98%) (Sigma Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/mouse","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text: Tmax at 60 min"},{"pmid":"28208101","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine standard (Sigma, purity >98%) (Sigma Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/mouse","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"176.87","variance":"","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28208101","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"butanol-refined Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 tablets (9 herbs) (Xiyuan Chinese Medicine Research and Pharmaceutical Manufacturer)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/mouse (containing equivalent 1 mg berberine)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"289.30","variance":"± 185.40 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28208101","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"butanol-refined Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 tablets (9 herbs) (Xiyuan Chinese Medicine Research and Pharmaceutical Manufacturer)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/mouse (containing equivalent 1 mg berberine)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text: Tmax at 30 min"},{"pmid":"28208101","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"butanol-refined Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 tablets (9 herbs) (Xiyuan Chinese Medicine Research and Pharmaceutical Manufacturer)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/mouse (containing equivalent 1 mg berberine)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2441.10","variance":"","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Discussion: AUC of B-FAHF-2 about 13 times higher than berberine"},{"pmid":"28208101","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"50 µg/mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"Caco-2 cell lysate","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption percentage, 50 µg/mL berberine alone, Caco-2","value":"9.75","variance":"± 2.21 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 3.4","quote":"The absorption percentage is 9.75 ± 2.21%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"28216883","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RC aqueous extract (Dalian Quanjian TCM Co. (Batch 130612))","forms":[],"dose":"2 g crude herb/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2659.28","variance":"± 1272.98 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28216883","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RC aqueous extract (Dalian Quanjian TCM Co. (Batch 130612))","forms":[],"dose":"2 g crude herb/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3028.52","variance":"± 1194.75 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28216883","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RC aqueous extract (Dalian Quanjian TCM Co. (Batch 130612))","forms":[],"dose":"2 g crude herb/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.00","variance":"± 0.02 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28216883","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RC aqueous extract (Dalian Quanjian TCM Co. (Batch 130612))","forms":[],"dose":"2 g crude herb/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"586.67","variance":"± 79.48 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28216883","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BRC aqueous extract (prepared in-house per Chinese Pharmacopoeia)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g crude herb/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3190.77","variance":"± 1272.98 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD 1272.98 identical to RC AUC0-t SD as printed (possible typo in paper)"},{"pmid":"28216883","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BRC aqueous extract (prepared in-house per Chinese Pharmacopoeia)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g crude herb/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3870.28","variance":"± 1502.81 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28216883","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BRC aqueous extract (prepared in-house per Chinese Pharmacopoeia)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g crude herb/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.18","variance":"± 0.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28216883","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BRC aqueous extract (prepared in-house per Chinese Pharmacopoeia)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g crude herb/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1047.02","variance":"± 378.08 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28295319","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution (berberine chloride)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.19","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"mg/l × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28295319","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine liposomes","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"846.92","variance":"± 66.20 (SD)","units":"mg/l × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28295319","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PEG2000-DSPE (5% molar) berberine liposomes","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1347.00","variance":"± 70.84 (SD)","units":"mg/l × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28295319","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution (berberine chloride)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"0.21","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"mg/l × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28295319","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine liposomes","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"855.12","variance":"± 68.09 (SD)","units":"mg/l × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28295319","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PEG2000-DSPE (5% molar) berberine liposomes","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1414.63","variance":"± 72.45 (SD)","units":"mg/l × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28509588","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 (Methods/Results text) vs 100 (Table 3) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"116.09","variance":"± 15.31 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax and Tmax of the BBR suspension were found to be 116.09 ± 15.31 ng/mL and 0.5 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"28509588","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex in PEG-lipid-PLGA nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 (Methods/Results text) vs 100 (Table 3) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"369.51","variance":"± 9.10 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28509588","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 (Methods/Results text) vs 100 (Table 3) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28509588","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex in PEG-lipid-PLGA nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 (Methods/Results text) vs 100 (Table 3) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent: Results text states Tmax (4 h) for the NPs group"},{"pmid":"28509588","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 (Methods/Results text) vs 100 (Table 3) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1029.03","variance":"± 126.02 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28509588","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex in PEG-lipid-PLGA nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 (Methods/Results text) vs 100 (Table 3) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3499.68","variance":"± 220.21 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28509588","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex in PEG-lipid-PLGA nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 (Methods/Results text) vs 100 (Table 3) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BAR (relative bioavailability vs BBR suspension), ratio","value":"3.43","variance":"± 0.29 (SD)","units":"","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 shows 3.43 ± 0.29; Abstract states 343%; text says approximately 3.4-fold"},{"pmid":"28509588","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex in PEG-lipid-PLGA nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 (Methods/Results text) vs 100 (Table 3) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative oral bioavailability vs BBR","value":"343","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"the enhancement in the oral relative bioavailability of the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR–SPC was 343% compared with that of BBR","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"28533175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 µg (BBR equivalent; text also '500 µg/mL equivalent BBR')","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"1424.42","variance":"","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD/n in table; Fig. 6 states n = 5. IV bolus study"},{"pmid":"28533175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"G4 PAMAM dendrimer-berberine conjugate","forms":[],"dose":"500 µg (BBR equivalent; text also '500 µg/mL equivalent BBR')","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"2471.17","variance":"","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD/n in table; Fig. 6 states n = 5. IV bolus study"},{"pmid":"28533175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"G4 PAMAM dendrimer encapsulated berberine","forms":[],"dose":"500 µg (BBR equivalent; text also '500 µg/mL equivalent BBR')","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"2005.38","variance":"","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD/n in table; Fig. 6 states n = 5. IV bolus study"},{"pmid":"28849585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Banxia xiexin decoction (aqueous decoction of 7 herbs)","forms":[],"dose":"11.56 mg/kg berberine (within 20 g/kg BXD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.042","variance":"± 0.014 (NR)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± value as printed; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated in table"},{"pmid":"28849585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Banxia xiexin decoction (aqueous decoction of 7 herbs)","forms":[],"dose":"11.56 mg/kg berberine (within 20 g/kg BXD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.92","variance":"± 0.20 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± value as printed; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated in table"},{"pmid":"28849585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Banxia xiexin decoction (aqueous decoction of 7 herbs)","forms":[],"dose":"11.56 mg/kg berberine (within 20 g/kg BXD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0–t)","value":"0.675","variance":"± 0.27 (NR)","units":"mg/L h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± value as printed; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated in table"},{"pmid":"28849585","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Banxia xiexin decoction (aqueous decoction of 7 herbs)","forms":[],"dose":"11.56 mg/kg berberine (within 20 g/kg BXD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0–∞)","value":"0.930","variance":"± 0.36 (NR)","units":"mg/L h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± value as printed; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated in table"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (hydrochloride) suspended in water (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"180","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis of composite mean profile (one sample per animal per timepoint); inconsistent with Results text stating max peak at 30 min for water suspension too; Table 3 water mean at 180 min (8.50) is higher than at 30 min (6.40)"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solubilised in NADES A","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis of composite mean profile (one sample per animal per timepoint)"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solubilised in NADES B","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis of composite mean profile (one sample per animal per timepoint)"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solubilised in NADES C","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis of composite mean profile (one sample per animal per timepoint)"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (hydrochloride) suspended in water (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.5","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis of composite mean profile (one sample per animal per timepoint)"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solubilised in NADES A","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"20.8","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis of composite mean profile (one sample per animal per timepoint)"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solubilised in NADES B","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"46.9","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis of composite mean profile (one sample per animal per timepoint)"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solubilised in NADES C","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"51.2","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis of composite mean profile (one sample per animal per timepoint)"},{"pmid":"29117131","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (hydrochloride) suspended in water (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 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(SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29138046","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cremochylomicron (Cremophor EL 2.5% w/v, 12.5% w/w BER)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.33","variance":"± 2.94 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 footnote letters: ab"},{"pmid":"29138046","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride free drug (suspension/solution) (Baoji Guokang Bio-Technology)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"12.75","variance":"± 2.44 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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** (p<0.01 BB-SeNLCs vs BB-NLCs)"},{"pmid":"29263662","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBA vs berberine solution (non-compartmental, AUC based)","value":"396.87","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1; Results p.8677","quote":"relative oral bioavailability of BB-NLCs and BB-SeNLCs ... were 396.87% and 663.65%, respectively, compared with berberine solution","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29263662","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-loaded selenium-coated NLCs","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBA vs berberine solution (non-compartmental, AUC based)","value":"663.65","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1; Results p.8677","quote":"relative oral bioavailability of BB-NLCs and BB-SeNLCs ... were 396.87% and 663.65%, respectively, compared with berberine solution","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Significance marker: ** (p<0.01 BB-SeNLCs vs BB-NLCs)"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w dihydroberberine transdermal cream (Delivra)","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"90 mg/kg (1.8 g/kg of 5% formulation)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"acute single dose, 0-8 h","value":"36.3","variance":"± 9.0 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w dihydroberberine transdermal cream (Delivra)","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"90 mg/kg (1.8 g/kg of 5% formulation)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad 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overnight","n":"3","analyte":"demethylene berberine glucuronide (DBG, relative quantification)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8 acute","value":"66.0","variance":"± 2.1 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"relative quantification"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w dihydroberberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"chronic, day 16 profile (0-9 h)","value":"57.1","variance":"± 91.7 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* vs BBR PO (P<0.05); SEM larger than mean as printed"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w dihydroberberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad 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16","value":"26.1","variance":"± 6.4 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"relative quantification"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w dihydroberberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"demethylene berberine glucuronide (DBG, relative quantification)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"chronic","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w dihydroberberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":["dihydroberberine"],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"demethylene berberine glucuronide (DBG, relative quantification)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-9 chronic","value":"190.7","variance":"± 43.0 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"relative quantification"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w berberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":[],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"chronic, day 16 profile (0-9 h)","value":"108.1","variance":"± 54.0 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* vs BBR PO (P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w berberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":[],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"chronic","value":"3.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w berberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":[],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-9 chronic","value":"142.5","variance":"± 99.8 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* vs BBR PO (P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w berberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":[],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"demethylene berberine glucuronide (DBG, relative quantification)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"chronic day 16","value":"10.5","variance":"± 4.8 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"relative quantification"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"5% w/w berberine transdermal (Delivra)","forms":[],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad 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profile (0-9 h)","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.6 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine oral gavage","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, fed 2 h after dosing","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"chronic","value":"0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine oral gavage","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"90 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, fed 2 h after dosing","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-9 chronic","value":"4.8","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine oral 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dosing","n":"4","analyte":"demethylene berberine glucuronide (DBG, relative quantification)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-9 chronic","value":"47.7","variance":"± 4.6 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"relative quantification"},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vehicle cream (Delivra)","forms":[],"dose":"1.8 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"chronic, day 16 profile (0-9 h)","value":"0.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29579096","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vehicle cream (Delivra)","forms":[],"dose":"1.8 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"ad libitum","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-9 chronic","value":"0.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 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(Northeast Pharm (China))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.5","variance":"± 1.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Berberine 70 1.5±1.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine free base (Northeast Pharm (China))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"55.1","variance":"± 49.3 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"Berberine 70 1.5±1.0 55.1±49.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints 55.11 ng/mL (Results p.1478)."},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine free base (Northeast Pharm (China))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"312.4","variance":"± 165.2 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"312.4±165.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text calls it AUC0-48 = 312.4 ng/mL h"},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine free base (Northeast Pharm (China))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"397.6","variance":"± 170.4 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"397.6±170.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine8998 (synthetic berberine derivative) (synthesized)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine8998","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.0","variance":"± 1.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Berberine8998 70 3.0±1.7","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine8998 (synthetic berberine derivative) (synthesized)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine8998","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"230.3","variance":"± 70.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"230.3±70.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine8998 (synthetic berberine derivative) (synthesized)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine8998","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"2418.0","variance":"± 644.3 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"2418.0±644.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text: AUC0-48 2418 ng/mL h"},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine8998 (synthetic berberine derivative) (synthesized)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"berberine8998","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"2519.0","variance":"± 653.5 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"2519.0±653.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine8998 vs berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase, rats (author-stated)","value":"6.7 times","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results p.1478","quote":"bioavailability improved significantly by 6.7 times in SD rats","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Introduction (p.1474) states 7.74 times; inconsistent."},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine8998 vs berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase, rats (Introduction value)","value":"7.74 times","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Introduction p.1474","quote":"berberine8998 had remarkably improved absorption (by 7.74 times) compared to berberine","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with 6.7 times in Abstract/Results."},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine free base (Northeast Pharm (China))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"Berberine 50 0.5±0.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine free base (Northeast Pharm (China))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"42.3","variance":"± 6.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"42.3±6.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine free base (Northeast Pharm (China))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"125.6","variance":"± 48.1 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"125.6±48.1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine free base (Northeast Pharm (China))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"119.7","variance":"± 118.5 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"119.7±118.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUCinf lower than AUClast as printed."},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine8998 (synthesized)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine8998","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.6","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"Berberine8998 50 0.6±0.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine8998 (synthesized)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine8998","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"126.9","variance":"± 47.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"126.9±47.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine8998 (synthesized)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine8998","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"457.2","variance":"± 132.9 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"457.2±132.9","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine8998 (synthesized)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine8998","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"601.7","variance":"± 625.4 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"601.7±625.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29645002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine8998 vs berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase, hamsters (author-stated)","value":"3.6 times","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results p.1478","quote":"with the bioavailability enhance by 3.6 times in hamsters","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.13","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR alone Cmax 0.13","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"55.0","variance":"± 5.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR alone Tmax 55.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-360 min","value":"28.04","variance":"± 6.16 (SEM)","units":"µg min mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR alone AUC 28.04","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Gel 0.1% (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.32","variance":"± 0.07 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Gel 0.1% Cmax 0.32","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Gel 0.1% (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"70.0","variance":"± 10.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Gel 0.1% Tmax 70.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Gel 0.1% (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-360 min","value":"74.56","variance":"± 14.86 (SEM)","units":"µg min mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Gel 0.1% AUC 74.56","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Gel 0.1% (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"absorption enhancement ratio (AUC with enhancer / AUC control)","value":"2.6","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Gel 0.1% enhancement ratio 2.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Comparator: BBR alone, same segment"},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Verapamil 0.3 mM (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.47","variance":"± 0.06 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Verapamil 0.3 mM Cmax 0.47","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Verapamil 0.3 mM (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"50.0","variance":"± 5.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Verapamil 0.3 mM Tmax 50.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Verapamil 0.3 mM (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-360 min","value":"115.48","variance":"± 12.34 (SEM)","units":"µg min mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Verapamil 0.3 mM AUC 115.48","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Verapamil 0.3 mM (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"absorption enhancement ratio (AUC with enhancer / AUC control)","value":"4.1","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Verapamil 0.3 mM enhancement ratio 4.1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Comparator: BBR alone, same segment"},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.14","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR alone Cmax 0.14","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"120.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR alone Tmax 120.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-360 min","value":"31.62","variance":"± 1.72 (SEM)","units":"µg min mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR alone AUC 31.62","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Gel 0.1% (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.11","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Gel 0.1% Cmax 0.11","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Gel 0.1% (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"110.0","variance":"± 10.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Gel 0.1% Tmax 110.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Gel 0.1% (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-360 min","value":"39.83","variance":"± 1.00 (SEM)","units":"µg min mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Gel 0.1% AUC 39.83","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Gel 0.1% (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"absorption enhancement ratio (AUC with enhancer / AUC control)","value":"1.3","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Gel 0.1% enhancement ratio 1.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Comparator: BBR alone, same segment"},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Verapamil 0.3 mM (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.16","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Verapamil 0.3 mM Cmax 0.16","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Verapamil 0.3 mM (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"90.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Verapamil 0.3 mM Tmax 90.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Verapamil 0.3 mM (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-360 min","value":"38.43","variance":"± 0.70 (SEM)","units":"µg min mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Verapamil 0.3 mM AUC 38.43","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29654898","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR 2 mg/mL solution + Verapamil 0.3 mM (Xi'an Guanyu Biotech)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/mL (volume NR)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"at least 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"absorption enhancement ratio (AUC with enhancer / AUC control)","value":"1.2","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 2","quote":"BBR+Verapamil 0.3 mM enhancement ratio 1.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Comparator: BBR alone, same segment"},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GQD water decoction extract (Ge-Gen:Huang-Qin:Huang-Lian:Gan-Cao 8:3:3:2); berberine from Huang-Lian","forms":[],"dose":"18.9 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (see Supplemental Data)","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.39","variance":"± 0.76 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 GQD 0.39 ± 0.76","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GQD water decoction extract (Ge-Gen:Huang-Qin:Huang-Lian:Gan-Cao 8:3:3:2); berberine from Huang-Lian","forms":[],"dose":"18.9 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (see Supplemental Data)","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"28.20","variance":"± 17.45 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 GQD 28.20 ± 17.45","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GQD water decoction extract (Ge-Gen:Huang-Qin:Huang-Lian:Gan-Cao 8:3:3:2); berberine from Huang-Lian","forms":[],"dose":"18.9 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (see Supplemental Data)","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"389.12","variance":"± 187.34 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 GQD 389.12 ± 187.34","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GQD-GC extract","forms":[],"dose":"16.5 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.35","variance":"± 0.23 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 GQD-GC 0.35 ± 0.23","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GQD-GC extract","forms":[],"dose":"16.5 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"32.28","variance":"± 13.20 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 GQD-GC 32.28 ± 13.20","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GQD-GC extract","forms":[],"dose":"16.5 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"148.97","variance":"± 70.83 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 GQD-GC 148.97 ± 70.83","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Huang-Lian extract","forms":[],"dose":"3.54 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.29","variance":"± 1.12 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 HL 0.29 ± 1.12","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Huang-Lian extract","forms":[],"dose":"3.54 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"76.65","variance":"± 27.89 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 HL 76.65 ± 27.89","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Huang-Lian extract","forms":[],"dose":"3.54 g/kg (extract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"197.98","variance":"± 76.94 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Analyte 24 HL 197.98 ± 76.94","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (pure compound)","forms":[],"dose":"59.4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.16","variance":"± 4.85 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9 (Fig S4)","quote":"BER: Cmax 12.16 ± 4.85 ng/mL, AUClast 32.21 ± 10.78 h·ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (pure compound)","forms":[],"dose":"59.4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"32.21","variance":"± 10.78 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Results p.9 (Fig S4)","quote":"AUClast 32.21 ± 10.78 h·ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + glycyrrhizic acid","forms":[],"dose":"59.4 mg/kg BER + 84.8 mg/kg GLY mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"117.12","variance":"± 90.22 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9 (Fig S4)","quote":"BER+GLY: Cmax 117.12 ± 90.22 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + glycyrrhizic acid","forms":[],"dose":"59.4 mg/kg BER + 84.8 mg/kg GLY mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"185.30","variance":"± 89.91 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Results p.9 (Fig S4)","quote":"AUClast 185.30 ± 89.91 h·ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUClast BER+GLY vs BER, author-stated fold","value":"6","variance":"","units":"fold (around 6 folds)","location":"Results p.9","quote":"GLY increased the AUClast of berberine by around 6 folds","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author approximation; printed AUClast values 185.30 vs 32.21"},{"pmid":"29971002","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine (compound 24)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUClast of berberine, GQD vs Huang-Lian group (% increase, author-stated)","value":"96.5","variance":"","units":"% increase","location":"Results p.5","quote":"the AUClast values of 21, 23, 24, and 25 increased by 49.1, 63.6, 96.5, and 32.7%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author-stated percent for compound 24 (berberine) = 96.5"},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure berberine in 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (Oddfoni Biological Technology (Nanjing))","forms":[],"dose":"65 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"74.5","variance":"± 10.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"74.5 ± 10.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure berberine in 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (Oddfoni Biological Technology (Nanjing))","forms":[],"dose":"65 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.6","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"1.6 ± 0.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure berberine in 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (Oddfoni Biological Technology (Nanjing))","forms":[],"dose":"65 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"450.6","variance":"± 119.4 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"450.6 ± 119.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure berberine in 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (Oddfoni Biological Technology (Nanjing))","forms":[],"dose":"65 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"527.2","variance":"± 177.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"527.2 ± 177.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Brij-S20 modified berberine nanocrystals (BBR:BS20 4:1 w/w), 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"85 mg/kg (equivalent to 65 mg/kg BBR)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"144.2","variance":"± 43.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"144.2 ± 43.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Brij-S20 modified berberine nanocrystals (BBR:BS20 4:1 w/w), 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"85 mg/kg (equivalent to 65 mg/kg BBR)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"1.2 ± 0.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Brij-S20 modified berberine nanocrystals (BBR:BS20 4:1 w/w), 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"85 mg/kg (equivalent to 65 mg/kg BBR)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"1,081.0","variance":"± 191.5 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"1,081.0 ± 191.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Brij-S20 modified berberine nanocrystals (BBR:BS20 4:1 w/w), 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"85 mg/kg (equivalent to 65 mg/kg BBR)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight (water allowed)","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"2,130.2","variance":"± 1,082.9 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"2,130.2 ± 1,082.9","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29988733","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BBR-BS20-NCs relative to pure BBR","value":"404.1","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Results p.9","quote":"the relative bioavailability of BBR-BS20-NCs to pure BBR was 404.1%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Not stated which AUC; printed AUC0–∞ values 2,130.2 vs 527.2 (not computed by extractor)"},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.3","variance":"± 10.5 (SD)","units":"nM","location":"Table 1","quote":"16.3 ± 10.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + metformin (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg BBR + 75 mg/kg metformin mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"21.7","variance":"± 5.61 (SD)","units":"nM","location":"Table 1","quote":"21.7 ± 5.61","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.63","variance":"± 2.96 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"2.63 ± 2.96","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + metformin (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg BBR + 75 mg/kg metformin mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.50","variance":"± 2.74 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"2.50 ± 2.74","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–4h","value":"33.6","variance":"± 5.83 (SD)","units":"nmol h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"33.6 ± 5.83","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + metformin (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg BBR + 75 mg/kg metformin mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–4h","value":"53.0","variance":"± 21.1 (SD)","units":"nmol h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"53.0 ± 21.1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24","value":"90.8","variance":"± 37.4 (SD)","units":"nmol h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"90.8 ± 37.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + metformin (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg BBR + 75 mg/kg metformin mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24","value":"99.7","variance":"± 45.8 (SD)","units":"nmol h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"99.7 ± 45.8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"kidney tissue","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–12h tissue","value":"0.016","variance":"","units":"µmol h/g","location":"Table 2","quote":"Kidney berberine control 0.016","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30428337","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + metformin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg BBR + 75 mg/kg metformin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"kidney tissue","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–12h tissue","value":"0.028","variance":"","units":"µmol h/g","location":"Table 2","quote":"Kidney berberine +metformin 0.028","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30558158","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"17","variance":"± 2.96 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 2.7 (p.9)","quote":"only BB was administered (17 ± 2.96 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Methods: data mean ± SEM"},{"pmid":"30558158","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + oligomeric proanthocyanidins (cinnamon)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BB + 120 mg/kg OPCs mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"29.7","variance":"± 4.57 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 2.7 (p.9)","quote":"Cmax of BB when co-administered with OPCs was 29.7 ± 4.57 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30558158","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24","value":"78.98","variance":"± 13.62 (SEM)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Results 2.7 (p.9)","quote":"BB was administered (78.98 ± 13.62 ng h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30558158","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + oligomeric proanthocyanidins (cinnamon)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BB + 120 mg/kg OPCs mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24","value":"98.53","variance":"± 21.54 (SEM)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results 2.7 (p.9)","quote":"AUC0–24 of BB when co-administered with OPCs was 98.53 ± 21.54 ng·h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No p-value printed for AUC"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Tmax 1.00 ± 0.00","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.22","variance":"± 0.87 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax 4.22 ± 0.87","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"500 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in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"9.51","variance":"± 1.72 (SD)","units":"µg mL/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-t 9.51 ± 1.72*","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine fumarate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"10.60","variance":"± 1.68 (SD)","units":"µg mL/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-∞ 10.60 ± 1.68*","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine fumarate","forms":[],"dose":"6 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞ (iv, 6 mg/kg)","value":"10.26","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"µg mL/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-∞ (iv) 10.26 ± 0.28","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine fumarate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr vs BH (AUC0-∞)","value":"127.80","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"Fr (%) 127.80","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine malate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Tmax 1.00 ± 0.00","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine malate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.54","variance":"± 0.82 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax 4.54 ± 0.82","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine malate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8.77","variance":"± 1.65 (SD)","units":"µg mL/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-t 8.77 ± 1.65","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine malate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 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(AUC0-∞)","value":"124.30","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"Fr (%) 124.30","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.90","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Tmax 0.90 ± 0.22","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.39","variance":"± 1.25 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax 4.39 ± 1.25","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8.86","variance":"± 1.29 (SD)","units":"µg mL/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-t 8.86 ± 1.29","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"10.89","variance":"± 1.95 (SD)","units":"µg mL/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-∞ 10.89 ± 1.95*","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate","forms":[],"dose":"6 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞ (iv, 6 mg/kg)","value":"10.27","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"µg mL/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-∞ (iv) 10.27 ± 0.52","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr vs BH (AUC0-∞)","value":"131.27","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"Fr (%) 131.27","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine citrate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Tmax 1.00 ± 0.00","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine citrate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.30","variance":"± 1.56 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax 4.30 ± 1.56","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine citrate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"7.60","variance":"± 0.94 (SD)","units":"µg mL/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-t 7.60 ± 0.94","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine citrate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 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(AUC0-∞)","value":"119.31","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"Fr (%) 119.31","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine fumarate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"% higher than BH (author-stated)","value":"29.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Cmax of BOAs was higher than BH by 29.6% (BF), 7.58% (BM), 4.03% (BS), and 1.90% (BC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text lists Cmax % higher; Table 1 shows no significance marks for Cmax"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine fumarate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞ % higher than BH (author-stated)","value":"27.86","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"AUC0-∞ were also higher than BH by 27.86% (BF), 24.37% (BM), 31.36% (BS), and 19.30% (BC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Differs from Table 1 Fr (127.80, 124.30, 131.27, 119.31) as printed: e.g. BM text 24.37% vs Fr 124.30"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine malate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"% higher than BH (author-stated)","value":"7.58","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Cmax of BOAs was higher than BH by 29.6% (BF), 7.58% (BM), 4.03% (BS), and 1.90% (BC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text lists Cmax % higher; Table 1 shows no significance marks for Cmax"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine malate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞ % higher than BH (author-stated)","value":"24.37","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"AUC0-∞ were also higher than BH by 27.86% (BF), 24.37% (BM), 31.36% (BS), and 19.30% (BC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Differs from Table 1 Fr (127.80, 124.30, 131.27, 119.31) as printed: e.g. BM text 24.37% vs Fr 124.30"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"% higher than BH (author-stated)","value":"4.03","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Cmax of BOAs was higher than BH by 29.6% (BF), 7.58% (BM), 4.03% (BS), and 1.90% (BC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text lists Cmax % higher; Table 1 shows no significance marks for Cmax"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞ % higher than BH (author-stated)","value":"31.36","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"AUC0-∞ were also higher than BH by 27.86% (BF), 24.37% (BM), 31.36% (BS), and 19.30% (BC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Differs from Table 1 Fr (127.80, 124.30, 131.27, 119.31) as printed: e.g. BM text 24.37% vs Fr 124.30"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine citrate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"% higher than BH (author-stated)","value":"1.90","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Cmax of BOAs was higher than BH by 29.6% (BF), 7.58% (BM), 4.03% (BS), and 1.90% (BC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text lists Cmax % higher; Table 1 shows no significance marks for Cmax"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine citrate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞ % higher than BH (author-stated)","value":"19.30","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"AUC0-∞ were also higher than BH by 27.86% (BF), 24.37% (BM), 31.36% (BS), and 19.30% (BC)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Differs from Table 1 Fr (127.80, 124.30, 131.27, 119.31) as printed: e.g. BM text 24.37% vs Fr 124.30"},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine fumarate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold vs BH (Abstract)","value":"1.278","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"BF and BS, which are improved by 1.278-fold and 1.313-fold, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30597911","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine succinate (Aladdin (BH); BOAs prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold vs BH (Abstract)","value":"1.313","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"improved by 1.278-fold and 1.313-fold, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>97% pure, Chengdu Longquan)","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for GK PK","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.6","variance":"± 1.5 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>97% pure, Chengdu Longquan)","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for GK PK","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.3","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>97% pure, Chengdu Longquan)","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for GK PK","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"74.8","variance":"± 3.5 (SEM)","units":"h ∗ ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.9","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table gives mean ± SE; value printed with asterisk: 0.9 ± 0.1∗"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"42.2","variance":"± 17.4 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>97% pure, Chengdu Longquan)","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for GK PK","n":"8","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.3","variance":"± 1.7 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (>97% pure, Chengdu Longquan)","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for GK PK","n":"8","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"56.3","variance":"± 18.5 (SEM)","units":"h ∗ ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9.4","variance":"± 1.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.6","variance":"± 2.0 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"systemic plasma (GK rats, day 35)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"94.9","variance":"± 26.4 (SEM)","units":"h ∗ ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"63.1","variance":"± 18.5 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"198.0","variance":"± 22.2 (SEM)","units":"h ∗ ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"145.3","variance":"± 50.3 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"424.4","variance":"± 60.5 (SEM)","units":"h ∗ ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.5","variance":"± 1.0 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"55.7","variance":"± 3.5 (SEM)","units":"h ∗ ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.2","variance":"± 1.5 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M1 (berberrubine)","matrix":"portal vein plasma (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"105.5","variance":"± 6.2 (SEM)","units":"h ∗ ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M2 (thalifendine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M2 (thalifendine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"766.0","variance":"± 54.3 (SEM)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M2 (thalifendine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"5935.8","variance":"± 164.9 (SEM)","units":"h∗ ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M2 (thalifendine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M2 (thalifendine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1659.0","variance":"± 254.9 (SEM)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as 1659.0 ± 254.9∗∗"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M2 (thalifendine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"6651.2","variance":"± 469.0 (SEM)","units":"h∗ ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M3 (demethyleneberberine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M3 (demethyleneberberine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"38.8","variance":"± 5.6 (SEM)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M3 (demethyleneberberine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"234.5","variance":"± 29.3 (SEM)","units":"h∗ ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M3 (demethyleneberberine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M3 (demethyleneberberine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"106.2","variance":"± 18.2 (SEM)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as 106.2 ± 18.2∗∗"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M3 (demethyleneberberine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"572.9","variance":"± 34.7 (SEM)","units":"h∗ ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as 572.9 ± 34.7∗∗∗"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M4 (jatrorrhizine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M4 (jatrorrhizine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"78.2","variance":"± 10.7 (SEM)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M4 (jatrorrhizine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"527.5","variance":"± 25.0 (SEM)","units":"h∗ ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M4 (jatrorrhizine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M4 (jatrorrhizine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"200.5","variance":"± 33.7 (SEM)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as 200.5 ± 33.7∗∗"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M4 (jatrorrhizine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"690.8","variance":"± 59.6 (SEM)","units":"h∗ ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as 690.8 ± 59.6∗"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M5 (columbamine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M5 (columbamine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"89.4","variance":"± 15.6 (SEM)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"66.7 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M5 (columbamine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"362.8","variance":"± 18.7 (SEM)","units":"h∗ ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M5 (columbamine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M5 (columbamine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"183.8","variance":"± 38.4 (SEM)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 gives value ± SE (sparse method); statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30733676","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TB-2 + berberine","forms":[],"dose":"33.3 + 66.7 (100 total) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5 per time point (45 rats per group)","analyte":"M5 (columbamine)","matrix":"liver (Wistar rats, single dose)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"489.2","variance":"± 59.2 (SEM)","units":"h∗ ng/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as 489.2 ± 59.2∗"},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (≥95.0%, Aladdin) (Aladdin)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"25.5","variance":"± 5.5 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Cmax unit printed as µg/mL while AUC unit is µg·L−1·h and text says plasma conc. below 2 ng/mL at 24 h; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric microparticles via supercritical CO2 (SEDS)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"33.1","variance":"± 5.9 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Cmax unit printed as µg/mL while AUC unit is µg·L−1·h and text says plasma conc. below 2 ng/mL at 24 h; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric nanoparticles via SEDS","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"54.4","variance":"± 10.3 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Cmax unit printed as µg/mL while AUC unit is µg·L−1·h and text says plasma conc. below 2 ng/mL at 24 h; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (≥95.0%, Aladdin) (Aladdin)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric microparticles via supercritical CO2 (SEDS)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.85","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric nanoparticles via SEDS","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (≥95.0%, Aladdin) (Aladdin)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→t","value":"92.5","variance":"± 9.6 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric microparticles via supercritical CO2 (SEDS)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→t","value":"142.1","variance":"± 10.7 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric nanoparticles via SEDS","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→t","value":"171.7","variance":"± 12.5 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (≥95.0%, Aladdin) (Aladdin)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"149.7","variance":"± 11.9 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric microparticles via supercritical CO2 (SEDS)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"173.6","variance":"± 5.0 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric nanoparticles via SEDS","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"207.1","variance":"± 21.3 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (≥95.0%, Aladdin) (Aladdin)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel (AUC0→∞ of BP / AUC0→∞ of BBR × 100%)","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"reference value printed without SD"},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric microparticles via supercritical CO2 (SEDS)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel (AUC0→∞ of BP / AUC0→∞ of BBR × 100%)","value":"153.59","variance":"± 11.53 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30961123","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/β-cyclodextrin polymeric nanoparticles via SEDS","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted from solids 12 h","n":"6 per Methods; 5 per Table 3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel (AUC0→∞ of BP / AUC0→∞ of BBR × 100%)","value":"185.57","variance":"± 13.49 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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(rat)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"increase in oral bioavailability vs raw BBR (as stated)","value":"about 86%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract gives 'about 86%' increase; Table 3 Frel 185.57"},{"pmid":"31382342","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (98%, Xi'an Xiao Cao)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 (12 rats, half male/half female, two groups)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"131.23","variance":"± 18.91 (SD)","units":"h·μg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31382342","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"nanoemulsion: BBR 90 mg + sodium caprate 6.84 mg in linoleic acid/isopropyl myristate/Brij-98/Poloxamer 407/ethanol; droplet 30.56 ± 0.35 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 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(rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"113.70","variance":"± 44.32 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31382342","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (98%, Xi'an Xiao Cao)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6 (12 rats, half male/half female, two groups)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.43","variance":"± 0.15 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31382342","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"nanoemulsion: BBR 90 mg + sodium caprate 6.84 mg in linoleic acid/isopropyl myristate/Brij-98/Poloxamer 407/ethanol; droplet 30.56 ± 0.35 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.23","variance":"± 0.15 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31382342","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"nanoemulsion: BBR 90 mg + sodium caprate 6.84 mg in linoleic acid/isopropyl myristate/Brij-98/Poloxamer 407/ethanol; droplet 30.56 ± 0.35 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr","value":"212.02","variance":"± 62.53 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"the Fr of BBR-NE group was 212.02% (P < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text p<0.05; Table footnote asterisk legend not applied to Fr row"},{"pmid":"31420752","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1112","variance":"± 68.05 (SD)","units":"μg mL−1/h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31420752","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-doxorubicin conjugate nanoparticles encapsulating berberine","forms":[],"dose":"1 (equivalent of doxorubicin and berberine) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1218.3","variance":"± 25.04 (SD)","units":"μg mL−1/h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31420752","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1171.60","variance":"± 14.55 (SD)","units":"μg mL−1/h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31420752","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-doxorubicin conjugate nanoparticles encapsulating berberine","forms":[],"dose":"1 (equivalent of doxorubicin and berberine) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"3473.77","variance":"± 85.55 (SD)","units":"μg mL−1/h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31473193","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"highest mean plasma BBR concentration at any time point (all groups below this)","value":"5.69","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results 3.2 (p.4)","quote":"plasma concentrations at different time points between different groups were all below 5.69 ng/ml","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"G4 at 2 h per Table 3"},{"pmid":"31473193","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak BBR plasma concentration reached (method development statement)","value":"approximately 12","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4)","quote":"The peak concentrations for MET and BBR in rat plasma reached approximately 30,000 ng/ml and 12 ng/ml, respectively","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"approximate value in method-validation text; not an arm-specific mean"},{"pmid":"32013620","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride solution (HPLC ≥99%, Meilun) (Meilun Biologics)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"78.34","variance":"± 12.51 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32013620","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH encapsulated in autologous rat RBCs (hypotonic pre-swelling); loading 2.51 ± 0.26 mg/mL cells","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"48.75","variance":"± 10.58 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32013620","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride solution (HPLC ≥99%, Meilun) (Meilun Biologics)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"4.07","variance":"± 1.26 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*d","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32013620","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH encapsulated in autologous rat RBCs (hypotonic pre-swelling); loading 2.51 ± 0.26 mg/mL cells","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"10.38","variance":"± 3.29 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*d","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32013620","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride solution (HPLC ≥99%, Meilun) (Meilun Biologics)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"4.45","variance":"± 1.35 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*d","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32013620","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH encapsulated in autologous rat RBCs (hypotonic pre-swelling); loading 2.51 ± 0.26 mg/mL cells","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma (rat, IV)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"12.75","variance":"± 3.46 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*d","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32270794","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride/HP-β-CD complex in poloxamer P407/P188 in situ gel","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"0.15 mg kg-1 (as BBH weight)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine (BBH, by LC-MS/MS)","matrix":"hippocampus","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.2860","quote":"the peak time (Tmax) (3.5 h in the hippocampus)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic not stated"},{"pmid":"32270794","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride/HP-β-CD inclusion complex solution","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 mg kg-1 (as BBH weight)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine (BBH, by LC-MS/MS)","matrix":"hippocampus","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.2860","quote":"(4 h in the hippocampus)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic not stated"},{"pmid":"32270794","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine (BBH, by LC-MS/MS)","matrix":"hippocampus","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"IN hydrogel vs IG","value":"3.1","variance":"","units":"fold (printed '3.1-fold')","location":"Results p.2860","quote":"the Cmax of BBH (IN administration) increased 3.1-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Ratio of IN (0.15 mg/kg) to IG (5 mg/kg); absolute Cmax values are not printed (Fig. 4F only)"},{"pmid":"32270794","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine (BBH, by LC-MS/MS)","matrix":"hippocampus","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h IN hydrogel vs IG","value":"1.7","variance":"","units":"fold (printed '1.7-fold')","location":"Results p.2860","quote":"AUC0–24 h increased 1.7-fold compared to the BBH/HP-β-CD inclusion complex (IG administration)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Absolute AUC not printed"},{"pmid":"32270794","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine (BBH, by LC-MS/MS)","matrix":"hippocampus","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"IN hydrogel vs IG inclusion complex, dose-normalised per eqn (1)","value":"110","variance":"","units":"fold (approx., printed 'approximately 110 times')","location":"Abstract; Results p.2860","quote":"relative bioavailability of berberine was enhanced approximately by 110 times that of the oral berberine/HP-β-CD inclusion complex in the hippocampus","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Methods eqn (1) = AUC_IN*Dose_IG/(AUC_IG*Dose_IN)x100%; the 1.7-fold AUC ratio and 110-fold relative bioavailability are both printed; not reconciled by the authors in the text"},{"pmid":"32270794","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"125I-labelled BBH (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"IN hydrogel (10 µCi) vs IG (50 µCi)","value":"2.8","variance":"","units":"fold (printed '2.8-fold')","location":"Results p.2860","quote":"Cmax ... of the 125I-BBH/HP-β-CD inclusion complex thermoresponsive hydrogel system ... was 2.8-fold ... higher","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Radioactivity, not chemical berberine; absolute values are not printed (Fig. 4E only)"},{"pmid":"32270794","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"125I-labelled BBH (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h IN hydrogel vs IG","value":"5.3","variance":"","units":"fold (printed '5.3-fold')","location":"Results p.2860","quote":"(AUC0–24 h) ... 5.3-fold higher than the 125I-BBH/HP-β-CD inclusion complex solution (IG","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Radioactivity"},{"pmid":"32340157","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER + sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate (SNAC) solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 (BER equivalent) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride (BER)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC ratio vs BER alone","value":"9.87","variance":"","units":"fold (printed '9.87-times')","location":"Results 2.9 p.6; Abstract","quote":"AUC of BER after administration of BER mixed with SNAC was 9.87-times higher than after administration of BER","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Absolute AUC values not printed; ratio as printed"},{"pmid":"32340157","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ethyl cellulose microspheres loaded with BER and SNAC (1:1)","forms":[],"dose":"200 (BER equivalent) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride (BER)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC ratio vs BER alone","value":"14.14","variance":"","units":"fold (printed '14.14-times')","location":"Results 2.9 p.6; Abstract","quote":"AUC of BER after administration of BER/SNAC-loaded microspheres was 14.14-times higher than after administration of BER","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Absolute AUC values not printed"},{"pmid":"32380387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Dalian Meilun Biological Technology (purity >98%))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"825.304","variance":"± 141.069 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2, p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32380387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Dalian Meilun Biological Technology (purity >98%))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"885.442","variance":"± 116.353 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2, p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32380387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Dalian Meilun Biological Technology (purity >98%))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"189.783","variance":"± 37.934 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2, p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32380387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (Dalian Meilun Biological Technology (purity >98%))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.333","variance":"± 0.516 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2, p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32380387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/MLDH nanosheets (loading capacity 28.61%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (equivalent BBR dose) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"3442.659","variance":"± 233.257 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2, p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Values printed in Table 2 as 3 decimals; stars from table footnote"},{"pmid":"32380387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/MLDH nanosheets (loading capacity 28.61%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (equivalent BBR dose) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"3472.912","variance":"± 229.741 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2, p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Values printed in Table 2 as 3 decimals; stars from table footnote"},{"pmid":"32380387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/MLDH nanosheets (loading capacity 28.61%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (equivalent BBR dose) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"802.817","variance":"± 102.528 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2, p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Values printed in Table 2 as 3 decimals; stars from table footnote"},{"pmid":"32380387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/MLDH nanosheets (loading capacity 28.61%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (equivalent BBR dose) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.167","variance":"± 0.408 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2, p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Values printed in Table 2 as 3 decimals; stars from table footnote"},{"pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride in 0.5% CMC suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (8 mL/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30.0","variance":"± 26.0 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-loaded P85/tween 80 mixed micelle","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg as berberine (8 mL/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"35.0","variance":"± 22.9 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32957491","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride in 0.5% CMC suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"50 mg/kg (8 mL/kg)","doseBasis":"active 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Dose 400 mg/kg oral BBR"},{"pmid":"33524788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine dissolved in 0.9% saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, water allowed","n":"8","analyte":"berberine, bound (released by HCl hydrolysis)","matrix":"whole blood/plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.787","variance":"± 0.237 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods describe whole blood samples; Results/Table title say plasma. Dose 400 mg/kg oral BBR"},{"pmid":"33524788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine dissolved in 0.9% saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, water allowed","n":"8","analyte":"oxyberberine (OBB), unbound","matrix":"whole blood/plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.080","variance":"± 0.0283 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods describe whole blood samples; Results/Table title say plasma. Dose 400 mg/kg oral BBR"},{"pmid":"33524788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine dissolved in 0.9% saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, water allowed","n":"8","analyte":"oxyberberine (OBB), bound (released by HCl hydrolysis)","matrix":"whole blood/plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.072","variance":"± 0.037 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods describe whole blood samples; Results/Table title say plasma. Dose 400 mg/kg oral BBR"},{"pmid":"33584274","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate in 0.9% saline, i.v.","forms":[],"dose":"4.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ≥12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"839.00","variance":"± 102.00 (SD)","units":"mg/L * h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33584274","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate in 0.9% saline, i.v.","forms":[],"dose":"4.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ≥12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"963.00","variance":"± 134.00 (SD)","units":"mg/L * h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed AUC0-inf (963.00) is identical to the printed Cmax mean for the same arm; AUC units printed as mg/L * h while Cmax is 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mg/kg: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01; # p<0.01 vs 120 mg/kg)"},{"pmid":"33584274","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na, intragastric","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"240 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ≥12 h","n":"6","analyte":"demethyleneberberine-2-O-β-D-glucuronide (M9)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5,956.00","variance":"± 2,168.00 (SD)","units":"mg/L * h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33584274","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na, intragastric","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"240 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ≥12 h","n":"6","analyte":"demethyleneberberine-2-O-β-D-glucuronide (M9)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"252.00","variance":"± 25.70 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33584274","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na, intragastric","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"240 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ≥12 h","n":"6","analyte":"demethyleneberberine-2-O-β-D-glucuronide (M9)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.40","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33584274","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"M7","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"range across oral doses stated in text","value":"11–13","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.6","quote":"After oral administration, the Tmax values for M7 were 11–13 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (free)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2.154","variance":"± 0.788 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (free)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2.155","variance":"± 0.789 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (bound)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"14.985","variance":"± 1.210 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marker '**' = p<0.01 vs Free BBR"},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (bound)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"16.211","variance":"± 1.431 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marker '**' = p<0.01 vs Free BBR"},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (total)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"18.325","variance":"± 2.047 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marker '**' = p<0.01 vs Free BBR"},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (total)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"22.327","variance":"± 2.232 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marker '**' = p<0.01 vs Free BBR"},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"8-oxoberberine / oxyberberine (OBB), bound","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2.914","variance":"± 0.194 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 column header printed as 'Bound BBR' although the table title and text refer to OBB; text says bound OBB (free OBB rarely found)"},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"8-oxoberberine / oxyberberine (OBB), bound","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2.914","variance":"± 0.195 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 column header printed as 'Bound BBR' although the table title and text refer to OBB; text says bound OBB (free OBB rarely found)"},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"8-oxoberberine / oxyberberine (OBB), bound","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.500","variance":"± 0.000 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 column header printed as 'Bound BBR' although the table title and text refer to OBB; text says bound OBB (free OBB rarely found)"},{"pmid":"33774454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"8","analyte":"8-oxoberberine / oxyberberine (OBB), bound","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.684","variance":"± 0.302 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 column header printed as 'Bound BBR' although the table title and text refer to OBB; text says bound OBB (free OBB rarely found)"},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"39.1","variance":"± 9.76 (SD)","units":"ng·mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride + irbesartan in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"91.6","variance":"± 11.4 (SD)","units":"ng·mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marker '*' (P<0.05) vs mono-administration"},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.541","variance":"± 0.345 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride + irbesartan in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.152","variance":"± 0.096 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marker '*' (P<0.05) vs mono-administration"},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"196","variance":"± 28.9 (SD)","units":"ng·h·mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride + irbesartan in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"409","variance":"± 129 (SD)","units":"ng·h·mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marker '**' (P<0.01) vs mono-administration"},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"262","variance":"± 95.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h·mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride + irbesartan in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"519","variance":"± 164 (SD)","units":"ng·h·mL−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marker '**' (P<0.01) vs mono-administration"},{"pmid":"33880775","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na, oral","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"36.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (text)","value":"196","variance":"± 28.9 (SD)","units":"ng·h·mL−1","location":"Results 3.3 p.9","quote":"AUC0–t was 196 ± 28.9 ng·h·mL−1, Tmax was 0.541 ± 0.345 h, t1/2 was 9.96 ± 10.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR and EVO in normal saline, intragastric","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.40","variance":"± 3.56 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods state data expressed as mean ± standard error; table does not label the ± term"},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/HP-β-CD and EVO/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes in poloxamer 407/PEG 8000 hydrogel (20/0/8/1), intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"0.24 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 0.04 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"36.07","variance":"± 8.13 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods state data expressed as mean ± standard error; table does not label the ± term; Table marker ** p<0.01 vs intragastrically administered BBR"},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR and EVO in normal saline, intragastric","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.67","variance":"± 0.58 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods state data expressed as mean ± standard error; table does not label the ± term"},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/HP-β-CD and EVO/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes in poloxamer 407/PEG 8000 hydrogel (20/0/8/1), intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"0.24 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 0.04 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.83","variance":"± 0.29 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods state data expressed as mean ± standard error; table does not label the ± term; Table marker ** p<0.01 vs intragastrically administered BBR"},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR and EVO in normal saline, intragastric","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-tn","value":"32.67","variance":"± 7.19 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods state data expressed as mean ± standard error; table does not label the ± term"},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/HP-β-CD and EVO/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes in poloxamer 407/PEG 8000 hydrogel (20/0/8/1), intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"0.24 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 0.04 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-tn","value":"88.19","variance":"± 4.70 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods state data expressed as mean ± standard error; table does not label the ± term; Table marker ** p<0.01 vs intragastrically administered BBR"},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR and EVO in normal saline, intragastric","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"69.37","variance":"± 43.60 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods state data expressed as mean ± standard error; table does not label the ± term"},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/HP-β-CD and EVO/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes in poloxamer 407/PEG 8000 hydrogel (20/0/8/1), intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"0.24 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 0.04 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"94.47","variance":"± 3.45 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods state data expressed as mean ± standard error; table does not label the ± term"},{"pmid":"33933642","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR/HP-β-CD and EVO/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes in poloxamer 407/PEG 8000 hydrogel (20/0/8/1), intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"0.24 mg/kg (BBR); EVO 0.04 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"intranasal hydrogel vs intragastric solution, AUC0-24h dose-normalised per Methods formula","value":"135","variance":"","units":"fold (approximately)","location":"Abstract; Results 2.2 p.6","quote":"bioavailability of BBR and EVO administrated by intranasal were enhanced approximately 135 and 112 folds in plasma","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Authors' wording 'approximately'/'about'; relative bioavailability formula in Methods 1.3 uses AUC0-24h ratio times dose ratio"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride in 1% water dilution of Coptidis Rhizoma-derived NADES (malic acid, glucose, sucrose, choline chloride)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride in 10% water dilution of NADES","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride with malic acid solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride with malic acid solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"320.6","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride in 1% water dilution of Coptidis Rhizoma-derived NADES (malic acid, glucose, sucrose, choline chloride)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"974.7","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride in 10% water dilution of NADES","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1465.8","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride with malic acid solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"972.3","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride with malic acid solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1254.7","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"1115.1","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride in 1% water dilution of Coptidis Rhizoma-derived NADES (malic acid, glucose, sucrose, choline chloride)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"2733.0","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride in 10% water dilution of NADES","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"3587.9","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride with malic acid solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"2230.5","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride with malic acid solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"3058.3","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1126.4","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride in 1% water dilution of Coptidis Rhizoma-derived NADES (malic acid, glucose, sucrose, choline chloride)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2740.4","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride in 10% water dilution of NADES","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3614.7","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride with malic acid solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2296.0","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34163360","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR hydrochloride with malic acid solution","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3065.9","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says Mean ± SD but only single values are printed; methods state parameters were calculated from the average concentration at each time point (mice not continuously sampled)"},{"pmid":"34348707","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DEAE-dextran coated bilosomes with BER and CUR","forms":[],"dose":"45 mg/kg BER (plus CUR 15 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"DEAE-DEX@LSDBC vs free BER + CUR, fold increase in oral bioavailability of BER","value":"34","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics study p.7","quote":"The oral bioavailability of BER was 34-fold increased by DEAE-DEX@LSDBC","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Basis (AUC) not stated in main text; underlying values in Additional file 1"},{"pmid":"34348707","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DEAE-dextran coated bilosomes with BER and CUR","forms":[],"dose":"45 mg/kg BER (plus CUR 15 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf ratio, DEAE-DEX@LSDBC vs BER + CUR","value":">10","variance":"","units":"fold (times)","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics study p.7","quote":"DEAE-DEX@LSDBC improved the AUC0–∞ of BER and CUR for more than 10 times of the BER + CUR","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Statement covers both BER and CUR together; BER-specific value not given in main text"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR complexed with natural nanoparticles from Coptidis Rhizoma extract","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptidis Rhizoma aqueous extract","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"37.6","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR complexed with natural nanoparticles from Coptidis Rhizoma extract","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"44.4","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptidis Rhizoma aqueous extract","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"45.9","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"199.3","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR complexed with natural nanoparticles from Coptidis Rhizoma extract","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"268.9","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptidis Rhizoma aqueous extract","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"351.2","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"201.1","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR complexed with natural nanoparticles from Coptidis Rhizoma extract","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"285.1","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34552326","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Coptidis Rhizoma aqueous extract","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma (systemic circulation)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"393.9","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table title says mean ± SD, n = 6 but no SD printed; PK parameters computed from average concentration at each time point (Data Analysis p.6302)"},{"pmid":"34635990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Huanglian-Houpo decoction aqueous extract, freeze/spray-dried, in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.00 ml/kg of 0.5 g/ml suspension ml/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h (3p97; Methods 2.6 says AUC 0-12 h)","value":"347.74","variance":"± 31.27 (SD)","units":"µg· min/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model with first-order absorption fitted by 3p97; Tmax/Cmax reported as model estimates with SD"},{"pmid":"34635990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Huanglian-Houpo decoction aqueous extract, freeze/spray-dried, in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.00 ml/kg of 0.5 g/ml suspension ml/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"64.69","variance":"± 1.93 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model with first-order absorption fitted by 3p97; Tmax/Cmax reported as model estimates with SD"},{"pmid":"34635990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Huanglian-Houpo decoction aqueous extract, freeze/spray-dried, in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.00 ml/kg of 0.5 g/ml suspension ml/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.9086","variance":"± 0.0436 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"Cmax = 0.9086 μg/ml, Tmax = 64.69 min, AUC = 347.74 μg·min/ml and CL = 0.3220 ml/min for berberine","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Two-compartment model with first-order absorption fitted by 3p97; Tmax/Cmax reported as model estimates with SD"},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution (Nanjing Zelang (purity >95%))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"21.51","variance":"± 4.71 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution (Nanjing Zelang (purity >95%))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution (Nanjing Zelang (purity >95%))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 (Table header 'AUC'; text says AUC0-24)","value":"194.8","variance":"± 6.73 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL (units in text; not in table)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine liposomes, Brb:lipid 1:20","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"36.54","variance":"± 0.77 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text p.9 gives a different Cmax for this arm (see separate row)"},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine liposomes, Brb:lipid 1:20","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine liposomes, Brb:lipid 1:20","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 (Table header 'AUC'; text says AUC0-24)","value":"439.9","variance":"± 14.39 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL (units in text; not in table)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine liposomes, Brb:lipid 1:20","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"vs Brb solution","value":"2.26","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hyaluronate-based liposomes, 200 mg lipid, 30 mg HA, 10 mg Brb","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"67.79","variance":"± 1.12 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text p.9 gives a different Cmax for this arm (see separate row)"},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hyaluronate-based liposomes, 200 mg lipid, 30 mg HA, 10 mg Brb","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hyaluronate-based liposomes, 200 mg lipid, 30 mg HA, 10 mg Brb","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 (Table header 'AUC'; text says AUC0-24)","value":"854","variance":"± 23.69 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL (units in text; not in table)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hyaluronate-based liposomes, 200 mg lipid, 30 mg HA, 10 mg Brb","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"vs Brb solution","value":"4.38","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Table 3","quote":"approximately 2.26- and 4.38-fold increases in relative bioavailability","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine liposomes, Brb:lipid 1:20","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text value differing from Table 3","value":"31.26","variance":"± 0.109 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9 para 2","quote":"Cmax of Brb liposomes and Brb hyaluronate-based liposomes were 31.26 ± 0.109 and 53.61 ± respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table 3 (36.54 ± 0.77)"},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hyaluronate-based liposomes, 200 mg lipid, 30 mg HA, 10 mg Brb","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text value differing from Table 3","value":"53.61","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9 para 2","quote":"Cmax of Brb liposomes and Brb hyaluronate-based liposomes were 31.26 ± 0.109 and 53.61 ± respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table 3 (67.79 ± 1.12); SD missing in printed text"},{"pmid":"34640154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine solution (Nanjing Zelang (purity >95%))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text value","value":"21.5","variance":"± 4.71 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9 para 2","quote":"Cmax after oral administration of Brb solution was 21.5 ± 4.71 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 21.51"},{"pmid":"34765276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"272.21","variance":"± 68.42 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"two-compartment model (DAS 3.0); table units printed 'ng/mL$h' (text-layer rendering of ng/mL·h)"},{"pmid":"34765276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + voriconazole (CYP51 inhibitor)","forms":[],"dose":"200 (BBR) + 30 (voriconazole) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"298.93","variance":"± 56.35 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"BBR + voriconazole (CYP51 inhibitor)"},{"pmid":"34765276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"333.61","variance":"± 79.26 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"two-compartment model (DAS 3.0); table units printed 'ng/mL$h' (text-layer rendering of ng/mL·h)"},{"pmid":"34765276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + voriconazole (CYP51 inhibitor)","forms":[],"dose":"200 (BBR) + 30 (voriconazole) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"388.00","variance":"± 103.32 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"BBR + voriconazole (CYP51 inhibitor)"},{"pmid":"34765276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"44.26","variance":"± 10.44 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"two-compartment model (DAS 3.0)"},{"pmid":"34765276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + voriconazole (CYP51 inhibitor)","forms":[],"dose":"200 (BBR) + 30 (voriconazole) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"64.50","variance":"± 20.12 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"BBR + voriconazole (CYP51 inhibitor)"},{"pmid":"34765276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + voriconazole (CYP51 inhibitor)","forms":[],"dose":"200 (BBR) + 30 (voriconazole) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"% increase AUC0-24h with voriconazole vs BBR alone (author-stated)","value":"9.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2 p.633","quote":"AUC(0e24 h) increased by 9.8%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"percent change stated by authors in text"},{"pmid":"34765276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine + voriconazole (CYP51 inhibitor)","forms":[],"dose":"200 (BBR) + 30 (voriconazole) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"% increase Cmax with voriconazole vs BBR alone (author-stated)","value":"45.7","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2 p.633","quote":"Cmax increased by 45.7%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"percent change stated by authors in text"},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride suspension (Kisalaya Herbals)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"67.54","variance":"± 3.90 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimized BNPs (~202 nm, EE 85.69%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"230.57","variance":"± 8.30 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride suspension (Kisalaya Herbals)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimized BNPs (~202 nm, EE 85.69%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.00","variance":"± 0.02 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride suspension (Kisalaya Herbals)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"910.87","variance":"± 28.30 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimized BNPs (~202 nm, EE 85.69%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"3758.14","variance":"± 199.89 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimized BNPs (~202 nm, EE 85.69%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"'Bioavailability enhancement (F)' vs BBR suspension","value":"4.13","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Table 5","quote":"BNPs have better oral bioavailability, as compared to BBR suspension, by a factor of 4.13","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"abstract says 4.10-fold; Conclusions says 4.10-fold; Table 5/Results say 4.13"},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimized BNPs (~202 nm, EE 85.69%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"abstract/conclusion value","value":"4.10","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Conclusions","quote":"a 4.10−fold increase in the oral bioavailability of BBR from BNPs as compared to BBR suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table 5 / Results (4.13)"},{"pmid":"34771389","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimized BNPs (~202 nm, EE 85.69%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (free access to diet)","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"fold increase vs suspension (author-stated)","value":"3.41","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.9 p.12","quote":"Cmax of BBR from BNPs significantly increased by 3.41-fold (p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (dissolved in water with 5% glucose, 1 mg/mL)","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"Tmax (h) 0.25","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (dissolved in water with 5% glucose, 1 mg/mL)","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"99.2","variance":"± 36.0 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 99.2 ± 36.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (dissolved in water with 5% glucose, 1 mg/mL)","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (24 h)","value":"504.6","variance":"± 213.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUCt (ng/mL·h) 504.6 ± 213.8 (24 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (dissolved in water with 5% glucose, 1 mg/mL)","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"976.8","variance":"± 326.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUC∞ (ng/mL·h) 976.8 ± 326.7","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"skin","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"Tmax (h) 1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"skin","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.7","variance":"± 4.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 9.7 ± 4.9","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"skin","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (12 h)","value":"27.4","variance":"± 6.5 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUCt (ng/mL·h) 27.4 ± 6.5 (12 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"skin","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"28.1","variance":"± 3.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUC∞ (ng/mL·h) 28.1 ± 3.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (24 h)","value":"42.9","variance":"± 16.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUCt (ng/mL·h) 42.9 ± 16.7 (24 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"skin","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"Tmax (h) 1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"skin","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"25.3","variance":"± 7.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 25.3 ± 7.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"skin","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (12 h)","value":"154.9","variance":"± 19.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUCt (ng/mL·h) 154.9 ± 19.4 (12 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"skin","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"335.4","variance":"± 189.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUC∞ (ng/mL·h) 335.4 ± 189.9","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35086139","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream + 2.5% menthol","forms":[],"dose":"7.5 mg/kg berberine-β-glycerophosphate","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (24 h)","value":"85.5","variance":"± 43.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUCt (ng/mL·h) 85.5 ± 43.6 (24 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR suspended in 0.5% w/v sodium CMC","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"37.8","variance":"± 18.8 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax ng/ml 37.8 ± 18.8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD as printed; statistic type implied"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Proliposome FF19 reconstituted in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"83.0","variance":"± 18.6 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax ng/ml 83.0 ± 18.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD as printed; statistic type implied"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR suspended in 0.5% w/v sodium CMC","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.07","variance":"± 1.36 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax h 1.07 ± 1.36","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD as printed; statistic type implied"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Proliposome FF19 reconstituted in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.00","variance":"± 1.61 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax h 3.00 ± 1.61","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD as printed; statistic type implied"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR suspended in 0.5% w/v sodium CMC","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36","value":"135.4","variance":"± 45.0 (SD)","units":"ng.h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC0-36 ng.h/ml 135.4 ± 45.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD as printed; statistic type implied"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Proliposome FF19 reconstituted in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36","value":"852.1","variance":"± 289.5 (SD)","units":"ng.h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC0-36 ng.h/ml 852.1 ± 289.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD as printed; statistic type implied"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR suspended in 0.5% w/v sodium CMC","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"164.7","variance":"± 67.4 (SD)","units":"ng.h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC0-inf ng.h/ml 164.7 ± 67.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD as printed; statistic type implied"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Proliposome FF19 reconstituted in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"872.0","variance":"± 295.5 (SD)","units":"ng.h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC0-inf ng.h/ml 872.0 ± 295.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD as printed; statistic type implied"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-36 ratio liposomes/pure BBR (log-transformed)","value":"628.3","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUC0-36 628.3 CI 456.5-864.8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Ratio (%) of BBR-loaded liposomes to pure BBR, transformed to logarithm per table caption"},{"pmid":"35104597","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-inf ratio liposomes/pure BBR (log-transformed)","value":"552.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUC0-inf 552.8 CI 384.7-794.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Ratio (%) of BBR-loaded liposomes to pure BBR, transformed to logarithm per table caption"},{"pmid":"35277093","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (free drug)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.681","variance":"± 0.093 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-t oral 0.681 ± 0.093","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 1 header gives mean ± s.x (n = 8); Methods 2.12 states data expressed as mean ± S.E.M."},{"pmid":"35277093","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (free drug)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6.422","variance":"± 0.685 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-t IV 6.422 ± 0.685","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 1 header gives mean ± s.x (n = 8); Methods 2.12 states data expressed as mean ± S.E.M.; Table lists the row as Cmax/C0"},{"pmid":"35277093","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (free drug)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"0.685","variance":"± 0.093 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-inf oral 0.685 ± 0.093","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 1 header gives mean ± s.x (n = 8); Methods 2.12 states data expressed as mean ± S.E.M."},{"pmid":"35277093","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (free drug)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"7.438","variance":"± 0.548 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC0-inf IV 7.438 ± 0.548","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 1 header gives mean ± s.x (n = 8); Methods 2.12 states data expressed as mean ± S.E.M.; Table lists the row as Cmax/C0"},{"pmid":"35277093","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (free drug)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.000","variance":"± 0.000 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"oral 1.000 ± 0.000","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 1 header gives mean ± s.x (n = 8); Methods 2.12 states data expressed as mean ± S.E.M."},{"pmid":"35277093","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma (free drug)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (oral)","value":"0.260","variance":"± 0.032 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax (oral) oral 0.260 ± 0.032","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 1 header gives mean ± s.x (n = 8); Methods 2.12 states data expressed as mean ± S.E.M.; Table lists the row as Cmax/C0"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"Tmax (min) 30","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"780","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 780","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"74,944","variance":"","units":"ng/mL × min","location":"Table 5","quote":"AUC0–t (ng/mL × min) 74,944","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"45","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"Tmax (min) 45","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"748","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 748","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"137,275","variance":"","units":"ng/mL × min","location":"Table 5","quote":"AUC0–t (ng/mL × min) 137,275","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine nanostructured lipid carriers overlaid with chitosan","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"120","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"Tmax (min) 120","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine nanostructured lipid carriers overlaid with chitosan","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1033","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 1033","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine nanostructured lipid carriers overlaid with chitosan","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"469,403","variance":"","units":"ng/mL × min","location":"Table 5","quote":"AUC0–t (ng/mL × min) 469,403","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives no variance or statistic type; matrix labelled 'Blood' in Table 5 and 'plasma' in text"},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text, peak plasma concentration IN BER-SOL","value":"1000","variance":"± 168.3 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 2.4.2","quote":"peak plasma concentrations of BER were 1000 ± 168.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35337079","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine nanostructured lipid carriers overlaid with chitosan","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text, peak plasma concentration IN BER-CTS-NLCs","value":"1639","variance":"± 194.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 2.4.2","quote":"and 1639 ± 194.6 ng/mL, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35465190","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine encapsulated in chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"479","variance":"± 13 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax ng/ml 479 ± 13","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says significantly lower Cmax for pure berberine; no p-value printed"},{"pmid":"35465190","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"112","variance":"± 14 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"112 ± 14","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35465190","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine encapsulated in chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax and Tmax ... 479 ± 13 ng/mL and 3 h, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"35465190","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Tmax (0.5 h) were achieved with pure berberine","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"35465190","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine encapsulated in chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2973","variance":"± 76 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2; Results 3.4","quote":"a higher AUC0–t (2973 ± 76 ng·h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table labels it 'AUC' (ng.h/ml); text says AUC0-t"},{"pmid":"35465190","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"647","variance":"± 77 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2; Results 3.4","quote":"pure berberine, which only obtained 647 ± 77 ng·h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35465190","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine encapsulated in chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BAR, SLN-chitosan vs pure suspension","value":"4.6-fold","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Table 2; Results 3.4","quote":"a 4.6-fold elevation in relative bioavailability","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"As printed by authors"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Baicalin-berberine complex (1:1 molar), recrystallized from methanol","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"67.89","variance":"± 13.41 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"167.28","variance":"± 78.87 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance marker * vs BA-BBR complex group (*p<0.05, **p<0.01)."},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Baicalin-berberine complex (1:1 molar), recrystallized from methanol","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"baicalin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"85.35","variance":"± 46.37 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"(co-administered component, not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"baicalin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"622.65","variance":"± 456.95 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance marker * vs BA-BBR complex group (*p<0.05, **p<0.01). (co-administered component, not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Baicalin-berberine complex (1:1 molar), recrystallized from methanol","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.64","variance":"± 4.63 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists Tmax mean ± SD; statistic type for Tmax not otherwise stated."},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.79","variance":"± 0.62 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists Tmax mean ± SD; statistic type for Tmax not otherwise stated."},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Baicalin-berberine complex (1:1 molar), recrystallized from methanol","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"baicalin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.42","variance":"± 5.20 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists Tmax mean ± SD; statistic type for Tmax not otherwise stated. (co-administered component, not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"baicalin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.17","variance":"± 5.36 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists Tmax mean ± SD; statistic type for Tmax not otherwise stated. (co-administered component, not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Baicalin-berberine complex (1:1 molar), recrystallized from methanol","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"482.03","variance":"± 196.17 (SD)","units":"h ⋅ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1271.40","variance":"± 400.28 (SD)","units":"h ⋅ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance marker ** vs BA-BBR complex group (*p<0.05, **p<0.01)."},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Baicalin-berberine complex (1:1 molar), recrystallized from methanol","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"baicalin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"807.73","variance":"± 558.75 (SD)","units":"h ⋅ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"(co-administered component, not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"baicalin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6048.52","variance":"± 2203.83 (SD)","units":"h ⋅ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance marker ** vs BA-BBR complex group (*p<0.05, **p<0.01). (co-administered component, not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-t fold, nanocrystals vs complex suspension","value":"2.64","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results, Oral pharmacokinetic studies","quote":"which were separately 7.49- and 2.64-fold than the complex coarse suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"As printed; 2.64 is BBR"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"baicalin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-t fold, nanocrystals vs complex suspension","value":"7.49","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results, Oral pharmacokinetic studies","quote":"7.49- and 2.64-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"As printed; 7.49 is BA (co-administered component, not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"baicalin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"as printed in Abstract","value":"622.65","variance":"± 456.95 (SD)","units":"h·ng/ml","location":"Abstract","quote":"area under curve of BA and BBR ... were 622.65 ± 456.95 h·ng/ml and 167.28 ± 78.87 h·ng/ml","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"INCONSISTENT: Abstract labels these as AUC, but Table 3 prints 622.65 ± 456.95 as Cmax (ng/ml) and AUC0-t as 6048.52 ± 2203.83 (co-administered component, not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"35476182","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Complex nanocrystals by high-pressure homogenization, 0.2% P188 stabilizer; 3% mannitol lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg (PK, oral, rats); dissolution capsule BA 11.16 mg, BBR 10.02 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted at least 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"as printed in Abstract","value":"167.28","variance":"± 78.87 (SD)","units":"h·ng/ml","location":"Abstract","quote":"167.28 ± 78.87 h·ng/ml","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"INCONSISTENT: Abstract labels this as AUC, but Table 3 prints 167.28 ± 78.87 as Cmax (ng/ml) and AUC0-t as 1271.40 ± 400.28"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw berberine (Herbo Nutra (source of BER))","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.03 (SD)","units":"hr","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic labelled mean ± SD in table header; Tmax statistic type not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liquid antisolvent precipitation nanosuspension with SLS and PVP K30; particle size 251.32 ± 4.18 nm","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat (BER equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.65 (SD)","units":"hr","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic labelled mean ± SD in table header; Tmax statistic type not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw berberine (Herbo Nutra (source of BER))","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"78.22","variance":"± 15.43 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic labelled mean ± SD in table header"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liquid antisolvent precipitation nanosuspension with SLS and PVP K30; particle size 251.32 ± 4.18 nm","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat (BER equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"660.34","variance":"± 55.67 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic labelled mean ± SD in table header"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw berberine (Herbo Nutra (source of BER))","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"232.28","variance":"± 10.98 (SD)","units":"ng/ml*hr","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic labelled mean ± SD in table header"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liquid antisolvent precipitation nanosuspension with SLS and PVP K30; particle size 251.32 ± 4.18 nm","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat (BER equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6321.54","variance":"± 165.69 (SD)","units":"ng/ml*hr","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic labelled mean ± SD in table header"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw berberine (Herbo Nutra (source of BER))","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"268.61","variance":"± 11.98 (SD)","units":"ng/ml*hr","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic labelled mean ± SD in table header"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liquid antisolvent precipitation nanosuspension with SLS and PVP K30; particle size 251.32 ± 4.18 nm","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat (BER equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"7354.39","variance":"± 211.87 (SD)","units":"ng/ml*hr","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic labelled mean ± SD in table header"},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liquid antisolvent precipitation nanosuspension with SLS and PVP K30; particle size 251.32 ± 4.18 nm","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat (BER equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr, nanosuspension vs naive BER","value":"2721.52","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5","quote":"oral bioavailability of BER nanosuspension was found to be 2721.52%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Authors' relative bioavailability (Eq. 2). Printed as 'oral bioavailability'; the % is relative to naive BER."},{"pmid":"35929374","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw berberine (Herbo Nutra (source of BER))","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg per rat","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"text value for naive BER","value":"3.65","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5","quote":"whereas for naive BER, it was only 3.65%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as 3.65% for naive BER; reference arm should be 100% by Eq. 2. Unclear basis; recorded as printed (possible internal inconsistency)."},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.458","variance":"± 0.292 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD; Tmax statistic type not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.532","variance":"± 4.102 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"45.530","variance":"± 17.007 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberrubine (BBB)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.125","variance":"± 3.057 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD; BBB is the major metabolite of berberine measured after the oral dose; Tmax statistic type not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberrubine (BBB)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.666","variance":"± 0.096 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD; BBB is the major metabolite of berberine measured after the oral dose"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride in water","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberrubine (BBB)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"6.292","variance":"± 3.009 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD; BBB is the major metabolite of berberine measured after the oral dose"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-glycyrrhizic acid complex 1:1 (molar), in water","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg BBR (105 mg/kg complex stated for efficacy study)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.667","variance":"± 0.492 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD; Tmax statistic type not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-glycyrrhizic acid complex 1:1 (molar), in water","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg BBR (105 mg/kg complex stated for efficacy study)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"63.829","variance":"± 50.383 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-glycyrrhizic acid complex 1:1 (molar), in water","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg BBR (105 mg/kg complex stated for efficacy study)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"201.615","variance":"± 107.232 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-glycyrrhizic acid complex 1:1 (molar), in water","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg BBR (105 mg/kg complex stated for efficacy study)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberrubine (BBB)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.333","variance":"± 5.007 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD; BBB is the major metabolite of berberine measured after the oral dose; Tmax statistic type not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-glycyrrhizic acid complex 1:1 (molar), in water","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg BBR (105 mg/kg complex stated for efficacy study)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberrubine (BBB)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.947","variance":"± 0.713 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD; BBB is the major metabolite of berberine measured after the oral dose"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine-glycyrrhizic acid complex 1:1 (molar), in water","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg BBR (105 mg/kg complex stated for efficacy study)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberrubine (BBB)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"23.733","variance":"± 12.666 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD; BBB is the major metabolite of berberine measured after the oral dose"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine solution, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"133.711","variance":"± 23.807 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine solution, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"289.484","variance":"± 134.342 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-GL complex solution, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"156.758","variance":"± 45.200 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35935857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-GL complex solution, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"360.074","variance":"± 88.264 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data presented as mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35962183","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"1:1 co-crystal BBR-Ibu with four waters of crystallization, in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"115 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel = AUC0-inf BJ / AUC0-inf BBR x 100%","value":"308.5%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results, 'BJ increases the bioavailability and dynamic solubility'","quote":"the relative bioavailability of BJ was 308.5% according to the formula: F = AUC (0 - ∞) BJ/AUC (0 - ∞) BBR * 100%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract/Discussion round this to 3-fold / threefold"},{"pmid":"35962183","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"1:1 co-crystal BBR-Ibu with four waters of crystallization, in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"115 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.8","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results, 'BJ increases the bioavailability and dynamic solubility'","quote":"the peak time of BJ was prolonged to 3.8 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type not stated; BBR Tmax not given in text (Supplementary Table 4)"},{"pmid":"36583113","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex 80% ethanol extract, suspended in saline (BBR 40 mg/mL), intragastric","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg BBR-equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"blood/plasma (as printed: 'rat blood')","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.4371 (Pharmacokinetic Study)","quote":"the Tmax of BBR in rat blood was 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says 'blood'; context refers to plasma concentration curve (Fig. 4A). Statistic type not stated."},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine in physiological saline, oral","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.201","variance":"± 0.478 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 1 (unbound column repeated in Tables 2-5)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 title: unbound BBR and OBB after oral administration; columns include i.v. 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OBB (10 mg/kg)' in Table 6; interpreted by values as unbound OBB."},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC0–∞)","value":"2.694","variance":"± 0.912 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.470","variance":"± 2.704 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.913","variance":"± 2.630 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.224","variance":"± 0.085 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Column header printed 'Unbound BBR of i.v. OBB (10 mg/kg)' in Table 6; interpreted by values as unbound OBB."},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.528","variance":"± 0.269 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"5.795","variance":"± 1.258 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8.038","variance":"± 1.458 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.656","variance":"± 0.423 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6.356","variance":"± 3.012 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC0–∞)","value":"6.137","variance":"± 1.397 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC0–∞)","value":"8.098","variance":"± 3.066 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC0–∞)","value":"2.284","variance":"± 0.532 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC0–∞)","value":"6.798","variance":"± 2.846 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.817","variance":"± 2.700 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"BBR (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.027","variance":"± 2.784 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (unbound)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.557","variance":"± 0.205 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37196811","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"OBB (bound; calculated)","matrix":"blood (text says plasma for unbound; whole blood for total/bound)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.547","variance":"± 0.627 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-encapsulated berberine nanoparticles (formulation F7, 242.8 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2251.90","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no variance reported"},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride (Sigma) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1505.50","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no variance reported"},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-encapsulated berberine nanoparticles (formulation F7, 242.8 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride (Sigma) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-encapsulated berberine nanoparticles (formulation F7, 242.8 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"35,429.45","variance":"","units":"h*ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride (Sigma) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"28,211.07","variance":"","units":"h*ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-encapsulated berberine nanoparticles (formulation F7, 242.8 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCextrapolated","value":"109,713.29","variance":"","units":"h*ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride (Sigma) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCextrapolated","value":"74,798.05","variance":"","units":"h*ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-encapsulated berberine nanoparticles (formulation F7, 242.8 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal","value":"145,142.75","variance":"","units":"h*ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37329447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride (Sigma) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal","value":"103,009.13","variance":"","units":"h*ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) solution (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); Witepsol H15 (suppository base))","forms":[],"dose":"1 (1.29 mg BBR sulfate/kg) mg/kg as BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2490","variance":"± 1054 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) solution (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); Witepsol H15 (suppository base))","forms":[],"dose":"1 (1.29 mg BBR sulfate/kg) mg/kg as BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"147.6","variance":"± 37.6 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) solution (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); Witepsol H15 (suppository base))","forms":[],"dose":"1 (1.29 mg BBR sulfate/kg) mg/kg as BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"160.7","variance":"± 35.9 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) in 0.5% CMC solution (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); Witepsol H15 (suppository base))","forms":[],"dose":"10 (12.9 mg BBR sulfate/kg) mg/kg as BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.94","variance":"± 0.10 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) in 0.5% CMC solution (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); Witepsol H15 (suppository base))","forms":[],"dose":"10 (12.9 mg BBR sulfate/kg) mg/kg as BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text: Cmax observed in a range from 1 to 3 h"},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) in 0.5% CMC solution (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); Witepsol H15 (suppository base))","forms":[],"dose":"10 (12.9 mg BBR sulfate/kg) mg/kg as BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (0-8 h)","value":"4.1","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) in Witepsol H15 suppository (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); Witepsol H15 (suppository base))","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg as BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.62","variance":"± 5.04 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) in Witepsol H15 suppository (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); Witepsol H15 (suppository base))","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg as BBR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 2.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37914368","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate (BBR sulfate) in Witepsol H15 suppository (Sigma-Aldrich (BBR sulfate); 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Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL)."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 (atorvastatin; vehicle 0.5% CMC-Na for 7 days) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.74","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL)."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 (atorvastatin; vehicle 0.5% CMC-Na for 7 days) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"17.69","variance":"± 0.75 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL)."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 (atorvastatin; vehicle 0.5% CMC-Na for 7 days) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"30.17","variance":"± 4.84 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL)."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl + atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 100 /d x 7 days; atorvastatin 10 on day 8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.64","variance":"± 0.04 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL). Significance from table symbols."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl + atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 100 /d x 7 days; atorvastatin 10 on day 8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.70","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL). Significance from table symbols."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl + atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 100 /d x 7 days; atorvastatin 10 on day 8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"22.84","variance":"± 0.90 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL). Significance from table symbols."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl + atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 100 /d x 7 days; atorvastatin 10 on day 8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"32.33","variance":"± 8.46 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL). Significance from table symbols."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 (atorvastatin; vehicle 0.5% CMC-Na for 7 days) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.38","variance":"± 0.07 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL)."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 (atorvastatin; vehicle 0.5% CMC-Na for 7 days) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.94","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL)."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 (atorvastatin; vehicle 0.5% CMC-Na for 7 days) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"14.91","variance":"± 1.49 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL)."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"10 (atorvastatin; vehicle 0.5% CMC-Na for 7 days) mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"20.19","variance":"± 3.14 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL)."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl + atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 100 /d x 7 days; atorvastatin 10 on day 8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.59","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL). Significance from table symbols."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl + atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 100 /d x 7 days; atorvastatin 10 on day 8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.89","variance":"± 0.24 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL). Significance from table symbols."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl + atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 100 /d x 7 days; atorvastatin 10 on day 8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"25.86","variance":"± 2.25 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL). Significance from table symbols."},{"pmid":"38054840","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine HCl + atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin calcium tablets (Pfizer); berberine HCl tablets (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 100 /d x 7 days; atorvastatin 10 on day 8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"atorvastatin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"38.04","variance":"± 6.90 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: atorvastatin (berberine is the interacting co-administered compound). Table prints 'x ± s'; units printed µg/L (calibration range stated as µg/mL). Significance from table symbols."},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"111.13","variance":"± 39.71 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"158.75","variance":"± 95.78 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"128.24","variance":"± 15.32 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"27.14","variance":"± 2.02 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"29.83","variance":"± 2.14 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"60.22","variance":"± 12.53 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"131.60","variance":"± 33.12 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"133.36","variance":"± 33.20 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"308.25","variance":"± 103.86 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"15","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"226.16","variance":"± 28.25 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"15","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"343.51","variance":"± 34.15 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"15","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"94.50","variance":"± 17.45 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"15","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"15","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"202.26","variance":"± 14.02 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"15","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"264.61","variance":"± 25.01 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"15","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"177.15","variance":"± 11.73 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38067456","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"demethyleneberberine (berberine metabolite)  (Dr. Tao's laboratory (DMB); Aladdin (SNX-2112 IS))","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"15","analyte":"demethyleneberberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine raw material (synthesized by authors)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.701","variance":"± 0.340 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine raw material (synthesized by authors)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"0.985","variance":"± 0.379 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine raw material (synthesized by authors)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.233","variance":"± 0.059 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine raw material (synthesized by authors)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.667","variance":"± 0.471 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists header 'T0max (h)'"},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin supersaturated drug delivery system (molar ratio 1:10)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"10.882","variance":"± 2.606 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin supersaturated drug delivery system (molar ratio 1:10)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"11.225","variance":"± 2.145 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin supersaturated drug delivery system (molar ratio 1:10)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.486","variance":"± 0.400 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin supersaturated drug delivery system (molar ratio 1:10)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.167","variance":"± 0.373 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table lists header 'T0max (h)'"},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-HP-β-CD SDDS intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8.801","variance":"± 1.662 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-HP-β-CD SDDS intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"9.283","variance":"± 1.522 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-HP-β-CD SDDS intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.809","variance":"± 0.845 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin supersaturated drug delivery system (molar ratio 1:10)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase vs OBB raw material","value":"15.55","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results p.5310","quote":"indicative of a 15.55-fold increase compared to that of OBB raw material","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"38859955","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Oxyberberine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin supersaturated drug delivery system (molar ratio 1:10)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"oxyberberine","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"oral relative bioavailability vs raw material (abstract)","value":"16","variance":"","units":"times","location":"Abstract","quote":"oral relative bioavailability of OBB-HP-β-CD SDDS was also enhanced by 16 times compared to that of the raw material","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract says 16 times; Results say 15.55-fold; AUC ratio stated as 15.32."},{"pmid":"39029440","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride encapsulated in PLGA (20 Kd, 50:50) nanoparticles, dissolved in normal saline (Berberine chloride from Sigma-Aldrich (B3251); nanoparticles prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (type not specified in abstract)","value":"35,429.46","variance":"","units":"h.ng/ml","location":"Abstract","quote":"increase in AUC of nano-BBR (35,429.46 h.ng/ml) as compared to BBR (28,211.07 h.ng/ml)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC type (last vs extrapolated) not specified in abstract; Results mention both AUClast and AUCextrapolated fold changes but give no absolute values"},{"pmid":"39029440","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride (conventional), dissolved in normal saline (Sigma-Aldrich B3251)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (type not specified in abstract)","value":"28,211.07","variance":"","units":"h.ng/ml","location":"Abstract","quote":"increase in AUC of nano-BBR (35,429.46 h.ng/ml) as compared to BBR (28,211.07 h.ng/ml)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC type not specified"},{"pmid":"39029440","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride encapsulated in PLGA (20 Kd, 50:50) nanoparticles, dissolved in normal saline (Berberine chloride from Sigma-Aldrich (B3251); nanoparticles prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2251.90","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Abstract","quote":"Cmax for nano- BBR (2251.90 ng/ml) is approximately 1.6 times greater than BBR (1505.50 ng/ml).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39029440","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride (conventional), dissolved in normal saline (Sigma-Aldrich B3251)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1505.50","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Abstract","quote":"Cmax for nano- BBR (2251.90 ng/ml) is approximately 1.6 times greater than BBR (1505.50 ng/ml).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39029440","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride encapsulated in PLGA (20 Kd, 50:50) nanoparticles, dissolved in normal saline (Berberine chloride from Sigma-Aldrich (B3251); nanoparticles prepared in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Results 3.3","quote":"The Tmax was also increased from 1 hr to 3 hr with nano-BBR","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text implies BBR 1 hr and nano-BBR 3 hr"},{"pmid":"39029440","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine chloride (conventional), dissolved in normal saline (Sigma-Aldrich B3251)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Results 3.3","quote":"The Tmax was also increased from 1 hr to 3 hr with nano-BBR","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inferred from text wording 'from 1 hr' (free BBR)"},{"pmid":"39094668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Fiber Interlaced Liposome BBR powder (BBR HCl, phospholipids, apple fruit fiber, modified starch; 43.2% BBR) (Vidya Herbs FIL technology)","forms":[],"dose":"600 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"50.98","variance":"± 27.03 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9","quote":"Cmax of berberine in the liposomal formulation reached a maximum value of 50.98 ± 27.03 ng/mL (p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract also gives 50.98 ng/mL"},{"pmid":"39094668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride (85% assay by HPLC) (Vidya Herbs)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"320 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.54","variance":"± 9.66 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9","quote":"unformulated berberine showed the Cmax of 15.54 ± 9.66 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39094668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Fiber Interlaced Liposome BBR powder (BBR HCl, phospholipids, apple fruit fiber, modified starch; 43.2% BBR) (Vidya Herbs FIL technology)","forms":[],"dose":"600 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Tmax (h) 0.25 ± 0.00","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39094668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride (85% assay by HPLC) (Vidya Herbs)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"320 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"Tmax (h) 0.25 ± 0.00","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39094668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Fiber Interlaced Liposome BBR powder (BBR HCl, phospholipids, apple fruit fiber, modified starch; 43.2% BBR) (Vidya Herbs FIL technology)","forms":[],"dose":"600 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.38","variance":"± 0.55 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9; Abstract","quote":"AUC0-t for BBR in FIL-BBR was 1.38 ng.h/mL, significantly greater than the unformulated BBR (0.41 ng.h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed; magnitude looks small relative to Cmax of 50.98 ng/mL but recorded exactly as printed"},{"pmid":"39094668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride (85% assay by HPLC) (Vidya Herbs)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"320 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.41","variance":"± 0.04 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9; Abstract","quote":"unformulated berberine (0.41 ± 0.04 ng.h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed"},{"pmid":"39094668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Fiber Interlaced Liposome BBR powder (BBR HCl, phospholipids, apple fruit fiber, modified starch; 43.2% BBR) (Vidya Herbs FIL technology)","forms":[],"dose":"600 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr, FIL-BBR vs unformulated BBR (fold)","value":"3.37","variance":"± 1.24 (SD)","units":"fold","location":"Table 1; Results 3.9; Abstract","quote":"oral bioavailability of FIL-BBR is 3.37- fold higher than that of the unformulated BBR in rats","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fr = relative bioavailability; no p-value printed. Doses differed (600 vs 320 mg/kg); no dose normalization stated"},{"pmid":"39227962","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Carrier-free self-assembled nanostructure of berberine and magnolol (1:1 molar ratio)","forms":[],"dose":"55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"63.7","variance":"± 39.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results, 'BM improves the bioavailability' paragraph","quote":"The maximum serum level (Cmax) of BM (63.7 ± 39.4 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that of BBR (16.8 ± 15.5 ng/mL, p = 0.0126)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says 'serum' though Methods describe plasma"},{"pmid":"39227962","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (98% purity) (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.8","variance":"± 15.5 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results, 'BM improves the bioavailability' paragraph","quote":"BBR (16.8 ± 15.5 ng/mL, p = 0.0126)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39227962","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Carrier-free self-assembled nanostructure of berberine and magnolol (1:1 molar ratio)","forms":[],"dose":"55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"96.255","variance":"± 74.895 (SD)","units":"ng/L × h","location":"Results, 'BM improves the bioavailability' paragraph","quote":"AUC0-t of BM (96.255 ± 74.895 ng/L × h) was 3.24 times higher than that of BBR (29.85 ± 21.752 ng/L × h, p = 0.0421)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units printed as ng/L × h (checked on page image) whereas Cmax is ng/mL; recorded as printed, possible unit typo in paper"},{"pmid":"39227962","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine (98% purity) (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"29.85","variance":"± 21.752 (SD)","units":"ng/L × h","location":"Results, 'BM improves the bioavailability' paragraph","quote":"BBR (29.85 ± 21.752 ng/L × h, p = 0.0421)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine HCl suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (1:10 w/w BBR:BSA, desolvation, glutaraldehyde cross-linked); entrapment 57.00 ± 1.56% (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine HCl suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"39.96","variance":"± 5.92 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints sublingual Cmax as 444 ± 77.79 ng/mL (SD differs from Table 2: 64.82); intranasal 259 ± 42.41 consistent"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (1:10 w/w BBR:BSA, desolvation, glutaraldehyde cross-linked); entrapment 57.00 ± 1.56% (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"49.21","variance":"± 14.80 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints sublingual Cmax as 444 ± 77.79 ng/mL (SD differs from Table 2: 64.82); intranasal 259 ± 42.41 consistent"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"98.56","variance":"± 8.02 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints sublingual Cmax as 444 ± 77.79 ng/mL (SD differs from Table 2: 64.82); intranasal 259 ± 42.41 consistent"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"259.2","variance":"± 42.41 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints sublingual Cmax as 444 ± 77.79 ng/mL (SD differs from Table 2: 64.82); intranasal 259 ± 42.41 consistent"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"444.5","variance":"± 64.82 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints sublingual Cmax as 444 ± 77.79 ng/mL (SD differs from Table 2: 64.82); intranasal 259 ± 42.41 consistent"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine HCl suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"98.16","variance":"± 11.87 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (1:10 w/w BBR:BSA, desolvation, glutaraldehyde cross-linked); entrapment 57.00 ± 1.56% (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"200.9","variance":"± 59.64 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"149.4","variance":"± 22.72 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"895.8","variance":"± 197.2 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1599.5","variance":"± 519.1 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine HCl suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"100.5","variance":"± 12.14 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-inf much larger than AUC0-t for intranasal/sublingual (5 h sampling window; extrapolated)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (1:10 w/w BBR:BSA, desolvation, glutaraldehyde cross-linked); entrapment 57.00 ± 1.56% (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"333.7","variance":"± 133 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-inf much larger than AUC0-t for intranasal/sublingual (5 h sampling window; extrapolated)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"371.7","variance":"± 207.6 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-inf much larger than AUC0-t for intranasal/sublingual (5 h sampling window; extrapolated)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5413.2","variance":"± 118.3 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-inf much larger than AUC0-t for intranasal/sublingual (5 h sampling window; extrapolated)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5049.2","variance":"± 1445.3 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-inf much larger than AUC0-t for intranasal/sublingual (5 h sampling window; extrapolated)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fcomp, comparative bioavailability vs oral pure BBR","value":"4.45","variance":"","units":"ratio","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Same dose (40 mg BBR/kg) for numerator and reference. AUC type not stated"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fcomp, comparative bioavailability vs oral pure BBR","value":"7.96","variance":"","units":"ratio","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Same dose (40 mg BBR/kg) for numerator and reference. AUC type not stated"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine HCl suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (1:10 w/w BBR:BSA, desolvation, glutaraldehyde cross-linked); entrapment 57.00 ± 1.56% (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.83","variance":"± 0.41 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine HCl suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"28.44","variance":"± 5.80 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Metabolite not named in Results (BBR metabolite synthesised in the authors lab per Methods 2.4.4)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (1:10 w/w BBR:BSA, desolvation, glutaraldehyde cross-linked); entrapment 57.00 ± 1.56% (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"75.76","variance":"± 7.32 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Metabolite not named in Results (BBR metabolite synthesised in the authors lab per Methods 2.4.4)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"53.31","variance":"± 8.05 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Metabolite not named in Results (BBR metabolite synthesised in the authors lab per Methods 2.4.4)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"133.3","variance":"± 21.19 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Metabolite not named in Results (BBR metabolite synthesised in the authors lab per Methods 2.4.4)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"396.4","variance":"± 28.08 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Metabolite not named in Results (BBR metabolite synthesised in the authors lab per Methods 2.4.4)"},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine HCl suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"77.76","variance":"± 14.24 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (1:10 w/w BBR:BSA, desolvation, glutaraldehyde cross-linked); entrapment 57.00 ± 1.56% (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"256.6","variance":"± 23.88 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"94.21","variance":"± 35.42 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"466","variance":"± 58.80 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1375.6","variance":"± 56 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure berberine HCl suspension","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"87.67","variance":"± 15 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (1:10 w/w BBR:BSA, desolvation, glutaraldehyde cross-linked); entrapment 57.00 ± 1.56% (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"312.1","variance":"± 54 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"195.3","variance":"± 33.31 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs suspended in sterile water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"808.2","variance":"± 10.07 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39229806","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BBR-BSA NPs powder (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg BBR/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"BBR metabolite (unnamed)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2610.3","variance":"± 73.25 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablets (Shanghai Xinyi Tianping Pharmaceutical Co., batch 230302)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.55","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","quote":"commercial tablets reached the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 0.55 ± 0.06 μg/mL at 2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH in self-microemulsifying system: 55% Capmul MCM, 22.5% Kolliphor RH 40, 22.5% 1,2-propanediol; BH load 20 mg/g (in-house)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.15","variance":"± 0.05 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","quote":"BH-SMEDDS group achieved a Cmax 209.1% significantly higher than the BH tablets, reaching 1.15 ± 0.05 μg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablets (Shanghai Xinyi Tianping Pharmaceutical Co., batch 230302)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.000","variance":"± 0.000 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH in self-microemulsifying system: 55% Capmul MCM, 22.5% Kolliphor RH 40, 22.5% 1,2-propanediol; BH load 20 mg/g (in-house)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.000","variance":"± 0.000 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablets (Shanghai Xinyi Tianping Pharmaceutical Co., batch 230302)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2.278","variance":"± 0.282 (SD)","units":"µg/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH in self-microemulsifying system: 55% Capmul MCM, 22.5% Kolliphor RH 40, 22.5% 1,2-propanediol; BH load 20 mg/g (in-house)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3.114","variance":"± 0.247 (SD)","units":"µg/mL·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablets (Shanghai Xinyi Tianping Pharmaceutical Co., batch 230302)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3.138","variance":"± 0.263 (SD)","units":"µg/mL·h","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","quote":"commercial tablets (3.138 ± 0.263 μg·h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH in self-microemulsifying system: 55% Capmul MCM, 22.5% Kolliphor RH 40, 22.5% 1,2-propanediol; BH load 20 mg/g (in-house)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5.116","variance":"± 0.829 (SD)","units":"µg/mL·h","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","quote":"AUC0–∞ value for BH-SMEDDS was 5.116 ± 0.829 µg·h/mL, which was 1.63-fold greater than that of the commercial tablets","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39339154","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH in self-microemulsifying system: 55% Capmul MCM, 22.5% Kolliphor RH 40, 22.5% 1,2-propanediol; BH load 20 mg/g (in-house)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BH-SMEDDS vs commercial tablets","value":"163.03","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4; Results 3.9","quote":"The relative bioavailability of the BH-SMEDDS to the marketed preparation was 163.03%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract states 1.63-fold increase in oral bioavailability; AUC type used for relative BA not stated"},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride (tetrahydrate, 98.0% purity) suspension (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture of BER and lornoxicam (1:1 w/w in cocrystal preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Cocrystal of BER and lornoxicam by solvent evaporation (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.75","variance":"± 1.94 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Bimodal profile for BLCC: peaks at 0.25 h and about 4 h per text (Results 3.4)"},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride (tetrahydrate, 98.0% purity) suspension (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"39.89","variance":"± 10.48 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","quote":"from 39.89 ± 10.48 ng/mL (pure BER) to 125.64 ± 19.94 ng/mL (BLPM)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture of BER and lornoxicam (1:1 w/w in cocrystal preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"125.64","variance":"± 19.94 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Cocrystal of BER and lornoxicam by solvent evaporation (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"81.51","variance":"± 6.31 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","quote":"The Cmax values of BER in BLCC were 81.51 ± 6.31 ng/mL, approximately 2-fold higher than the value of pure BER","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride (tetrahydrate, 98.0% purity) suspension (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"128.66","variance":"± 14.20 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","quote":"AUC(0-24h) from 128.66 ± 14.20 ng·h/mL (pure BER) to 179.39 ± 11.17 ng·h/mL (BLPM)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture of BER and lornoxicam (1:1 w/w in cocrystal preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"179.39","variance":"± 11.17 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Cocrystal of BER and lornoxicam by solvent evaporation (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"531.55","variance":"± 40.27 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","quote":"mean AUC(0-24h) was 531.55 ng·h/mL, exhibiting 4.1-fold and 3.0-fold enhancement in the exposure of BER cocrystal over free BER and physical mixture","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39366529","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Cocrystal of BER and lornoxicam by solvent evaporation (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BLCC vs BER (oral)","value":"410","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Results 3.4","quote":"BLCC demonstrated a relative bioavailability of 410 % in comparison to the original BER","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says 4.1-fold higher; AUC type not stated; no p-value printed for this ratio"},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER HCl liposomes (Lipoid S PC-3, cholesterol) surface-modified with 6-ascorbate-PEG-PE in poloxamer 407/Carbopol 934P in-situ gel (NR (lab formulation))","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL, 5 µL per nostril)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"193.50","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER HCl liposomes (Lipoid S PC-3, cholesterol) surface-modified with 6-ascorbate-PEG-PE in poloxamer 407/Carbopol 934P in-situ gel (NR (lab formulation))","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL, 5 µL per nostril)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER HCl liposomes (Lipoid S PC-3, cholesterol) surface-modified with 6-ascorbate-PEG-PE in poloxamer 407/Carbopol 934P in-situ gel (NR (lab formulation))","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL, 5 µL per nostril)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 (table header AUC0–24)","value":"5800","variance":"± 6.1 (SD)","units":"ng.h.mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Header of Table 5 gives 'AUC0–24 (ng.h.mL)'; methods text says AUC0–8 was calculated by linear trapezoidal method. Table footnote says n = 3 whereas Methods says n = 6 per group."},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER HCl liposomes (Lipoid S PC-3, cholesterol) surface-modified with 6-ascorbate-PEG-PE in poloxamer 407/Carbopol 934P in-situ gel (NR (lab formulation))","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL, 5 µL per nostril)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"6000","variance":"± 8.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"110.08","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 (table header AUC0–24)","value":"2900","variance":"± 24.6 (SD)","units":"ng.h.mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Header of Table 5 gives 'AUC0–24 (ng.h.mL)'; methods text says AUC0–8 was calculated by linear trapezoidal method. Table footnote says n = 3 whereas Methods says n = 6 per group."},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3200","variance":"± 24.4 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"65.16","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 (table header AUC0–24)","value":"2649","variance":"± 20.9 (SD)","units":"ng.h.mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Header of Table 5 gives 'AUC0–24 (ng.h.mL)'; methods text says AUC0–8 was calculated by linear trapezoidal method. Table footnote says n = 3 whereas Methods says n = 6 per group."},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2701","variance":"± 14.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER HCl liposomes (Lipoid S PC-3, cholesterol) surface-modified with 6-ascorbate-PEG-PE in poloxamer 407/Carbopol 934P in-situ gel (NR (lab formulation))","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL, 5 µL per nostril)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text restatement","value":"193.50","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","quote":"BER liposomal in-situ nasal gel showed a high Cmax (193.50 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text and Table 5 say 193.50 (brain); Abstract says 93.50 ng/mL (inconsistent). Text does not state matrix; Table 5 lists 193.50 under brain."},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER HCl liposomes (Lipoid S PC-3, cholesterol) surface-modified with 6-ascorbate-PEG-PE in poloxamer 407/Carbopol 934P in-situ gel (NR (lab formulation))","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL, 5 µL per nostril)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Abstract value","value":"93.50","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"higher concentration in brain (Cmax of 93.50 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 5 and Results text (193.50)."},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text restatement","value":"110.08","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","quote":"in contrast to pure BER solution (110.08 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 lists 110.08 under brain, BER solution i.n."},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text restatement","value":"331.2","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","quote":"The plasma concentration of BER administered intravenously was high (331.2 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER HCl liposomes (Lipoid S PC-3, cholesterol) surface-modified with 6-ascorbate-PEG-PE in poloxamer 407/Carbopol 934P in-situ gel (NR (lab formulation))","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL, 5 µL per nostril)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text restatement AUC0-t","value":"5296","variance":"± 18.2 (SD)","units":"NR (units not given in text)","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","quote":"higher in plasma for liposomal hydrogel (5296 ± 18.2) than that of pure BER solution (3423 ± 10.6)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"0.223 mg BER (10 µL)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text restatement AUC0-t","value":"3423","variance":"± 10.6 (SD)","units":"NR (units not given in text)","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39585246","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BER solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Methods); 3 (Table 5 footnote)","analyte":"berberine (BER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text restatement AUC0-t","value":"2649","variance":"± 20.9 (SD)","units":"NR (units not given in text)","location":"Results 3.8.6 p.147","quote":"lower AUC0-t in brain and plasma (2649 ± 20.9 and 3346 ± 22.5)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39658523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"(R)-14i in 5% DMSO + 95% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"(R)-14i (LXZ-42), synthetic urea-tetrahydroberberine derivative","matrix":"plasma (presumed; blood sampled)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39658523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"(R)-14i in 5% DMSO + 95% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"(R)-14i (LXZ-42), synthetic urea-tetrahydroberberine derivative","matrix":"plasma (presumed; blood sampled)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.86","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39658523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"(R)-14i in 5% DMSO + 95% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"(R)-14i (LXZ-42), synthetic urea-tetrahydroberberine derivative","matrix":"plasma (presumed; blood sampled)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"27.85","variance":"","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Results text restates i.v. AUC0-24h 27.85 h·μg/mL, T1/2 6.10 h, CL 171 mL/h/kg"},{"pmid":"39658523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"(R)-14i in 5% DMSO + 95% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"(R)-14i (LXZ-42), synthetic urea-tetrahydroberberine derivative","matrix":"plasma (presumed; blood sampled)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"29.61","variance":"","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39658523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"(R)-14i in 5% DMSO + 95% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"(R)-14i (LXZ-42), synthetic urea-tetrahydroberberine derivative","matrix":"plasma (presumed; blood sampled)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.67","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39658523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"(R)-14i in 5% DMSO + 95% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"(R)-14i (LXZ-42), synthetic urea-tetrahydroberberine derivative","matrix":"plasma (presumed; blood sampled)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.27","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39658523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"(R)-14i in 5% DMSO + 95% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"(R)-14i (LXZ-42), synthetic urea-tetrahydroberberine derivative","matrix":"plasma (presumed; blood sampled)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"99.53","variance":"","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39658523","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"(R)-14i in 5% DMSO + 95% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"(R)-14i (LXZ-42), synthetic urea-tetrahydroberberine derivative","matrix":"plasma (presumed; blood sampled)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"109.88","variance":"","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40480070","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free MB + BBR solution (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg BBR (with 10 mg/kg MB)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"3 (table) / 6 (methods)","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.44","variance":"± 0.022 (SD)","units":"µg⋅h/mL","location":"Table 2B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reference arm. Table footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods say n = 6."},{"pmid":"40480070","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BSA-stabilized polydopamine nanoparticles co-loaded with MB and BBR (NA (lab-made))","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg BBR (with 10 mg/kg MB)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"3 (table) / 6 (methods)","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"4.44","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"µg⋅h/mL","location":"Table 2B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs MB/BBR mixed solution (Table footnote). Table caption n = 3; Methods say n = 6."},{"pmid":"40480070","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"sialic acid-modified BSA-stabilized PDA NPs co-loaded with MB and BBR (NA (lab-made))","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg BBR (with 10 mg/kg MB)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"3 (table) / 6 (methods)","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3.61","variance":"± 0.39 (SD)","units":"µg⋅h/mL","location":"Table 2B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 vs MB/BBR mixed solution (Table footnote). Table caption n = 3; Methods say n = 6."},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride, oral suspension in 0.5% sodium CMC (Shanghai Hushi Chemical Co. (purity >98%))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"150.53","variance":"± 81.36 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride, oral suspension in 0.5% sodium CMC (Shanghai Hushi Chemical Co. (purity >98%))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"160.82","variance":"± 115.63 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride, oral suspension in 0.5% sodium CMC (Shanghai Hushi Chemical Co. (purity >98%))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"20.84","variance":"± 12.84 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride, oral suspension in 0.5% sodium CMC (Shanghai Hushi Chemical Co. (purity >98%))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.92","variance":"± 1.85 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and tofacitinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; TOFA 20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"186.04","variance":"± 111.32 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'BBR+TOF')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and tofacitinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; TOFA 20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"224.23","variance":"± 138.11 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'BBR+TOF')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and tofacitinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; TOFA 20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"18.13","variance":"± 13.24 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5 (row 'BBR+TOF')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and tofacitinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; TOFA 20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.63","variance":"± 1.39 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5 (row 'BBR+TOF')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and filgotinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; FIGA 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"191.25","variance":"± 85.81 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'BBR+FLG')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and filgotinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; FIGA 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"225.41","variance":"± 88.09 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'BBR+FLG')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and filgotinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; FIGA 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"29.01","variance":"± 20.07 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5 (row 'BBR+FLG')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and filgotinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; FIGA 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.50","variance":"± 2.71 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5 (row 'BBR+FLG')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tofacitinib oral suspension (comparator drug) (MedChemExpress)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"tofacitinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"13400.67","variance":"± 5788.94 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-TOF')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tofacitinib oral suspension (comparator drug) (MedChemExpress)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"tofacitinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"13,400.69","variance":"± 5788.94 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-TOF')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed with thousands separator '13,400.69' in table"},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tofacitinib oral suspension (comparator drug) (MedChemExpress)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"tofacitinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2981.77","variance":"± 1417.44 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-TOF')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tofacitinib oral suspension (comparator drug) (MedChemExpress)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"tofacitinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.67","variance":"± 0.49 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-TOF')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and tofacitinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; TOFA 20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"tofacitinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"7593.13","variance":"± 1637.79 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'TOF+BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 as printed in Table 5 (vs mono group; test per Methods)"},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and tofacitinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; TOFA 20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"tofacitinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"7594.25","variance":"± 1638.16 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'TOF+BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 as printed in Table 5 (vs mono group; test per Methods)"},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and tofacitinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; TOFA 20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"tofacitinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1923.33","variance":"± 640.99 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5 (row 'TOF+BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No asterisk in Table 5, but text (p.5053) says Cmax decrease was statistically significant"},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and tofacitinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; TOFA 20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"tofacitinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.67","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5 (row 'TOF+BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 as printed in Table 5 (vs mono group; test per Methods)"},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"filgotinib oral suspension (comparator drug) (MedChemExpress)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"filgotinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"4606.61","variance":"± 1320.55 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-FLG')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"filgotinib oral suspension (comparator drug) (MedChemExpress)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"filgotinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"4617.64","variance":"± 1316.08 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-FLG')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"filgotinib oral suspension (comparator drug) (MedChemExpress)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"filgotinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"927.00","variance":"± 458.99 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-FLG')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"filgotinib oral suspension (comparator drug) (MedChemExpress)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"filgotinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.58","variance":"± 0.20 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5 (row 'Mono-FLG')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and filgotinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; FIGA 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"filgotinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"7691.48","variance":"± 2316.84 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'FLG+BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 as printed in Table 5 (vs mono group; test per Methods)"},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and filgotinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; FIGA 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"filgotinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"7695.33","variance":"± 2322.34 (SD)","units":"µg/Lh","location":"Table 5 (row 'FLG+BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 as printed in Table 5 (vs mono group; test per Methods)"},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and filgotinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; FIGA 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"filgotinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2091.33","variance":"± 1154.22 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 5 (row 'FLG+BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 as printed in Table 5 (vs mono group; test per Methods)"},{"pmid":"40524804","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate oral suspensions of berberine hydrochloride and filgotinib","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 60; FIGA 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"filgotinib","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.21","variance":"± 0.93 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5 (row 'FLG+BBR')","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No asterisk in Table 5; text (p.5054) says Tmax 'decreased by 2.09-fold' and significant, but Table 5 values rise 0.58 -> 1.21 h"},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride hydrate (marketed form; mixture of di- and tetrahydrate)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"278.99","variance":"± 21.56 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Sparse sampling (3 mice per time point per Methods); group n=6"},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride hydrate (marketed form; mixture of di- and tetrahydrate)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride hydrate (marketed form; mixture of di- and tetrahydrate)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"628.50","variance":"± 209.09 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride hydrate (marketed form; mixture of di- and tetrahydrate)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"770.20","variance":"± 281.33 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-gentisic acid salt hydrate (cocrystallization; 1:2 ratio preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"503.17","variance":"± 99.00 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Sparse sampling (3 mice per time point per Methods); group n=6"},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-gentisic acid salt hydrate (cocrystallization; 1:2 ratio preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-gentisic acid salt hydrate (cocrystallization; 1:2 ratio preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"769.61","variance":"± 144.70 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-gentisic acid salt hydrate (cocrystallization; 1:2 ratio preparation)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"812.74","variance":"± 131.95 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-gallic acid salt","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"322.99","variance":"± 61.99 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Sparse sampling (3 mice per time point per Methods); group n=6"},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-gallic acid salt","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-gallic acid salt","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"562.49","variance":"± 141.95 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40972937","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-gallic acid salt","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg (drug-equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"mouse plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"746.66","variance":"± 253.48 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41219667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (free drug) aqueous dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 (Table 5) / 9 (Methods)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.18","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports no SD although Methods say mean ± SD; units printed as ug/mL"},{"pmid":"41219667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (free drug) aqueous dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 (Table 5) / 9 (Methods)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"Hr","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41219667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (free drug) aqueous dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 (Table 5) / 9 (Methods)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"12.80","variance":"","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41219667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine in Phospholipon 90H/Gantrez lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, lyophilized with 2.5% mannitol","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 (Table 5) / 9 (Methods)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"22.14","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports no SD although Methods say mean ± SD; units printed as ug/mL"},{"pmid":"41219667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine in Phospholipon 90H/Gantrez lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, lyophilized with 2.5% mannitol","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 (Table 5) / 9 (Methods)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"","units":"Hr","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41219667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine in Phospholipon 90H/Gantrez lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, lyophilized with 2.5% mannitol","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 (Table 5) / 9 (Methods)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"242.04","variance":"","units":"µg/mL*h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41219667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine in Phospholipon 90H/Gantrez lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, lyophilized with 2.5% mannitol","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 (Table 5) / 9 (Methods)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BA vs BER dispersion","value":"18.90","variance":"","units":"NR (ratio)","location":"Table 5","quote":"Notably, BER-LPHN demonstrated an approximate 18-fold increase in the relative bioavailability compared to the pure drug dispersion","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Unit not printed; text says approximately 18-fold"},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CR aqueous decoction (herbal; berberine analyte)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h before STZ; fasting at dosing NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.52","variance":"± 0.60 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FCR aqueous decoction","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.63","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPCR aqueous decoction (CR processed with pig bile)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.08","variance":"± 1.54 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPCR aqueous decoction","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.91","variance":"± 0.84 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CR aqueous decoction (herbal; berberine analyte)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h before STZ; fasting at dosing NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed without variance or statistic type; text says Tmax of BPCR is half that of FCR and CR"},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FCR aqueous decoction","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed without variance or statistic type; text says Tmax of BPCR is half that of FCR and CR"},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPCR aqueous decoction (CR processed with pig bile)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed without variance or statistic type; text says Tmax of BPCR is half that of FCR and CR"},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPCR aqueous decoction","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed without variance or statistic type; text says Tmax of BPCR is half that of FCR and CR"},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CR aqueous decoction (herbal; berberine analyte)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h before STZ; fasting at dosing NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"29.38","variance":"± 4.10 (SD)","units":"h ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FCR aqueous decoction","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"23.90","variance":"± 0.86 (SD)","units":"h ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPCR aqueous decoction (CR processed with pig bile)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"25.99","variance":"± 4.30 (SD)","units":"h ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPCR aqueous decoction","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"13.82","variance":"± 2.91 (SD)","units":"h ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CR aqueous decoction (herbal; berberine analyte)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h before STZ; fasting at dosing NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCINF_obs","value":"32.62","variance":"± 5.94 (SD)","units":"h ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FCR aqueous decoction","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCINF_obs","value":"24.50","variance":"± 0.99 (SD)","units":"h ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPCR aqueous decoction (CR processed with pig bile)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCINF_obs","value":"31.54","variance":"± 5.77 (SD)","units":"h ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41401085","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BPCR aqueous decoction","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCINF_obs","value":"17.31","variance":"± 4.59 (SD)","units":"h ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41488874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-loaded chitosan/SLN nanoparticles (berberine 50 mg + Witepsol 85E 40 mg, chitosan, Pluronic)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"399","variance":"± 26 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax ... 399 ± 26 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41488874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free berberine (suspension)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"141","variance":"± 35 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"141 ± 35 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41488874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-loaded chitosan/SLN nanoparticles (berberine 50 mg + Witepsol 85E 40 mg, chitosan, Pluronic)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Tmax ... 2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type and variance not printed"},{"pmid":"41488874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free berberine (suspension)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"lower Tmax (0.5 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type and variance not printed"},{"pmid":"41488874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-loaded chitosan/SLN nanoparticles (berberine 50 mg + Witepsol 85E 40 mg, chitosan, Pluronic)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not specified)","value":"2,926","variance":"± 75 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC (2,926 ± 75 ng/h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval not stated; units printed as ng/h/mL"},{"pmid":"41488874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free berberine (suspension)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not specified)","value":"692","variance":"± 74 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"free berberine (692 ± 74 ng/h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval not stated; units printed as ng/h/mL"},{"pmid":"41488874","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine-loaded chitosan/SLN nanoparticles (berberine 50 mg + Witepsol 85E 40 mg, chitosan, Pluronic)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BAR (relative bioavailability vs pure berberine suspension)","value":"2.8","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","quote":"relative bioavailability exhibited a 2.8-fold increase in the berberine nanoparticle group","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as 2.8-fold; value as printed in Table 2 and text. Ratio of the printed mean AUCs is not obviously 2.8 - reviewer may wish to check"},{"pmid":"41498108","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (structure from PubChem) (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"in silico prediction (pkCSM)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"predicted human intestinal absorption","value":"97.147","variance":"","units":"% Absorbed","location":"Table 2","quote":"predicted HIA values showed that these three compounds exhibited good absorption, with absorption rates exceeding 90%","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Computational prediction (pkCSM web server), NOT a measured value"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (>98%), suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na (Macklin / Yuanye (supplier))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"puerarin-berberine hydrochloride 1:1 cocrystal (liquid-assisted grinding), suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na (NA)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized water extract of Pueraria lobata + Coptidis rhizoma (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (>98%), suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na (Macklin / Yuanye (supplier))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.8","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"puerarin-berberine hydrochloride 1:1 cocrystal (liquid-assisted grinding), suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na (NA)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.2","variance":"± 0.9 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized water extract of Pueraria lobata + Coptidis rhizoma (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.8","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride (>98%), suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na (Macklin / Yuanye (supplier))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"40.2","variance":"± 2.8 (SD)","units":"μg/L.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"puerarin-berberine hydrochloride 1:1 cocrystal (liquid-assisted grinding), suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na (NA)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"55.3","variance":"± 3.7 (SD)","units":"μg/L.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41619558","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized water extract of Pueraria lobata + Coptidis rhizoma (NA)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"11.8","variance":"± 0.9 (SD)","units":"μg/L.h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Two-compartment model (DAS 2.0), per Table 3 footnote"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-SUSP drug suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"0.55 mg BER (with 0.625 mg RLZ) in 200 uL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated; text (Results, PK section) gives BER brain peak at 60 min for IV and 30 min for SUSP IN, which is inconsistent with Table 2"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-SUSP drug suspension, IN","forms":[],"dose":"NR 100 uL per nostril","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated; text (Results, PK section) gives BER brain peak at 60 min for IV and 30 min for SUSP IN, which is inconsistent with Table 2"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA nanoparticles (203.5 nm, zeta +34.7 mV, EE of BER 71.43%), IN","forms":[],"dose":"NR 100 uL per nostril","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"120","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-SUSP drug suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"0.55 mg BER (with 0.625 mg RLZ) in 200 uL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"412","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-SUSP drug suspension, IN","forms":[],"dose":"NR 100 uL per nostril","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"213","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA nanoparticles (203.5 nm, zeta +34.7 mV, EE of BER 71.43%), IN","forms":[],"dose":"NR 100 uL per nostril","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"596","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2; Abstract","quote":"intranasal RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA achieving Cmax levels of 596 ng/mL for BER","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-SUSP drug suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"0.55 mg BER (with 0.625 mg RLZ) in 200 uL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"38400","variance":"","units":"ng/ml*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-SUSP drug suspension, IN","forms":[],"dose":"NR 100 uL per nostril","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"37373","variance":"","units":"ng/ml*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated"},{"pmid":"41951843","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA nanoparticles (203.5 nm, zeta +34.7 mV, EE of BER 71.43%), IN","forms":[],"dose":"NR 100 uL per nostril","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"21 (3 rats per time point x 7)","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"136493","variance":"","units":"ng/ml*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis (PK Solver) of composite concentration-time data; statistic type and variance not stated"},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride, crystalline, in 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (Macklin (Shanghai))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"physical mixture (same composition as F7)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BH equivalent","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.94","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH-ASD formulation F7","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BH equivalent","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.67","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride, crystalline, in 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (Macklin (Shanghai))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"75.63","variance":"± 21.68 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"physical mixture (same composition as F7)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BH equivalent","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"70.90","variance":"± 41.67 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH-ASD formulation F7","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BH equivalent","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"158.43","variance":"± 71.34 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","quote":"Cmax increased from 75.63 ± 21.68 ng/mL for pure BH to 158.43 ± 71.34 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride, crystalline, in 0.5% CMC-Na suspension (Macklin (Shanghai))","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"178.84","variance":"± 21.68 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD printed as 21.68, identical to the SD of Cmax for BH (75.63 ± 21.68); possible duplication error in paper (also in text p.9)"},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"physical mixture (same composition as F7)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BH equivalent","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"250.86","variance":"± 132.58 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH-ASD formulation F7","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BH equivalent","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"394.42","variance":"± 168.02 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","quote":"AUC0-24h increased from 178.84 ± 21.68 ng·h/mL to 394.42 ± 168.02 ng·h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41998469","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BH-ASD formulation F7","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg BH equivalent","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in oral bioavailability vs crystalline BH (as stated in Abstract)","value":"2.21","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"in vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed a 2.21-fold increase in oral bioavailability relative to crystalline BH","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Results text p.11 says systemic exposure (AUC) increased approximately 2.2-fold"},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine raw drug (McLean Biochemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.63","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine raw drug (McLean Biochemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1.69","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine raw drug (McLean Biochemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine raw drug (McLean Biochemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.23","variance":"± 0.025 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-PEG-PLGA/F127/glycyrrhizic acid monoamine salt micelles (112.55 nm; EE 95.57%)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"4.34","variance":"± 0.40 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-PEG-PLGA/F127/glycyrrhizic acid monoamine salt micelles (112.55 nm; EE 95.57%)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4.46","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-PEG-PLGA/F127/glycyrrhizic acid monoamine salt micelles (112.55 nm; EE 95.57%)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results p.481) says both groups reached Cmax after 1 h, inconsistent with Table 4 Tmax 0.5 h for micelles; no SD or n printed for Tmax"},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-PEG-PLGA/F127/glycyrrhizic acid monoamine salt micelles (112.55 nm; EE 95.57%)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.37","variance":"± 0.055 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42228594","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA-PEG-PLGA/F127/glycyrrhizic acid monoamine salt micelles (112.55 nm; EE 95.57%)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative bioavailability (Fr) vs free berberine","value":"2.64","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results p.482","quote":"relative bioavailability 2.64-fold greater than that of free berberine","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calculation basis (which AUC) not stated; AUC0-t ratio from Table 4 is not recomputed here"},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BioSOLVE polysaccharide-matrix berberine formulation, dispersed in distilled water (Metaberine)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight (formulation weight)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8","value":"177.7","variance":"± 171.6 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"The AUC0-8 (177.7 ng·h/mL) of test substance was 2.6-fold higher","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SD close to mean (inter-animal variability)"},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BioSOLVE polysaccharide-matrix berberine formulation, dispersed in distilled water (Metaberine)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight (formulation weight)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48","value":"257.73","variance":"± 247.5 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BioSOLVE polysaccharide-matrix berberine formulation, dispersed in distilled water (Metaberine)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight (formulation weight)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"261.74","variance":"± 248.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BioSOLVE polysaccharide-matrix berberine formulation, dispersed in distilled water (Metaberine)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight (formulation weight)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"139.26","variance":"± 182.3 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"Cmax (139.26 ng/mL) was 11.3-fold higher","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Large inter-animal variability (SD exceeds mean)"},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"BioSOLVE polysaccharide-matrix berberine formulation, dispersed in distilled water (Metaberine)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight (formulation weight)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Earliest sampling 0.5 h, so true Tmax may be earlier; SD 0.00 (no variability), not statistically compared"},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, Sigma-Aldrich India, suspended in 0.5% CMC (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8","value":"68.28","variance":"± 18.75 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, Sigma-Aldrich India, suspended in 0.5% CMC (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48","value":"153.9","variance":"± 30.48 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, Sigma-Aldrich India, suspended in 0.5% CMC (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"157.15","variance":"± 31.36 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, Sigma-Aldrich India, suspended in 0.5% CMC (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.32","variance":"± 4.12 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine, Sigma-Aldrich India, suspended in 0.5% CMC (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8.00","variance":"± 7.46 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax not statistically compared"},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-8 per mg/kg active berberine, test vs conventional (author-stated)","value":"8.6","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results p.5 (text gives 8.59)","quote":"8.6-fold higher AUC0-8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-reported fold change; normalisation to active content basis not shown (active content of test substance not stated)"},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-48 per mg/kg active berberine, test vs conventional (author-stated)","value":"5.5","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results p.5","quote":"5.5-fold higher AUC0-48","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-reported fold change; normalisation to active content basis not shown (active content of test substance not stated)"},{"pmid":"42367479","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"berberine (unchanged parent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Cmax per mg/kg active berberine, test vs conventional (author-stated)","value":"37.3","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results p.6","quote":"37.3-fold higher Cmax per mg/kg active","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-reported fold change; normalisation to active content basis not shown (active content of test substance not stated)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (berberine sulfate trihydrate, Wako)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (Table I: 0.1 g/kg) mg/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"0.713","variance":"± 0.116 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"(AUC24h calculated by trapezoidal formula per text)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (berberine sulfate trihydrate, Wako)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (Table I: 0.1 g/kg) mg/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.083","variance":"± 0.007 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (berberine sulfate trihydrate, Wako)","forms":[],"dose":"100 (Table I: 0.1 g/kg) mg/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.4","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (berberine sulfate trihydrate, Wako)","forms":[],"dose":"300 (Table I: 0.3 g/kg) mg/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"0.981","variance":"± 0.182 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"(AUC24h calculated by trapezoidal formula per text)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (berberine sulfate trihydrate, Wako)","forms":[],"dose":"300 (Table I: 0.3 g/kg) mg/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.108","variance":"± 0.015 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"berberine (berberine sulfate trihydrate, Wako)","forms":[],"dose":"300 (Table I: 0.3 g/kg) mg/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of Coptis japonica var. dissecta rhizome","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"0.157","variance":"± 0.009 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscripts a,b (AUC24h calculated by trapezoidal formula per text)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of Coptis japonica var. dissecta rhizome","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.027","variance":"± 0.023 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscripts a,b; SE (0.023) is almost as large as the mean, as printed"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of Coptis japonica var. dissecta rhizome","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.8","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscript b"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of Coptis japonica var. dissecta rhizome","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"0.517","variance":"± 0.109 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscript b (AUC24h calculated by trapezoidal formula per text)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of Coptis japonica var. dissecta rhizome","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.127","variance":"± 0.050 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of Coptis japonica var. dissecta rhizome","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.6","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of cultured Coptis japonica cells (callus)","forms":[],"dose":"3.1 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"0.170","variance":"± 0.018 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscripts a-c (AUC24h calculated by trapezoidal formula per text)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of cultured Coptis japonica cells (callus)","forms":[],"dose":"3.1 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.030","variance":"± 0.020 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscripts a-c"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of cultured Coptis japonica cells (callus)","forms":[],"dose":"3.1 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.8","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscripts b,c"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of cultured Coptis japonica cells (callus)","forms":[],"dose":"6.2 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"0.435","variance":"± 0.076 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscripts b,d (AUC24h calculated by trapezoidal formula per text)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of cultured Coptis japonica cells (callus)","forms":[],"dose":"6.2 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.118","variance":"± 0.020 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscript d"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried hot-water extract of cultured Coptis japonica cells (callus)","forms":[],"dose":"6.2 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.6","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote superscripts printed: superscript d"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"as arm D","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"0.508","variance":"± 0.004 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"(AUC24h calculated by trapezoidal formula per text)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"as arm D","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.088","variance":"± 0.015 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"as arm D","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no 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dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"0.524","variance":"± 0.039 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"(AUC24h calculated by trapezoidal formula per text)"},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"extracts mixed before oral gavage","forms":[],"dose":"6.2 + 3.0 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.097","variance":"± 0.011 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8463958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"extracts mixed before oral gavage","forms":[],"dose":"6.2 + 3.0 g/kg p.o.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h before dosing; no feed during experiment","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.6","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19782362","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"control diet 0.15% cholesterol, 5% fat","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed ad libitum; food withdrawn 2 h before sacrifice","n":"15","analyte":"dietary cholesterol (18O-cholesterol oral / 13C-cholesterol iv)","matrix":"red blood cell free cholesterol","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional cholesterol absorption, dual isotope ratio, 72 h","value":"65.4","variance":"± 2.57 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"OFF-TARGET: cholesterol absorption, not berberine absorption"},{"pmid":"19782362","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride (Sigma, >98%)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"0.17 % w:w in diet (equivalent to 100 mg kg-1 d-1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; food withdrawn 2 h before sacrifice","n":"15","analyte":"dietary cholesterol (18O-cholesterol oral / 13C-cholesterol iv)","matrix":"red blood cell free cholesterol","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional cholesterol absorption, dual isotope ratio, 72 h","value":"58.8","variance":"± 2.79 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"OFF-TARGET: cholesterol absorption, not berberine absorption"},{"pmid":"19782362","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"plant stanols (>92%)","forms":[],"dose":"1 % in diet","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed ad libitum; food withdrawn 2 h before sacrifice","n":"15","analyte":"dietary cholesterol (18O-cholesterol oral / 13C-cholesterol iv)","matrix":"red blood cell free cholesterol","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional cholesterol absorption, dual isotope ratio, 72 h","value":"36.6","variance":"± 0.88 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"OFF-TARGET: cholesterol absorption, not berberine absorption"},{"pmid":"19782362","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine chloride + plant stanols","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"0.17 % BBR + 1% PS in diet","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; food withdrawn 2 h before sacrifice","n":"15","analyte":"dietary cholesterol (18O-cholesterol oral / 13C-cholesterol iv)","matrix":"red blood cell free cholesterol","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional cholesterol absorption, dual isotope ratio, 72 h","value":"18.7","variance":"± 1.03 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"OFF-TARGET: cholesterol absorption, not berberine absorption"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, Pollen typhae, Alisma orientalis (30, 9, 15, 15, 15 g); contains berberine 8.39, palmatine 1.74, jatrorrhizine 0.96 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"3.733 ml/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Dose in Table 5 title is 7.67 ml/kg; Methods/Results text say 3.733 ml/kg; Fig. 5 caption says 7.467 ml/kg (n=5); ± type not defined; 'on-target' analyte"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, Pollen typhae, Alisma orientalis (30, 9, 15, 15, 15 g); contains berberine 8.39, palmatine 1.74, jatrorrhizine 0.96 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"3.733 ml/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"327.73","variance":"± 29.64 (NR)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Dose in Table 5 title is 7.67 ml/kg; Methods/Results text say 3.733 ml/kg; Fig. 5 caption says 7.467 ml/kg (n=5); ± type not defined; 'on-target' analyte"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, Pollen typhae, Alisma orientalis (30, 9, 15, 15, 15 g); contains berberine 8.39, palmatine 1.74, jatrorrhizine 0.96 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"3.733 ml/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"299.04","variance":"± 22.07 (NR)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Dose in Table 5 title is 7.67 ml/kg; Methods/Results text say 3.733 ml/kg; Fig. 5 caption says 7.467 ml/kg (n=5); ± type not defined; 'on-target' analyte"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, 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h","n":"6","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"147.33","variance":"± 9.01 (NR)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Dose in Table 5 title is 7.67 ml/kg; Methods/Results text say 3.733 ml/kg; Fig. 5 caption says 7.467 ml/kg (n=5); ± type not defined; co-analyte (not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, Pollen typhae, Alisma orientalis (30, 9, 15, 15, 15 g); contains berberine 8.39, palmatine 1.74, jatrorrhizine 0.96 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"3.733 ml/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"palmatine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"1440.81","variance":"± 284.91 (NR)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Dose in Table 5 title is 7.67 ml/kg; Methods/Results text say 3.733 ml/kg; Fig. 5 caption says 7.467 ml/kg (n=5); ± type not defined; co-analyte (not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, Pollen typhae, Alisma orientalis (30, 9, 15, 15, 15 g); contains berberine 8.39, palmatine 1.74, jatrorrhizine 0.96 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"3.733 ml/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Dose in Table 5 title is 7.67 ml/kg; Methods/Results text say 3.733 ml/kg; Fig. 5 caption says 7.467 ml/kg (n=5); ± type not defined; co-analyte (not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, Pollen typhae, Alisma orientalis (30, 9, 15, 15, 15 g); contains berberine 8.39, palmatine 1.74, jatrorrhizine 0.96 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"3.733 ml/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"71.30","variance":"± 7.72 (NR)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Dose in Table 5 title is 7.67 ml/kg; Methods/Results text say 3.733 ml/kg; Fig. 5 caption says 7.467 ml/kg (n=5); ± type not defined; co-analyte (not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, Pollen typhae, Alisma orientalis (30, 9, 15, 15, 15 g); contains berberine 8.39, palmatine 1.74, jatrorrhizine 0.96 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"3.733 ml/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"jatrorrhizine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"1099.54","variance":"± 292.67 (NR)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Dose in Table 5 title is 7.67 ml/kg; Methods/Results text say 3.733 ml/kg; Fig. 5 caption says 7.467 ml/kg (n=5); ± type not defined; co-analyte (not the listed supplement)"},{"pmid":"21890297","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"decoction of Radix astragali, Coptis rhizome, Artemisia scoparia, Pollen typhae, Alisma orientalis (30, 9, 15, 15, 15 g); contains berberine 8.39, palmatine 1.74, jatrorrhizine 0.96 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"3.733 ml/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"berberine tmax in Results text","value":"0.25","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.1014","quote":"The time to reach the maximum plasma drug concentration was 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 h for berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text gives palmatine 0.5 h and jatrorrhizine 0.75 h; Table 5 gives palmatine 0.75 h and jatrorrhizine 0.50 h"},{"pmid":"23180226","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"orally disintegrating tablet, taste-masked microcapsules","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"125.96","variance":"± 26.56 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results, In Vivo Study p.36","quote":"values were 125.96±26.56 ng/ml, 1.02±0.44 h, and 699.29±44.75 ng·h/ml, respectively for taste-masked ODTs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic type not explicitly stated; reported as value±SD"},{"pmid":"23180226","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"orally disintegrating tablet, taste-masked microcapsules","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.02","variance":"± 0.44 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results, In Vivo Study p.36","quote":"values were 125.96±26.56 ng/ml, 1.02±0.44 h, and 699.29±44.75 ng·h/ml, respectively for taste-masked ODTs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"stat type assumed mean±SD as printed; Tmax analysed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test; statistic type not explicitly stated; reported as value±SD"},{"pmid":"23180226","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"orally disintegrating tablet, taste-masked microcapsules","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"699.29","variance":"± 44.75 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Results, In Vivo Study p.36","quote":"values were 125.96±26.56 ng/ml, 1.02±0.44 h, and 699.29±44.75 ng·h/ml, respectively for taste-masked ODTs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic type not explicitly stated; reported as value±SD"},{"pmid":"23180226","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"commercial tablet","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"129.49","variance":"± 24.54 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results, In Vivo Study p.36","quote":"129.49±24.54 ng/ml, 1.09±0.37 h and 675.84±47.34 ng·h/ml, respectively for commercial tablets","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic type not explicitly stated; reported as value±SD"},{"pmid":"23180226","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"commercial tablet","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.09","variance":"± 0.37 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results, In Vivo Study p.36","quote":"129.49±24.54 ng/ml, 1.09±0.37 h and 675.84±47.34 ng·h/ml, respectively for commercial tablets","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"stat type assumed mean±SD as printed; Tmax analysed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test; statistic type not explicitly stated; reported as value±SD"},{"pmid":"23180226","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"commercial tablet","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"berberine hydrochloride","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"675.84","variance":"± 47.34 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Results, In Vivo Study p.36","quote":"129.49±24.54 ng/ml, 1.09±0.37 h and 675.84±47.34 ng·h/ml, respectively for commercial tablets","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic type not explicitly stated; reported as value±SD"},{"pmid":"25411028","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"33.2","variance":"± 8.6 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"i.g. route"},{"pmid":"25411028","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.2","variance":"± 0.9 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"also Discussion 4.2"},{"pmid":"25411028","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"54.2","variance":"± 7.6 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"** vs 50 mg kg-1 i.g."},{"pmid":"25411028","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.0","variance":"± 3.3 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"** vs 50 mg kg-1 i.g.; also Discussion 4.2"},{"pmid":"25411028","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"82.3","variance":"± 22.1 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"i.p. route"},{"pmid":"25411028","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"20.0","variance":"± 9.1 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"i.p. route"},{"pmid":"25411028","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"363.3","variance":"± 99.1 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"dagger-dagger vs 0.5 mg kg-1 i.p."},{"pmid":"25411028","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 16 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"98.0","variance":"± 29.7 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"dagger-dagger vs 0.5 mg kg-1 i.p."},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0−48 h)","value":"13175.62","variance":"± 5426.29 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"single 50 mg/kg oral dose"},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0−∞)","value":"13850.39","variance":"± 6180.73 (SD)","units":"ng/mL *min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"single 50 mg/kg oral dose"},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"36.88","variance":"± 23.45 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"single 50 mg/kg oral dose"},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M11 (glucuronic acid conjugated thalifendine)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"metabolite Cmax, single dose","value":"5.63","variance":"± 3.07 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"M11, M12, M14 relative quantities calculated from standard curves of M1, M2 and M4 respectively (Methods)"},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M2 (berberrubine)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"metabolite Cmax, single dose","value":"0.89","variance":"± 0.56 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M14 (glucuronic acid conjugated jatrorrhizine)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"metabolite Cmax, single dose","value":"0.82","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"M11, M12, M14 relative quantities calculated from standard curves of M1, M2 and M4 respectively (Methods)"},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M1 (thalifendine)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"metabolite Cmax, single dose","value":"0.64","variance":"± 0.59 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M12 (glucuronic acid conjugated berberrubine)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"metabolite Cmax, single dose","value":"0.44","variance":"± 0.20 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"M11, M12, M14 relative quantities calculated from standard curves of M1, M2 and M4 respectively (Methods)"},{"pmid":"29618977","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine (J&K Scientific) (J&K Scientific)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"M11","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"phase II metabolites peak time (discussion)","value":"240","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Discussion p.12","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Phase I metabolite peak at 360 min per Discussion"},{"pmid":"30290822","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine suspension (BBR) (Baoji Natural Plant Development Co. 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DMSO, diluted with water), 1 mg/ml","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml (single dose 1 ml)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"BBR-I (berberine HCl dissolved in DMSO, diluted with water), 1 mg/ml","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml (single dose 1 ml)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1607.04","variance":"± 221.91 (SD)","units":"ng/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints units as ng/L; Results text refers to ng/ml"},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"BBR-I, 1 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"23,451.97","variance":"± 7387.07 (SD)","units":"ng/L*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"BBR-I, 1 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.40","variance":"± 1.48 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"BBR-I, 1 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5001.54","variance":"± 1274.02 (SD)","units":"ng/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints units as ng/L; Results text refers to ng/ml"},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Phospholipid-based phase separation gel, 1 mg/ml BBR","forms":[],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"94,679.83","variance":"± 7280.92 (SD)","units":"ng/L*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Phospholipid-based phase separation gel, 1 mg/ml BBR","forms":[],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.70","variance":"± 0.27 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Phospholipid-based phase separation gel, 1 mg/ml BBR","forms":[],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2425.81","variance":"± 220.12 (SD)","units":"ng/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints units as ng/L; Results text refers to ng/ml"},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"BBR-I, 1 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 ml/joint of 1 mg/ml, each knee joint of hind legs once","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"24,810.21","variance":"± 1990.16 (SD)","units":"ng/L*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"BBR-I, 1 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 ml/joint of 1 mg/ml, each knee joint of hind legs once","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.30","variance":"± 0.11 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"BBR-I, 1 mg/ml","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 ml/joint of 1 mg/ml, each knee joint of hind legs once","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3177.57","variance":"± 943.79 (SD)","units":"ng/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Phospholipid-based phase separation gel, 1 mg/ml BBR","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 ml/joint of 1 mg/ml, each knee joint once","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"87,734.04","variance":"± 6819.04 (SD)","units":"ng/L*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Phospholipid-based phase separation gel, 1 mg/ml BBR","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 ml/joint of 1 mg/ml, each knee joint once","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Phospholipid-based phase separation gel, 1 mg/ml BBR","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 ml/joint of 1 mg/ml, each knee joint once","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4078.12","variance":"± 1660.84 (SD)","units":"ng/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547331","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Phospholipid-based phase separation gel, 1 mg/ml BBR","forms":[],"dose":"1 ml of 1 mg/ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"BBR-PPSG-S vs other groups, author-stated fold ('nearly 9-fold')","value":"nearly 9-fold","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) by nearly 9-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author approximation; comparator not specified"},{"pmid":"39923615","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride aqueous solution (Yabang Pharma of Changzhou)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"2.0 mg/Kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3 per time point (36 total per Abstract)","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"muscle tissue (Table column: Muscle)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"159.71","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 unit is ng/mL; Abstract/text give tissue concentrations in ng/g."},{"pmid":"39923615","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride aqueous solution (Yabang Pharma of Changzhou)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"2.0 mg/Kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3 per time point (36 total per Abstract)","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"muscle tissue (Table column: Muscle)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"22,094","variance":"","units":"ng/mL × h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39923615","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride aqueous solution (Yabang Pharma of Changzhou)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"2.0 mg/Kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3 per time point (36 total per Abstract)","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"muscle tissue (Table column: Muscle)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"53,112","variance":"","units":"ng/mL × h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39923615","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride aqueous solution (Yabang Pharma of Changzhou)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"2.0 mg/Kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3 per time point (36 total per Abstract)","analyte":"berberine (BBR)","matrix":"all eight tissues","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of Cmax","value":"24","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Abstract","quote":"The maximum BBR concentrations (Cmax) in all tissues were achieved 24 h after the administration of the intraperitoneal injection.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"First sampling time was 24 h; Tmax may be earlier."},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glipizide oral","forms":[],"dose":"0.67 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.50","variance":"± 0.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride tablets (100 mg each) for 7 days, then glipizide (Jiangsu Yabang Epson Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 10 mg/kg twice daily x 7 days; glipizide 0.67 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before glipizide","n":"6","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.83","variance":"± 1.17 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glipizide oral","forms":[],"dose":"0.67 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"727.37","variance":"± 244.89 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride tablets (100 mg each) for 7 days, then glipizide (Jiangsu Yabang Epson Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 10 mg/kg twice daily x 7 days; glipizide 0.67 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before glipizide","n":"6","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1110.74","variance":"± 249.67 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* significant vs glipizide alone (p<0.05), paired t-test"},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glipizide oral","forms":[],"dose":"0.67 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"5867.62","variance":"± 2296.64 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride tablets (100 mg each) for 7 days, then glipizide (Jiangsu Yabang Epson Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 10 mg/kg twice daily x 7 days; glipizide 0.67 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before glipizide","n":"6","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"9405.64","variance":"± 2700.87 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* significant vs glipizide alone (p<0.05), paired t-test"},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"glipizide oral","forms":[],"dose":"0.67 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"5966.88","variance":"± 2310.90 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine hydrochloride tablets (100 mg each) for 7 days, then glipizide (Jiangsu Yabang Epson Pharmaceutical Co.)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"BBR 10 mg/kg twice daily x 7 days; glipizide 0.67 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before glipizide","n":"6","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"9646.21","variance":"± 2707.52 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* significant vs glipizide alone (p<0.05), paired t-test"},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"% higher after BBR (text)","value":"52.71","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2 p.3","quote":"Cmax 52.71% higher than when used alone, with AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) being 60.29% and 61.66% higher","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Percent changes as printed in text; not recomputed"},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t) % higher after BBR (text)","value":"60.29","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2 p.3","quote":"Cmax 52.71% higher than when used alone, with AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) being 60.29% and 61.66% higher","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Percent changes as printed in text; not recomputed"},{"pmid":"40761345","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"glipizide","matrix":"beagle dog plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞) % higher after BBR (text)","value":"61.66","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2 p.3","quote":"Cmax 52.71% higher than when used alone, with AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) being 60.29% and 61.66% higher","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Percent changes as printed in text; not recomputed"},{"pmid":"7795781","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"berberine sulfate injection (Stopin (Kyorin))","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"0.84","variance":"± 0.27 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC time range not stated (presumably to infinity from biexponential fit)."},{"pmid":"27217747","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Berberine solution","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg (Methods) / mg/kg (as printed in Results)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"simulated plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"simulated, oral 300 dose, F = 0.05","value":"0.3977","variance":"","units":"mg/L","location":"Results p.1695","quote":"only Cmax =0.3977 mg/L obtained for the same 300 mg/kg dose of free Brb (reported oral BA =5%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SIMULATED, not measured"},{"pmid":"27217747","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"PEG-PE/TPGS mixed micelles of berberine","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"300 mg (Methods) / mg/kg (as printed in Results)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"simulated plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"simulated, oral 300 dose, assumed F = 0.15","value":"1.2257","variance":"","units":"mg/kg","location":"Results p.1695","quote":"a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1.2257 mg/kg can be projected for Brb-mMic (estimated oral BA =15%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SIMULATED, not measured. Unit printed as mg/kg for micelle vs mg/L for free Brb; F = 0.15 is an assumption (3-fold TPGS effect), so the Cmax gain reflects the assumed F"},{"pmid":"27217747","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Berberine solution","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg (Methods) / mg/kg (as printed in Results)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"simulated plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, simulated IV bolus 100","value":"1.979","variance":"","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Results p.1696","quote":"AUC0–∞ attained after a single 100 mg/kg bolus IV dose of Brb-sol was 1.979 mg/h/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SIMULATED, not measured; canine IV, absolute BA 100% assumed"},{"pmid":"27217747","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"PEG-PE/TPGS mixed micelles of berberine","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg (Methods) / mg/kg (as printed in Results)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"simulated plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, simulated IV bolus 100, assumed t1/2 = 6 h","value":"69.308","variance":"","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Results p.1696","quote":"achieved a projected AUC0–∞=69.308 mg/h/L, ~37-fold higher compared to free drug injection","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SIMULATED; result driven by assumed t1/2 of 6 h for micelles vs 0.15 h for free Brb. Abstract states 'up to 30-fold' projected improvement"},{"pmid":"27217747","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"PEG-PE/TPGS mixed micelles of berberine","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (Results text and Fig. 4 legend say 2.5; Methods text says 25 mg)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"simulated plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, simulated IV bolus 2.5, assumed t1/2 = 6 h","value":"1.7754","variance":"","units":"mg/h/L","location":"Results p.1696","quote":"simulated 40-fold lower IV dose of Brb-mMic (2.5 mg/kg) was projected to attain AUC0–∞ value of 1.7754 mg/h/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SIMULATED, not measured"},{"pmid":"28035611","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl gastric floating tablets (HPMC K15M + Carbopol 971PNF + NaHCO3) (prepared in-house)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 tablets, each 80 mg Ber mg per tablet","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"5415.188","variance":"± 9.384 (SD)","units":"ug/L*h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28035611","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablets (Baijingyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, No. 150508)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"4 tablets, each 100 mg Ber mg per tablet","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1465.731","variance":"± 57.045 (SD)","units":"ug/L*h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table IV marks ** vs test"},{"pmid":"28035611","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl gastric floating tablets (HPMC K15M + Carbopol 971PNF + NaHCO3) (prepared in-house)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 tablets, each 80 mg Ber mg per 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tablet","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.15","variance":"± 0.23 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28035611","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablets (Baijingyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, No. 150508)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"4 tablets, each 100 mg Ber mg per tablet","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.25","variance":"± 0.345 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table IV marks ** vs test"},{"pmid":"28035611","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Berberine HCl gastric floating tablets (HPMC K15M + Carbopol 971PNF + NaHCO3) (prepared in-house)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"5 tablets, each 80 mg Ber mg per tablet","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"536.927","variance":"± 5.775 (SD)","units":"ug/L","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28035611","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Berberine hydrochloride tablets (Baijingyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, No. 150508)","forms":["hcl"],"dose":"4 tablets, each 100 mg Ber mg per tablet","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"592.93","variance":"± 59.575 (SD)","units":"ug/L","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark in Table IV"},{"pmid":"35048143","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal extract (6 capsules, 2.7 g, 4.9% berberine)","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"11","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"PBPK model prediction","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax (ng mL-1) 1.2 ± 0.8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Predicted, not observed"},{"pmid":"35048143","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal extract (6 capsules, 2.7 g, 4.9% berberine)","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"11","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"clinically observed value","value":"1.1","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax (ng mL-1) 1.1 ± 1.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Observed value taken from earlier clinical study; statistic type not stated; variance symbol printed as ±"},{"pmid":"35048143","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal extract (6 capsules, 2.7 g, 4.9% berberine)","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"11","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax, PBPK model prediction","value":"2.8","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"tmax (h) 2.8 ± 0.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Predicted"},{"pmid":"35048143","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal extract (6 capsules, 2.7 g, 4.9% berberine)","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"11","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax, clinically observed value","value":"3.0","variance":"± 3.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"tmax (h) 3.0 ± 3.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Observed"},{"pmid":"35048143","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal extract (6 capsules, 2.7 g, 4.9% berberine)","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"11","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, PBPK model prediction","value":"10","variance":"± 7 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC0-inf (ng h mL-1) 10 ± 7","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Predicted"},{"pmid":"35048143","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal extract (6 capsules, 2.7 g, 4.9% berberine)","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"11","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, clinically observed value","value":"11","variance":"± 6 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC0-inf (ng h mL-1) 11 ± 6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Observed"},{"pmid":"35048143","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Goldenseal extract (6 capsules, 2.7 g, 4.9% berberine)","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg berberine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"11","analyte":"berberine","matrix":"","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fa, model input parameter (first-order absorption model)","value":"0.02","variance":"","units":"fraction","location":"Table 1","quote":"fag 0.02","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Assumed/optimised model input, not a measured value; footnote g: predicted in Simcyp"}],"studies":{"7795781":{"pmid":"7795781","title":"Determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile by high-performance liquid chromatography.","authors":"Chen CM, Chang HC","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications","year":"1995","volume":"665","issue":"1","pages":"117-23","doi":"10.1016/0378-4347(94)00517-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7795781/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"randomized crossover (IV vs IM described as crossover; design details NR)","n":"6 (IV and IM); biliary excretion n NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an HPLC assay paper; contains IV/IM rabbit PK of berberine (IV compartmental parameters, IM absolute bioavailability, urinary/biliary excretion). No oral administration. IM parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC) not tabulated; plasma curves figure-only. Assay validation data not extracted.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the HPLC assay used in this study has high specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility, and is suitable for the determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile samples.","limitations":"no oral route studied; IM PK parameters and plasma profiles figure-only; small n (6); OCR text layer noisy; Table 2 and Table 1 verified on page image; most of dose unaccounted for"},"8463958":{"pmid":"8463958","title":"[Comparative studies on concentration of berberine in plasma after oral administration of coptidis rhizoma extract, its cultured cells extract, and combined use of these extracts and glycyrrhizae radix extract in rats].","authors":"Ozaki Y, Suzuki H, Satake M","journal":"Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan","year":"1993","volume":"113","issue":"1","pages":"63-9","doi":"10.1248/yakushi1947.113.1_63","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8463958/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups, single oral dose (rat PK)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of berberine (pure compound) vs berberine-containing herbal extracts; the main text is in Japanese with English abstract, tables and figure captions.","conclusion":"The values of Tmax, Cmax and AUC24h of berberine after oral administration of both extracts were about the same. The values ... after oral administration of both extracts and an aqueous extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix were about the same as that of individual administration of both extracts.","limitations":"rats, extracts dosed in g/kg (berberine dose inferred by authors only); n=5 per group; figure-only time-course; berberine salt/dose basis not stated for pure compound arms; SE larger than mean in one cell (arm C Cmax); Japanese main text (translated)"},"10534753":{"pmid":"10534753","title":"Relationship between the clinical effects of berberine on severe congestive heart failure and its concentration in plasma studied by HPLC.","authors":"Zeng X, Zeng X","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"1999","volume":"13","issue":"7","pages":"442-4","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199911)13:7<442::AID-BMC908>3.0.CO;2-A","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10534753/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"56","status":"partial","statusNote":"Efficacy/plasma-concentration relationship in CHF; PK limited to single 2.4 h plasma level and a brief Tmax statement from 5 patients.","conclusion":"The results showed that the decrease in frequency and complexity of VPBs and the increase in LVEF for patients is related to their plasma berberine concentrations.","limitations":"groups defined post hoc by plasma level; single timepoint; no PK parameters besides brief Tmax; dose basis (salt vs base) not stated; single-dose PK data not shown"},"12186383":{"pmid":"12186383","title":"Simultaneous determination of berberine in rat blood, liver and bile using microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography.","authors":"Tsai Pi, Tsai TH","journal":"Journal of chromatography. A","year":"2002","volume":"961","issue":"1","pages":"125-30","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12186383/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rat, 280-320 g)","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target: berberine given i.v. to rats (route noted); unbound berberine by microdialysis in blood, liver and bile.","conclusion":"The data obtained suggest that berberine may be excreted in the bile.","limitations":"i.v. administration only; anesthetized rats; n = 6; variance type not stated for PK parameters; unbound concentrations after recovery correction; time curves figure-only"},"12530470":{"pmid":"12530470","title":"The involvement of P-glycoprotein in berberine absorption.","authors":"Pan GY, Wang GJ, Liu XD, Fawcett JP, Xie YY","journal":"Pharmacology & toxicology","year":"2002","volume":"91","issue":"4","pages":"193-7","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.t01-1-910403.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12530470/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rat, 240-260 g) and in vitro (Caco-2)","design":"other (in vivo perfusion plus in vitro models)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target berberine; rat in vivo perfusion and in vitro (everted sac, Ussing chamber, Caco-2) models; P-glycoprotein inhibitor effects. Not human oral.","conclusion":"P-glycoprotein appears to contribute to the poor intestinal absorption of berberine which suggests P-glycoprotein inhibitors could be of therapeutic value by improving its bioavailability.","limitations":"animal and in vitro models; small n; absolute values in perfusion experiment figure-only; non-human, no oral dosing; variance not given for perfusion %"},"15039293":{"pmid":"15039293","title":"Hepatobiliary excretion of berberine.","authors":"Tsai PL, Tsai TH","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2004","volume":"32","issue":"4","pages":"405-12","doi":"10.1124/dmd.32.4.405","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039293/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rat, 300 ± 50 g)","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target berberine given i.v. to rats (route noted); microdialysis of unbound berberine in blood, liver and bile with transporter/enzyme inhibitors.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the studies reveal that CsA, quinidine, and SKF-525A all interact with berberine and, additionally, that P-gp and P450 may play important roles in the regulation of hepatobiliary excretion and liver metabolism for berberine in rats.","limitations":"i.v. only, rat, anesthetized; n=6 per group; unbound concentrations recovery-corrected; time curves figure-only; CsA text/Table inconsistencies on berberine dose; quinidine bile AUC not calculable"},"15996686":{"pmid":"15996686","title":"Kinetic difference of berberine between hippocampus and plasma in rat after intravenous administration of Coptidis rhizoma extract.","authors":"Wang X, Wang R, Xing D, Su H, Ma C, Ding Y, Du L","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2005","volume":"77","issue":"24","pages":"3058-67","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2005.02.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15996686/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rat, 180-220 g)","design":"single-arm","n":"60","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target berberine (as Coptidis rhizoma extract, 29.4% berberine) given i.v. to rats; hippocampus and plasma PK. Not oral; route noted.","conclusion":"Following intravenous administration of C. rhizoma extract, the results showed that berberine could penetrate through the blood–brain barrier to reach the hippocampus and the kinetic characteristics of berberine are dissimilar in different tissues, especially in the hippocampus and plasma.","limitations":"i.v. only, rat; herbal extract not pure berberine; destructive sampling n=5 per time point; hippocampus Ka label (i.v. dosing); table footnote says thalamus rather than hippocampus; time curves figure-only"},"16133554":{"pmid":"16133554","title":"Effects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"Wu X, Li Q, Xin H, Yu A, Zhong M","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2005","volume":"61","issue":"8","pages":"567-72","doi":"10.1007/s00228-005-0952-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16133554/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"104 (clinical); 6 (PK)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is cyclosporin A (CsA) blood concentration/PK, not berberine; berberine (BBR hydrochloride 0.2 g tid) is the interacting agent and its own concentrations were not measured.","conclusion":"The BBR can markedly elevate the blood concentration of CsA in renal-transplant recipients in both clinical and pharmacokinetic studies.","limitations":"off-target analyte (CsA, not berberine); berberine concentrations not measured; PK n=6; clinical study not blinded; CI upper limits duplicated in text"},"16293389":{"pmid":"16293389","title":"Simultaneous determination of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma by HPLC-ESI-MS after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction and the pharmacokinetic application of the method.","authors":"Lu T, Liang Y, Song J, Xie L, Wang GJ, Liu XD","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2006","volume":"40","issue":"5","pages":"1218-24","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2005.09.023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16293389/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of berberine (and palmatine) after oral Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction extract; primarily an LC-MS assay validation paper with one PK table.","conclusion":"In the present study, a highly selective and sensitive LC-ESI-MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma after oral administration of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction.","limitations":"n = 5 rats, single dose, single group; multi-herb decoction; berberine dose given as component of extract; no IV arm, so no bioavailability; non-compartmental analysis; AUC(0-T) with T not specified in table; Fig. 5 concentration-time data figure-only"},"16730245":{"pmid":"16730245","title":"Simultaneous determination of baicalin, rhein and berberine in rat plasma by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography.","authors":"Yi L, Jian-Ping G, Xu X, Lixin D","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2006","volume":"838","issue":"1","pages":"50-5","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730245/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5 (per figure captions)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an HPLC assay-development paper; rat PK reported only as a Cmax/Tmax statement in text for berberine (from Xiexin-Tang decoction) plus figure curve. No PK table, no AUC/t1/2.","conclusion":"The suitability of the method was proved in the plasma concentration-time curve study of baicalin, rhein and berberine after oral administration of Xiexin-Tang decoction in rats.","limitations":"assay-development paper; PK reported in text only; no SD, AUC, t1/2 reported; multi-herb decoction; large inter-animal variability; berberine below LOD in some rats; n printed only in figure captions; profile figure-only"},"16956957":{"pmid":"16956957","title":"Pharmacokinetics of berberine and its main metabolites in conventional and pseudo germ-free rats determined by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry.","authors":"Zuo F, Nakamura N, Akao T, Hattori M","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2006","volume":"34","issue":"12","pages":"2064-72","doi":"10.1124/dmd.106.011361","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16956957/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR (PK n = 4 per Methods wording; see notes)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK (p.o. berberine 40 mg/kg) of berberine and four main metabolites in conventional vs pseudo germ-free rats, plus in situ jejunal loop absorption.","conclusion":"The intestinal flora did not exert significant metabolic activity against Ber and its metabolites, but it played a significant role in the enterohepatic circulation of metabolites. In this sense, the liver and intestinal bacteria participate in the metabolism and disposition of Ber in vivo.","limitations":"small n (n = 4 stated; per-group n unclear); PK parameters computed from mean concentration at each time point, no variance; no statistical test details or p-values printed; no IV arm so no bioavailability; M2 only semi-quantified (relative to M1) because standard insufficient; Cmax/Tmax only approximate from text, otherwise figure-only"},"17038766":{"pmid":"17038766","title":"Interaction of [HgX4]2- with berberine by absorption and resonance Rayleigh-scattering spectra and their analytical applications.","authors":"Peng J, Liu S, Shi Y, Liu Z","journal":"Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry","year":"2006","volume":"22","issue":"10","pages":"1301-5","doi":"10.2116/analsci.22.1301","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17038766/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Analytical chemistry paper: spectrophotometric/resonance Rayleigh-scattering method for determining berberine via ion-association with [HgX4]2-; 'absorption' refers to optical absorption spectra. Applied to Chinese patent drugs and Coptis chinensis extracts; no biological absorption, bioavailability or PK data.","conclusion":"A new, simple and fast RRS method for the determination of berberine based on the ion-association reaction of [HgI4]2- with Ber+ was developed.","limitations":""},"17531424":{"pmid":"17531424","title":"Determination of berberine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.","authors":"Hua W, Ding L, Chen Y, Gong B, He J, Xu G","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2007","volume":"44","issue":"4","pages":"931-7","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531424/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"LC-ESI-MS assay validation with application to a 20-subject bioequivalence/PK study of 400 mg berberine tablets (test vs reference).","conclusion":"The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic study of berberine in human subjects.","limitations":"assay-validation paper; PK reported briefly; fed/fasted state, washout and randomization not stated; no statistical comparison details (no CI/p-values) printed; low plasma concentrations near LLOQ; large SDs (Cmax SD approx equals mean); mean concentration-time profile figure-only"},"18258496":{"pmid":"18258496","title":"Simultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of coptis-evodia herb couple.","authors":"Deng Y, Liao Q, Li S, Bi K, Pan B, Xie Z","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2008","volume":"863","issue":"2","pages":"195-205","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.12.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258496/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of berberine (plus palmatine, jatrorrhizine) after oral coptis-evodia herb couple powder; mainly an LC-MS/MS assay paper with one PK table.","conclusion":"The LC-MS/MS assay was applied to the detailed pharmacokinetic studies of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in plasma.","limitations":"n = 6 rats, single dose, no control/IV arm; herbal preparation, not berberine alone; Tmax 90 ± 0 min reflects sparse sampling grid; multiple peaks make non-compartmental Cmax/AUC uncertain; Fig. 5 concentration-time profile figure-only"},"18430428":{"pmid":"18430428","title":"Co-administration of berberine and plant stanols synergistically reduces plasma cholesterol in rats.","authors":"Jia X, Chen Y, Zidichouski J, Zhang J, Sun C, Wang Y","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":"2008","volume":"201","issue":"1","pages":"101-7","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.03.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18430428/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat efficacy/safety study (6 weeks, high-fat high-cholesterol diet) of berberine and plant stanols on plasma and liver lipids. Berberine concentrations in blood/tissue were not measured; no absorption or PK data. Pages 1-4 read in full; pages 5-8 searched for absorption/PK/berberine measurement with no hits.","conclusion":"These results demonstrate that BBR and PS, when combined, synergistically lower plasma cholesterol levels and significantly reduce liver cholesterol, without the observation of any toxic effects.","limitations":""},"18717486":{"pmid":"18717486","title":"Preparation and evaluation of a microemulsion for oral delivery of berberine.","authors":"Gui SY, Wu L, Peng DY, Liu QY, Yin BP, Shen JZ","journal":"Die Pharmazie","year":"2008","volume":"63","issue":"7","pages":"516-9","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18717486/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 (2 groups of 6 as printed)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK comparison of an oral berberine O/W microemulsion vs berberine tablet suspension; physicochemical formulation work not extracted.","conclusion":"The results suggest that the microemulsion is a promising oral drug delivery system for berberine.","limitations":"n = 6 per group; statistic type and variance (SD/SEM) not reported for PK parameters; multi-dose design with ambiguous day-5 dosing; unit inconsistency mg/l vs mg/ml; no IV reference so only relative bioavailability; t1/2α and t1/2β nearly equal for microemulsion (58.175 vs 58.521 h) as printed, suggesting model-fit caution; Cmax 4.169 mg/l is far above typical rat berberine plasma levels in other papers; not resolved"},"19269122":{"pmid":"19269122","title":"Validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantitative determination of hydrastine and berberine in human serum.","authors":"Gupta PK, Hubbard M, Gurley B, Hendrickson HP","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2009","volume":"49","issue":"4","pages":"1021-6","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19269122/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"1","status":"partial","statusNote":"LC-MS/MS assay validation paper; PK reported for a single human subject after one dose of goldenseal supplement (berberine and hydrastine). Berberine values extracted; hydrastine (co-analyte, not the listed supplement) not extracted as rows (peak 180 ng/mL at 2 h; AUC 630 ng h/mL as printed).","conclusion":"It appears that the absorption and pharmacokinetics of berberine following an oral dose of goldenseal supplement is different than that following an oral dose of pure berberine.","limitations":"single subject (n = 1); no variability measures; dose inconsistency (2.7 g vs 2.14 g); t1/2 not estimable, only two samples in elimination phase; cross-study comparison to pure berberine is speculative; concentration-time profile figure-only"},"19582272":{"pmid":"19582272","title":"Solvent effect on the UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic properties of berberine.","authors":"Díaz MS, Freile ML, Gutiérrez MI","journal":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","year":"2009","volume":"8","issue":"7","pages":"970-4","doi":"10.1039/b822363g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19582272/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Physical chemistry study of solvent effects on berberine's UV/Vis optical absorption and fluorescence spectra and quantum yields in 12 solvents. 'Absorption' means optical absorption; no biological absorption, bioavailability or PK data. Text searched for plasma/serum/PK/absorption in vivo with no relevant hits.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"19589224":{"pmid":"19589224","title":"Neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine: a review of recent research.","authors":"Ye M, Fu S, Pi R, He F","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","year":"2009","volume":"61","issue":"7","pages":"831-7","doi":"10.1211/jpp/61.07.0001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19589224/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine (J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 61:831-837); no primary data.","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of berberine are that it is not easily absorbed and it is not stable in the gastrointestinal tract of animals or humans.","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"19782362":{"pmid":"19782362","title":"Berberine and plant stanols synergistically inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters.","authors":"Wang Y, Jia X, Ghanam K, Beaurepaire C, Zidichouski J, Miller L","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":"2010","volume":"209","issue":"1","pages":"111-7","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.050","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19782362/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Golden Syrian hamster)","design":"parallel (randomized 4 groups)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is dietary cholesterol absorption/synthesis in hamsters (effect of berberine), not berberine absorption or PK.","conclusion":"In conclusion, BBR lowered plasma cholesterol and nonHDL-cholesterol levels possibly through a combination of inhibition of cholesterol absorption and stimulation of bile acid synthesis.","limitations":"off-target analyte: no berberine concentration/PK measured; animal study; plasma lipid, gene expression and liver tables not extracted (efficacy outcomes)"},"20138204":{"pmid":"20138204","title":"Acute toxicity of berberine and its correlation with the blood concentration in mice.","authors":"Kheir MM, Wang Y, Hua L, Hu J, Li L, Lei F, Du L","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","year":"2010","volume":"48","issue":"4","pages":"1105-10","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20138204/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (ICR mice)","design":"parallel (dose groups by route)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Primarily acute toxicity (LD50) paper; berberine blood concentrations by route extracted. Time-course and Fig. 4/5/6 concentrations are figure-only.","conclusion":"The LD50 of BBR for IV and IP injections was determined for the first time in mice. Attempting to find the LD50 of BBR for IG administration proved to be strenuous and the LD50 could not be established, but the limitation of BBR blood concentration and its effect on mice mortality rate was explored.","limitations":"very high oral doses in g/kg (units as printed); time-course and route comparison values only in figures; internal inconsistencies in concentrations (0.168/0.432 vs 0.017/0.395); no AUC or conventional PK parameters; n varies between figures"},"20213508":{"pmid":"20213508","title":"Binding of berberine to bovine serum albumin: spectroscopic approach.","authors":"Hu YJ, Ou-Yang Y, Dai CM, Liu Y, Xiao XH","journal":"Molecular biology reports","year":"2010","volume":"37","issue":"8","pages":"3827-32","doi":"10.1007/s11033-010-0038-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20213508/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro spectroscopic study of berberine binding to bovine serum albumin (fluorescence quenching, thermodynamics, site II binding, FRET); no absorption or PK data. Binding constants are in supplementary tables (S1-S3), not in the PDF.","conclusion":"The experimental results indicate that the probable quenching mechanism of fluorescence of BSA by berberine is a static quenching procedure; the binding reaction is spontaneous, and electrostatic interactions played a major role","limitations":"in vitro protein binding only; binding values in supplementary material"},"20237966":{"pmid":"20237966","title":"Enhancement of sodium caprate on intestine absorption and antidiabetic action of berberine.","authors":"Lv XY, Li J, Zhang M, Wang CM, Fan Z, Wang CY, Chen L","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2010","volume":"11","issue":"1","pages":"372-82","doi":"10.1208/s12249-010-9386-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20237966/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rats)","design":"parallel (in situ, in vitro, in vivo experiments)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat in situ perfusion, everted sac, and oral PK of berberine with/without sodium caprate (absorption enhancer); diabetic efficacy (Table IV) not extracted.","conclusion":"The results demonstrated that berberine was a drug with poor absorption situation in the rat small intestine, and the overall absorptive profile of it can be increased obviously by coadministrated with sodium caprate, moreover enhance its antidiabetic action, without causing significant damage to the intestinal mucosa.","limitations":"animal and in situ/in vitro models; small n; inconsistent units for sac berberine concentration (mM vs µmol/L); text and Table II Papp values differ; in vivo time-course figure only"},"20430560":{"pmid":"20430560","title":"Simultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and application in pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparations containing scutellaria-coptis herb couple.","authors":"Feng J, Xu W, Tao X, Wei H, Cai F, Jiang B, Chen W","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2010","volume":"53","issue":"3","pages":"591-8","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20430560/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rats)","design":"parallel (5 rats per preparation)","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine rows extracted from LC-MS/MS PK study of two TCM preparations in rats; co-measured baicalin, wogonin, palmatine, jatrorrhizine not extracted (not the listed supplement).","conclusion":"A rapid, sensitive and convenient LC–MS–MS method for the simultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in scutellaria–coptis herb couple was developed, validated and successfully applied in pharmacokinetic studies of Yiqing Capsule and Gegen-Qinlian Tablet.","limitations":"primarily an analytical method paper; small n (5 per preparation); berberine dose basis within herbal product only; plasma profile figure only; text/table SD discrepancy for YQ AUC"},"20634337":{"pmid":"20634337","title":"Extensive intestinal first-pass elimination and predominant hepatic distribution of berberine explain its low plasma levels in rats.","authors":"Liu YT, Hao HP, Xie HG, Lai L, Wang Q, Liu CX, Wang GJ","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2010","volume":"38","issue":"10","pages":"1779-84","doi":"10.1124/dmd.110.033936","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634337/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley rats)","design":"parallel (four dosing routes; tissue distribution; perfusion)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK/first-pass study; berberine and its metabolites (M1-M3) extracted.","conclusion":"We conclude that intestinal first-pass elimination of berberine is the major barrier of its oral bioavailability and that its high extraction and distribution in the liver could be other important factors that lead to its low plasma levels in rats.","limitations":"rat study; AUC-based bioavailability with assumptions (linear PK, chemical stability in GI tract); different doses by route (100 vs 4 mg/kg); no Cmax/Tmax/t1/2 tabulated; Tables 3-4 are dense; digested vs undigested columns"},"20663675":{"pmid":"20663675","title":"8,8-Dimethyldihydroberberine with improved bioavailability and oral efficacy on obese and diabetic mouse models.","authors":"Cheng Z, Chen AF, Wu F, Sheng L, Zhang HK, Gu M, Li YY, Zhang LN, Hu LH, Li JY, Li J","journal":"Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry","year":"2010","volume":"18","issue":"16","pages":"5915-24","doi":"10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.085","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20663675/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley rats for PK)","design":"single-arm","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Medicinal chemistry/pharmacology paper on 8,8-dimethyldihydroberberine (Di-Me), a dihydroberberine derivative; only a single small oral PK experiment in rats (Di-Me, not berberine itself). Efficacy data in DIO and db/db mice not extracted.","conclusion":"By further structural modification, we found Di-Me, a more aqueous soluble and chemical stable dhBBR derivative. The beneficial effects on both obese and diabetic mouse models indicate that the improved aqueous solubility, stability and bioavailability, at least partially, enhanced oral efficacy of Di-Me in vivo.","limitations":"PK in rats only, n not stated; no IV arm described; dhBBR comparator value from previous study at different dose; variance type not stated; time-course figure only"},"20953398":{"pmid":"20953398","title":"Berberine Moderates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism through Multipathway Mechanism.","authors":"Zhang Q, Xiao X, Feng K, Wang T, Li W, Yuan T, Sun X, Sun Q, Xiang H, Wang H","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2011","volume":"2011","issue":"","pages":"","doi":"10.1155/2011/924851","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20953398/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (KKAy mice)","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study of berberine 250 mg/kg/d ig in KKAy mice (glucose, lipids, gene expression); no berberine concentration, absorption or PK data (searched text for absorption/bioavailability/pharmacokinetic: none).","conclusion":"These results suggest that berberine moderates glucose and lipid metabolism through a multipathway mechanism that includes AMP-activated protein kinase-(AMPK-) p38 MAPK-GLUT4, JNK pathway, and PPARα pathway.","limitations":"no PK data"},"21061266":{"pmid":"21061266","title":"Dietary administration of berberine or Phellodendron amurense extract inhibits cell cycle progression and lung tumorigenesis.","authors":"James MA, Fu H, Liu Y, Chen DR, You M","journal":"Molecular carcinogenesis","year":"2011","volume":"50","issue":"1","pages":"1-7","doi":"10.1002/mc.20690","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21061266/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (athymic nude mice with A549 xenografts)","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Anti-tumor efficacy study; only tissue (lung) berberine detection is absorption-related and the values are from pooled lung homogenates ('data not shown'). Tumor volumes and signalling data not extracted.","conclusion":"Demonstration that berberine is effective against tumorigenesis when administered orally through the diet, either alone or as a part of a whole plant extract, implicate berberine as a bio-available and effective anti-tumor compound.","limitations":"pooled lung samples, one value per group; data not shown; no statistics on concentrations; serum berberine mentioned in Methods but no serum values reported; mg/ml vs ng/ml unit inconsistency"},"21319959":{"pmid":"21319959","title":"Intestinal absorption mechanisms of berberine, palmatine, jateorhizine, and coptisine: involvement of P-glycoprotein.","authors":"Zhang X, Qiu F, Jiang J, Gao C, Tan Y","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","year":"2011","volume":"41","issue":"4","pages":"290-6","doi":"10.3109/00498254.2010.529180","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21319959/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake and bidirectional transport experiments)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro Caco-2 mechanism study of berberine (on-target) plus palmatine, jateorhizine, coptisine; only berberine values (plus Table 2 range statements) extracted. No oral bioavailability/PK. Values for the other three alkaloids in Tables 1-3 and Rho123 control data not extracted.","conclusion":"Jateorhizine, coptisine, palmatine, and berberine are all P-gp substrates, not MRP2 substrates, which may be one of the reasons for their low bioavailability. They have no significant inhibitory effects on the activity of P-gp at concentrations of 1–100 μM.","limitations":"in vitro Caco-2 only; values for other alkaloids not extracted; no oral PK/bioavailability; n=3 wells"},"21637946":{"pmid":"21637946","title":"Bioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats.","authors":"Chen W, Miao YQ, Fan DJ, Yang SS, Lin X, Meng LK, Tang X","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2011","volume":"12","issue":"2","pages":"705-11","doi":"10.1208/s12249-011-9632-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21637946/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: IV, oral control, oral + TPGS)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The absolute bioavailability of BBR in rats was studied, and the results showed that BBR has an extreme low bioavailability of 0.68%. TPGS (2.5%) was studied as an absorption enhancer for BBR, and it showed a significant absorption enhancing effect.","limitations":"animal study (rat); n=5; single dose level; IV and oral doses differ 100-fold; figure-based concentration-time profiles not extracted"},"21671182":{"pmid":"21671182","title":"Effects of cinnamon granules on pharmacokinetics of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules in healthy male volunteers.","authors":"Huang Z, Lu F, Dong H, Xu L, Chen G, Zou X, Lei H","journal":"Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban","year":"2011","volume":"31","issue":"3","pages":"379-383","doi":"10.1007/s11596-011-0385-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21671182/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label crossover, two phases in fixed order (phase 1 RC alone, phase 2 RC + Cinnamon); randomization NR","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine delivered as Rhizoma Coptidis (Huanglian) granules, with or without Cinnamon granules; supplement is berberine within herbal granule.","conclusion":"It was suggested that Rhizoma Coptidis granules combined with Cinnamon granules could increase the plasma concentration of berberine, promote berberine absorption and lengthen the detention time of berberine in healthy male volunteers.","limitations":"small n (10), males only; fixed-order crossover, no randomization stated; single dose of cinnamon; values like CLz/F 119.320 L·h–1·kg–1 and Vz/F 483.610 L/kg appear implausible as printed; ± not defined for table values"},"21742030":{"pmid":"21742030","title":"Preparation of an anhydrous reverse micelle delivery system to enhance oral bioavailability and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine.","authors":"Wang T, Wang N, Song H, Xi X, Wang J, Hao A, Li T","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2011","volume":"44","issue":"1-2","pages":"127-35","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2011.06.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21742030/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (IV, oral ARM, oral solution, plus control groups for efficacy)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Thus, this novel ARM delivery system provides a valid method to improve oral bioavailability and anti-diabetic efficacy of BER, offering a promising product alternative to other hypoglycemic drugs for diabetes therapy.","limitations":"diabetic mouse model, n=3 per time point; no variance reported for PK parameters in Table 1; no statistical tests reported for PK comparisons; dose basis (salt vs base) NR; PK curves figure-only"},"21774632":{"pmid":"21774632","title":"Enhancing effects of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride on intestinal absorption of berberine in rats.","authors":"Chen W, Fan D, Meng L, Miao Y, Yang S, Weng Y, He H, Tang X","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2012","volume":"38","issue":"1","pages":"104-10","doi":"10.3109/03639045.2011.592531","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21774632/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two experiments, each with its own control group)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Chitosan showed a dose-dependent absorption-enhancing ability. Addition of 3.0% chitosan produced the highest BBR AUC0–36 h. Chitosan hydrochloride did not show an absorption increasing effect and this may be due to the common ion effect of chloride.","limitations":"rat study, n=5; large variability in chitosan groups; separate controls for E1 and E2 with different values; solubility data figure-only; speculative mechanism"},"21870106":{"pmid":"21870106","title":"Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans.","authors":"Guo Y, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Klaassen CD, Zhou HH","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2012","volume":"68","issue":"2","pages":"213-7","doi":"10.1007/s00228-011-1108-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21870106/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two-phase)","n":"18 entered, 17 completed","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"CYP phenotyping drug-drug interaction study: berberine (300 mg t.i.d., 14 d) is the perpetrator; the measured analytes are probe drugs (midazolam, caffeine, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, losartan) and metabolites. No berberine concentrations measured. Probe-drug PK recorded for reference.","conclusion":"Repeated administration of berberine (300 mg, t.i.d., p.o.) decreased CYP2D6, 2C9, and CYP3A4 activities. Drug-drug interactions should be considered when berberine is administered.","limitations":"berberine PK not measured; small n, males only; large individual variability; genotype not assessed"},"21890297":{"pmid":"21890297","title":"Determination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.","authors":"Liu F, Li Z, Shi X, Zhong M","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2011","volume":"56","issue":"5","pages":"1006-15","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21890297/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"single-arm","n":"16 purchased; PK n=6 (Table 5); Fig. 5 caption n=5","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an LC-MS bioanalytical method paper; PK of berberine (plus palmatine and jatrorrhizine) given as San-Huang decoction in rabbits reported in Table 5 only. Method validation tables not extracted.","conclusion":"The LC–ESI-MS assay was firstly successfully used in the pharmacokinetic studies of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rabbit plasma.","limitations":"method-validation focused paper; herbal decoction with multiple herbs; n=6, single dose level; dose inconsistently reported (3.733 vs 7.67 vs 7.467 ml/kg)"},"22114028":{"pmid":"22114028","title":"Drug-drug interactions between ketoconazole and berberine in rats: pharmacokinetic effects benefit pharmacodynamic synergism.","authors":"Zhou Y, He P, Liu A, Zhang L, Liu Y, Dai R","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2012","volume":"26","issue":"5","pages":"772-7","doi":"10.1002/ptr.3621","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22114028/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (BBR alone vs BBR + ketoconazole; oral and i.v.)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Study measured ketoconazole (KTZ) and berberine PK. Berberine data (Table 3, text, abstract) extracted; ketoconazole PK (Tables 1, 2; off-target analyte) and rat liver microsome KTZ depletion (IC50 103 mM) not extracted.","conclusion":"pharmacokinetic drug interactions between KTZ and BBR were found to some extent in this study. The drug interactions may be mediated by the inhibition of intestinal P-gp","limitations":"n=6, rats; large SE/variability; BBR oral AUC change not significant; sex of BBR groups NR; ketoconazole tables not extracted"},"22213237":{"pmid":"22213237","title":"Simultaneous quantification of berberine and lysergol by HPLC-UV: evidence that lysergol enhances the oral bioavailability of berberine in rats.","authors":"Patil S, Dash RP, Anandjiwala S, Nivsarkar M","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2012","volume":"26","issue":"10","pages":"1170-5","doi":"10.1002/bmc.2674","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22213237/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: berberine; berberine + lysergol; lysergol)","n":"18","status":"partial","statusNote":"Bioanalytical method paper with PK application. Berberine PK (Group 1 alone, Group 2 with lysergol) extracted; lysergol PK (Group 2 and Group 3, off-target co-analyte) not extracted. Method validation tables not extracted.","conclusion":"The results showed that lysergol enhanced the bioavailability of orally administered berberine in rats.","limitations":"rat study, n=6, single berberine dose; no IV reference so absolute bioavailability not determined; only AUC significance reported; dose-titration data not presented; LLOQ 50 ng/mL relative to low concentrations"},"22563917":{"pmid":"22563917","title":"Development of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for oral bioavailability enhancement of berberine hydrochloride.","authors":"Zhu JX, Tang D, Feng L, Zheng ZG, Wang RS, Wu AG, Duan TT, He B, Zhu Q","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2013","volume":"39","issue":"3","pages":"499-506","doi":"10.3109/03639045.2012.683875","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22563917/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized crossover (described as random allocation to two groups with crossover design)","n":"NR (each group six rats)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The study confirmed that the SMEDDS formulation could be used as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of BBH to improve its bioavailability.","limitations":"rat study, n=6; no p-values reported for PK comparison; ± type not defined; single dose; industry-affiliated authors; PK curves figure-only"},"22922125":{"pmid":"22922125","title":"Sodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis.","authors":"Zhang M, Lv X, Li J, Meng Z, Wang Q, Chang W, Li W, Chen L, Liu Y","journal":"Molecular and cellular endocrinology","year":"2012","volume":"363","issue":"1-2","pages":"122-30","doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22922125/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Berberine +/- sodium caprate pharmacodynamic study (glucose, lipids, AMPK, gluconeogenesis) in diabetic rats and HepG2 cells. No plasma/tissue berberine concentrations or PK parameters measured; bioavailability mentioned only by citing a previous study (Lv et al., 2010).","conclusion":"BER could suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis in rat model of diabetes at least in part via stimulation of AMPK activity and this action of BER is augmented by sodium caprate.","limitations":"no pharmacokinetic measurements"},"23020091":{"pmid":"23020091","title":"Enhancement by sodium caprate and sodium deoxycholate of the gastrointestinal absorption of berberine chloride in rats.","authors":"Fan D, Wu X, Dong W, Sun W, Li J, Tang X","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2013","volume":"39","issue":"9","pages":"1447-56","doi":"10.3109/03639045.2012.723219","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23020091/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (control vs enhancer groups; 'randomly divided into two experimental groups')","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study; berberine chloride oral solution with/without absorption enhancers. Control arm (berberine alone) is shared for both enhancer experiments (same values in Tables 1 and 2).","conclusion":"This study demonstrates that C10 and SDC could significantly promote the absorption of berberine chloride from the gastrointestinal tract with few toxic effects","limitations":"small n (6/arm); very high SD (variable enhancer effect); SDC vs control not significant per Table 2 despite abstract claim; no IV reference so no absolute bioavailability; animal study"},"23079743":{"pmid":"23079743","title":"Berberine analogue IMB-Y53 improves glucose-lowering efficacy by averting cellular efflux especially P-glycoprotein efflux.","authors":"Shan YQ, Ren G, Wang YX, Pang J, Zhao ZY, Yao J, You XF, Si SY, Song DQ, Kong WJ, Jiang JD","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","year":"2013","volume":"62","issue":"3","pages":"446-56","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23079743/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine (BBR) PK in rats is the comparator arm; the paper's main subject is analogue IMB-Y53 (pseudo-berberine). BBR data and IMB-Y53 comparison values extracted; cell efflux and mouse FBG efficacy studies are mostly not absorption outcomes.","conclusion":"These results suggest that overcoming cellular efflux especially P-gp's function improves bioavailability and hypoglycemic effect of BBR.","limitations":"small n (6/group); rat PK oral only; no IV reference; BBR dose basis NR; very low plasma concentrations; BBR PK variance not printed in text; analogue is main subject"},"23133498":{"pmid":"23133498","title":"Effects of berberine and hwangryunhaedok-tang on oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in rats.","authors":"Hwang YH, Cho WK, Jang D, Ha JH, Jung K, Yun HI, Ma JY","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2012","volume":"2012","issue":"","pages":"673132","doi":"10.1155/2012/673132","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23133498/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is ciprofloxacin (plasma, rats); berberine and Hwangryunhaedok-Tang (HR) were the interacting treatments. No berberine concentrations or berberine PK reported. Ciprofloxacin PK values not extracted.","conclusion":"the pretreatment and coadministration of both berberine and HR lowered the AUC and oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin though their potential for combination chemotherapy.","limitations":"berberine not measured; animal study"},"23159470":{"pmid":"23159470","title":"Reduced system exposures of total rhein and baicalin after combinatory oral administration of rhein, baicalin and berberine to beagle dogs and rats.","authors":"Wang Z, Hu H, Chen F, Lan K, Wang A","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2013","volume":"145","issue":"2","pages":"442-9","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23159470/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ perfusion and in vitro; 3x3 Latin square for in vivo PK of other analytes)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Main analytes are total rhein and baicalin/baicalein (in beagle dogs and rats, not berberine); berberine was a co-administered component. Only berberine absorption data (in situ perfusion Table 5; Caco-2 Papp) extracted. Rhein/baicalin PK (Tables 2-4) not extracted as off-target analytes. No berberine plasma PK reported.","conclusion":"It was deduced that the possible mechanism of the reduction of the system exposures of total Rh and BG was related to that combination decreased the metabolism of BG to B or the phase II conjugates of Rh/BG excreted from liver/bile duct to their free aglycones in vivo by inhibiting intestinal flora.","limitations":"berberine plasma PK not measured; berberine only a minor focus; Papp units not printed; small n; rat in situ model"},"23180226":{"pmid":"23180226","title":"Preparation and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablets containing taste-masked microcapsules of berberine hydrochloride.","authors":"Hu X, Li Y, Zhang E, Wang X, Xing M, Wang Q, Lei J, Huang H","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2013","volume":"14","issue":"1","pages":"29-37","doi":"10.1208/s12249-012-9880-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180226/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation paper (taste-masked ODT); only the rabbit PK comparison is absorption data. Dissolution, disintegration, taste and stability data not extracted.","conclusion":"The ODTs containing Ber microcapsules had pleasant taste, disintegrated rapidly, and were bioequivalent to commercial Ber tablets in rabbits.","limitations":"n=6 rabbits; bioequivalence claimed without CI; dose basis NR; animal study"},"23582408":{"pmid":"23582408","title":"The anti-diabetic effects and pharmacokinetic profiles of berberine in mice treated with Jiao-Tai-Wan and its compatibility.","authors":"Chen G, Lu F, Xu L, Dong H, Yi P, Wang F, Huang Z, Zou X","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","year":"2013","volume":"20","issue":"10","pages":"780-6","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23582408/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"PK of berberine in non-diabetic mice after Rhizoma Coptidis extract or Jiao-Tai-Wan (with Cinnamomum cassia). Anti-diabetic efficacy tables (glucose, lipids, oxidative stress) in diabetic mice not extracted.","conclusion":"The results indicated that the compatibility effects of ingredients present in Cinnamomum cassia could affect the anti-diabetic ability and pharmacokinetics of berberine in JTW.","limitations":"small n (5 per group); PK parameters printed without SD; no p-values per parameter; herbal extract, not pure berberine; Table 4 t1/2 alpha equals t1/2 beta for JTW1 (3.75) as printed; animal study"},"23664937":{"pmid":"23664937","title":"Effects of β-cyclodextrin on the intestinal absorption of berberine hydrochloride, a P-glycoprotein substrate.","authors":"Zhang Y, Cui YL, Gao LN, Jiang HL","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2013","volume":"59","issue":"","pages":"363-71","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.074","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23664937/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ perfusion, parallel groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion of berberine hydrochloride with/without beta-cyclodextrin complexation or verapamil; most numeric absorption values are figure-only (Fig. 10). Pgp ATPase, mRNA, protein, and physicochemical characterisation not extracted.","conclusion":"The dissolution rate of BBH in vitro and the intestinal absorption of BBH in vivo were enhanced by the BBH/β-CD inclusion complex.","limitations":"n not stated for perfusion; Ka/Peff values figure-only except the verapamil text value; in situ model, not plasma PK; animal study"},"23765408":{"pmid":"23765408","title":"Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and berberine in a child with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.","authors":"Hou Q, Han W, Fu X","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2013","volume":"69","issue":"10","pages":"1861-2","doi":"10.1007/s00228-013-1537-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23765408/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single case report)","n":"1","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Case report/letter: the measured analyte is tacrolimus (blood trough concentrations) in a 16-year-old with nephrotic syndrome given berberine 0.2 g three times daily; berberine concentrations not measured. Tacrolimus values not extracted.","conclusion":"We report a significant in vivo interaction between tacrolimus and berberine, both substrates of CYP3A4-A5, resulting in rapid increase in tacrolimus blood concentrations.","limitations":"single case; berberine not measured; off-target analyte"},"23808999":{"pmid":"23808999","title":"Effect of berberine administration on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion.","authors":"Pérez-Rubio KG, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, Robles-Cervantes JA, Espinel-Bermúdez MC","journal":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","year":"2013","volume":"11","issue":"5","pages":"366-9","doi":"10.1089/met.2012.0183","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808999/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"24","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial of berberine hydrochloride 500 mg three times daily for 3 months in 24 patients with metabolic syndrome features; outcomes are metabolic (glucose/insulin AUC from OGTT, metabolic syndrome remission, waist, BP, lipids). No berberine concentrations or PK/absorption parameters measured. The AUCs reported are glucose and insulin, not berberine.","conclusion":"Administration of berberine leads to remission of metabolic syndrome and decreases in waist circumference, SBP, triglycerides, and total insulin secretion, with an increase in insulin sensitivity.","limitations":"no pharmacokinetic measurements"},"23899453":{"pmid":"23899453","title":"Berberine metabolites exhibit triglyceride-lowering effects via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Hep G2 cells.","authors":"Cao S, Zhou Y, Xu P, Wang Y, Yan J, Bin W, Qiu F, Kang N","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2013","volume":"149","issue":"2","pages":"576-82","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23899453/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro Hep G2 pharmacology study (TG-lowering and AMPK activation by berberine and four synthetic/isolated metabolites M1-M4). No absorption, bioavailability or PK data reported; PK mentioned only in Introduction/Discussion as background citations.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"23924821":{"pmid":"23924821","title":"Tetrandrine potentiates the hypoglycemic efficacy of berberine by inhibiting P-glycoprotein function.","authors":"Shan YQ, Zhu YP, Pang J, Wang YX, Song DQ, Kong WJ, Jiang JD","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"2013","volume":"36","issue":"10","pages":"1562-9","doi":"10.1248/bpb.b13-00272","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23924821/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three oral dosing groups); plus in vitro Caco-2 uptake/efflux assays","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse oral PK of berberine alone vs with tetrandrine (P-gp inhibitor), plus Caco-2 cell uptake/efflux of berberine. Only values printed in text are recorded; PK curves are in Fig. 5 (figure only).","conclusion":"In summary, combination with P-gp inhibitors such as Tet can improve the intestinal absorption and in vivo hypoglycemic efficacy of BBR. This implicates a feasible strategy for exploring therapeutic effects of BBR and other pharmaceuticals which are substrates of P-gp.","limitations":"rodent study, small n (6 per group); dose basis not stated; Tmax, t1/2 and variance of Cmax/AUC not printed in text; concentration-time data figure-only; no vehicle/formulation details recorded; no independent statistical test details for PK"},"24014108":{"pmid":"24014108","title":"The study of absorption kinetics of berberine based on portal vein in rat, and the influence of verapamil and borneol to its absorption ability by UHPLC method.","authors":"Zou L, Li R, Wang P, Xiao Y, Xu LJ, He YX, Zhao G, Peng LX","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","year":"2014","volume":"39","issue":"3","pages":"165-71","doi":"10.1007/s13318-013-0152-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24014108/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (4 groups), P-gp inhibitor interaction","n":"24","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat portal-vein absorption kinetics of berberine (intraduodenal) with verapamil or borneol pretreatment. Plasma concentration-time data (Table 2) and PK parameters (Table 3) extracted.","conclusion":"We found that single dosage of verapamil in advance had no remarkable improvement to berberine's portal-vein absorption. Moreover, it is clearly demonstrated that co-administration of borneol 2 h in advance could significantly reduce the Tmax and Cmax, which also delay the absorption process.","limitations":"rodent, n=6 per group; very high variability (SD large vs mean); single-dose berberine hydrochloride given intraduodenally under anaesthesia, not oral; AUC and Tmax units/labels inconsistent in Table 3; no absolute bioavailability"},"24177287":{"pmid":"24177287","title":"Verapamil augments the neuroprotectant action of berberine in rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia.","authors":"Singh DP, Chopra K","journal":"European journal of pharmacology","year":"2013","volume":"720","issue":"1-3","pages":"98-106","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24177287/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat transient global cerebral ischemia pharmacodynamic study (neurobehavioural, oxidative stress, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, caspase-3, mitochondrial complexes) of oral berberine 5/10/20 mg/kg with or without verapamil 2 mg/kg. Berberine concentrations (plasma or brain) were not measured; improved brain bioavailability is only inferred by the authors.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"24205048":{"pmid":"24205048","title":"Tissue distribution of berberine and its metabolites after oral administration in rats.","authors":"Tan XS, Ma JY, Feng R, Ma C, Chen WJ, Sun YP, Fu J, Huang M, He CY, Shou JW, He WY, Wang Y, Jiang JD","journal":"PloS one","year":"2013","volume":"8","issue":"10","pages":"e77969","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0077969","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24205048/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm; plasma PK in 6 rats plus tissue distribution in 66 rats (n=6 per time point)","n":"72 (6 plasma PK + 66 tissue distribution, as printed in Methods)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK (plasma) and tissue distribution of berberine and its Phase I metabolites after 200 mg/kg. Tissue concentration-time curves are figure-only (Fig. 2B-I, 3A-F).","conclusion":"In summary, the organ concentration of BBR (as well as its bioactive metabolites) was higher than its concentration in the blood after oral administration. It might explain BBR's pharmacological effects on human diseases in clinic.","limitations":"rodent, single high dose (200 mg/kg); n=6; dose basis not stated; tissue time-course figure-only; no bioavailability or absorption fraction computed (no IV arm); only Phase I metabolites measured"},"24215432":{"pmid":"24215432","title":"Interaction of cationic protoberberine alkaloids with human serum albumin. No spectroscopic evidence on binding to Sudlow's site 1.","authors":"Marszalek M, Konarska A, Szajdzinska-Pietek E, Wolszczak M","journal":"The journal of physical chemistry. B","year":"2013","volume":"117","issue":"50","pages":"15987-93","doi":"10.1021/jp408827b","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24215432/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro physicochemical study (fluorescence, absorption, CD, pulse radiolysis) of berberine and palmatine binding to human serum albumin. No absorption, bioavailability or PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"24250523":{"pmid":"24250523","title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Berberine, Palmatine and Jatrorrhizine in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Rhizoma coptidis and Zuojinwan Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.","authors":"Yan R, Wang Y, Liu Y, Di X","journal":"Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR","year":"2012","volume":"11","issue":"3","pages":"949-57","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24250523/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized crossover (two groups, 7-day washout) - as described: 'split into two groups to complete the crossover design'","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat crossover PK of berberine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine after oral Rhizoma coptidis powder alone or in Zuojinwan (with Evodia rutaecarpa). Berberine is on-target as a herb constituent; no pure berberine arm.","conclusion":"The interactions between Rhizoma coptidis and Evodia rutaecarpa caused obvious alteration of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the alkaloids. Evodia rutaecarpa weakened the effects of Rhizoma coptidis.","limitations":"rodent, n=5; herbal powders; alkaloid dose not stated; no statistical test p-values reported for between-arm differences; dose basis not stated; concentration-time data figure-only"},"24269776":{"pmid":"24269776","title":"Pharmacokinetic comparisons of berberine and palmatine in normal and metabolic syndrome rats.","authors":"Liu QF, Shi XJ, Li ZD, Zhong MK, Jiao Z, Wang B","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2014","volume":"151","issue":"1","pages":"287-91","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.031","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24269776/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups of 12)","n":"24","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine and palmatine from San-Huang formula extract in normal vs metabolic syndrome rats. Berberine is on-target (herbal formula constituent); no pure berberine arm.","conclusion":"The results indicated that berberine and palmatine have higher uptake and slower elimination in the rats with metabolic syndrome, which suggests that the rate and extent of drug metabolism were altered in metabolic syndrome rats.","limitations":"rodent; formula extract not pure berberine; dose from LC-UV content; unit labels inconsistent (Table 1 µg/ml vs Fig. 2 ng/ml); no absolute bioavailability; no IV arm; CL and Vd cannot be separated from bioavailability"},"24353417":{"pmid":"24353417","title":"Characterization, pharmacokinetics, and hypoglycemic effect of berberine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles.","authors":"Xue M, Yang MX, Zhang W, Li XM, Gao DH, Ou ZM, Li ZP, Liu SH, Li XJ, Yang SY","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2013","volume":"8","issue":"","pages":"4677-87","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S51262","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24353417/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized two groups)","n":"16 randomized (Methods)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine solid lipid nanoparticles (BBR-SLNs) vs free berberine, 50 mg/kg intragastric. Hypoglycemic db/db mouse study and SLN physicochemical characterization not extracted as absorption data.","conclusion":"SLNs can entrap BBR, which results in improved bioavailability of BBR in plasma. A SLN delivery system can enhance the antidiabetic action of BBR, and BBR-SLNs offer a promising delivery system to facilitate BBR antidiabetic clinical therapy and other applications.","limitations":"rodent; large SDs (e.g., AUC 113.57 ± 72.93); no IV arm; absolute bioavailability not determined; n discrepancy (8 vs 7); dose basis unclear; PK curve figure-only"},"24367386":{"pmid":"24367386","title":"Exploratory Pharmacokinetics of Geniposide in Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia Orally Administered with or without Baicalin and/or Berberine.","authors":"Pan L, Wang W, Shi F, Zhou J, Zhang M, Zhu H, Zeng M","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2013","volume":"2013","issue":"","pages":"349531","doi":"10.1155/2013/349531","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24367386/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"The measured and PK-characterized analyte is geniposide (serum, HPLC) in MCAO rats; berberine is only a co-administered modulator (geniposide:berberine and geniposide:baicalin:berberine groups) and its own concentrations were not measured. Geniposide PK values (Table 2) are therefore not extracted.","conclusion":"Coadministration of geniposide with baicalin could significantly increase the AUC(0-t), AUC(0-inf), AUMC(0-t), and Cmax. In the meantime, coadministration of geniposide with berberine could not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic parameters. However, the pharmacokinetic parameters of geniposide : baicalin were significantly decreased by berberine.","limitations":"analyte is geniposide, not berberine; rodent disease model (MCAO); n=6 per group; berberine dose not printed in mg/kg"},"24451127":{"pmid":"24451127","title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison of berberine in rat plasma after oral administration of berberine hydrochloride in normal and post inflammation irritable bowel syndrome rats.","authors":"Gong Z, Chen Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Guo Y, Yang Q, Zhang H, Dong Y, Weng X, Gao S, Zhu X","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2014","volume":"15","issue":"1","pages":"456-67","doi":"10.3390/ijms15010456","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24451127/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups, normal vs model)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine HCl given intragastrically to rats; PK compared between normal and PI-IBS model rats.","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic process of berberine can be altered in PI-IBS pathological conditions.","limitations":"rat model; oral dose as berberine hydrochloride, n=5 per group; units/magnitude of Vd/F and CL/F look implausible (possible printing error); only AUC0-t and CL/F tested significant; no p-values given for others; Tmax 15 min equals first non-trivial sampling point; no figure data extracted"},"24456672":{"pmid":"24456672","title":"Solid dispersion of berberine-phospholipid complex/TPGS 1000/SiO₂: preparation, characterization and in vivo studies.","authors":"Zhang Z, Chen Y, Deng J, Jia X, Zhou J, Lv H","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2014","volume":"465","issue":"1-2","pages":"306-16","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24456672/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 formulation groups, n=3 each)","n":"15","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation study of berberine (rat PK, SPIP, in vitro dissolution). Oral PK is main absorption data; SPIP/in vitro values also extracted.","conclusion":"In vivo pharmacokinetic study also proved the improvement of BPTS-SD in absorption, while BPTS-SD (1:5:3, w/w/w, 20% SiO2, w/w) displayed the optimal absorption and bioavailability.","limitations":"n=3 per group; rat study only; SPIP Ka/Peff for BPC and BPTS-SD figure-only; formulation (non-commercial) study; dose basis: 50 mg/kg Ber equivalent"},"24593257":{"pmid":"24593257","title":"Berberine and its metabolites: relationship between physicochemical properties and plasma levels after administration to human subjects.","authors":"Spinozzi S, Colliva C, Camborata C, Roberti M, Ianni C, Neri F, Calvarese C, Lisotti A, Mazzella G, Roda A","journal":"Journal of natural products","year":"2014","volume":"77","issue":"4","pages":"766-72","doi":"10.1021/np400607k","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24593257/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-dose study in healthy volunteers; separate chronic open-label study in hypercholesterolemic patients)","n":"10 (acute); 12 (chronic)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Human PK of berberine chloride and its metabolites (berberrubine 2, demethyleneberberine 4, jatrorrhizine 5) after single 500 mg dose and chronic 15 mg/kg/day; physicochemical properties also studied. Only summary plasma values are printed in text; profiles are in Fig. 2.","conclusion":"These results indicate that the higher plasma concentration of 2 was a consequence of a more efficient intestinal absorption, suggesting that berberrubine is potentially more pharmacologically active than berberine.","limitations":"very small number of subjects; different populations and doses in acute (500 mg, healthy) vs chronic (15 mg/kg/day, hypercholesterolemic) studies, not directly comparable; only Cmax-type summary values printed; profiles figure-only; variance type, fed/fasted state, sampling schedule not stated in main text (Supporting Information); no AUC, t1/2 reported; authors' absorption inference from plasma levels and lipophilicity, not shown by direct dosing of metabolite 2"},"24607213":{"pmid":"24607213","title":"Amorphous solid dispersion of berberine with absorption enhancer demonstrates a remarkable hypoglycemic effect via improving its bioavailability.","authors":"Zhaojie M, Ming Z, Shengnan W, Xiaojia B, Hatch GM, Jingkai G, Li C","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2014","volume":"467","issue":"1-2","pages":"50-9","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24607213/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups in PK); in vitro and in situ experiments","n":"12 (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine solid dispersion with sodium caprate (P9) vs commercial berberine tablet in rats; PK, Caco-2, in situ perfusion, in vitro solubility/dissolution. Pharmacodynamic outcomes (Table 6) not extracted.","conclusion":"HGSDs prepared with berberine and sodium caprate together with suitable carrier using the solid dispersion technology of solvent evaporation represent an ideal combination for oral berberine preparations.","limitations":"rat/in vitro study; n=6 per group (12 rats) for PK; P9 is an experimental formulation; commercial tablet PK parameters partly stated as 'reported previously' (Methods); Tmax inconsistency between Table 5 and text; concentration units of perfusate inconsistent (mM vs mmol/L)"},"24614362":{"pmid":"24614362","title":"Approaches to improve the oral bioavailability and effects of novel anticancer drugs berberine and betulinic acid.","authors":"Godugu C, Patel AR, Doddapaneni R, Somagoni J, Singh M","journal":"PloS one","year":"2014","volume":"9","issue":"3","pages":"e89919","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0089919","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24614362/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two randomized groups, free drug vs SD formulation)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine (BBR) spray-dried mucoadhesive microparticles vs free BBR in rats; betulinic acid (BA) data in the same paper are off-target for this database and were not extracted. Anticancer data not extracted.","conclusion":"Due to significant increase in oral bioavailability and superior anticancer effects, our results suggest that spray drying is a superior alternative formulation approach for oral delivery of BBR and BA.","limitations":"rat study with small n (3-4); sex/weight of PK rats NR; no IV reference so absolute bioavailability not determined for BBR; experimental formulation; variance SEM; p values for PK comparisons NR"},"24710930":{"pmid":"24710930","title":"Intestinal absorption of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine and their effects on sugar absorption in rat small intestine.","authors":"Wei SC, Dong S, Xu LJ, Zhang CY","journal":"Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban","year":"2014","volume":"34","issue":"2","pages":"186-189","doi":"10.1007/s11596-014-1256-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24710930/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized groups of 6; in situ perfusion)","n":"NR (20 groups of 6 rats stated)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Absorption rates of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine by rat in situ perfusion are shown mainly in Fig. 1 (bar chart); text gives only bounds (<10% vs >70% at 2.5 h). Sugar absorption results are figure-only and not extracted.","conclusion":"It is suggested that Hdber is absorbed easily in rat small intestine and that its inhibitory effect on the absorption of sugar is better than Ber.","limitations":"absorption rate values per concentration only in bar chart; small groups (6 rats); in situ rat model only; no PK parameters; variance/p-values only partly given"},"24815220":{"pmid":"24815220","title":"Integrated pharmacokinetics of five protoberberine-type alkaloids in normal and insomnic rats after single and multiple oral administration of Jiao-Tai-Wan.","authors":"He W, Liu G, Cai H, Sun X, Hou W, Zhang P, Xie Z, Liao Q","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2014","volume":"154","issue":"3","pages":"635-44","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.040","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24815220/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups of 6: single/multiple dose x normal/model)","n":"24","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine given as part of Jiao-Tai-Wan herbal extract (Rhizoma coptidis + cinnamon oil) in rats; only berberine rows extracted. Palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine and jatrorrhizine (also measured) not extracted.","conclusion":"The results of this study suggested that multiple dosing may improve the absorption of JTW in insomnic rats, which will increase the bioavailability and bring into full play of its therapeutical effect.","limitations":"rat disease-model study of a herbal extract, berberine given within complex mixture; n=6 per group; berberine dose in mg/kg not stated; single-dose normal group data cited from another article (Liu et al. 2014); no steady state confirmed after 7 days; no IV reference, bioavailability not quantified"},"25002181":{"pmid":"25002181","title":"Berberine decreases cholesterol levels in rats through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of cholesterol absorption.","authors":"Wang Y, Yi X, Ghanam K, Zhang S, Zhao T, Zhu X","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","year":"2014","volume":"63","issue":"9","pages":"1167-77","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2014.05.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25002181/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"60","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Berberine effect on dietary cholesterol absorption (dual stable isotope 13C/18O-cholesterol) in rats and Caco-2 cholesterol uptake/permeability. The measured absorption analyte is cholesterol, not berberine; no berberine plasma/tissue concentrations, PK parameters or berberine absorption data reported.","conclusion":"BBR lowered blood cholesterol levels at least in part through inhibiting the intestinal absorption and further by interfering with intraluminal cholesterol micellarization and decreasing enterocyte cholesterol uptake and secretion.","limitations":"no berberine absorption/PK data"},"25136985":{"pmid":"25136985","title":"Sequential inclusion of two berberine cations in cucurbit[8]uril cavity: kinetic and thermodynamic studies.","authors":"Miskolczy Z, Biczók L","journal":"Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP","year":"2014","volume":"16","issue":"37","pages":"20147-56","doi":"10.1039/c4cp02919d","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25136985/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro physical chemistry)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Physical chemistry study of berberine cation inclusion in cucurbit[8]uril (kinetics/thermodynamics by fluorescence, ITC, stopped-flow). No biological absorption or pharmacokinetic data; 'absorption' in the text refers to spectroscopic absorption.","conclusion":"Highly stable 1:1 and 2:1 B+:CB8 complexes were produced due to the release of the high energy water molecules from the CB8 interior.","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study"},"25359200":{"pmid":"25359200","title":"Organic cation transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential between berberine and metformin.","authors":"Kwon M, Choi YA, Choi MK, Song IS","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","year":"2015","volume":"38","issue":"5","pages":"849-56","doi":"10.1007/s12272-014-0510-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359200/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (berberine alone n=6; berberine + metformin n=10; metformin alone n=4)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine given IV (10 mg/kg) alone or with IV metformin to rats; berberine IV PK in Table 1 extracted (not oral absorption). Metformin PK (off-target analyte) and OCT inhibition not extracted as results rows.","conclusion":"Berberine inhibited the transport activity of OCT1 and OCT2 and showed significant potential drug-drug interactions with metformin in in vivo rats.","limitations":"IV dosing only, no oral berberine data; small n; IV dose chosen to reach effective concentration, not clinically relevant oral exposure; no absolute/oral bioavailability reported"},"25411028":{"pmid":"25411028","title":"A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine.","authors":"Gu S, Cao B, Sun R, Tang Y, Paletta JL, Wu X, Liu L, Zha W, Zhao C, Li Y, Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Aa J, Wang G","journal":"Molecular bioSystems","year":"2015","volume":"11","issue":"2","pages":"463-74","doi":"10.1039/c4mb00500g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411028/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Syrian hamster, high-fat-diet hyperlipidemic)","design":"other (animal PK, parallel dose groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Hamster PK of berberine i.g. vs i.p. (Table 1) plus tissue/gut content levels; rest of paper is metabolomics/microbiota.","conclusion":"Our results showed that intragastrically-administered berberine was poorly absorbed into circulation and most berberine accumulated in gut content.","limitations":"no oral bioavailability % or t1/2 reported; n=5 per group; dose basis (salt vs base) not stated; sampled after 2 weeks of repeated dosing, not single dose; tissue-level units printed as mg g-1"},"25425200":{"pmid":"25425200","title":"Berberine derivatives reduce atherosclerotic plaque size and vulnerability in apoE(-/-) mice.","authors":"Chen J, Cao J, Fang L, Liu B, Zhou Q, Sun Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Meng S","journal":"Journal of translational medicine","year":"2014","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"326","doi":"10.1186/s12967-014-0326-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25425200/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study of berberine, dihydroberberine and 8,8-dimethyldihydroberberine on EMMPRIN/NFkB and atherosclerotic plaque in apoE-/- mice and THP-1 macrophages. No berberine concentration, AUC, Cmax or other absorption/PK measurement is reported; bioavailability is mentioned only in Background/Discussion citing other work.","conclusion":"These results have demonstrated that BBR derivatives, dhBBR and Di-MeBBR, are superior to BBR in inhibiting inflammation and reducing plaque size and vulnerability.","limitations":"no absorption/PK data measured"},"25535027":{"pmid":"25535027","title":"Correction: A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine.","authors":"Gu S, Cao B, Sun R, Tang Y, Paletta JL, Wu XL, Liu L, Zha W, Zhao C, Li Y, Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Aa J, Wang G","journal":"Molecular bioSystems","year":"2015","volume":"11","issue":"2","pages":"664","doi":"10.1039/c4mb90042a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25535027/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"other (erratum)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Correction notice (author name spellings and one affiliation) for PMID 25411028; contains no data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"erratum only"},"25716428":{"pmid":"25716428","title":"Pharmacokinetic difference of berberine between normal and chronic visceral hypersensitivity irritable bowel syndrome rats and its mechanism.","authors":"Gong Z, Chen Y, Zhang R, Yang Q, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhou B, Weng X, Liu X, Li Y, Zhu X, Dong Y","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","year":"2015","volume":"38","issue":"10","pages":"1888-96","doi":"10.1007/s12272-015-0568-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25716428/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel, normal vs model rats)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Single oral dose PK of berberine HCl in normal vs chronic visceral hypersensitivity IBS model rats.","conclusion":"the pharmacokinetic behavior of berberine after oral administration of berberine hydrochloride was significantly altered in CVH-IBS pathological conditions compared with the normal rats, which indicated the dosage modification of berberine hydrochloride in CVH-IBS.","limitations":"small n (5 per group per Table 2); no IV reference so absolute bioavailability not assessed; AUC in min.ng/mL, Tmax at first nonzero-ish sampling point (15 min) for all animals; Vd/F printed in L/kg with large values"},"25746576":{"pmid":"25746576","title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of puerarin, daidzin, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, berberine, palmatine and jateorhizine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after oral administration of Gegenqinlian decoction and active components alignment (ACA) to rats.","authors":"Xu B, Li P, Zhang G","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2015","volume":"988","issue":"","pages":"33-44","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.039","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25746576/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel, GQD vs ACA)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine is one of eight analytes after GQD decoction or ACA (mixture of pure compounds); only berberine data extracted. Berberine is not given alone. Plasma berberine concentrations low.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the eight analytes of GQD and ACA had partly similar pharmacokinetics, which were different from single composition (such as puerarin).","limitations":"berberine not administered alone; per-kg berberine dose not stated; n=5; two peaks interpreted by authors as re-absorption/enterohepatic circulation; text and table inconsistent on berberine Cmax"},"25861719":{"pmid":"25861719","title":"Preparation, characterization and in vivo studies of amorphous solid dispersion of berberine with hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine.","authors":"Shi C, Tong Q, Fang J, Wang C, Wu J, Wang W","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2015","volume":"74","issue":"","pages":"11-7","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25861719/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups for PK); ex vivo/in situ absorption experiments","n":"18 (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation comparison (amorphous berberine-HPC solid dispersion vs crystalline berberine vs physical mixture) in rats: oral PK plus ex vivo/in situ intestinal absorption and in vitro dissolution.","conclusion":"the permeability and bioavailability of amorphous BHPC-SD were enhanced compared with that of crystalline berberine.","limitations":"Table 3 unit printed ng/L whereas Fig. 3 and text use ng/ml; n=6 for PK, n=3 for absorption studies; no IV reference; relative bioavailability only; oral dose very high (100 mg/kg); crystalline berberine form/salt not specified"},"25882012":{"pmid":"25882012","title":"Improve bile duct-targeted drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy for cholangiocarcinoma by cucurbitacin B loaded phospholipid complex modified with berberine hydrochloride.","authors":"Cheng L, Xu PH, Shen BD, Shen G, Li JJ, Qiu L, Liu CY, Yuan HL, Han J","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2015","volume":"489","issue":"1-2","pages":"148-57","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25882012/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel animal groups)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK (plasma and bile) measures cucurbitacin B (CUB) from CUB, CUB-phospholipid complex and CUB-PLC modified with berberine hydrochloride (ligand). Berberine concentrations were not measured; berberine is a targeting ligand, not the absorbed analyte.","conclusion":"NR (see abstract: CUB-PLC-BER tended to provide a high and prolonged drug concentration to bile duct)","limitations":"analyte is cucurbitacin B, not berberine"},"26002585":{"pmid":"26002585","title":"In vivo anti-apoptosis activity of novel berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles effectively ameliorates osteoarthritis.","authors":"Zhou Y, Liu SQ, Peng H, Yu L, He B, Zhao Q","journal":"International immunopharmacology","year":"2015","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"34-43","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26002585/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two formulations)","n":"36 rats for synovial retention study","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intra-articular (not oral) berberine: plasma PK and synovial retention of free BBR solution vs BBR-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in rats; on-target, route intra-articular.","conclusion":"BBR-loaded CNs prolonged BBR retention time in synovial fluid by reducing leakage to systemic circulation.","limitations":"intra-articular route, not oral absorption; n=5 plasma, n=3 synovial fluid; Tmax printed without variance; conclusion quote partly truncated"},"26519618":{"pmid":"26519618","title":"Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of simvastatin, simvastatin hydroxy acid and berberine in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of simvastatin combined with berberine after oral administration in rats.","authors":"Liu M, Su X, Li G, Zhao G, Zhao L","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2015","volume":"1006","issue":"","pages":"8-15","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26519618/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine PK alone vs co-administered with simvastatin in rats (drug-drug interaction). Only berberine data extracted; simvastatin/simvastatin acid data are of the partner drug (Table 5) and not extracted.","conclusion":"Our results showed that simvastatin significantly enhanced systemic exposure of BBR, suggesting existence of pharmacokinetic interaction between BBR and simvastatin.","limitations":"n=6 per group; large inter-individual variability (SD close to or larger than mean for Cmax); dose basis not stated; specific sampling times not extracted; single dose in female rats only; tablet PK parameters Tmax SD 1.5 equals mean"},"26577601":{"pmid":"26577601","title":"Development and application of a UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of fenofibric acid and berberine in rat plasma: application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of fenofibrate combined with berberine after oral administration in rats.","authors":"Li G, Yang F, Liu M, Su X, Zhao M, Zhao L","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2016","volume":"30","issue":"7","pages":"1075-1082","doi":"10.1002/bmc.3652","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577601/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine PK alone vs co-administered with fenofibrate in rats (drug-drug interaction). Only berberine data extracted; fenofibric acid (partner drug metabolite) not extracted.","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic results showed that there was a significant drug interaction between BBR and FBT after combined administration, which may lead to the occurrence of side effects.","limitations":"n=6 per group; large inter-individual variability; dose basis (salt vs base) not stated; single-dose rat study"},"26822920":{"pmid":"26822920","title":"Naturally occurring proteinaceous nanoparticles in Coptidis Rhizoma extract act as concentration-dependent carriers that facilitate berberine absorption.","authors":"Ma BL, Yin C, Zhang BK, Dai Y, Jia YQ, Yang Y, Li Q, Shi R, Wang TM, Wu JS, Li YY, Lin G, Ma YM","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2016","volume":"6","issue":"","pages":"20110","doi":"10.1038/srep20110","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26822920/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, in vitro everted gut sac, solubility and nanoparticle characterization)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine (as Coptidis Rhizoma extract vs pure berberine) in mice and in vitro everted gut sacs; most PK/absorption data are figure-only, few numbers printed in text.","conclusion":"In conclusion, our results clearly indicated that the proteinaceous nanoparticles in the Coptidis Rhizoma extract were crucial for the enhanced plasma exposure and biological activities of berberine, because they acted as natural drug carriers that increased berberine absorption.","limitations":"animal and in vitro study only; most absorption/PK values figure-only; statistic type for AUC values not stated; Cmax, Tmax and other PK parameters not reported; no stated n_total; extract dose basis not given as elemental berberine"},"26851175":{"pmid":"26851175","title":"Research progress on berberine with a special focus on its oral bioavailability.","authors":"Liu CS, Zheng YR, Zhang YF, Long XY","journal":"Fitoterapia","year":"2016","volume":"109","issue":"","pages":"274-82","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2016.02.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851175/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Fitoterapia 109:274-282, article type 'Review') of berberine pharmacological activities and oral bioavailability; no primary data.","conclusion":"In conclusion, BBR is a promising drug candidate for metabolic disorders and cancer but faces considerable challenges due to its poor oral bioavailability.","limitations":""},"26957053":{"pmid":"26957053","title":"Pretreatment of rats with increased bioavailable berberine attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via down regulation of adenosine-5'monophosphate kinase activity.","authors":"Chen W, Wei S, Yu Y, Xue H, Yao F, Zhang M, Xiao J, Hatch GM, Chen L","journal":"European journal of pharmacology","year":"2016","volume":"779","issue":"","pages":"80-90","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26957053/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal pharmacology/neuroprotection with brain concentration comparison)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary focus is neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion; absorption data limited to brain BBR concentration (BBR vs HGSD, 4-fold, value figure-only in Fig. 1C) and one serum BBR concentration in HGSD-treated rats. Berberine on-target (rats, oral).","conclusion":"The results indicate that HGSD-pretreatment of rats protects the brain from ischemia-reperfusion injury and the mechanism is due to its anti-apoptotic effect mediated by decreased activation of AMPK.","limitations":"absorption data are a minor part of paper; brain concentration values figure-only; n for brain concentration not stated; dose basis unclear (BBR vs total solid dispersion); no plasma PK parameters"},"27020531":{"pmid":"27020531","title":"Monodisperse microparticles loaded with the self-assembled berberine-phospholipid complex-based phytosomes for improving oral bioavailability and enhancing hypoglycemic efficiency.","authors":"Yu F, Li Y, Chen Q, He Y, Wang H, Yang L, Guo S, Meng Z, Cui J, Xue M, Chen XD","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","year":"2016","volume":"103","issue":"","pages":"136-148","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27020531/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (single oral dose, 3 groups)","n":"15 rats (Methods 2.17: 'Fifteen Wistar rats ... 3 groups')","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In the Vivo studies, after oral administration of the P-BER, the rats could produce a significantly improved oral bioavailability of the drug.","limitations":"small n (n = 6 per group per table; 15 rats stated in Methods); no p-values printed for PK comparisons; AUC interval not stated in Table 3; dose basis unclear; single dose, animal study; academic funding; no conflict statement located"},"27066387":{"pmid":"27066387","title":"Effects of berberine on pharmacokinetics of midazolam and rhodamine 123 in rats in vivo.","authors":"Xin HW, Tang X, Ouyang M, Zhong JX, Li WL","journal":"SpringerPlus","year":"2016","volume":"5","issue":"","pages":"380","doi":"10.1186/s40064-016-2013-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27066387/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Berberine is the perpetrator (pretreatment); measured analytes are midazolam, 1'-hydroxymidazolam and rhodamine 123 (CYP3A and P-gp probe substrates). No berberine concentrations or berberine PK reported.","conclusion":"The metabolism of MDZ and Rh123 was controlled by BBR. The results were most likely due to the inhibition by BBR on CYP3A enzymes and P-gp transporter.","limitations":""},"27070564":{"pmid":"27070564","title":"In Vivo and in Vitro Study on Drug-Drug Interaction of Lovastatin and Berberine from Pharmacokinetic and HepG2 Cell Metabolism Studies.","authors":"Cui H, Wang J, Zhang Q, Dang M, Liu H, Dong Y, Zhang L, Yang F, Wu J, Tong X","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2016","volume":"21","issue":"4","pages":"464","doi":"10.3390/molecules21040464","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27070564/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Berberine is the inducer (pretreatment); measured analyte is lovastatin acid (rat plasma, UPLC-MS/MS) and lovastatin metabolism in HepG2 cells. No berberine concentrations or berberine PK reported.","conclusion":"berberine could be an inducer for the metabolism of lovastatin according to our previous research on berberine induction effects on HepG2 cells, which may be relevant to the fact that berberine possesses induction effects through the CYP 450 3A4 enzyme.","limitations":""},"27217747":{"pmid":"27217747","title":"Development and evaluation of vitamin E d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-mixed polymeric phospholipid micelles of berberine as an anticancer nanopharmaceutical.","authors":"Shen R, Kim JJ, Yao M, Elbayoumi TA","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2016","volume":"11","issue":"","pages":"1687-700","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S103332","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27217747/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (formulation, in vitro cell studies and PK simulation)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Nanoformulation paper (berberine PEG-PE/TPGS mixed micelles, anticancer). No measured in vivo absorption/PK. Only computer-simulated PK values and a figure-only Caco-2 accumulation assay; simulated values recorded as 'author approximation' with caveats.","conclusion":"Mixed PEG-PE/TPGS micelles represent a promising delivery platform for the sparingly soluble anticancer agent, Brb, encouraging further pharmaceutical development of this drug for cancer therapy.","limitations":"no measured in vivo PK or absorption; PK values are computer simulations driven by assumed F and t1/2; Caco-2 values figure-only; dose units inconsistent (mg vs mg/kg); n not reported for Caco-2 assay"},"27283523":{"pmid":"27283523","title":"Significant pharmacokinetic differences of berberine are attributable to variations in gut microbiota between Africans and Chinese.","authors":"Alolga RN, Fan Y, Chen Z, Liu LW, Zhao YJ, Li J, Chen Y, Lai MD, Li P, Qi LW","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2016","volume":"6","issue":"","pages":"27671","doi":"10.1038/srep27671","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27283523/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"parallel (two ethnic groups, single dose)","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, significant PK differences of berberine were observed between Africans and Chinese, which is partly attributable to variations in gut microbiota and its corresponding metabolic capacity.","limitations":"small n (10 per group); male only, healthy young adults; single dose; no food-free comparison (dosed with breakfast); in vitro microbiota incubation n = 3 per group; implausibly low plasma concentrations and some SDs (t1/2, Vd, CL) as printed"},"27494281":{"pmid":"27494281","title":"Pharmacokinetic studies of novel berberine derivatives with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Wang W, Shen Q, Liang H, Hua C, Liu Y, Li F, Li Q","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2016","volume":"1031","issue":"","pages":"172-180","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.038","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27494281/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (dose groups, oral and IV)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine (BBR) oral and IV rat PK are on-target and extracted; paper focuses on two novel bile-acid derivatives (A4, B4), whose data are included as comparator arms; tissue distribution is B4 only and figure-only.","conclusion":"Together, the experimental results proved that compared with BBR and A4, the derivative B4 had higher absolute oral bioavailability and the ability of deeply targeting so that can be likely used in some organ-targeted diseases.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); no statistical tests reported for PK comparisons; oral dose for absolute bioavailability not stated; variance type not labelled in Table 5; tissue distribution one rat per time point, figure-only; female rats only"},"27750103":{"pmid":"27750103","title":"Pharmacokinetics, excretion of 8-cetylberberine and its main metabolites in rat urine.","authors":"Hu Y, Fan S, Liao X, Chen C, Su L, Li X","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2017","volume":"132","issue":"","pages":"195-206","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27750103/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups, single dose)","n":"115 rats for plasma PK (50 BBR, 65 8-BBR-C16; 5 per time point); 12 rats for excretion (6 per group)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine (BBR, 80 mg/kg oral) is the on-target comparator arm; the paper's main subject is the derivative 8-cetylberberine (8-BBR-C16), whose data are included as a second arm. Abstract and Results contradict each other on total excretion.","conclusion":"At 96 h, the total excretion amount of BBR in urine and feces was 76.9%, but that of 8-BBR-C16 was only 20.5%.","limitations":"PK computed from mean of 5 rats per time point (no individual-animal PK); SD basis unclear; Abstract contradicts Results/Conclusions on excretion; derivative is the main subject; only one dose level"},"27875787":{"pmid":"27875787","title":"Simultaneous determination of anemoside B4, phellodendrine, berberine, palmatine, obakunone, esculin, esculetin in rat plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and ulcerative colitis rats.","authors":"Yang L, Meng X, Yu X, Kuang H","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2017","volume":"134","issue":"","pages":"43-52","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27875787/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (normal vs UC model), single dose","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine given orally as part of a multi-herb decoction (Pulsatillae Decoction extract); berberine rows extracted. Six other analytes (anemoside B4, phellodendrine, palmatine, obakunone, esculin, esculetin) are in the same Table 3 but not extracted (off-target analytes).","conclusion":"There are significant differences in pharmacokinetic properties of the seven analytes between normal and UC rats.","limitations":"berberine given within a multi-herb extract, dose of berberine not stated directly (only extract dose and berberine content); rat study; n per group inconsistent between Methods (30 per group) and Table 3 (n = 6); concentration-time data figure-only; Tmax identical across sampling grid (0.25 h) with SD 0"},"27937081":{"pmid":"27937081","title":"Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of berberine in rats.","authors":"Jia Y, Xu B, Xu J","journal":"Pharmaceutical biology","year":"2017","volume":"55","issue":"1","pages":"510-515","doi":"10.1080/13880209.2016.1255649","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27937081/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (normal vs T2DM)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In T2DM model rats, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of berberine was significantly altered, which indicated that berberine dosage should be modified in T2DM patients.","limitations":"rat study; small n (6/group); exact p-values not given; Table 4 has no significance marks (text states significance for Cmax, t1/2, AUC, CL/F); Tmax and AUMC/MRT significance not stated; concentration-time data figure-only"},"28035611":{"pmid":"28035611","title":"The In vitro/vivo Evaluation of Prepared Gastric Floating Tablets of Berberine Hydrochloride.","authors":"Ji J, He X, Yang XL, Du WJ, Cui CL, Wang L, Wang X, Zhang CF, Guo CR","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2017","volume":"18","issue":"6","pages":"2149-2156","doi":"10.1208/s12249-016-0696-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28035611/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (New Zealand rabbit, 2.0-2.5 kg); in vitro release tests","design":"randomized two-period crossover","n":"3","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine HCl gastric floating tablets vs market tablets in rabbits (n=3) plus in vitro formulation characterization; in vitro release data figure-only.","conclusion":"In vivo pharmacokinetic study suggested that prepared gastric floating tablets had significantly sustained-releasing effects compared with market tablets.","limitations":"n = 3 rabbits; animal study, not human; Cmax difference not marked significant; very small SDs reported for F3 AUC; in vitro release data figure-only; dosing per tablet specified, total dose not stated explicitly; sampling timepoints NR in text"},"28154180":{"pmid":"28154180","title":"Berberine-induced Inactivation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 Signaling Promotes Male-specific Expression of a Bile Acid Uptake Transporter.","authors":"Bu P, Le Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Cheng X","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","year":"2017","volume":"292","issue":"11","pages":"4602-4613","doi":"10.1074/jbc.M116.757567","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28154180/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mechanistic mouse/hepatoma-cell study of berberine effects on Ntcp/NTCP expression via STAT5 signaling; no berberine absorption or pharmacokinetic data (no plasma/tissue berberine concentrations, Cmax, AUC) reported. Read pages 1-12 (text layer).","conclusion":"berberine may be a therapeutic candidate compound for maintaining bile acid homeostasis.","limitations":""},"28208101":{"pmid":"28208101","title":"Berberine as a chemical and pharmacokinetic marker of the butanol-extracted Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2.","authors":"Yang N, Srivastava K, Song Y, Liu C, Cho S, Chen Y, Li XM","journal":"International immunopharmacology","year":"2017","volume":"45","issue":"","pages":"120-127","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28208101/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (peanut-allergic female C3H/HeJ mice) and in vitro (Caco-2 cells)","design":"parallel (berberine vs B-FAHF-2); in vitro Caco-2 uptake","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse serum PK of berberine alone vs berberine in B-FAHF-2 herbal formula plus Caco-2 uptake assays.","conclusion":"B-FAHF-2 remarkably increased the bioavailability of berberine. Berberine can be used as chemical and pharmacokinetic marker of B-FAHF-2. Other herbal components in B-FAHF-2 may facilitate the absorption of berberine.","limitations":"mouse study; large variability (SD > mean for berberine alone Cmax); no SD for AUC/Tmax/t1/2; no p-values reported for PK comparisons; two peaks (reabsorption) in profiles; Caco-2 n not stated; patent interest declared; dose basis for berberine arm not stated"},"28216883":{"pmid":"28216883","title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Three Protoberberine-type Alkaloids from Raw and Bile-processed Rhizoma coptidis in Heat Syndrome Rats.","authors":"Zi-Min Y, Yue C, Hui G, Jia L, Gui-Rong C, Wang J","journal":"Pharmacognosy magazine","year":"2017","volume":"13","issue":"49","pages":"51-57","doi":"10.4103/0973-1296.197632","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216883/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (RC vs BRC)","n":"16 (8 per group, as printed groups RC n=8, BRC n=8)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine rows extracted; jatrorrhizine and palmatine (other protoberberine alkaloids in same Table 6) not extracted. Berberine given within Rhizoma coptidis aqueous extract (raw vs pig bile-processed) to heat-syndrome rats.","conclusion":"The bile processing appears to increase the absorption rate of alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis.","limitations":"rat heat syndrome model; berberine dose not directly specified (extract dose and extract content only); berberine content differed between RC and BRC extracts (confounds Cmax); exact p-values NR; BRC AUC0-t SD identical to RC (possible typo); fasting status NR"},"28295319":{"pmid":"28295319","title":"Preparation, pharmacokinetics and tumour-suppressive activity of berberine liposomes.","authors":"Wang X, Wang Q, Liu Z, Zheng X","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","year":"2017","volume":"69","issue":"6","pages":"625-632","doi":"10.1111/jphp.12692","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28295319/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (rats for plasma PK; SGC-7901 xenografted nude/Balb/c mice for tissue distribution)","design":"parallel (three formulations)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Intravenous berberine (solution vs liposomes) in rats and tumour-bearing mice; berberine is the listed supplement (on-target, IV route). Plasma PK in Table 2 extracted; tissue distribution is figure-only except heart 2-h values in Discussion; no oral absorption.","conclusion":"Our study suggested that BBR liposomes may provide a safe form of intravenous drug therapy for strengthening the antitumour effects of BBR.","limitations":"intravenous administration only, no oral absorption data; small n; tissue distribution data figure-only; exact p-values NR; no dose basis stated (berberine chloride salt vs berberine)"},"28509588":{"pmid":"28509588","title":"PEG-lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles loaded with berberine-phospholipid complex to facilitate the oral delivery efficiency.","authors":"Yu F, Ao M, Zheng X, Li N, Xia J, Li Y, Li D, Hou Z, Qi Z, Chen XD","journal":"Drug delivery","year":"2017","volume":"24","issue":"1","pages":"825-833","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2017.1321062","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509588/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomly 2 groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"After oral administration to rats, the oral bioavailability of the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR–SPC was found to have been significantly enhanced, compared with that of BBR suspensions.","limitations":"rat study; n = 6; dose inconsistency (50 vs 100 mg/kg); Tmax inconsistency (2 h vs 4 h); exact p-values NR; concentration-time data figure-only; dose basis NR"},"28533175":{"pmid":"28533175","title":"Dendrimer encapsulated and conjugated delivery of berberine: A novel approach mitigating toxicity and improving in vivo pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Gupta L, Sharma AK, Gothwal A, Khan MS, Khinchi MP, Qayum A, Singh SK, Gupta U","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2017","volume":"528","issue":"1-2","pages":"88-99","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.073","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28533175/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Intravenous berberine (free BBR vs PAMAM G4 dendrimer conjugate BPC and encapsulated BPE) in rats; on-target but IV only. No oral absorption. PK parameters (Table 4) have no variance; most of the paper is formulation/in vitro/toxicity.","conclusion":"Among both the developed formulations the conjugated formulation (BPC) was found to be more prominent than the encapsulated one (BPE). Therefore conclusively conjugation can be a better option for the delivery of natural bio-actives through dendrimers.","limitations":"IV administration only; no variance or p-values for PK parameters; UV spectrophotometric plasma assay (low specificity); small n; text states five groups but only four described; dose printed as 500 µg/mL equivalent BBR (concentration) and 500 µg BBR (amount)"},"28585864":{"pmid":"28585864","title":"Sustained release effects of berberine-loaded chitosan microspheres on in vitro chondrocyte culture.","authors":"Zhou Y, Liu S, Ming J, Li Y, Deng M, He B","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2017","volume":"43","issue":"10","pages":"1703-1714","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2017.1339076","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28585864/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Formulation/cell-culture study of berberine-loaded chitosan microspheres (in vitro release over 7 days, encapsulation efficiency, SNP-stimulated rat chondrocyte apoptosis). No absorption, bioavailability or pharmacokinetic measurements in animals or humans or intestinal models. In vitro release text values: free BBR 95.7 ± 4.2% vs BBR-loaded CMs 36.8 ± 3.8% released at 1 day; 58.3 ± 4.3% over first 3 days (not entered as PK data).","conclusion":"Thus, CMs may be used as a promising carrier in a BBR delivery system, and novel BBR-loaded CMs show potential as a novel strategy for the treatment of OA.","limitations":""},"28700828":{"pmid":"28700828","title":"Herbicidal Spectrum, Absorption and Transportation, and Physiological Effect on Bidens pilosa of the Natural Alkaloid Berberine.","authors":"Wu J, Ma JJ, Liu B, Huang L, Sang XQ, Zhou LJ","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2017","volume":"65","issue":"30","pages":"6100-6113","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01259","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28700828/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (plant uptake experiment)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Plant (herbicide) study: berberine uptake and transport in Bidens pilosa seedlings (HPLC tissue concentrations); not a human or animal supplement absorption study. Most of the paper is herbicidal efficacy/physiology (not extracted).","conclusion":"berberine was mainly absorbed by plant root and was acropetally transported through vascular bundle in stem to leaves.","limitations":"plant model, not relevant to human supplement absorption; no replicate/variance printed for tissue concentrations (SE only in figure); tissue concentrations per g (fresh/dry weight not stated)"},"28849585":{"pmid":"28849585","title":"Simultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, scutellarin, berberine, coptisine, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Re of Banxia xiexin decoction in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Xu R, Wang Q, Wang X","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2018","volume":"32","issue":"2","pages":"","doi":"10.1002/bmc.4083","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28849585/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine is one of nine analytes measured after oral Banxia xiexin decoction (multi-herb formula) in rats; no pure berberine arm. Mainly an LC-MS/MS method validation paper; only berberine PK values extracted (other eight analytes not extracted).","conclusion":"A rapid, sensitive and accurate method for the determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, scutellarin, berberine, coptisine, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Re in rat plasma using LC–MS/MS has been developed.","limitations":"no pure berberine comparator arm; cross-study comparison only; n = 6, single dose group; variance type not stated in Table 6; herbal decoction matrix"},"28893642":{"pmid":"28893642","title":"Enzyme-inducing effects of berberine on cytochrome P450 1A2 in vitro and in vivo.","authors":"Jiang B, Meng L, Zhang F, Jin X, Zhang G","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2017","volume":"189","issue":"","pages":"1-7","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893642/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"42","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily a CYP1A2 induction study (HepG2 and rat); only berberine liver-concentration data after i.p. vs oral dosing extracted. Phenacetin/acetaminophen PK (probe substrates, off-target analytes) and mRNA/enzyme-activity results not extracted.","conclusion":"BER didn't show significant induction effect on CYP1A2 by high-dose orally administrating to rats for 6 consecutive days. But the induction effect of BER on CYP1A2 in rats by intraperitoneal route and in HepG2 cells was exhibited.","limitations":"absorption not primary aim; no plasma berberine PK reported; oral 100 mg/kg liver value figure-only; single liver time point"},"29117131":{"pmid":"29117131","title":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) to Enhance Berberine Absorption: An In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study.","authors":"Sut S, Faggian M, Baldan V, Poloniato G, Castagliuolo I, Grabnar I, Perissutti B, Brun P, Maggi F, Voinovich D, Peron G, Dall'Acqua S","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2017","volume":"22","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules22111921","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29117131/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"60 (4 groups of 15)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents may thus be considered attractive solubilizing agents and may also play a role in the increase of absorption of poorly bioavailable natural products such as berberine.","limitations":"small n (3 mice per time point; single sample per animal); composite mean profile used for AUC; no statistics for PK parameters; no IV reference so absolute bioavailability not assessed; Tmax and several other values inconsistent in text"},"29138046":{"pmid":"29138046","title":"Novel cremochylomicrons for improved oral bioavailability of the antineoplastic phytomedicine berberine chloride: Optimization and pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Elsheikh MA, Elnaggar YSR, Hamdy DA, Abdallah OY","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2018","volume":"535","issue":"1-2","pages":"316-324","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29138046/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"14 (as printed); group sizes printed as 4 + 4 + 4","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"berberine-loaded cremochylomicron could be considered as a promising nanoplatform for targeting lymphatic system and improving BER oral bioavailability with lower dose and side effects.","limitations":"n = 4 per group; no IV reference so absolute bioavailability not determined; exact p-values not reported; oral free-drug vehicle not clearly specified; text and table inconsistencies in units and sample size"},"29228954":{"pmid":"29228954","title":"Combination of berberine and evodiamine inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption in high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rats.","authors":"Zhou X, Ren F, Wei H, Liu L, Shen T, Xu S, Wei J, Ren J, Ni H","journal":"Lipids in health and disease","year":"2017","volume":"16","issue":"1","pages":"239","doi":"10.1186/s12944-017-0628-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29228954/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"60","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Efficacy study of berberine and evodiamine on lipid profile and cholesterol absorption in HFD rats; measured analytes are plasma cholesterol and beta-sitosterol (absorption marker), not berberine absorption/PK. No berberine concentration or PK data reported.","conclusion":"combination of berberine and evodiamine exerted a promising preventive effect on hyperlipidemia, partially through inhibiting intestinal absorption of cholesterol.","limitations":""},"29263662":{"pmid":"29263662","title":"Selenium-coated nanostructured lipid carriers used for oral delivery of berberine to accomplish a synergic hypoglycemic effect.","authors":"Yin J, Hou Y, Yin Y, Song X","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2017","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"8671-8680","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S144615","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29263662/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"15","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Our findings show that SeNLCs are promising nanocarriers for oral delivery of berberine to strengthen the antidiabetic action.","limitations":"n = 5 per group; sex of PK rats not stated; no IV reference; no p-values for solution vs formulations; no human data"},"29491706":{"pmid":"29491706","title":"Berberine nanoparticles with enhanced in vitro bioavailability: characterization and antimicrobial activity.","authors":"Sahibzada MUK, Sadiq A, Faidah HS, Khurram M, Amin MU, Haseeb A, Kakar M","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","year":"2018","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"303-312","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S156123","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29491706/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"RETRACTED ARTICLE (marked retracted in PDF title and PubMed pubtype). In vitro solubility/dissolution and antibacterial study of berberine nanoparticles (APSP and EPN methods); no absorption or PK data. Solubility and dissolution results are shown in figures only (Figs 7, 8); no numeric values in text.","conclusion":"Berberine NPs produced by both APSP and EPN methods have shown promising activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts, with NPs prepared through the EPN method showing superior results compared to those made with the APSP method and the unprocessed drug.","limitations":"retracted article; figure-only solubility/dissolution data"},"29579096":{"pmid":"29579096","title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety assessment of transdermal berberine and dihydroberberine.","authors":"Buchanan B, Meng Q, Poulin MM, Zuccolo J, Azike CG, Gabriele J, Baranowski DC","journal":"PloS one","year":"2018","volume":"13","issue":"3","pages":"e0194979","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0194979","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29579096/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"Acute 19 (3/8/8); chronic 40 (8 per group; 4 per group for PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Transdermal dihydroberberine presented increased systemic berberine and DBG compared with other routes of administration in both acute and chronic studies.","limitations":"industry-funded, authors employed by Delivra with pending patent; small n (BBR PO acute n=3; chronic n=4); no oral DHB arm or IV reference; DBG relative quantification only, not validated; SEM larger than mean for some Cmax values; Tmax at sampling resolution"},"29618977":{"pmid":"29618977","title":"Gut Microbiota-Regulated Pharmacokinetics of Berberine and Active Metabolites in Beagle Dogs After Oral Administration.","authors":"Feng R, Zhao ZX, Ma SR, Guo F, Wang Y, Jiang JD","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2018","volume":"9","issue":"","pages":"214","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2018.00214","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29618977/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"single-arm","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"this is the first study to describe gut microbiota-regulated pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs after oral administration of BBR, which is beneficial for discovery of drugs with poor absorption but good therapeutic efficacy.","limitations":"n = 5, single-arm, no IV reference; no berberine Tmax reported; plasma/fecal time-course data figure-only; metabolite quantities relative (surrogate standards); fecal berberine mostly unabsorbed drug"},"29645002":{"pmid":"29645002","title":"Proteomics analysis reveals a potential new target protein for the lipid-lowering effect of Berberine8998.","authors":"Yu CY, Liu GY, Liu XH, Gui YZ, Liu HM, Zheng HC, Gorecki DC, Patel AV, Yu C, Wang YP","journal":"Acta pharmacologica Sinica","year":"2018","volume":"39","issue":"9","pages":"1473-1482","doi":"10.1038/aps.2017.200","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29645002/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized crossover (two treatment periods, other compound in second period)","n":"rats 10; hamsters 6","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary paper is about berberine derivative berberine8998 (lipid-lowering/proteomics); PK compares oral berberine (free base) with berberine8998 in SD rats and Syrian hamsters. Berberine arms are on-target; berberine8998 arms recorded as derivative comparator.","conclusion":"The improved bioavailability of berberine8998 is of significant importance and will be examined in future studies.","limitations":"berberine8998 is a derivative; berberine data are the comparator; dose inconsistent (50 mg/kg Methods vs 70 mg/kg Fig 5/Table 3); no p-values for PK comparison; large SD, AUCinf<AUClast in hamster berberine; n per arm not stated in tables; serum vs plasma labeling inconsistent (Fig 5 axis says plasma)"},"29654898":{"pmid":"29654898","title":"Improvement of intestinal transport, absorption and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine by using Gelucire44/14: In vitro, in situ and in vivo studies.","authors":"Sun J, Bao H, Peng Y, Zhang H, Sun Y, Qi J, Zhang H, Gao Y","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2018","volume":"544","issue":"1","pages":"46-54","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29654898/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro/in situ/in vivo animal experiments)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target (berberine); in vitro rat intestinal diffusion chamber, in situ rat closed-loop PK, and mouse antidiabetic efficacy (efficacy glucose data not extracted). Absorption enhancer: Gelucire44/14.","conclusion":"Gelucire44/14 exhibited potential for enhancing the oral absorption of BBR and thus improve its various pharmacological effects, particularly the antidiabetic efficacy.","limitations":"intestinal loop/tissue models not oral dosing PK; n=3 per condition; no dose in mg for in situ loop volume; antidiabetic efficacy only; mouse plasma BBR not measured"},"29971002":{"pmid":"29971002","title":"A 42-Markers Pharmacokinetic Study Reveals Interactions of Berberine and Glycyrrhizic Acid in the Anti-diabetic Chinese Medicine Formula Gegen-Qinlian Decoction.","authors":"Qiao X, Wang Q, Wang S, Kuang Y, Li K, Song W, Ye M","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2018","volume":"9","issue":"","pages":"622","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2018.00622","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29971002/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized groups)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Multi-herb formula PK (42 markers); only berberine (analyte 24) and berberine +/- glycyrrhizic acid rat PK and Caco-2 data extracted. Other 41 analytes in Table 1 not extracted (not berberine). Mouse anti-diabetic efficacy not extracted.","conclusion":"We discovered that glycyrrhizic acid could improve the oral absorption of berberine by inhibiting P-gp, and thus increase the anti-diabetic effects of berberine in db/db mice.","limitations":"rat study; berberine dose in GQD groups not stated; no p-values for PK comparisons; large SDs; Caco-2 values read from text only (figure for details); supplementary data not available"},"29988733":{"pmid":"29988733","title":"Dual-functional Brij-S20-modified nanocrystal formulation enhances the intestinal transport and oral bioavailability of berberine.","authors":"Xiong W, Sang W, Linghu KG, Zhong ZF, Cheang WS, Li J, Hu YJ, Yu H, Wang YT","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2018","volume":"13","issue":"","pages":"3781-3793","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S163763","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988733/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups of rats)","n":"10 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target berberine; Brij-S20 nanocrystal formulation vs pure berberine in rats plus MDCK-MDR1 in vitro transport/uptake.","conclusion":"BBR-BS20-NCs effectively overcome Pgp-mediated BBR efflux (EfR value of 7.12) and significantly enhance BBR absorption (EfR value of 3.62) in MDCK-MDR1 cells. Also, pharmacokinetic study proved that BBR-BS20-NCs statistically enhanced the bioavailability of BBR.","limitations":"n=5 per group; large SD (AUC0–∞ 1,082.9); rat only; no IV reference so no absolute bioavailability; industry-independent but formulation not human-tested"},"30290822":{"pmid":"30290822","title":"Self-nanoemulsifying system improves oral absorption and enhances anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity of berberine.","authors":"Li J, Yang L, Shen R, Gong L, Tian Z, Qiu H, Shi Z, Gao L, Sun H, Zhang G","journal":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","year":"2018","volume":"16","issue":"1","pages":"76","doi":"10.1186/s12951-018-0402-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30290822/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"parallel (randomized to two groups)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target berberine; self-nanoemulsifying system vs berberine suspension, rabbit PK plus Caco-2 transport; leukemia efficacy not extracted.","conclusion":"The relative oral bioavailability of the system was significantly enhanced by 3.41-fold compared with BBR solution.","limitations":"rabbit study, n=6; implausibly small SDs (e.g. AUC SD 6.147); unit/magnitude questionable (Cmax 62-114 µg/mL after 50 mg/kg); Table 1 MRT contradicts text MRT; comparator called suspension and solution"},"30305576":{"pmid":"30305576","title":"Increased Bioavailable Berberine Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Attenuation of NFκB and JNK Signaling Pathways.","authors":"Yu Y, Zhang M, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Teng F, Lv X, Li J, Zhang Y, Hatch GM, Chen L","journal":"International heart journal","year":"2018","volume":"59","issue":"6","pages":"1378-1388","doi":"10.1536/ihj.17-458","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30305576/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal pharmacology study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Cardioprotection/pharmacology study of HGSD (berberine-sodium caprate solid dispersion). Only absorption/PK-relevant data: a single serum BBR concentration after dosing used for serum-pharmacology in H9c2 cells. No PK parameters reported.","conclusion":"HGSD treatment protects the heart from ischemia reperfusion injury through attenuation of NFκB and JNK signaling pathways.","limitations":"absorption not the study aim; single concentration, sampling time NR; no PK parameters; no non-HGSD berberine comparator for serum level"},"30428337":{"pmid":"30428337","title":"Organic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 co-mediated interaction between metformin and berberine.","authors":"Shi R, Xu Z, Xu X, Jin J, Zhao Y, Wang T, Li Y, Ma Y","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2019","volume":"127","issue":"","pages":"282-290","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428337/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (control vs co-administration)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Drug-drug interaction study. Metformin PK (off-target) not extracted; berberine plasma PK (Table 1), tissue AUC (Table 2), tissue/plasma ratios (Table 4) and text values extracted. In vitro transporter IC50 data (OCT1/OCT2/MATE1) for metformin not extracted.","conclusion":"These results suggest that the combination of metformin and berberine induced a pharmacokinetic interaction by cooperatively inhibiting OCT and MATE1-mediated transport.","limitations":"large variance in berberine plasma PK; n=6 per group; sex mix not described; berberine plasma conc very low (nM); tissue time points inconsistent between Methods and Table 4"},"30558158":{"pmid":"30558158","title":"Enhancement of Berberine Hypoglycemic Activity by Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins.","authors":"Zhang H, Wang X, Wang T, Chen K, Wang H, Jia Q, Li Y","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2018","volume":"23","issue":"12","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules23123318","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30558158/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 mice (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target berberine; BB +/- OPCs oral PK in SD mice plus Caco-2 transport/uptake. Hypoglycemic db/db efficacy not extracted.","conclusion":"This study demonstrated that combination of BB with OPCs could significantly improve the pharmacokinetics and hypoglycemic efficacy of BB.","limitations":"n=6 mice per group; AUC increase not significant/no p-value; species: SD mice (unusual); PK dose 200 mg/kg and OPCs 120 mg/kg differ from efficacy-study OPCs dose 60 mg/kg"},"30587933":{"pmid":"30587933","title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability of berberine chloride with simvastatin and fenofibrate: an open-label, randomized, parallel study in healthy Chinese subjects.","authors":"Li G, Zhao M, Qiu F, Sun Y, Zhao L","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","year":"2019","volume":"13","issue":"","pages":"129-139","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S185487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587933/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, randomized, parallel (single dose then multiple-dose parts, 7-day washout)","n":"60","status":"partial","statusNote":"Human DDI study; berberine PK extracted for all berberine-containing arms. Simvastatin, simvastatin acid, fenofibric acid (off-target) not extracted.","conclusion":"No clinically obvious pharmacokinetic interactions between Bbr and Fbt/Svt were observed with combined administration. The results demonstrated that Bbr can be coadministered safely with Fbt and Svt without dose adjustment.","limitations":"very low berberine concentrations; large SD (CV about 100%); group sizes not stated; multipeak profiles (enterohepatic) bias Vz/F and Cl; implausible Cl magnitude in Table 6; no p-values reported in tables"},"30597911":{"pmid":"30597911","title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents of Berberine Organic Acid Salts for Enhancing the Bioavailability.","authors":"Cui HX, Hu YN, Li JW, Yuan K, Guo Y","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2018","volume":"24","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules24010103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597911/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (8 groups, n=5)","n":"NR (8 groups of 5 per Methods; Table 1 reports 5 ig salts + iv)","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target berberine salts (HCl vs fumarate, malate, succinate, citrate) in type 2 diabetic rats, ig and iv. In-vivo imaging in nude mice qualitative only.","conclusion":"Compared with BH, BOAs, especially BF and BS, can not only control blood sugar to avoid hyperchloremia, but also significantly improve oral bioavailability.","limitations":"n=5 per group; diabetic rats only; very high dose 500 mg/kg; iv AUC per salt in separate groups with different dose-normalization unclear; Cmax difference not significant; no healthy comparator PK values reported"},"30733676":{"pmid":"30733676","title":"Enhanced Anti-diabetic Effect of Berberine Combined With Timosaponin B2 in Goto-Kakizaki Rats, Associated With Increased Variety and Exposure of Effective Substances Through Intestinal Absorption.","authors":"Tian X, Liu F, Li Z, Lin Y, Liu H, Hu P, Chen M, Sun Z, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Han L, Zhang Y, Pan G, Huang C","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2019","volume":"10","issue":"","pages":"19","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2019.00019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30733676/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and drug-interaction study: repeated-dose in GK rats; single-dose portal/systemic/liver sparse sampling in Wistar rats; in vitro)","n":"GK: 8 per group x 5 groups; Wistar: 135 (45 per group)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine given orally to GK and Wistar rats, with or without timosaponin B2 (TB-2); TB-2 and TA-3 PK values (not the supplement) were not extracted. Efficacy (glucose) outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"Combining TB-2 and BBR enhanced the anti-diabetic efficacy by increasing the in vivo variety of effective substances, including the parent compounds and active metabolites, and improving the levels of those substances through intestinal absorption.","limitations":"animal study (rats); sparse sampling (n=5 per time point) in Wistar rats; statistic type for Table 2/3 values not stated; text-table inconsistencies noted; TB-2 PK not extracted"},"30793835":{"pmid":"30793835","title":"A review on analytical methods for natural berberine alkaloids.","authors":"Wang J, Jiang Y, Wang B, Zhang N","journal":"Journal of separation science","year":"2019","volume":"42","issue":"9","pages":"1794-1815","doi":"10.1002/jssc.201800952","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30793835/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of analytical methods (LC, LC-MS, GC-MS, TLC, CE) for berberine alkaloids; no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"30961123":{"pmid":"30961123","title":"Precise Dissolution Control and Bioavailability Evaluation for Insoluble Drug Berberine via a Polymeric Particle Prepared Using Supercritical CO₂.","authors":"Jia J, Zhang K, Zhou X, Zhou D, Ge F","journal":"Polymers","year":"2018","volume":"10","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/polym10111198","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30961123/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK; 3 groups)","n":"18 (Methods)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Single-dose rat PK of berberine formulations (raw vs β-CD SEDS particles) plus in vitro dissolution.","conclusion":"The results indicate that dissolution enhancement was positive for the increase of BBR oral bioavailability, but the effect was limited. To further largely improve the BBR bioavailability, obstacles relating to drug efflux and metabolism should be overcome.","limitations":"small n; n inconsistent (6 in Methods vs 5 in Table 3); no statistical tests reported for PK comparisons; single dose only; Cmax unit µg/mL appears inconsistent with AUC units and ng/mL concentrations"},"31013627":{"pmid":"31013627","title":"Inhibitory Effect of Berberine on Broiler P-glycoprotein Expression and Function: In Situ and In Vitro Studies.","authors":"Zhang Y, Guo L, Huang J, Sun Y, He F, Zloh M, Wang L","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2019","volume":"20","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms20081966","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013627/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chicken) and in vitro (MDCK-chAbcb1 cells)","design":"other (in situ perfusion + in vitro transport + docking)","n":"18 broilers","status":"partial","statusNote":"Study of berberine as P-gp substrate/inhibitor in chicken P-gp cells and broiler intestine; berberine's own transport ratios extracted (values for berberine are text ratios; Papp only in Fig. 6). Effects on absorption of other P-gp substrates (Rho123, antibiotics) recorded as interaction findings, not as rows.","conclusion":"These results indicate that berberine is a substrate of chicken P-gp and down-regulates P-gp expression in chicken tissues, thereby increasing the absorption of P-gp substrates.","limitations":"berberine plasma concentrations/PK not measured; berberine transport Papp values figure-only; P-gp protein not measured; animal and in vitro study"},"31382342":{"pmid":"31382342","title":"Nanoemulsion improves hypoglycemic efficacy of berberine by overcoming its gastrointestinal challenge.","authors":"Xu HY, Liu CS, Huang CL, Chen L, Zheng YR, Huang SH, Long XY","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","year":"2019","volume":"181","issue":"","pages":"927-934","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31382342/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK, in vitro and in situ studies)","n":"12 rats (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine nanoemulsion vs control, plus Caco-2, SPIP and in vitro stability; mouse hypoglycemic efficacy not extracted.","conclusion":"NE overcame the GI deficiency of BBR and significantly increased the oral bioavailability of BBR. Moreover, the promoted bioavailability by NE remarkably improved the hypoglycemic activity of BBR in diabetic mice.","limitations":"small n (12 rats total); per-group n not explicitly stated; single dose; animal study; T1/2 SD exceeds mean for NE (21.70 ± 25.72); ± assumed SD per Statistical analysis section"},"31420752":{"pmid":"31420752","title":"Nano-Co-Delivery of Berberine and Anticancer Drug Using PLGA Nanoparticles: Exploration of Better Anticancer Activity and In Vivo Kinetics.","authors":"Khan I, Joshi G, Nakhate KT, Ajazuddin, Kumar R, Gupta U","journal":"Pharmaceutical research","year":"2019","volume":"36","issue":"10","pages":"149","doi":"10.1007/s11095-019-2677-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31420752/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group IV PK, 5 groups incl. negative control)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine given intravenously (tail vein) in rats, free vs PLGA-doxorubicin nanoparticle; berberine PK extracted, doxorubicin PK values not extracted; mostly an in vitro anticancer study. Not an oral absorption study.","conclusion":"The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed the significant increase in bioavailability as observed in plasma-concentration drug profile study in rat model in vivo leading to significant improvement in overall half-life.","limitations":"IV administration, not oral absorption; n=3 per group; no statistical tests reported for PK; dose basis unclear; sampling times only in figure"},"31473193":{"pmid":"31473193","title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota.","authors":"Lyu Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, Lin L, Yang X, Cheung SCK, Shaw PC, Chan PKS, Kong APS, Zuo Z","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2019","volume":"235","issue":"","pages":"116818","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116818","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31473193/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK interaction study; in vitro incubations)","n":"34 rats (10+5+7+6+6, from Fig. 1)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oral BBR PK in rats was barely measurable (all mean concentrations below 5.69 ng/ml); primary outcome was metformin PK interaction. Metformin PK and human fecalase/bacteria data (Fig. 4-5, figure-only) not extracted as rows.","conclusion":"BBR pretreatment had significant impacts on the MET pharmacokinetics, whereas simultaneous co-administration of BBR and MET led to minimal changes in pharmacokinetics of MET. Two-hour pretreatment with BBR could significantly decrease microbiota mediated degradation of MET, leading to its higher bioavailability in vivo.","limitations":"BBR barely measurable in plasma, large SDs; small n per group (5-10); healthy rats only; BBR PK parameters (AUC, Cmax) not calculated; human fecalase and bacteria data figure-only"},"31841506":{"pmid":"31841506","title":"Combination treatment of berberine and solid lipid curcumin particles increased cell death and inhibited PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway of human cultured glioblastoma cells more effectively than did individual treatments.","authors":"Maiti P, Plemmons A, Dunbar GL","journal":"PloS one","year":"2019","volume":"14","issue":"12","pages":"e0225660","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0225660","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31841506/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro anticancer study of berberine and solid lipid curcumin particles on glioblastoma/neuroblastoma cell lines (viability, cell death, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling). No absorption or pharmacokinetic data; text searched for pharmacokinetic, plasma concentration, absorption, Cmax, AUC with no hits beyond general bioavailability statements.","conclusion":"Combination treatments of SLCP and berberine may be a promising strategy to reduce or prevent glioblastoma growth in comparison to individual treatments using either compound.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"32001218":{"pmid":"32001218","title":"Highly bioavailable berberine formulation ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through the inhibition of glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and the activation of autophagy.","authors":"Zhang M, Zhang Y, Xiao D, Zhang J, Wang X, Guan F, Zhang M, Chen L","journal":"European journal of pharmacology","year":"2020","volume":"873","issue":"","pages":"172955","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172955","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32001218/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study of Huang-Gui solid dispersion (berberine formulation) on diabetic nephropathy in rats and db/db mice (renal function, histology, AMPK/autophagy proteins). No berberine concentration or PK data; the '4-fold greater bioavailability' is cited from earlier work (Zhaojie et al., 2014).","conclusion":"HGSD protected against diabetic kidney dysfunction by inhibiting glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and activating autophagy. The mechanism of HGSD in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy might be connected to the activation of AMPK phosphorylation.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"32013620":{"pmid":"32013620","title":"Autologous erythrocytes delivery of berberine hydrochloride with long-acting effect for hypolipidemia treatment.","authors":"Cheng Z, Liu S, Wu X, Raza F, Li Y, Yuan W, Qiu M, Su J","journal":"Drug delivery","year":"2020","volume":"27","issue":"1","pages":"283-291","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2020.1716880","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32013620/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group IV PK, 2 groups)","n":"12 rats","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine hydrochloride given intravenously (free vs RBC-encapsulated) in rats; IV PK extracted. Not an oral absorption study; hypolipidemic efficacy, RBC characterization and safety not extracted.","conclusion":"BH-loaded autologous erythrocytes seem to be a promising sustained releasing delivery system with long hypolipidemic effect.","limitations":"intravenous route, not oral absorption; n=6 per group; no statistical test reported for PK; Cmax lower for BH-RBCs"},"32104483":{"pmid":"32104483","title":"Preparation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of intestinal retention pellets of Berberine chloride to enhance hypoglycemic and lipid-lowing efficacy.","authors":"Li G, Zhao M, Su X, Song L, Zhao L","journal":"Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2019","volume":"14","issue":"5","pages":"559-568","doi":"10.1016/j.ajps.2018.09.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32104483/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog; rabbit for retention study)","design":"randomized crossover (two-period, balanced)","n":"6 dogs","status":"complete","statusNote":"Beagle dog PK of BBR sustained-release pellets vs commercial tablets; in vitro dissolution and rabbit GI retention also reported (dissolution only in figures). Table 6 columns unlabeled.","conclusion":"BBR intestinal retention type pellets are prepared successfully in this study, and the pellets show satisfactory in vivo and in vitro behaviors.","limitations":"animal study (beagle dogs, n=6); Table 6 columns unlabeled; multiple dose printed as 300 mg/kg; no p-values printed for PK comparisons; Cmax unit in Table 6 not printed; no bioavailability fraction computed"},"32105754":{"pmid":"32105754","title":"Berberine pharmacology and the gut microbiota: A hidden therapeutic link.","authors":"Habtemariam S","journal":"Pharmacological research","year":"2020","volume":"155","issue":"","pages":"104722","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104722","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32105754/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article (PubMed publication type: Review); no primary absorption/PK data extracted. Title: Berberine pharmacology and the gut microbiota: A hidden therapeutic link.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32245062":{"pmid":"32245062","title":"Recent Advances in Berberine Inspired Anticancer Approaches: From Drug Combination to Novel Formulation Technology and Derivatization.","authors":"Habtemariam S","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2020","volume":"25","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules25061426","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32245062/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article (PubMed publication type: Review); no primary absorption/PK data extracted. Title: Recent Advances in Berberine Inspired Anticancer Approaches: From Drug Combination to Novel Formulation Technology and Derivatization.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32261793":{"pmid":"32261793","title":"Chitosan-coated nano-liposomes for the oral delivery of berberine hydrochloride.","authors":"Nguyen TX , Huang L , Liu L , Elamin Abdalla AM , Gauthier M , Yang G","journal":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","year":"2014","volume":"2","issue":"41","pages":"7149-7159","doi":"10.1039/c4tb00876f","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32261793/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (New Zealand white rabbit)","design":"parallel (randomized into 4 groups)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rabbit PK (n=3/group) of berberine hydrochloride solution vs uncoated and chitosan-coated nano-liposomes; plus in vitro stability/release.","conclusion":"All values of pharmacokinetic analysis for chitosan-coated nano-liposomes were higher than for uncoated ones. These findings demonstrate that chitosan-coated nano-liposomes are more efficient than uncoated ones for the oral delivery of BH.","limitations":"small n (3 per group); rabbit study; units printed as mg L-1 for Cmax/AUC; no bioavailability fraction reported"},"32270794":{"pmid":"32270794","title":"Intranasal delivery of berberine via in situ thermoresponsive hydrogels with non-invasive therapy exhibits better antidepressant-like effects.","authors":"Wang QS , Li K , Gao LN , Zhang Y , Lin KM , Cui YL","journal":"Biomaterials science","year":"2020","volume":"8","issue":"10","pages":"2853-2865","doi":"10.1039/c9bm02006c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32270794/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rat)","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of intranasal berberine hydrogel vs intragastric inclusion complex; PK values mainly printed as fold-changes and Tmax in text; absolute PK values only in figures. Antidepressant/monoamine/metabolomics outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"The thermoresponsive hydrogel system resulted in similar or better antidepressant-like efficacy even with a lower dosage in reserpine and CUMS-induced depression in rats.","limitations":"animal study, anesthetized rats; absolute PK values only in figures; route is intranasal vs oral, doses differ (0.15 vs 5 mg/kg); SEM used for in vivo data; n inconsistent between Methods and figure legend"},"32307652":{"pmid":"32307652","title":"Fabrication, characterization and optimization of berberine-loaded PLA nanoparticles using coaxial electrospray for sustained drug release.","authors":"Ghaffarzadegan R, Khoee S, Rezazadeh S","journal":"Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","year":"2020","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"237-252","doi":"10.1007/s40199-020-00335-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307652/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation paper (berberine-loaded PLA nanoparticles); no animal or human PK. Only in vitro release and cellular uptake (HCT116 cells) values extracted; cytotoxicity, size, EE/DL not absorption outcomes.","conclusion":"It is concluded that nano-scaled NPBs prepared by CES can improve toxicity and chemotherapeutic properties of BBR against cancerous cells.","limitations":"in vitro only; no PK; release/uptake values mostly figure-only; n not stated for release"},"32325761":{"pmid":"32325761","title":"The Quest to Enhance the Efficacy of Berberine for Type-2 Diabetes and Associated Diseases: Physicochemical Modification Approaches.","authors":"Habtemariam S","journal":"Biomedicines","year":"2020","volume":"8","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines8040090","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325761/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article (PubMed publication type: Review); no primary absorption/PK data extracted. Title: The Quest to Enhance the Efficacy of Berberine for Type-2 Diabetes and Associated Diseases: Physicochemical Modification Approaches.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32340157":{"pmid":"32340157","title":"Development and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Microspheres Containing Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate for the Oral Delivery of Berberine Hydrochloride.","authors":"Li Y, Zhu C","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2020","volume":"25","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules25081957","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32340157/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley rat); in vitro Caco-2","design":"parallel","n":"18 (3 groups of 6, as printed 'divided into three groups, 6 rats in each group')","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat PK values printed only as AUC fold-ratios and Tmax comparisons (no absolute Cmax/AUC/Tmax numbers; curves in Fig. 7); Caco-2 Papp fold-changes in text. PDF text layer is duplicated/overlaid; read from page images.","conclusion":"These findings indicate that SNAC is a promising absorption enhancer for oral delivery of BER in the form of both solution and microspheres.","limitations":"rat study n=6; absolute PK values (Cmax, AUC, Tmax) not printed; Papp values figure-only; sampling schedule for PK not stated in methods"},"32347284":{"pmid":"32347284","title":"Synthesis of disaccharide modified berberine derivatives and their anti-diabetic investigation in zebrafish using a fluorescence-based technology.","authors":"Wang L, Kong H, Jin M, Li X, Stoika R, Lin H, Liu K","journal":"Organic & biomolecular chemistry","year":"2020","volume":"18","issue":"18","pages":"3563-3574","doi":"10.1039/d0ob00327a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32347284/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Chemical synthesis of disaccharide-modified berberine derivatives and zebrafish anti-diabetic screening by 2-NBDG (fluorescent glucose analog) uptake; no berberine absorption, bioavailability or PK measurement. Bioavailability mentioned only in Introduction (below 5%, Cmax 0.4 ng/mL human after 400 mg, citing other work).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32380387":{"pmid":"32380387","title":"MgAl monolayer hydrotalcite increases the hypoglycemic effect of berberine by enhancing its oral bioavailability.","authors":"Wang A, Yang W, Yang X, Mei X, Hu T, Liang R, Meng D, Yan D","journal":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie","year":"2020","volume":"127","issue":"","pages":"110140","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110140","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32380387/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley rat, HFD/STZ T2DM model; ICR mice for efficacy)","design":"parallel","n":"12 diabetic rats in PK (30 rats total)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of BBR vs BBR/MgAl monolayer hydrotalcite (Table 2) in HFD/STZ diabetic rats; in vitro solubility/dissolution (figures only); mouse hypoglycemic effect not extracted.","conclusion":"In a word, the solubility, oral bioavailability and hypoglycemic effect of BBR could be improved by loading onto MLDH.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); diabetic rat model; single dose; no absolute bioavailability; dose of 100 mg/kg far above human"},"32393087":{"pmid":"32393087","title":"Berberine attenuates fructose-induced insulin resistance by stimulating the hepatic LKB1/AMPK/PGC1α pathway in mice.","authors":"Li Y, Wang B, Shen J, Bai M, Xu E","journal":"Pharmaceutical biology","year":"2020","volume":"58","issue":"1","pages":"385-392","doi":"10.1080/13880209.2020.1756349","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32393087/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study of oral berberine (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) on fructose-induced insulin resistance in mice; no berberine concentration, absorption or PK data reported (text searched for plasma/serum berberine, Cmax, AUC, bioavailability, absorption).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32682035":{"pmid":"32682035","title":"Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel of berberine chloride-loaded escinosomes: Dermal absorption and biocompatibility.","authors":"Vanti G, Wang M, Bergonzi MC, Zhidong L, Bilia AR","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2020","volume":"164","issue":"","pages":"232-241","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.129","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32682035/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Franz cell skin permeation; in vivo irritation test)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro skin permeation (excised nude mouse skin, Franz cells) of berberine chloride; escin (ESN) data in same tables are for the excipient and were not extracted.","conclusion":"The study proved that hydrogels formulated with BRB-loaded escinosomes had the highest BRB skin absorption both in terms of absorbed dose (A24) and of dose retained inside the skin (S24).","limitations":"in vitro excised nude mouse skin; n = 3 per formulation; no statistical tests reported; flux/Kp not calculable for most BRB formulations; timecourse values figure-only"},"32792855":{"pmid":"32792855","title":"Highly bioavailable Berberine formulation improves Glucocorticoid Receptor-mediated Insulin Resistance via reduction in association of the Glucocorticoid Receptor with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.","authors":"Meng Z, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Lv X, Guan F, Hatch GM, Zhang M, Chen L","journal":"International journal of biological sciences","year":"2020","volume":"16","issue":"14","pages":"2527-2541","doi":"10.7150/ijbs.39508","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32792855/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal pharmacodynamic study; in vitro C2C12)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mechanistic/pharmacodynamic study of HGSD (berberine + sodium caprate + PEG6000 solid dispersion) in rats, mice and C2C12 cells. Only one berberine concentration is reported (HGSD-conditioned rat serum used for cell work); no PK parameters for plasma/serum time courses; bioavailability claims are cited from earlier work.","conclusion":"Excess GC-induced insulin resistance is mediated by increased association of GR with PI3K and treatment with HGSD attenuates these effects.","limitations":"pharmacodynamic focus; no PK time course; single serum concentration, n and variance type not stated; bioavailability enhancement cited from prior work"},"32957491":{"pmid":"32957491","title":"Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation.","authors":"Kwon M, Lim DY, Lee CH, Jeon JH, Choi MK, Song IS","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2020","volume":"12","issue":"9","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics12090882","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32957491/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK comparison with in vitro mechanistic studies)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, we successfully prepared berberine mixed micelle formulation using P85 and tween 80 that has inhibitory potential for P-gp and CYPs (CYP2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) and increased the berberine plasma exposure.","limitations":"n = 3 per group; large SDs; rat model; cannulated anesthetized animals; Tmax values highly variable; plasma time-course values figure-only; no bioavailability relative to IV reported"},"33183320":{"pmid":"33183320","title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of HTD1801 (berberine ursodeoxycholate, BUDCA) in patients with hyperlipidemia.","authors":"Di Bisceglie AM, Watts GF, Lavin P, Yu M, Bai R, Liu L","journal":"Lipids in health and disease","year":"2020","volume":"19","issue":"1","pages":"239","doi":"10.1186/s12944-020-01406-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33183320/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose ranging, sequential cohorts)","n":"50","status":"complete","statusNote":"BUDCA is a berberine ursodeoxycholate salt; PK reported for both berberine and UDCA. Lipid pharmacodynamics not extracted.","conclusion":"BUDCA is a new single molecular entity that has a significant but modest effect in safely lowering serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations in individuals with a history of hypercholesterolemia.","limitations":"no berberine-alone or UDCA-alone comparator; small groups, high inter-individual variability (CV up to 128% BBR); PK n per dose not reported; variance type of +/- not stated; sponsor funded"},"33359191":{"pmid":"33359191","title":"Suppression effect of plant-derived berberine on cyprinid herpesvirus 2 proliferation and its pharmacokinetics in Crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio).","authors":"Su M, Tang R, Wang H, Lu L","journal":"Antiviral research","year":"2021","volume":"186","issue":"","pages":"105000","doi":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.105000","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33359191/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio)","design":"other (animal PK sub-study, three dose groups)","n":"81","status":"complete","statusNote":"Antiviral study with PK sub-study in Crucian carp; PK from Table 2.","conclusion":"The favorable pharmacokinetic data of berberine in Crucian carp provides compelling support for further development of berberine as an anti-CyHV-2 therapeutic agent.","limitations":"n = 3 fish per timepoint; no variance reported in Table 2; no IV comparator or bioavailability F reported; Table 2 CL/F values inconsistent across tissues; text half-life ranges inconsistent with Table 2; timecourse values figure-only"},"33424313":{"pmid":"33424313","title":"Bioavailability and hepatoprotection enhancement of berberine and its nanoparticles prepared by liquid antisolvent method.","authors":"Sahibzada MUK, Zahoor M, Sadiq A, Ur Rehman F, Al-Mohaimeed AM, Shahid M, Naz S, Ullah R","journal":"Saudi journal of biological sciences","year":"2021","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"327-332","doi":"10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33424313/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit; hepatoprotection in Sprague-Dawley rats)","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"PK in rabbits; hepatoprotection in CCl4 rats (not extracted).","conclusion":"The study revealed that the reduction of berberine particle size to nano range improved pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbits.","limitations":"n = 6 per group; dose basis NR; no IV reference, no absolute bioavailability; no statistical test for PK parameters stated in text; t1/2 not reported"},"33452654":{"pmid":"33452654","title":"Irinotecan and berberine co-delivery liposomes showed improved efficacy and reduced intestinal toxicity compared with Onivyde for pancreatic cancer.","authors":"Wang X, Liu Y, Xu W, Jia L, Chi D, Yu J, Wang J, He Z, Liu X, Wang Y","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","year":"2021","volume":"11","issue":"5","pages":"2186-2197","doi":"10.1007/s13346-020-00884-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33452654/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine given IV (tail vein) as free drug and liposomes in rats; PK for berberine extracted from Table 4. Irinotecan (IRI) PK values in Table 4 not extracted (off-target analyte). Biodistribution figure-only. Absorption (oral) not studied.","conclusion":"All results prove that IRI and BER co-delivery liposomes are effective preparations to enhance the treatment of pancreatic cancer and have broad clinical application prospects.","limitations":"IV administration only, no oral absorption; n = 4 per group; no statistical tests stated for PK; dose basis NR; biodistribution figure-only"},"33524788":{"pmid":"33524788","title":"Oxyberberine, an absorbed metabolite of berberine, possess superior hypoglycemic effect via regulating the PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathways.","authors":"Dou Y, Huang R, Li Q, Liu Y, Li Y, Chen H, Ai G, Xie J, Zeng H, Chen J, Luo C, Su Z","journal":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie","year":"2021","volume":"137","issue":"","pages":"111312","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111312","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524788/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 rats for PK (vehicle and BBR groups)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Oral berberine (400 mg/kg) PK in rats with bound/unbound berberine and oxyberberine metabolite (Table 1); remainder pharmacodynamic study of oxyberberine and berberine in STZ diabetic rats not extracted.","conclusion":"In conclusion, BBR and its absorbed oxidative metabolite OBB were mainly presented and transported in the protein-bound form in vivo.","limitations":"single high dose 400 mg/kg; n = 8; blood matrix described inconsistently (whole blood vs plasma); PGF PK figure-only; HCl hydrolysis releases bound plus possible conjugates"},"33557735":{"pmid":"33557735","title":"An Updated Review on Therapeutic Potential and Recent Advances in Drug Delivery of Berberine: Current Status and Future Prospect.","authors":"Mujtaba MA, Akhter MH, Alam MS, Ali MD, Hussain A","journal":"Current pharmaceutical biotechnology","year":"2022","volume":"23","issue":"1","pages":"60-71","doi":"10.2174/1389201022666210208152113","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557735/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2022, 23, 60-71) on therapeutic potential and drug delivery of berberine; no original absorption/PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"33584274":{"pmid":"33584274","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Excretion of Berberine and Its Nine Metabolites in Rats.","authors":"Feng X, Wang K, Cao S, Ding L, Qiu F","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2020","volume":"11","issue":"","pages":"594852","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2020.594852","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33584274/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose PK, dose-ranging oral groups plus i.v. group, and excretion study)","n":"24 rats in PK study; 6 rats in excretion study","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study (oral and i.v. berberine); route noted per arm","conclusion":"The absolute bioavailability of berberine was very low due to insufficient absorption and extensive metabolism. Berberine, M1, M6, M7, M8, and M9 showed linear dynamics in dose range of 48.2–240 mg/kg. Phase II metabolites were the major circulating components in plasma. The total excretion of berberine and its metabolites in urine, bile and feces was 41.2% within 84 h.","limitations":"rat study; authors note inter-species differences; metabolite M3 not quantifiable after oral dosing (below LLOQ 0.500 ng/mL); AUC units printed as mg/L * h although Cmax is ng/mL; different salts used for i.v. (sulfate) and oral (chloride); jatrorrhizine value includes columbamine (not separable); plasma/excretion values for several metabolites only in figures or Supplementary Tables S5-S7"},"33749932":{"pmid":"33749932","title":"A small molecule compound berberine as an orally active therapeutic candidate against COVID-19 and SARS: A computational and mechanistic study.","authors":"Wang ZZ, Li K, Maskey AR, Huang W, Toutov AA, Yang N, Srivastava K, Geliebter J, Tiwari R, Miao M, Li XM","journal":"FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology","year":"2021","volume":"35","issue":"4","pages":"e21360","doi":"10.1096/fj.202001792R","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33749932/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (computational modeling plus in vitro cell experiments)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Computational (network pharmacology, molecular docking) and in vitro Calu-3 antiviral/cytokine study of berberine/NIT-X; no pharmacokinetic or absorption data are reported. Oral bioavailability of NIT-X is only asserted (Abstract; Discussion 'reduces the dosage of oral administration by 6 times'), citing earlier work, with no numbers.","conclusion":"Given the high oral bioavailability and safety of berberine nanomedicine, the current study may lead to the development of berberine as an orally, active therapeutic against COVID-19 and SARS.","limitations":"no PK or absorption data; bioavailability claims unsupported by data in this paper"},"33774454":{"pmid":"33774454","title":"A comparative investigation of the interaction and pharmacokinetics of hemoglobin with berberine and its oxymetabolite.","authors":"Chen HB, Luo CD, Ai GX, Wang YF, Li CL, Tan LH, Lee SM, Cheung AK, Su ZR, Wu XL, Xie JH, Zeng HF","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2021","volume":"199","issue":"","pages":"114032","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114032","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33774454/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose IV PK in rats; in vitro binding and fluorescence studies)","n":"8 rats (PK)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat IV PK study of berberine with free vs protein-bound fractions, plus in vitro hemoglobin binding; no oral PK data. Oral absorption not measured (IV route; on-target compound).","conclusion":"the present study explained that low concentration of BBR in plasma might due to the generation of OBB by metabolism as well as the strong binding interaction with HB. Furthermore, OBB showed much weaker binding interaction with hemoglobin than BBR.","limitations":"IV dosing only; no oral absorption data; sampling time points and concentration-time values only in Fig. 8; Table 5 column header printed as Bound BBR; n=8 rats; variance type for fu values not stated"},"33880775":{"pmid":"33880775","title":"A rapid LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of berberine and irbesartan in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study after oral administration in rats.","authors":"Zhou H, Li W, Sun L, Li W, Liu Q","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2021","volume":"35","issue":"9","pages":"e5144","doi":"10.1002/bmc.5144","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33880775/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups: BBR alone, irbesartan alone, BBR + irbesartan)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine alone and co-administered with irbesartan (drug-drug interaction). Irbesartan PK values are not extracted (not the listed supplement); only a summary appears in interaction findings.","conclusion":"The results of pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the two drugs had a mutual influence on each other's pharmacokinetic parameters.","limitations":"rat study; single dose level; Vz/F and Cl/F magnitudes in Table 3 appear implausible; mechanism (P-gp inhibition) not tested; irbesartan results not extracted; absolute bioavailability not measured"},"33933642":{"pmid":"33933642","title":"Intranasal co-delivery of berberine and evodiamine by self-assembled thermosensitive in-situ hydrogels for improving depressive disorder.","authors":"Xu D, Qiu C, Wang Y, Qiao T, Cui YL","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2021","volume":"603","issue":"","pages":"120667","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120667","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33933642/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups: intragastric solution vs intranasal hydrogel)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of berberine (co-loaded with evodiamine) after intranasal thermosensitive hydrogel vs intragastric solution. Evodiamine PK values are not extracted (not the listed supplement). Antidepressant, metabolomic and release studies are outside scope.","conclusion":"the intranasally administrated hydrogels were quickly absorbed and entered brain, significantly increasing bioavailability of BBR and EVO in the body.","limitations":"n per group not stated; sampling time points not listed; sustained non-oral route (intranasal) vs oral at very different doses; dose basis (salt vs base) not stated; text says hydrogel MRT lower but MRT not tabulated"},"34033838":{"pmid":"34033838","title":"Binding interaction of protoberberine alkaloids against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using molecular dynamics simulations and QM/MM calculations.","authors":"Honorio P, Sainimnuan S, Hannongbua S, Saparpakorn P","journal":"Chemico-biological interactions","year":"2021","volume":"344","issue":"","pages":"109523","doi":"10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109523","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033838/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (computational)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Computational study (molecular docking, molecular dynamics, QM/MM) of berberine, palmatine and cyclanoline binding to acetylcholinesterase. Only in silico predictions of bioavailability, drug-likeness, GI absorption and BBB permeation are given (Section 3.4); no experimental PK or absorption measurements.","conclusion":"The bioavailability, drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics of the protoberberine alkaloids ... indicated that they could be orally bioavailable compounds; high GI absorption and good BBB permeation (predicted).","limitations":"in silico predictions only; no experimental absorption data"},"34056218":{"pmid":"34056218","title":"Berberine Reverses Breast Cancer Multidrug Resistance Based on Fluorescence Pharmacokinetics In Vitro and In Vivo.","authors":"Qian K, Tang CY, Chen LY, Zheng S, Zhao Y, Ma LS, Xu L, Fan LH, Yu JD, Tan HS, Sun YL, Shen LL, Lu Y, Liu Q, Liu Y, Xiong Y","journal":"ACS omega","year":"2021","volume":"6","issue":"16","pages":"10645-10654","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.0c06288","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056218/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro and xenograft pharmacodynamic/probe-substrate PK)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Berberine was given as an MDR-reversal agent (in vitro and i.p. in nude mice); the PK measured is of D-luciferin potassium salt (bioluminescence kinetics, Tables 1-2) and doxorubicin tissue distribution (HPLC, Fig. 5C), not berberine. No berberine concentrations or absorption values are reported.","conclusion":"Ber can reverse MDR by inhibiting the efflux function of ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulating their expression levels.","limitations":"berberine itself not quantified; no berberine absorption/PK data"},"34163360":{"pmid":"34163360","title":"Intra-Herb Interactions: Primary Metabolites in Coptidis Rhizoma Extract Improved the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Berberine Hydrochloride in Mice.","authors":"Zhao J, Zhou T, Lu JZ, Ye D, Mu S, Tian XH, Zhang WD, Ma BL","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2021","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"675368","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2021.675368","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34163360/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (five oral groups: water, NADES 1%, NADES 10%, malic acid 98 mg/kg, malic acid 980 mg/kg) plus in vitro experiments","n":"NR (six mice per group per Table 4 title)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse oral BBR PK in portal vein and liver with NADES dilutions or malic acid; plus in vitro gut sac, MDCK-MDR1 and intestinal S9 experiments. Systemic plasma PK not measured (authors state due to poor dose-exposure relationship).","conclusion":"the primary metabolites of Coptidis Rhizoma extract could form 'endogenous' NADES, and its dilutions improve the pharmacokinetics of oral BBR. This study demonstrates the synergistic interaction of the constituents of Coptidis Rhizoma extract and the potential use of the NADES dilutions in oral BBR delivery.","limitations":"Table 4 gives single values without SD; PK based on mean concentrations (destructive sampling); systemic plasma PK not measured; NADES itself acutely toxic; chronic toxicity of dilutions unknown; gut sac, S9 and several supplementary results are figure-only; dose 200 mg/kg is high"},"34348707":{"pmid":"34348707","title":"Improving the ameliorative effects of berberine and curcumin combination via dextran-coated bilosomes on non-alcohol fatty liver disease in mice.","authors":"Chen Y, Jiang Z, Xu J, Zhang J, Sun R, Zhou J, Lu Y, Gong Z, Huang J, Shen X, Du Q, Peng J","journal":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","year":"2021","volume":"19","issue":"1","pages":"230","doi":"10.1186/s12951-021-00979-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34348707/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four oral formulation groups) plus in vitro Caco-2/mucus experiments","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Oral PK of berberine in bilosome formulations is reported in the main text only as fold-increases; numeric Cmax/AUC/T1/2/MRT are in Additional file 1 (Tables S1, S2) not in the PDF, and the concentration-time profile is figure-only. Curcumin values are not extracted.","conclusion":"DEAE-DEX coated bilosome displayed promoted oral absorption, prolonged circulation and synchronized biodistribution of BER and CUR, leading to improved ameliorative effects on NAFLD in mice.","limitations":"numeric PK parameters only in supplementary material; concentration-time and biodistribution data figure-only; dose basis (salt vs base) not stated; n=5 mice per PK group; combined BER+CUR formulation, no BER-only arm"},"34471420":{"pmid":"34471420","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacological Activities of Berberine in Diabetes Mellitus Treatment.","authors":"Han Y, Xiang Y, Shi Y, Tang X, Pan L, Gao J, Bi R, Lai X","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2021","volume":"2021","issue":"","pages":"9987097","doi":"10.1155/2021/9987097","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34471420/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article (Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021) summarising berberine pharmacokinetics and antidiabetic mechanisms; secondary source, no primary absorption data extracted.","conclusion":"Clinical studies have proved that BBR has a good therapeutic effect on diabetes, suggesting that BBR may be a promising drug candidate for diabetes.","limitations":"secondary source; review article"},"34523148":{"pmid":"34523148","title":"Neuroprotective potential of berberine in modulating Alzheimer's disease via multiple signaling pathways.","authors":"Akbar M, Shabbir A, Rehman K, Akash MSH, Shah MA","journal":"Journal of food biochemistry","year":"2021","volume":"45","issue":"10","pages":"e13936","doi":"10.1111/jfbc.13936","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34523148/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of preclinical studies)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease (J Food Biochem 2021;45:e13936); no primary absorption/PK data extracted.","conclusion":"Berberine might be a therapeutically significant agent for treating and preventing AD.","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"34552326":{"pmid":"34552326","title":"Natural Nano-Drug Delivery System in Coptidis Rhizoma Extract with Modified Berberine Hydrochloride Pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Zhao J, Zhao Q, Lu JZ, Ye D, Mu S, Yang XD, Zhang WD, Ma BL","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2021","volume":"16","issue":"","pages":"6297-6311","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S323685","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34552326/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups) animal PK plus in vitro experiments","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse PK (oral 200 mg/kg BBR) in systemic circulation, portal vein and liver, plus in vitro Caco-2, gut sac, MDCK-MDR1, S9, solubility/dissolution experiments.","conclusion":"The proteinaceous nanoparticles isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma extract can form a natural nano-drug delivery system with BBR, thereby significantly improving the pharmacokinetics of oral BBR.","limitations":"mouse study; PK computed from mean concentrations of destructively sampled mice (no SD per parameter); dose basis (BBR hydrochloride vs BBR) unclear; many results figure-only; no systemic increase in BBR exposure"},"34635990":{"pmid":"34635990","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Huanglian-Houpo Decoction Based on Berberine Hydrochloride and Magnolol Against H1N1 Influenza Virus.","authors":"Zhang FL, Yin XJ, Yan YL, Wu QF","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","year":"2022","volume":"47","issue":"1","pages":"57-67","doi":"10.1007/s13318-021-00724-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635990/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (HH group vs saline control) animal PK; PD in MDCK cells with drug-containing plasma","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of berberine (and magnolol) after oral Huanglian-Houpo decoction extract; berberine on-target as herbal-extract component. Magnolol and pharmacodynamic (MDCK inhibition rate, IFN-β) and integrated-concentration tables not extracted (off-target / not berberine absorption).","conclusion":"The results indicated that berberine and magnolol are the main active ingredients of HH related to its anti-influenza virus effect, which is related to the improvement of IFN-β secretion.","limitations":"rat study; single dose; berberine dose not stated; no berberine alone comparator; values as model-fitted estimates; paper notes berberine > 200 ng/ml at all time points, inconsistent with literature"},"34640154":{"pmid":"34640154","title":"Optimization of Hyaluronate-Based Liposomes to Augment the Oral Delivery and the Bioavailability of Berberine.","authors":"Kutbi HI, Asfour HZ, Kammoun AK, Sirwi A, Cavalu S, Gad HA","journal":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2021","volume":"14","issue":"19","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ma14195759","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34640154/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel, 3 randomly divided groups","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine solution vs two liposomal formulations; in vitro formulation characterization not extracted beyond figure-only release.","conclusion":"Results of pharmacokinetics studies indicated the potential of the liposomal formulation to increase the oral bioavailability of Brb and to accelerate its entry into the bloodstream.","limitations":"rat study; no statistical test results reported for PK differences; sampling times not stated; text and Table 3 Cmax disagree; Tmax statistic type not stated; dose basis unclear"},"34684666":{"pmid":"34684666","title":"Berberine Phospholipid Is an Effective Insulin Sensitizer and Improves Metabolic and Hormonal Disorders in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A One-Group Pretest-Post-Test Explanatory Study.","authors":"Rondanelli M, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Allegrini P, Giacosa A, Fazia T, Bernardinelli L, Gasparri C, Peroni G, Perna S","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2021","volume":"13","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu13103665","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684666/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (one-group pretest-post-test)","n":"12","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"One-group pretest-post-test efficacy study of berberine phospholipid (Berberine Phytosome, BBR-PP) in women with PCOS (HOMA, CRP, lipids, hormones, body composition, safety labs). No berberine concentration or PK/absorption measurements; only a statement that the formulation has 'a good bioabsorption profile' (Discussion p.11).","conclusion":"Berberine may have a positive activity in reducing insulin resistance, acne, androgen, and inflammation, in regulating lipid metabolism, and in improving body composition, and therefore can represent a novel clinical supplementation strategy for PCOS","limitations":"small sample; no control group; no PK data"},"34765276":{"pmid":"34765276","title":"Transformation of berberine to its demethylated metabolites by the CYP51 enzyme in the gut microbiota.","authors":"Zhang ZW, Cong L, Peng R, Han P, Ma SR, Pan LB, Fu J, Yu H, Wang Y, Jiang JD","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical analysis","year":"2021","volume":"11","issue":"5","pages":"628-637","doi":"10.1016/j.jpha.2020.10.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34765276/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (BBR vs BBR + voriconazole)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mostly a mechanistic gut-microbiota/CYP51 metabolism study (docking, in vitro incubations, 16S). Only extractable absorption/PK data are the mouse plasma PK of BBR +/- voriconazole (Table 1, Fig. 1). In vitro metabolism, microbiome and enzyme lysate data not extracted.","conclusion":"This study demonstrated that CYP51 promoted the demethylation of BBR and enhanced its intestinal absorption, providing a new method for studying the metabolic transformation mechanism of isoquinoline alkaloids in vivo.","limitations":"mouse study; n per group not stated; no p-values for PK comparison; large SDs; mechanistic focus"},"34771389":{"pmid":"34771389","title":"Development of Natural Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles of Berberine to Enhance Oral Bioavailability: Formulation, Optimization, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Assessment.","authors":"Kohli K, Mujtaba A, Malik R, Amin S, Alam MS, Ali A, Barkat MA, Ansari MJ","journal":"Polymers","year":"2021","volume":"13","issue":"21","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/polym13213833","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34771389/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: saline control, BBR suspension, BNPs)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine suspension vs chitosan-alginate nanoparticles (BNPs) plus ex vivo gut-sac permeation; formulation characterization not extracted.","conclusion":"the in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the BNPs increased 4.10-fold in improving the BBR oral bioavailability.","limitations":"rat study; sampling times not stated; dose basis unclear; bioavailability enhancement reported as 4.10 and 4.13; fed/fasted state for PK not stated"},"34904017":{"pmid":"34904017","title":"Development of an Innovative Berberine Food-Grade Formulation with an Ameliorated Absorption: In Vitro Evidence Confirmed by Healthy Human Volunteers Pharmacokinetic Study.","authors":"Petrangolini G, Corti F, Ronchi M, Arnoldi L, Allegrini P, Riva A","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2021","volume":"2021","issue":"","pages":"7563889","doi":"10.1155/2021/7563889","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904017/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover, double-blind","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Randomized double-blind crossover PK in 12 healthy volunteers (berberine chloride vs BBR-PP one and two tablets), plus in vitro solubility/bioaccessibility. Cytotoxicity not extracted.","conclusion":"A new food-grade custom formulation of berberine (berberine Phytosome) was proposed as more soluble and more absorbed than unformulated berberine.","limitations":"small n (12); industry funded/authors employed by Indena; single dose, fasted only; text vs table MRT inconsistency; dose-adjusted fold changes are author-calculated"},"34906771":{"pmid":"34906771","title":"A review of the berberine natural polysaccharide nanostructures as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents.","authors":"Khan S, Hussain A, Attar F, Bloukh SH, Edis Z, Sharifi M, Balali E, Nemati F, Derakhshankhah H, Zeinabad HA, Nabi F, Khan RH, Hao X, Lin Y, Hua L, Ten Hagen TLM, Falahati M","journal":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie","year":"2022","volume":"146","issue":"","pages":"112531","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112531","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34906771/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Biomed Pharmacother 2022;146:112531) of berberine polysaccharide nanostructures as anticancer/antibacterial agents; no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"35008753":{"pmid":"35008753","title":"Berberine Decreases Intestinal GLUT2 Translocation and Reduces Intestinal Glucose Absorption in Mice.","authors":"Zhang M, Yang H, Yang E, Li J, Dong L","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2021","volume":"23","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms23010327","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35008753/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel animal study plus in vitro","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mouse mechanistic/pharmacology study of berberine's effect on intestinal glucose (2-NBDG) absorption and GLUT2 translocation in diabetic mice and IEC-6 cells. Berberine's own absorption/concentrations were not measured; the absorbed analyte is glucose, not the supplement.","conclusion":"berberine reduced intestinal glucose absorption through decreasing localization of GLUT2 in the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, which might be the major mechanism of berberine for improving postprandial blood glucose in T2DM.","limitations":"no berberine PK/absorption data"},"35048143":{"pmid":"35048143","title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model predictions of natural product-drug interactions between goldenseal, berberine, imatinib and bosutinib.","authors":"Adiwidjaja J, Boddy AV, McLachlan AJ","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2022","volume":"78","issue":"4","pages":"597-611","doi":"10.1007/s00228-021-03266-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35048143/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (PBPK model simulation with in vitro CYP3A inhibition experiments)","n":"11 (observed clinical data used for verification)","status":"partial","statusNote":"In silico PBPK modelling paper (Simcyp). Berberine absorption/PK values are model predictions compared with previously published clinical observed values (single goldenseal dose, n=11); no new human PK study. Victim-drug (midazolam, indinavir, digoxin, CsA, imatinib, bosutinib) exposure data are not berberine absorption and are not extracted.","conclusion":"PBPK models of two important goldenseal alkaloids, hydrastine and berberine, were developed with good accuracy in predicting the extent of CYP3A- and ABCB1-mediated drug interactions with goldenseal extracts and high-dose berberine.","limitations":"in silico modelling, no new clinical PK data; observed berberine data from a single earlier study (n=11); berberine clearance derived from one representative individual; training and verification data from same clinical trial; figure-based concentration data digitised by authors"},"35086139":{"pmid":"35086139","title":"Effect of topical berberine in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions.","authors":"Calvo A, Moreno E, Aldalur I, Sanmartín C, Larrea E, González-Peñas E, Irache JM, Espuelas S","journal":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy","year":"2022","volume":"77","issue":"4","pages":"1072-1081","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkac007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35086139/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK/PD efficacy study; IV vs topical comparison)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Topical berberine-β-glycerophosphate cream in mice (IV and topical PK, skin and plasma, ex vivo skin permeation); berberine on-target, route topical/IV in animals.","conclusion":"The twice-a-day administration of a topical berberine cream was safe, able to stop parasite progression and improved the appearance of skin CL lesions. The relationship between drug plasma levels and in vivo effect was unclear.","limitations":"small n (3-5 per PK group); mouse model; berberine dose basis is salt (berberine-β-glycerophosphate); unbound drug not measured in dermis"},"35104597":{"pmid":"35104597","title":"Berberine-loaded liposomes for oral delivery: Preparation, physicochemical characterization and in-vivo evaluation in an endogenous hyperlipidemic animal model.","authors":"Duong TT, Yen TTH, Nguyen LT, Nguyen TD, Nguyen TQ, Nghiem TH, Pham HT, Raal A, Heinämäki J, Pham TM","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"616","issue":"","pages":"121525","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121525","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35104597/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized two groups)","n":"14 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine liposomes (from proliposomes) vs pure berberine suspension; mouse pharmacodynamics (lipids) not extracted.","conclusion":"The oral bioavailability of BBR-loaded liposomes in rats is significantly higher than that of pure BBR (oral suspension).","limitations":"small n (7 per arm); single dose, rat only; dose basis (base vs salt) not stated beyond 'BBR base form'; no p values for MRT"},"35171422":{"pmid":"35171422","title":"Berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles inhibit non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and migration in vitro.","authors":"Paudel KR, Mehta M, Yin GHS, Yen LL, Malyla V, Patel VK, Panneerselvam J, Madheswaran T, MacLoughlin R, Jha NK, Gupta PK, Singh SK, Gupta G, Kumar P, Oliver BG, Hansbro PM, Chellappan DK, Dua K","journal":"Environmental science and pollution research international","year":"2022","volume":"29","issue":"31","pages":"46830-46847","doi":"10.1007/s11356-022-19158-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35171422/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro formulation/anti-cancer paper (berberine liquid crystalline nanoparticles in A549 lung cancer cells). No absorption or PK data; only in vitro release shown as a figure (Fig. 6) and encapsulation efficiency. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"The advantage of formulating berberine powder into LCNs is clearly observed through potent anti-cancer activity in vitro against A549 cell line.","limitations":"entirely in vitro; no absorption/PK data"},"35277093":{"pmid":"35277093","title":"The discovery of berberine erythrocyte-hemoglobin self-assembly delivery system: a neglected carrier underlying its pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Yu Q, Li M, Chen H, Xu L, Cheng J, Lin G, Liu Y, Su Z, Yang X, Li Y, Chen J, Xie J","journal":"Drug delivery","year":"2022","volume":"29","issue":"1","pages":"856-870","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2022.2036870","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277093/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2 groups, n=8)","n":"16 (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat IV vs oral PK of berberine (free plasma drug), erythrocyte/plasma partitioning and in vitro erythrocyte loading; Hb binding/spectroscopy/docking and hematology not extracted.","conclusion":"Cumulatively, there was an erythrocyte-Hb self-assembled drug delivery system after oral or intravenous administration of BBR, which conceivably gained novel insight into the discrepancy between the extremely low plasma concentration and relatively high tissue concentration of BBR.","limitations":"free plasma drug only measured; no total blood concentration PK; different doses oral vs IV, absolute bioavailability not computed; Table 2 route inconsistent; small n"},"35279450":{"pmid":"35279450","title":"Determination of the effect of berberine on epirubicin concentration in MCF-7 cells by LC-MS/MS: The mechanism of synergism explained by intracellular pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Kang Y, Cao P, Liu X, Jin Y, Yang X, Zhang Z","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2022","volume":"214","issue":"","pages":"114692","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114692","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35279450/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is epirubicin in MCF-7 cells (intracellular PK), with berberine used only as a co-treatment modulator; berberine concentrations were not measured. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"Berberine may enhance the inhibitory effect of epirubicin on cell proliferation by increasing the concentration of epirubicin in MCF-7 cells.","limitations":"analyte is epirubicin not berberine; in vitro"},"35296955":{"pmid":"35296955","title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Berberine-Loaded Microparticles Filled In-House 3D Printed Hollow Capsular Device for Improved Oral Bioavailability.","authors":"Choudhury D, Jala A, Murty US, Borkar RM, Banerjee S","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2022","volume":"23","issue":"4","pages":"89","doi":"10.1208/s12249-022-02241-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35296955/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"parallel","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rabbit oral PK of berberine microparticles in 3D printed capsule vs pristine berberine. In vitro release (Fig./Table III kinetic model fits) and physicochemical data not extracted.","conclusion":"In vivo data showed sustained and prolonged absorption behavior of BBR from MPs compared to their pristine counterparts, which resulted in a cumulative increment of relative oral bioavailability.","limitations":"n=3 per group; dose unit inconsistent (mg vs mg/kg); no statistics reported for PK comparisons; single dose, rabbit"},"35337079":{"pmid":"35337079","title":"Lipid Nanocarriers Overlaid with Chitosan for Brain Delivery of Berberine via the Nasal Route.","authors":"Abo El-Enin HA, Elkomy MH, Naguib IA, Ahmed MF, Alsaidan OA, Alsalahat I, Ghoneim MM, Eid HM","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2022","volume":"15","issue":"3","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ph15030281","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35337079/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups x 6 time-based subgroups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat intranasal vs IV PK and brain distribution of berberine nanostructured lipid carriers (chitosan-coated) vs solution; ex vivo nasal permeation and in vitro release also extracted.","conclusion":"The optimized nanoparticulate system is speculated to be a successful approach for boosting the effect of BER in treating CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, through intranasal therapy.","limitations":"n=3 per time point; no variance reported in Table 5; no IN vs oral comparison; sampling times inconsistent between Methods and Results"},"35370628":{"pmid":"35370628","title":"Berberine: A Review of its Pharmacokinetics Properties and Therapeutic Potentials in Diverse Vascular Diseases.","authors":"Ai X, Yu P, Peng L, Luo L, Liu J, Li S, Lai X, Luan F, Meng X","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2021","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"762654","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2021.762654","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370628/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential in vascular diseases (Front Pharmacol 2021); secondary source, no primary data extracted.","conclusion":"(NR)","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"35419311":{"pmid":"35419311","title":"Evaluation of food effects on the pharmacokinetics of Pelargonium sidoides and Coptis with each bioactive compound berberine and epicatechin after a single oral dose of an expectorant and antitussive agent UI026 in healthy subjects.","authors":"Park Y, Jung W, Yang E, Nam KY, Bong WR, Kim J, Kim KY, Lee S, Cho JY, Hong JH, Kim J","journal":"Translational and clinical pharmacology","year":"2022","volume":"30","issue":"1","pages":"49-56","doi":"10.12793/tcp.2022.30.e3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419311/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, open-label, single-dose, 2-treatment, parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Human food-effect PK study of UI026 syrup (Pelargonium sidoides + Coptis extracts). Berberine is the listed supplement; epicatechin is a co-analyte (off-target) also extracted and labelled by analyte.","conclusion":"This finding suggests that food affects the systemic exposure and bioavailability of berberine and epicatechin.","limitations":"n=6 per group parallel design; exploratory, no power calculation; AUCinf/t1/2/CL/F available for n=1 in fed group; concentrations below LLOQ at many elimination time points; sponsor-funded; berberine dose in syrup not stated"},"35465190":{"pmid":"35465190","title":"Chitosan-Coated Solid Lipid Nano-Encapsulation Improves the Therapeutic Antiairway Inflammation Effect of Berberine against COPD in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats.","authors":"Liu H, Li Y, Zhang X, Shi M, Li D, Wang Y","journal":"Canadian respiratory journal","year":"2022","volume":"2022","issue":"","pages":"8509396","doi":"10.1155/2022/8509396","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465190/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine (chitosan-coated SLN vs pure suspension). PubMed pubtype lists 'Retracted Publication'; PDF itself shows no retraction notice on the pages read.","conclusion":"Upon oral administration to rats, the bioavailability of Ber-encapsulated SLN-chitosan was detected to have been significantly improved relative to that of the pure berberine suspension.","limitations":"rat study, single dose level (50 mg/kg); n = 10 per group; no p-values printed for PK comparisons; fed/fasted state not stated; PK rats' disease status not stated; AUC time window not explicitly stated; PubMed lists publication as retracted"},"35476182":{"pmid":"35476182","title":"Baicalin-berberine complex nanocrystals orally promote the co-absorption of two components.","authors":"Li Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Feng X, Nwafor EO, Zhang Y, Liu R, Dang W, Zhang Q, Yu C, Pi J, Liu Z","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","year":"2022","volume":"12","issue":"12","pages":"3017-3028","doi":"10.1007/s13346-022-01167-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35476182/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 (PK); 12 (SPIP/microdialysis)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK, in situ intestinal perfusion with microdialysis, and in vitro dissolution of berberine (and co-component baicalin) as complex vs complex nanocrystals.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the above results indicate that the developed and optimized BA-BBR complex nanocrystals could improve the dissolution rate and extent and oral bioavailability, as well as facilitate the co-absorption of the drug prescriptions BA and BBR.","limitations":"rat study, single dose level (80 mg/kg); small n (6 PK; 3 reported for SPIP/microdialysis tables); large SDs; Tmax and t1/2 SDs often exceed means; dose basis (complex vs elemental berberine) unclear; Abstract mislabels Cmax values as AUC; comparator is BA-BBR complex, not free berberine"},"35744831":{"pmid":"35744831","title":"Expatiating the Pharmacological and Nanotechnological Aspects of the Alkaloidal Drug Berberine: Current and Future Trends.","authors":"Behl T, Singh S, Sharma N, Zahoor I, Albarrati A, Albratty M, Meraya AM, Najmi A, Bungau S","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2022","volume":"27","issue":"12","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules27123705","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35744831/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Molecules 2022, 27, 3705) of berberine pharmacology and nanocarrier delivery; PubMed publication type Review. No primary PK dataset; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article, secondary source"},"35745691":{"pmid":"35745691","title":"Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity and Anti-Migratory Effect of Berberine-Phytantriol Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticle Formulation on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer In Vitro.","authors":"Alnuqaydan AM, Almutary AG, Azam M, Manandhar B, Yin GHS, Yen LL, Madheswaran T, Paudel KR, Hansbro PM, Chellappan DK, Dua K","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"14","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14061119","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35745691/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro anticancer study (A549 NSCLC cells) of berberine-phytantriol liquid crystalline nanoparticles: cytotoxicity, migration, gene/protein expression, plus formulation characterization and in vitro drug release. No absorption/PK measurements; bioavailability mentioned only in background (cited 0.68% absolute bioavailability in mice from other work).","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"35929374":{"pmid":"35929374","title":"Quality by design-based optimization of formulation and process parameters for berberine nanosuspension for enhancing its dissolution rate, bioavailability, and cardioprotective activity.","authors":"Alsabeelah N, Kumar V","journal":"Journal of food biochemistry","year":"2022","volume":"46","issue":"10","pages":"e14361","doi":"10.1111/jfbc.14361","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35929374/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized crossover","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine nanosuspension vs raw berberine: rat PK crossover, Caco-2 permeability, dissolution; also H9C2 cardioprotection assays (not extracted).","conclusion":"The dissolution and permeability data showed that the nanosuspension formed by the bottom-up technique significantly enhanced the percentage dissolution rate, permeation, and oral bioavailability of BER owing to reduction in particle size.","limitations":"rat study, single dose; n = 6; no p-values printed for PK; oral route and fed/fasted state not explicitly stated; relative bioavailability values inconsistent (2721.52% vs 3.65% for reference); very large fold changes, small SDs"},"35935857":{"pmid":"35935857","title":"A Novel Berberine-Glycyrrhizic Acid Complex Formulation Enhanced the Prevention Effect to Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine in Rats.","authors":"Zhang S, Zhao Y, Tan L, Wu S, Zhang Q, Zhao B, Li G","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2022","volume":"13","issue":"","pages":"891829","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2022.891829","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35935857/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"24","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of berberine and metabolite berberrubine after oral and IV dosing of BBR vs berberine-glycyrrhizic acid complex. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity efficacy outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"Our findings demonstrated that a novel BBR-loaded BBR–GL complex formulation could increase BBR plasma concentration. Improvement of BBR bioavailability by the BBR–GL complex could coordinate with GL to attenuate DIC.","limitations":"rat study; n = 6 per arm; high variability (SD close to or above mean for Cmax in complex arm); no p-values printed for PK comparisons; oral dose 40 mg/kg vs IV 1 mg/kg bioavailability basis not shown"},"35941413":{"pmid":"35941413","title":"Modulatory effect of berberine on plasma lipoprotein (or lipid) profile: a review.","authors":"Nourizadeh N, Vazifeh Mostaan L, Saburi E, Hashemy SI","journal":"Molecular biology reports","year":"2022","volume":"49","issue":"11","pages":"10885-10893","doi":"10.1007/s11033-022-07623-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35941413/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Mol Biol Rep 2022) of berberine effects on plasma lipid/lipoprotein profile; PubMed publication type Review. No primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article, secondary source"},"35962183":{"pmid":"35962183","title":"A co-crystal berberine-ibuprofen improves obesity by inhibiting the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKɛ.","authors":"Wang M, Xu R, Liu X, Zhang L, Qiu S, Lu Y, Zhang P, Yan M, Zhu J","journal":"Communications biology","year":"2022","volume":"5","issue":"1","pages":"807","doi":"10.1038/s42003-022-03776-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35962183/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"10","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine-ibuprofen co-crystal (BJ) vs berberine chloride; PK parameter table is in Supplementary Table 4 (not in PDF), so only text values are available. Solubility and concentration-time curves are figure-only. Obesity/mechanism (db/db mice, 3T3-L1) data not extracted.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate a 3-fold increase in in vivo bioavailability of BJ compared to that of BBR.","limitations":"PK parameter table only in Supplementary Table 4, not in PDF; n = 5 per group; no variance or p-values for PK in main text; dose basis unclear; rat study"},"36079851":{"pmid":"36079851","title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Sucrosomial(®) Berberine Activity on Insulin Resistance.","authors":"Lupo MG, Brilli E, De Vito V, Tarantino G, Sut S, Ferrarese I, Panighel G, Gabbia D, De Martin S, Dall'Acqua S, Ferri N","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2022","volume":"14","issue":"17","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu14173595","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36079851/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"48 (4 groups of 12)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mouse study of Sucrosomial berberine vs berberine HCl (HFD, 8 weeks dosing). Only one plasma berberine concentration pair is printed in text; tissue/metabolite data in Fig. 4 are figure-only. In vitro Huh7 and OGTT/efficacy outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"Here we described a new formulation of berberine based on Sucrosomial technology with higher GI absorption that shows similar efficacy on controlling insulin resistance on mice fed with HFD as berberine hydrochloride, but at an 8-times lower dosage.","limitations":"industry funded; authors employed by companies that make the product; only one plasma timepoint (3 h) reported; no PK parameters (Cmax, AUC); variance type and n not stated for plasma values; key tissue/metabolite data figure-only; mouse model on high-fat diet"},"36087879":{"pmid":"36087879","title":"Platensimycin-berberine chloride co-amorphous drug system: Sustained release and prolonged half-life.","authors":"Wang Z, Chen X, Li D, Bai E, Zhang H, Duan Y, Huang Y","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","year":"2022","volume":"179","issue":"","pages":"126-136","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.09.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36087879/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK measured plasma platensimycin (PTM) only, from crystalline, amorphous and co-amorphous PTM-berberine chloride (BCL) forms; berberine itself was not measured in plasma. Berberine chloride is the co-former. In vitro release data also relate to PTM and BCL dissolution.","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"36105164":{"pmid":"36105164","title":"Interactions between gut microbiota and berberine, a necessary procedure to understand the mechanisms of berberine.","authors":"Cheng H, Liu J, Tan Y, Feng W, Peng C","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical analysis","year":"2022","volume":"12","issue":"4","pages":"541-555","doi":"10.1016/j.jpha.2021.10.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36105164/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article (PubMed type: Review); no original PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"36121315":{"pmid":"36121315","title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of berberine-rich extract via modulation of inflammation biomarkers.","authors":"Naz I, Masoud MS, Chauhdary Z, Shah MA, Panichayupakaranant P","journal":"Journal of food biochemistry","year":"2022","volume":"46","issue":"12","pages":"e14389","doi":"10.1111/jfbc.14389","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36121315/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat pharmacodynamic study of anti-inflammatory effects of berberine-rich extract vs berberine (carrageenan/formaldehyde models, cytokines, antioxidant enzymes). No absorption or PK measurements reported; text search of pages 5-12 found no bioavailability/absorption/PK/Cmax/AUC terms.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"36153497":{"pmid":"36153497","title":"Berberine supplementation modulates the somatotropic axis and ameliorates glucose tolerance in dairy goats during late gestation and early lactation.","authors":"Ghavipanje N, Fathi Nasri MH, Farhangfar SH, Ghiasi SE, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E","journal":"BMC veterinary research","year":"2022","volume":"18","issue":"1","pages":"357","doi":"10.1186/s12917-022-03452-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36153497/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Goat pharmacodynamic study of oral berberine (0,1,2,4 g/d) on glucose/insulin/somatotropic hormones and IVGTT kinetics of glucose and insulin. Berberine itself was not measured in blood; PK-like parameters (AUC, T1/2, clearance) refer to glucose/insulin, not berberine. No absorption data for berberine.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"36221815":{"pmid":"36221815","title":"Pharmacokinetic of berberine, the main constituent of Berberis vulgaris L.: A comprehensive review.","authors":"Khoshandam A, Imenshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2022","volume":"36","issue":"11","pages":"4063-4079","doi":"10.1002/ptr.7589","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36221815/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article (PubMed type: Review); no original PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"36321951":{"pmid":"36321951","title":"Emulsification by vitamin E TPGS or Quillaja extract enhanced absorption of berberine without affecting its metabolism in humans.","authors":"Yagiz Y, Wang GP, Gu L","journal":"Food & function","year":"2022","volume":"13","issue":"23","pages":"12135-12143","doi":"10.1039/d2fo02288e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36321951/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Gender-pooled data; ESI tables S1-S3 not available in PDF. Dose basis (HCl salt vs berberine) not clearly stated; paper says 800 mg berberine.","conclusion":"Emulsification by TPGS or Quillaja extract significantly increases the bioavailability of orally ingested berberine in healthy volunteers by increasing its plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax). However, emulsification did not affect phase 1 or phase 2 metabolism of absorbed berberine.","limitations":"small n (12); industry-supported funding; blinding not reported; gender-pooled analysis; low power for gender differences; free berberine concentrations very low (nM); dose basis (salt vs free base) not stated"},"36583113":{"pmid":"36583113","title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activation of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex is Mediated by Berberine Erythrocytes Self-Assembly Targeted Delivery System.","authors":"Li M, Qin Z, Yu Q, Huang Z, Cheng J, Zhong L, Liu Y, Xie J, Li Y, Chen J, Zhan R, Su Z","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","year":"2022","volume":"16","issue":"","pages":"4365-4383","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S385301","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36583113/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK / distribution / in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat study (oral PCC extract, IP berberine, oral berberine tissue distribution, in vitro blood incubation); key PK values (Cmax, AUC, Kp/b, tissue concentrations) are figure-only. Anti-inflammatory pharmacodynamic data (cell, mouse) not extracted.","conclusion":"BBR was prodominantly found in erythrocytes, which critically participated in the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, metabolism and target delivery of BBR and its metabolite. The anti-inflammatory activity of BBR and PCC was intimately associated with the metabolism into the active congener OBB and the targeted delivery to monocytes/macrophages mediated by the erythrocytes.","limitations":"animal study (rat); key PK values figure-only; IP route used in conversion experiment; unit and variance type not restated in some text values; no human data; no oral bioavailability or absolute F calculated"},"37057922":{"pmid":"37057922","title":"Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: Part 1. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties.","authors":"Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N","journal":"Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology","year":"2023","volume":"19","issue":"3","pages":"129-137","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2023.2203857","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37057922/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article (PubMed type: Review); no original PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37060323":{"pmid":"37060323","title":"Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: part 2. development of oral dosage formulations.","authors":"Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N","journal":"Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology","year":"2023","volume":"19","issue":"3","pages":"139-148","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2023.2203858","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37060323/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article (PubMed type: Review); no original PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37177975":{"pmid":"37177975","title":"DSPE-PEG polymer enhanced berberine absorption specifically in the small intestine of rats through paracellular passway.","authors":"Gao Y, Sun J, Wang S, Huxiao L, Xu Y, Zhang H","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","year":"2023","volume":"75","issue":"7","pages":"931-939","doi":"10.1093/jpp/rgad028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177975/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ closed-loop rat absorption study plus in vitro mechanistic experiments)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat in situ intestinal absorption (plasma concentration-time data are figure-only) plus Caco-2 Papp (Table 1) and mechanistic experiments. No Cmax/AUC numbers printed. Membrane toxicity and Western blot data not extracted.","conclusion":"DSPE-PEG polymer, as an excellent absorption enhancer, seems very promising in increasing oral bioavailability of berberine.","limitations":"rat in situ model only; plasma PK values figure-only; dose and loop volume not stated; no oral dosing; large-intestine data not shown; small n (3-5)"},"37196811":{"pmid":"37196811","title":"Intestines-erythrocytes-mediated bio-disposition deciphers the hypolipidemic effect of berberine from Rhizoma Coptidis: A neglected insight.","authors":"Huang Z, Li M, Qin Z, Ma X, Huang R, Liu Y, Xie J, Zeng H, Zhan R, Su Z","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2023","volume":"314","issue":"","pages":"116600","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2023.116600","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37196811/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK, tissue distribution, excretion, BDC enterohepatic circulation, cell pharmacodynamics)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK, tissue distribution, excretion and enterohepatic circulation; cell pharmacodynamic (lipid-lowering) data not extracted; tissue and excretion profile values are figure-only.","conclusion":"BBR as a prodrug could be metabolized into its active hypolipidemic form OBB based on unique intestines-erythrocytes-mediated bio-disposition. BBR and OBB were mainly presented and transported in the protein-bound form within the circulating erythrocytes, potentially contributing to their hepatocyte targeting accompanied by obvious enterohepatic circulation. OBB might be the major bioactive metabolite obligatory for the hypolipidemic efficacy of BBR.","limitations":"rat study; tissue and excretion values figure-only; bound fraction calculated by subtraction (authors); very low unbound oral bioavailability; bioavailability basis (unbound vs total) differs between Tables 1 and 4"},"37329447":{"pmid":"37329447","title":"Neuroprotective effect of Berberine Nanoparticles Against Seizures in Pentylenetetrazole Induced Kindling Model of Epileptogenesis: Role of Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms.","authors":"Saha L, Kumari P, Rawat K, Gautam V, Sandhu A, Singh N, Bhatia A, Bhattacharya S, Sinha VR, Chakrabarti A","journal":"Neurochemical research","year":"2023","volume":"48","issue":"10","pages":"3055-3072","doi":"10.1007/s11064-023-03967-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37329447/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (two-group parallel single-dose PK within a PD study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily a pharmacodynamic (seizure/PTZ kindling) study; the only PK data is one oral PK comparison of free BBR vs PLGA nano-BBR in rats (Table 4, no variance, n per time point only in methods).","conclusion":"In conclusion, Nano-BBR proves to be a potential neuroprotective drug that can either inhibit or delayed the process of epileptogenesis and might be used alone or in combination with existing antiseizure medications (ASMs) to reduce seizure induced oxidative stress and inflammation in epilepsy.","limitations":"PK data shown as single values without variance or statistics; small PK sample (6 per time point, pooled design not stated); t1/2 49-61 h and ~73-76% extrapolated AUC with 24 h sampling, so AUCtotal/t1/2/MRT unreliable; dose basis (BBR chloride vs elemental) NR; PK is a minor part of a pharmacodynamic study; relative bioavailability not formally calculated"},"37547331":{"pmid":"37547331","title":"A sustained-release phospholipid-based phase separation gel loaded with berberine for treating rheumatoid arthritis.","authors":"Peng X, Yang Y, Guo C, He Q, Li Y, Gong T, Li J","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2023","volume":"14","issue":"","pages":"1210129","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2023.1210129","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37547331/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (healthy male SD rats; healthy New Zealand rabbits)","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation/efficacy paper (rheumatoid arthritis models); only absorption/PK content is the plasma PK of berberine after oral, subcutaneous or intra-articular dosing in healthy rats and rabbits (Tables 1-2, Fig. 2). Non-oral parenteral routes mostly.","conclusion":"A single dose of BCR-PPSG could be released smoothly and continuously in animals for 1 month.","limitations":"non-oral routes (SC, intra-articular) mostly; only one oral arm in rats; units printed as ng/L in tables but ng/ml in text; no p-values for PK comparisons; dose basis NR; rodent/rabbit data only; fed/fasted status NR"},"37725481":{"pmid":"37725481","title":"Novel co-crystal of 3-methylcinnamic acid with berberine (1:1): synthesis, characterization, and intestinal absorption property.","authors":"He Y, Chen S, Li M, Gao Y, Feng H, Umar Q, Yin D, Feng Y","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2023","volume":"49","issue":"10","pages":"617-627","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2023.2259460","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37725481/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (ex vivo permeability, two groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Ex vivo/in vitro study: rat jejunal segments in Ussing chamber, BBR-HCl vs BBR-3MCA co-crystal; physicochemical characterization data (solubility, dissolution, hygroscopicity) not extracted.","conclusion":"BBR–3MCA significantly improves the intestinal absorption of BBR and has the potential to develop a new drug for antibacterial.","limitations":"ex vivo rat tissue, not in vivo; no statistical test or p-value reported for absorption comparison; variance type for ± not stated; mucosal drug concentration/dose NR; n=6 rats per group"},"37765251":{"pmid":"37765251","title":"Elucidating Berberine's Therapeutic and Photosensitizer Potential through Nanomedicine Tools.","authors":"Marques C, Fernandes MH, Lima SAC","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","volume":"15","issue":"9","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15092282","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765251/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Pharmaceutics, Review article type) of berberine nanomedicine and photosensitizer applications; no primary PK/absorption data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"37813288":{"pmid":"37813288","title":"Annickia affinis (Exell) Versteegh & Sosef methanol stem bark extract, potent fractions and isolated Berberine alkaloid target both blood and liver stages of malaria parasites.","authors":"Erhunse N, Kumari S, Anmol, Singh P, Omoregie ES, Singh AP, Sharma U, Sahal D","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2024","volume":"319","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"117269","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2023.117269","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37813288/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro pharmacology)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro antiplasmodial (blood and liver stage) activity-guided isolation of berberine/palmatine from Annickia affinis; no absorption or PK measurements. Bioavailability only mentioned speculatively in the discussion.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"37914368":{"pmid":"37914368","title":"Comparison of Berberine Bioavailability between Oral and Rectal Administrations in Rats.","authors":"Mori N, Oda K, Takakura H, Tanaka Y, Yokooji T, Murakami T","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"2023","volume":"46","issue":"11","pages":"1639-1642","doi":"10.1248/bpb.b23-00444","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37914368/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups of rats: IV, oral, rectal doses)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, rectal administration that can reduce first-pass metabolism can increase the bioavailability and possibly pharmacological activities of BBR greatly as compared with oral administration.","limitations":"small n (3-4 per group); rat only; single oral dose level; rectal dose-nonlinearity (12.3% at 10 mg/kg vs 24.3% at 3 mg/kg) unexplained; IV n only given in figure legend; dose nonlinearity limits bioavailability comparison across doses"},"37994672":{"pmid":"37994672","title":"Berberine inhibits Candida albicans growth by disrupting mitochondrial function through the reduction of iron absorption.","authors":"Zheng D, Yue D, Shen J, Li D, Song Z, Huang Y, Yong J, Li Y","journal":"Journal of applied microbiology","year":"2023","volume":"134","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxad276","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37994672/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro mechanistic)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Antifungal mechanism study: berberine reduces iron uptake by Candida albicans in vitro. 'Absorption' refers to fungal iron uptake, not absorption/PK of berberine in a host.","conclusion":"The iron reduction mechanism in C. albicans is disrupted by BBR, which disrupts mitochondrial function and inhibits fungal growth.","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study of berberine"},"38004546":{"pmid":"38004546","title":"Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers.","authors":"Solnier J, Zhang Y, Kuo YC, Du M, Roh K, Gahler R, Wood S, Chang C","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","volume":"15","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15112567","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38004546/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-dose crossover, diet-controlled, blinded; authors state non-randomized)","n":"10 analysed (14 recruited)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The findings present that LMB has higher aqueous solubility and Caco-2 cell permeability compared to that of standard berberine, as well as up to six-fold greater absorption in our study participants over a 24 h period following the oral administration of 500 mg berberine. LMB reached approx. 10 times higher peak blood concentrations of berberine than the standard product and could sustain significantly greater blood uptake in participants over the study period (AUC0–24h).","limitations":"small pilot study (n=10); non-randomization design (author-stated) though listed as crossover; non-compartmental analysis only; industry funded; formulation developers are authors; capillary whole blood rather than plasma, total berberine after deglucuronidation; Tmax reported as mean ± SEM"},"38054840":{"pmid":"38054840","title":"Effect of berberine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemia rats.","authors":"Wu F, Cui M, Wang S, Yu C, Yin W, Li J, Yan X","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","year":"2023","volume":"53","issue":"12","pages":"644-652","doi":"10.1080/00498254.2023.2290648","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38054840/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal drug interaction PK, plus 4-week PD study)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK drug-interaction study: measured analyte is plasma atorvastatin (AC) with vs without berberine pretreatment; berberine concentrations were not measured. Berberine acts as the interacting agent (CYP3A/P-gp inhibitor).","conclusion":"In conclusion, AC combined with BBR could regulate blood lipids, and improve oxidative stress and liver injury. It is an effective combination in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Meanwhile, BBR could increase the blood exposure of AC in rats, which might result from the inhibition of the activity of CYP3A enzymes and P-gp.","limitations":"berberine itself not measured, so no berberine absorption data; rat only; single atorvastatin dose; n=6; PK units printed as µg/L but calibration in µg/mL; t1/2 and AUC0-inf with 36 h sampling"},"38067456":{"pmid":"38067456","title":"Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion of Demethyleneberberine, a Metabolite of Berberine, in Rats and Mice.","authors":"Li J, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Lu C, Tong Y","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2023","volume":"28","issue":"23","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules28237725","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067456/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK/tissue distribution/excretion)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Analyte is demethyleneberberine, a major metabolite of berberine (counted as on-target: berberine metabolite) given as the test compound itself, not berberine. Rats and mice, intragastric and IV.","conclusion":"The absolute oral bioavailability of demethyleneberberine in rats ranged from 2.44% to 5.92%, and that in mice was 4.47%.","limitations":"metabolite given directly, not berberine; nonlinear PK across rat doses; bioavailability from AUC0-t, no variance; tissue peak values stated in text without SD/time; cross-study comparison with literature berberine; double plasma peaks suggest enterohepatic circulation not modelled"},"38081485":{"pmid":"38081485","title":"Chitosan/alginate nanogel potentiate berberine uptake and enhance oxidative stress mediated apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells.","authors":"Singh N, Anand SK, Sharma A, Singh S, Kakkar P, Srivastava V","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"257","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"128717","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128717","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38081485/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and cell study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro (HepG2 cells) study of berberine in chitosan/alginate nanogel; cellular uptake, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release extracted; most uptake values are figure-only or relative.","conclusion":"Our findings revealed significantly enhanced thermal stability, in-vitro cellular uptake, and pH-dependent sustained release of BBR. Obtained results also demonstrates that BBR-NG (25 μM), at a four times lower dose, exhibits effects similar to the free BBR (100 μM) in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells","limitations":"in vitro only, cancer cell line; uptake mostly figure-only or relative; Table 1 cytotoxicity values appear swapped relative to text; no human or animal absorption data; authors note need for in vivo validation"},"38333898":{"pmid":"38333898","title":"Berberine Nanoparticles with Enhanced in vitro Bioavailability: Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity [Retraction].","authors":"NR","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","year":"2024","volume":"18","issue":"","pages":"257-258","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S462238","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38333898/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (retraction notice)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Retraction notice for Sahibzada et al. 2018 (Drug Des Devel Ther 12:303-312) due to duplicated nanoparticles in SEM images; contains no data.","conclusion":"NR (editorial retraction notice)","limitations":"retraction notice, no data"},"38756587":{"pmid":"38756587","title":"Supramolecular interaction between berberine hydrochloride and baicalin in aqueous solution: Reaction kinetics, spectral analysis and dynamic simulation.","authors":"Yang H, Wang J, Tan Q, Dong Z, Yang Z, Zhang P, Wang W","journal":"Heliyon","year":"2024","volume":"10","issue":"9","pages":"e29992","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29992","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38756587/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro physicochemical and simulation)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Physicochemical study of berberine HCl-baicalin precipitate/complex formation (stoichiometry, DSC, FTIR, PXRD, NMR, molecular dynamics); no absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"The present study delves into the precipitation dynamics of self-aggregated BBR-BA complexes, pinpointing the concentration range of their formation through morphological observation. Using Job's method, we have confirmed a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio for the complexation of BBR and BA molecules in aqueous environment.","limitations":"in vitro physicochemical only; no absorption/PK measurement"},"38815372":{"pmid":"38815372","title":"Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells containing berberine for ulcerative colitis therapy.","authors":"Deng C, Zhang H, Li Y, Cheng X, Liu Y, Huang S, Cheng J, Chen H, Shao P, Jiang B, Wang X, Wang K","journal":"Journal of colloid and interface science","year":"2024","volume":"671","issue":"","pages":"354-373","doi":"10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.162","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38815372/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical in vitro and in vivo)","n":"35 mice in colitis experiment","status":"partial","statusNote":"Berberine-loaded MSC exosomes (Exos-Ber) for DSS colitis in mice (IV) plus in vitro release/mucus/cell work. Only a few absorption-type values (drug loading, in vitro release %) are printed; mucus permeation and biodistribution are figure-only. Berberine given IV in mice (on-target, non-oral).","conclusion":"This study describes the development of an exosome-based drug delivery system for the treatment of UC. The hypothesis is that this system can target colonic tissues, enhance the bioavailability of Ber, and synergistically exert anti-inflammatory effects.","limitations":"no pharmacokinetic sampling of berberine in blood or tissue; bioavailability not measured; biodistribution is figure-only and tracks exosome label; release pH conditions not specified in text values; IV route only"},"38859955":{"pmid":"38859955","title":"Supersaturated Drug Delivery System of Oxyberberine Based on Cyclodextrin Nanoaggregates: Preparation, Characterization, and in vivo Application.","authors":"Huang Z, Zhang S, Qin Z, Ai G, Li M, Gong S, Liu Y, Zeng H, Chen J, Su Z, Lai Z","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2024","volume":"19","issue":"","pages":"5297-5316","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S464994","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38859955/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 rats (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oxyberberine (main berberine metabolite) formulated in HP-β-CD supersaturated delivery system; rat PK p.o. and i.v. Oxyberberine is a berberine metabolite, so treated as on-target.","conclusion":"Furthermore, the absorption, bioavailability and potency of OBB could be enhanced by HP-β-CD-SDDS. Therefore, OBB-HP-β-CD SDDS was a feasible and effective technique for enhancing the biopharmaceutical properties of OBB.","limitations":"small n (6 per arm); single dose; rat model; i.v. dose differs from oral dose; oxyberberine metabolite not berberine itself; patent interest declared; Fig. 7 curves figure-only"},"38888754":{"pmid":"38888754","title":"Research progress on pharmacological effects and bioavailability of berberine.","authors":"Cui Y, Zhou Q, Jin M, Jiang S, Shang P, Dong X, Li L","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","year":"2024","volume":"397","issue":"11","pages":"8485-8514","doi":"10.1007/s00210-024-03199-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38888754/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of mixed species)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine pharmacological effects and bioavailability-improvement strategies; secondary source, no primary data extracted.","conclusion":"Factors such as poor solubility, low permeability, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, and hepatic-intestinal metabolism result in BBR having a low bioavailability (< 1%), which restricts its application in clinical settings.","limitations":"review article, secondary data only"},"38891813":{"pmid":"38891813","title":"Differences in Metabolite Profiles of Dihydroberberine and Micellar Berberine in Caco-2 Cells and Humans-A Pilot Study.","authors":"Chang C, Roh YS, Du M, Kuo YC, Zhang Y, Hardy M, Gahler R, Solnier J","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2024","volume":"25","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms25115625","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38891813/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized parallel pilot (double-blind)","n":"9 randomized (20 screened; 5 did not meet inclusion criteria, 6 declined)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Pilot human PK (n=9) and Caco-2 study of dihydroberberine vs micellar berberine; berberine and 16 metabolites in whole blood.","conclusion":"LipoMicel treatment demonstrated a higher retention of unmetabolized berberine following Phase 1 and Phase 2 metabolism in both human participants and Caco-2 cell cultures compared to dihydroberberine.","limitations":"very small pilot (n=9; 5 vs 4); different doses in the two arms (100 mg DHB vs 250 mg berberine HCl); 24 h observation only; capillary whole blood; Caco-2 per-compound values in supplement/figures only; partially industry-supplied product"},"38961012":{"pmid":"38961012","title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Berberine-Excipient Complexes in Enhancing the Dissolution Rate of Berberine Incorporated into Pellet Formulations.","authors":"Abbaspour M, Faeznia F, Zanjanian P, Ruzbehi M, Shourgashti K, Ziaee A, Sardou HS, Nokhodchi A","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2024","volume":"25","issue":"6","pages":"154","doi":"10.1208/s12249-024-02863-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38961012/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro formulation study (solubility and dissolution of berberine-excipient solid dispersions and pellets); no absorption or PK in organisms. Release curves are figure-only.","conclusion":"The results of this study showed that the use of berberine-citric acid or berberine-gelucire complex could be considered a promising technique to increase the saturation solubility and improve the release characteristics of berberine from the pellet formulation.","limitations":"in vitro only; no bioavailability measured; release time courses figure-only; statistics not defined for Table 2"},"38969039":{"pmid":"38969039","title":"Design of berberine hydrochloride sustained-release cold sol using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K100M to achieve superior drug dissolution and transdermal absorption.","authors":"Zhang X, Shi X, Tian L","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"275","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"133611","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133611","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38969039/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro / ex vivo formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro release and ex vivo rat skin permeation of topical berberine HCl cold sol (HPMC K100M/Carbomer 940). Berberine is the listed supplement given topically (on-target); no in vivo PK. Release curves are figure-only except text values.","conclusion":"The optimized matrix with osmotic enhancers of 0.67 wt% glycerin and 1.33 wt% peppermint oil performed the best drug permeability.","limitations":"in vitro / ex vivo only; n and variance not stated for Table 4; release curves figure-only; no in vivo PK"},"38994919":{"pmid":"38994919","title":"Berberine and berberine nanoformulations in cancer therapy: Focusing on lung cancer.","authors":"Hsu CY, Pallathadka H, Gupta J, Ma H, Al-Shukri HHK, Kareem AK, Zwamel AH, Mustafa YF","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2024","volume":"38","issue":"8","pages":"4336-4350","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8255","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38994919/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of mixed species)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine and berberine nanoformulations in lung cancer; secondary source, no primary absorption data.","conclusion":"Due to its poor water solubility, poor pharmacokinetics/bioavailability profile, and extensive p-glycoprotein-dependent efflux, BBR application in (pre) clinical studies is restricted. To overcome these limitations, BBR can be encapsulated in nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems","limitations":"review article, secondary data only"},"39029440":{"pmid":"39029440","title":"Role of berberine nanoformulation in epilepsy: A novel therapeutic strategy.","authors":"Saha L, Kumari P, Sinha VR, Gautam V, Kaur L, Sharma S, Chakrabarti A","journal":"Epilepsy research","year":"2024","volume":"205","issue":"","pages":"107419","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107419","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39029440/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK; separate PTZ kindling pharmacodynamic study)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine chloride vs PLGA nanoparticle berberine; PK values only in Abstract and Results 3.3 text (no PK table; concentration-time curves in Fig. 4). Remainder of paper is a PTZ-kindling pharmacodynamic study (not extracted).","conclusion":"To conclude, in our study the developed nanoformulation of BBR showed better PK parameters and increased bioavailability as compared to BBR.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); no variance (SD/SEM) printed for PK parameters; no PK table; absolute AUClast/AUCextrapolated and Cmax variability not given; AUC type in abstract unspecified; no statistical test or p-value printed for PK comparison; dose basis unclear; concentration-time data figure-only; single oral dose only; no IV reference so no absolute bioavailability"},"39094668":{"pmid":"39094668","title":"Preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies of liposomal berberine using novel natural Fiber Interlaced Liposomal technology.","authors":"Sharma VM, Valsaraj TV, Venkataramana Sudeep H, Raj A, Kodimule S, Jacob J","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","year":"2024","volume":"203","issue":"","pages":"114431","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114431","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39094668/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK; plus in vitro release studies)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation paper (FIL-BBR) with in vitro release and a rat oral PK study; PK in Table 1 and Results 3.9.","conclusion":"In vivo bioavailability study of FIL-BBR showed a 3.37-fold higher relative oral bioavailability compared to the unformulated BBR displays the efficacy of the surface modification of the liposomes by the fruit fibers.","limitations":"small n; authors are employees of formulation developer; different doses (600 vs 320 mg/kg) with unclear basis; very small AUC values, units as printed; sampling-n inconsistent (6 vs 4); no IV reference so no absolute bioavailability; concentration-time data figure-only"},"39116592":{"pmid":"39116592","title":"Effect of the presence of berberine/curcumin on the binding of limonin to human serum albumin and antitumor activity in vitro.","authors":"Xu L, Zhou XY, Ju WT, Ge YD, Xing MY, Wang X","journal":"Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy","year":"2024","volume":"323","issue":"","pages":"124929","doi":"10.1016/j.saa.2024.124929","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39116592/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro spectroscopy, docking, cell assay)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro spectroscopic/docking study of limonin binding to human serum albumin, with berberine and curcumin as competing ligands (HSA binding constants, quenching, thermodynamics, CD, A549 cell MTT assay). No absorption, bioavailability or pharmacokinetic measurements of berberine; only HSA binding constants (Ka) for HSA-Ber, which are not absorption data.","conclusion":"The coexistence of both Ber and Cur significantly diminished limonin's binding affinity to HSA.","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study"},"39122736":{"pmid":"39122736","title":"Characterization and antioxidant activity of nano-formulated berberine and cyperus rotundus extracts with anti-inflammatory effects in mastitis-induced rats.","authors":"Hashem AE, Elmasry IH, Lebda MA, El-Karim DRSG, Hagar M, Ebied SKM, Alotaibi BS, Rizk NI, Ghamry HI, Shukry M, Edres HA","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2024","volume":"14","issue":"1","pages":"18462","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-66801-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39122736/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Chitosan nanoparticle formulation of berberine chloride and Cyperus rotundus extract with physicochemical characterization (loading efficiency, SEM size, zeta potential, FTIR, DSC, XRD), antioxidant assays and anti-inflammatory/histology effects in S. aureus-induced mastitis rats. Bioavailability enhancement is asserted from particle characteristics but no plasma/tissue berberine concentrations, PK parameters or absorption measurements were made.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the in vitro and in vivo results proved the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs in low doses with minimal damage to the liver and kidney functions, supposing their promising uses in mastitis treatment.","limitations":"no PK/absorption measurements"},"39188860":{"pmid":"39188860","title":"Transforming Cancer Treatment with Nanotechnology: The Role of Berberine as a Star Natural Compound.","authors":"Sun L, Lan J, Li Z, Zeng R, Shen Y, Zhang T, Ding Y","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2024","volume":"19","issue":"","pages":"8621-8640","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S469350","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39188860/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Int J Nanomedicine) of berberine nano-delivery systems for cancer; no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, not a primary study"},"39227962":{"pmid":"39227962","title":"Berberine and magnolol exert cooperative effects on ulcerative colitis in mice by self-assembling into carrier-free nanostructures.","authors":"Xu Y, Chen Z, Hao W, Yang Z, Farag M, Vong CT, Wang Y, Wang S","journal":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","year":"2024","volume":"22","issue":"1","pages":"538","doi":"10.1186/s12951-024-02804-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39227962/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine (free BBR) vs berberine-magnolol carrier-free self-assembly (BM); PK values in Results text only (Fig. 3F curves); colon tissue BBR (Fig. 3E) and DiR imaging figure-only. Rest of paper is a DSS-colitis efficacy/microbiota study (not extracted).","conclusion":"We provided evidence that BBR improves its bioavailability, colon accumulation and anti-inflammatory effects through its assembly with MAG.","limitations":"large variability (SD comparable to mean); dose and dose basis unclear; no Tmax or t1/2 reported; no p-value test details for PK; colon tissue and imaging data figure-only; sex of PK rats mixed (female and male), group allocation by sex not stated"},"39229806":{"pmid":"39229806","title":"The assessment of pharmacokinetics and neuroprotective effect of berberine hydrochloride-embedded albumin nanoparticles via various administration routes: comparative in-vivo studies in rats.","authors":"Attia HG, Elmataeeshy ME, Aleraky M, Saleh SR, Ghareeb DA, El Demellawy MA, El-Nahas HM, Ibrahim TM","journal":"Journal of microencapsulation","year":"2024","volume":"41","issue":"7","pages":"576-600","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2024.2395976","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39229806/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel five-group single-dose rat PK, multiple routes)","n":"30","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of berberine HCl-loaded BSA nanoparticles by oral, IV, intranasal and sublingual routes vs oral pure BBR, with plasma and tissue (brain, liver, kidney) BBR and metabolite PK. LPS neuroprotection part (14-day dosing) not extracted.","conclusion":"Sublingual and intranasal routes were the most powerful routes for delivering BBR nanoparticles to plasma and the brain compared to oral and intravenous ones.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); tissue sampling at only 1, 2, 4, 5 h (0-5 h window) so AUC0-inf extrapolated; IV dose (4 mg/kg) differs from other routes (40 mg/kg); Fabs reference is IV nanoparticles not IV free BBR; no IV or non-oral free BBR control; metabolite not identified in text; tissue/plasma curves figure-only; abstract SD inconsistent with Table 2"},"39339154":{"pmid":"39339154","title":"Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Berberine Hydrochloride in Rats.","authors":"Chen X, Yang H, Shi L, Mao Y, Niu L, Wang J, Chen H, Jia J, Wang J, Xue J, Shen Y, Zheng C, Tian Y, Zheng Y","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2024","volume":"16","issue":"9","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16091116","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39339154/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose rat PK)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of berberine hydrochloride SMEDDS vs commercial BH tablets; PK in Table 4 and Results 3.9. Formulation development, dissolution, cytotoxicity noted briefly.","conclusion":"In addition, the in vivo pharmacokinetic investigations revealed an enhanced bioavailability of BH-SMEDDS compared to commercial tablets.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); oral only, no IV reference so no absolute bioavailability; blood withdrawal 15-20% of blood volume (authors note); commercial tablet dissolution values not printed in text; dose basis is salt (BH); SMEDDS dose 100 mg/kg BH"},"39366529":{"pmid":"39366529","title":"A potential cocrystal strategy to tailor in-vitro dissolution and improve Caco-2 permeability and oral bioavailability of berberine.","authors":"Chen H, Ma J, Zhou F, Yang J, Jiang L, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Zhang J","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2024","volume":"666","issue":"","pages":"124789","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124789","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39366529/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel three-group single-dose rat PK; 24 rats randomized to four groups)","n":"24","status":"complete","statusNote":"Cocrystal of berberine HCl with lornoxicam (BLCC): rat oral PK of BER (Table 3), Caco-2 permeability, in vitro dissolution. Taste assessment and crystallography not extracted.","conclusion":"The sustained dissolution in simulated intestinal fluid and enhanced intestinal permeability of BLCC resulted in approximately 4.1-fold higher relative oral bioavailability compared to BER.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); dose basis unclear; co-administered drug (lornoxicam) is an NSAID, not a food or supplement; no IV reference; LOR PK and fourth group only in supplement; relative bioavailability AUC type not stated; MRT units not printed"},"39488825":{"pmid":"39488825","title":"Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans.","authors":"Blöcher JA, Meyer-Tönnies MJ, Morof F, Rönnpagel V, Bethmann J, Vollmer M, Engeli S, Tzvetkov MV","journal":"Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","year":"2025","volume":"117","issue":"1","pages":"250-260","doi":"10.1002/cpt.3454","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label","n":"44","status":"complete","statusNote":"Human PK study of single 1,000 mg oral berberine in 44 genotype-selected healthy volunteers (OCT1 poor transporters, CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, reference) with sex comparisons; Table 1 medians with IQR; urinary metabolite ratios; in vitro OCT1 and mouse liver perfusion data included briefly.","conclusion":"In conclusion, despite berberine being an OCT1 substrate, OCT1 deficiency did not affect berberine pharmacokinetics in humans. In contrast, CYP2D6 emerges as a critical enzyme for berberine metabolism in females, but not in males, highlighting sex-specific differences.","limitations":"Phase II metabolites not quantifiable; sex difference not primary endpoint and sexes not matched; 24-48 h sampling insufficient for AUC0-inf; sample size small in OCT1 poor transporter group; single dose only, no IV reference so bioavailability only inferred; medians and IQR only; units printed as min*ng/mL; very low plasma concentrations (median Cmax 0.434 ng/mL)"},"39585246":{"pmid":"39585246","title":"Surface-modified liposomal in-situ nasal gel enhances brain targeting of berberine hydrochloride for Alzheimer's therapy: optimization and in vivo studies.","authors":"Bahndare S, Mathure D, Ranpise H, Salunke M, Awasthi R","journal":"Journal of liposome research","year":"2025","volume":"35","issue":"2","pages":"135-152","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2024.2431908","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39585246/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups; ex vivo and in vitro experiments also reported)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat intranasal/IV PK of berberine HCl liposomal in-situ gel (brain targeting); also ex vivo nasal permeation and in vitro release. Pharmacodynamic (Morris water maze, biochemistry) data not extracted.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the liposomal in-situ gel achieved a higher drug concentration in the brain, indicating superior drug targeting efficiency and potential.","limitations":"Rat study; intranasal/IV routes (not oral); Inconsistent n (6 in Methods vs 3 in Table 5); Abstract Cmax 93.50 vs text/table 193.50; IV dose not stated; dose basis NR; Plasma/brain sampling timepoints only to 8 h but table header says AUC0-24; Concentration-time data figure-only; No funding disclosure of formulation role; single lab"},"39658523":{"pmid":"39658523","title":"Redesigning Berberines and Sanguinarines to Target Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy.","authors":"Liu XZ, Du XY, Xie WS, Ding J, Zhu MZ, Feng ZQ, Wang H, Feng Y, Yu MJ, Liu SM, Liu WT, Zhu XH, Liang JH","journal":"Journal of medicinal chemistry","year":"2024","volume":"67","issue":"24","pages":"22168-22190","doi":"10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02202","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39658523/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (i.v. vs p.o., 3 rats each)","n":"6","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Medicinal-chemistry paper: PK measured for the synthetic compound (R)-14i (LXZ-42), a urea-substituted tetrahydroberberine sEH inhibitor, not berberine or a berberine metabolite. Only a literature statement (<1% oral bioavailability of berberine in SD rats, refs 13,58) mentions berberine; no berberine PK measured. Rat data for (R)-14i recorded for reference.","conclusion":"(R)-14i overcomes the pervasive issue of low bioavailability inherent to these compounds while effectively eliminating the undesired antimicrobial effects typically associated with berberine.","limitations":"Off-target analyte: synthetic derivative, not berberine; n = 3 per route; Statistic type and variance not stated"},"39717894":{"pmid":"39717894","title":"A Comprehensive Review Highlighting the Prospects of Phytonutrient Berberine as an Anticancer Agent.","authors":"Haque S, Mathkor DM, Bhat SA, Musayev A, Khituova L, Ramniwas S, Phillips E, Swamy N, Kumar S, Yerer MB, Tuli HS, Yadav V","journal":"Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology","year":"2025","volume":"39","issue":"1","pages":"e70073","doi":"10.1002/jbt.70073","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39717894/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine as an anticancer agent (includes pharmacokinetics and nanoformulation sections); no primary absorption data. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"39923615":{"pmid":"39923615","title":"Residual and pharmacokinetic behavior of berberine in Carassius auratus under intraperitoneal injection conditions by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS.","authors":"Zhang S, Yang L, Jin H, Wang Y, Teng Q, Meng Q, Cai Z","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2025","volume":"1254","issue":"","pages":"124507","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2025.124507","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39923615/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Carassius auratus, crucian carp/goldfish)","design":"other (single-dose tissue-residue PK, serial sacrifice)","n":"36 exposed + 3 control (Abstract); Methods: 3 fish per time point at 13 time points","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intraperitoneal injection in goldfish (Carassius auratus); tissue residue/PK, no plasma/blood data. Spleen mentioned among tissues collected in Methods but not reported.","conclusion":"The research results of the article explain the retention of BBR in Carassius auratus until excretion and can be used to determine residual levels over time.","limitations":"Intraperitoneal route only; No plasma/blood data; No variance reported in Table 1; Concentration-time data figure-only; Abstract n (36) vs 13 time points x 3 fish (39) differ; Gill AUC0-inf < AUC0-t as printed"},"40199152":{"pmid":"40199152","title":"Gliadin hydrolysates nanoparticles improve the bioavailability and antioxidant activity of berberine.","authors":"Li X, Huang J, Tan R","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2025","volume":"482","issue":"","pages":"143934","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143934","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40199152/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat gavage study (single 4 h time point, plasma and tissue BBR) plus in vitro simulated digestion; no full PK profile. Antioxidant (SOD/GSH/MDA/DPPH/ABTS) and particle characterization data not extracted.","conclusion":"Further, in-vivo experiments showed that GLH-BBR NPs significantly improved bioavailability and the antioxidant capacity of BBR.","limitations":"Single 4 h time point; no Cmax/AUC; Dose basis NR; No SD printed for plasma values in text; Tissue values figure-only; Rat study, sex/age NR"},"40278369":{"pmid":"40278369","title":"A 30-Day Randomized Crossover Human Study on the Safety and Tolerability of a New Micellar Berberine Formulation with Improved Bioavailability.","authors":"Ibi A, Chang C, Kuo YC, Zhang Y, Du M, Roh YS, Gahler R, Hardy M, Solnier J","journal":"Metabolites","year":"2025","volume":"15","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/metabo15040240","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40278369/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"30-day randomized crossover safety and tolerability study of Berberine LipoMicel (1000 mg/d, n = 19 healthy adults) measuring liver/kidney safety markers; no berberine concentration or PK data measured. Bioavailability only cited from prior studies (refs 25-27).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40354871":{"pmid":"40354871","title":"A weight of evidence approach to assess the human genotoxicity risk of Chinese goldthread botanical extract and its primary constituent berberine.","authors":"Sun B, Allemang A, Pfuhler S","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","year":"2025","volume":"202","issue":"","pages":"115485","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115485","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40354871/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (secondary compilation of published human PK data within an in vitro genotoxicity paper)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Primary study is in vitro genotoxicity (Ames, micronucleus, HPRT, topo II) of Chinese goldthread extract and berberine; no PK measured by the authors. The only absorption data are human oral berberine plasma Cmax values the authors compiled in Table 5 from cited studies (secondary data; primary sources named per row). Extracted from Table 5 only.","conclusion":"NR (no PK conclusion). Discussion states: oral intakes of up to 900 mg per day produce a plasma Cmax ranging from 0.065 to 4.5 nM.","limitations":"secondary compilation of cited studies' values; no variance, statistic type or sampling details printed; one row is Css not Cmax; primary study of this paper is in vitro genotoxicity"},"40480070":{"pmid":"40480070","title":"Near-infrared light-triggered methylene blue/berberine co-loaded polydopamine nanoparticles modified with sialic acid for Alzheimer's disease therapy.","authors":"Lv Y, Asghar S, Ye P, Dong H, Hu R, Yuan C, Zheng Y, Chen Z, Xiao Y","journal":"Journal of colloid and interface science","year":"2025","volume":"698","issue":"","pages":"138083","doi":"10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138083","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40480070/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"IV PK in rats of berberine co-loaded with methylene blue (MB) in polydopamine nanoparticles (intravenous only; route is IV, berberine on-target). MB PK (Table 2A) not extracted. Brain biodistribution used DIR dye (fluorescence), not BBR; efficacy/photothermal data not extracted.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetics and in vivo biodistribution studies revealed a higher area under the curve (AUC0-t) of SA-BP-MB/BBR NPs (9.75 and 7.52 times higher) than free MB and BBR, and SA modification promoted brain accumulation.","limitations":"IV administration only; n = 3 in tables vs n = 6 in Methods; Dose basis NR; Concentration-time data figure-only; Abstract fold values inconsistent with Results text"},"40490958":{"pmid":"40490958","title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Berberine in Lung Cancer.","authors":"Jafari Z, Honarmand S, Abbasirad Z, Sadeghi S, Bigham A","journal":"Archiv der Pharmazie","year":"2025","volume":"358","issue":"6","pages":"e70013","doi":"10.1002/ardp.70013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40490958/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine in lung cancer (includes pharmacokinetics and drug-delivery sections); no primary absorption data. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40506769":{"pmid":"40506769","title":"Berberine as a multi-target therapeutic agent for obesity: from pharmacological mechanisms to clinical evidence.","authors":"Kong Y, Yang H, Nie R, Zhang X, Zhang H, Nian X","journal":"European journal of medical research","year":"2025","volume":"30","issue":"1","pages":"477","doi":"10.1186/s40001-025-02738-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40506769/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine as a multi-target therapeutic agent for obesity (mechanisms and clinical evidence); no primary absorption data. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40524804":{"pmid":"40524804","title":"Drug Interaction Potential of Berberine Hydrochloride When Co-Administered with Tofacitinib and Filgotinib in Rats.","authors":"Wang J, Lu S, Zhang C, Wang J, Wu H, Li G","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","year":"2025","volume":"19","issue":"","pages":"5043-5057","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S491446","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40524804/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 groups), drug-drug interaction","n":"30","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine HCl (supplement) measured in rat plasma with and without tofacitinib/filgotinib; tofacitinib and filgotinib PK rows also included as BBR-interaction findings (those analytes are the co-administered drugs, not the supplement).","conclusion":"TOFA and FIGA have no significant effect on the plasma concentration of BBR across various pharmacokinetic parameters. However, due to BBR's inhibition or induction of various drug-metabolizing enzymes, it significantly affects some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of TOFA and FIGA.","limitations":"rat study, single dose; n=6 per group; high variability in BBR PK (SD often > half of mean); berberine dose basis is the HCl salt; text and Table 5 inconsistent on significance for TOFA Cmax and FIGA Tmax; no absolute bioavailability determined"},"40556818":{"pmid":"40556818","title":"Berberine's Impact on Apoptosis, Proliferation, Uptake Efficiency, and Nanoparticle-Based Therapy in DBTRG Cells.","authors":"Shen CC, Yang MY, Hsieh WY, Tsay GJ, Yang YC, Huang YF, Liu SY, Lai CM, Lee CH, Tang CM, Hung HS","journal":"ACS nanoscience Au","year":"2025","volume":"5","issue":"3","pages":"165-183","doi":"10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.5c00004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40556818/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell study with small mouse tissue distribution)","n":"mice n=5; cells n=3 independent experiments","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mainly in vitro anticancer/mechanistic study of berberine in DBTRG glioma cells; only absorption-relevant data are cellular uptake of Au-Col-BB nanocarrier (fold change), particle size, and qualitative mouse brain accumulation (figure only). No plasma PK.","conclusion":"These findings underscore berberine's potential as an anticancer agent, particularly when delivered through a nanoparticle-based system to address the challenges of limited bioavailability and achieve targeted delivery to cancer cells.","limitations":"in vitro model; no plasma PK; uptake measured as FITC-collagen label, not berberine itself; encapsulation efficiency and drug loading not determined; mouse biodistribution qualitative and figure-only; dose NR; internal inconsistencies in particle size and mouse description"},"40761345":{"pmid":"40761345","title":"Pharmacokinetics Study of Herb-Drug Interaction of Berberine and Glipizide in Beagle Dogs Using UPLC-MS/MS.","authors":"Qi H, Wang W, Zhang X, Shang B","journal":"International journal of analytical chemistry","year":"2025","volume":"2025","issue":"","pages":"7941435","doi":"10.1155/ianc/7941435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40761345/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog)","design":"other (sequential within-animal self-controlled, paired comparison)","n":"6","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Berberine given for 7 days to beagle dogs, but only glipizide (co-administered drug) was measured in plasma; no berberine PK. Glipizide rows recorded as an interaction finding.","conclusion":"BBR could affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of glipizide in beagle dogs, thereby inhibiting its metabolism and increasing its plasma exposure. In clinical practice, attention should be paid to the possible occurrence of HDIs when BBR is used in combination with glipizide.","limitations":"n=6 dogs; berberine not measured; order of periods not stated; dose basis is hydrochloride salt"},"40928061":{"pmid":"40928061","title":"Berberine-cinnamic acid co-crystal effect in ameliorating hyperlipidemia might be regulated through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/SREBP-1 signaling pathway.","authors":"Gao W, Li Y, Chen L, Yang W, He Y, Yang Y, Yin D, Tan S","journal":"FEBS open bio","year":"2026","volume":"16","issue":"1","pages":"145-160","doi":"10.1002/2211-5463.70115","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40928061/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic mechanism study (HFD mice and FFA-treated HepG2 cells) of berberine-cinnamic acid co-crystal on lipid metabolism/PI3K-AKT-mTOR-SREBP-1. No plasma/tissue berberine concentrations, no PK or absorption measurements; bioavailability only mentioned qualitatively and cited from prior work. Authors list drug concentration in blood and absorption efficiency as future work.","conclusion":"BBR-CA could function by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in decreased nuclear expression of SREBP-1, as well as reduced expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, thus alleviating hyperlipidemia.","limitations":"no absorption/PK data"},"40949215":{"pmid":"40949215","title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of BerbiQ: An Advanced Bioavailable Berberine Formulation Using OMICS Technology by Synergistic Complexation.","authors":"Amalraj A, Jogy AM, Abraham EK, Gowda A, Gopi S","journal":"ACS omega","year":"2025","volume":"10","issue":"35","pages":"40235-40247","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.5c05343","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40949215/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, two-period, two-way)","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The study also demonstrated that the novel BerbiQ formulation significantly enhances the oral bioavailability of berberine compared to the conventional berberine formulation. This enhancement is evident from the 4.26-fold increase in AUC and the 4.10-fold increase in Cmax observed for BerbiQ.","limitations":"n=10 only; industry-affiliated (manufacturer authors); very low plasma berberine concentrations (ng/mL, Cmax around 1 ng/mL); dose basis unclear (250 mg berberine in 350 mg capsule); Kel unit not printed; fasting only"},"40972937":{"pmid":"40972937","title":"Improving the oral bioavailability of berberine: A crystal engineering approach.","authors":"Sai Durga Surampudi AV, Prasad SR, Ramanujam P, Swain D, Wadje BN, Bharate SB, Kamalakannan U, Kathirvel M, Balasubramanian S","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2025","volume":"685","issue":"","pages":"126177","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126177","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40972937/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (mouse PK) plus in vitro","n":"24 (4 groups of 6 incl. control)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mixed crystal engineering study: in vitro solubility/dissolution/PAMPA plus a single-dose mouse PK (3 forms). Many in vitro values only in figures/supplementary tables.","conclusion":"The highest plasma concentration was observed in BBR-GEN, while BBR-GAL and BBR-Cl showed comparable plasma concentrations. Therefore, developing new salt forms using crystal engineering techniques can be an effective approach in tailoring the solubility and permeability, thereby altering the oral bioavailability of berberine.","limitations":"female mice only, n=6 with sparse sampling; only Cmax clearly improved with BBR-GEN; AUC comparable; very large SEMs for t1/2, esp BBR-GAL; no statistical tests reported for PK; many solubility/dissolution values figure/supplement only; high dose 200 mg/kg possibly saturating"},"41077968":{"pmid":"41077968","title":"Dihydroberberine normalizes insulin secretion by regulating glucokinase.","authors":"Zhang C, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zhao R, Xiong F, Wei G, Ke X, Lu J","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism","year":"2026","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"151-165","doi":"10.1111/dom.70171","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41077968/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study of dihydroberberine and other berberine analogues on insulin secretion and glucokinase in INS-1/MIN6 cells and mice (OGTT, serum insulin). No berberine or dihydroberberine concentrations measured, no PK/absorption data; higher bioavailability is asserted from cited literature only.","conclusion":"Our research revealed the effect and mechanism of these BBR analogues in promoting insulin secretion and validated DHB as the most effective drug for targeting GCK, which might be a powerful drug for treating diabetes.","limitations":"no absorption/PK data"},"41191158":{"pmid":"41191158","title":"Nanomedicine-enabled neuroprotection: therapeutic role of berberine in neurodegenerative diseases.","authors":"Pal B, Panda S, Bashir B, Vishwas S, Chaitanya M, Hussain MS, Gupta G, Kumbhar P, Gupta S, Singh SK","journal":"Molecular biology reports","year":"2025","volume":"53","issue":"1","pages":"49","doi":"10.1007/s11033-025-11193-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41191158/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine nanoformulations in neurodegenerative diseases; no original data.","conclusion":"Future nanocarrier development and investigation of BBR mechanisms will be essential to the development of the next generations of therapeutics in NDs.","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"41219667":{"pmid":"41219667","title":"Overcoming Bioavailability Barriers: Optimized Hybrid Nanocarrier System to Amplify Berberine Absorption via Peyer's Patches.","authors":"Thool SA, Pokharkar VB","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2025","volume":"27","issue":"1","pages":"27","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03260-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41219667/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"18 (Methods: two groups of nine) vs n=3 per group in Table 5 note","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In vivo pharmacokinetic study shows higher Cmax and AUC of BER-LPHN, and Peyer's patch uptake studies revealed that the nanoparticles were efficiently absorbed through M cells mediated Peyer's patch uptake.","limitations":"no variance reported in Table 5; n inconsistent (9 vs 3 per group); Cmax values (µg/mL range) unusually high versus other berberine PK papers; single-dose, rats only; dose 200 mg/kg; Peyer's patch uptake qualitative only"},"41270814":{"pmid":"41270814","title":"Berberine derivative C51 modulates cGAS-STING-TIM-3 axis to reverse immune evasion and inhibit lung cancer growth.","authors":"Bao Y, Hong B, Liu K, Lin Z, Zhou J, Wu Y, Mou S, Yu Y","journal":"Cellular signalling","year":"2026","volume":"139","issue":"","pages":"112258","doi":"10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.112258","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41270814/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Anticancer mechanism study of a synthetic berberine derivative (C51) in lung cancer cells and mouse xenografts (cGAS-STING-TIM-3). The only absorption-type content is a short in-silico ADME comparison of berberine vs C51 (Table S4, supplementary; qualitative levels such as HIA level 0, F30% level 1) and pharmacokinetic curves in supplementary Table S5 (not in the PDF). No measured plasma concentrations or PK parameters in the main text.","conclusion":"This study confirms that the novel berberine derivative C51 has a significant inhibitory effect on lung cancer cells (A549, PC-9).","limitations":"no measured absorption/PK data in main text; derivative not the supplement itself"},"41366488":{"pmid":"41366488","title":"Innovative approach in Parkinson's targeting via berberine-loaded mucoadhesive surface-modified liposomes: a multi-faceted study.","authors":"Nematalla HA, Elharoun M, Abd-Alhaseeb MM, Sharafeldin HA, Elsheikh MA, Abbas H, Elkelish A, Dossouvi KM, Mehana AE, Abdelgawad FE, Zewail M","journal":"BMC pharmacology & toxicology","year":"2025","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"209","doi":"10.1186/s40360-025-01039-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41366488/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro / rodent (rat)","design":"other (formulation characterization, in vitro release, and in vivo efficacy in rat PD model)","n":"32 rats (32 rats purchased; four equal groups per Methods)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation + efficacy study. No plasma/brain berberine PK or bioavailability data reported; only in vitro release and entrapment efficiency are absorption-adjacent. Pharmacodynamic outcomes (behaviour, dopamine, biomarkers) not extracted.","conclusion":"Our findings imply that BER chitosomes are a viable intranasal delivery tool for the efficient treatment of PD due to their enhanced bioavailability. and greater nasal mucosa penetration.","limitations":"no plasma or brain berberine concentrations or PK measured; bioavailability claim not supported by measured PK data; dose inconsistent (0.5 vs 5 mg/kg/day); in vitro release data largely figure-only; industry-style claims; small n (4-7)"},"41401085":{"pmid":"41401085","title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Berberine From Bile-Processed Coptidis Rhizoma in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.","authors":"Zhu Y, Yang L, Huang Q, Wang J","journal":"Chemistry & biodiversity","year":"2026","volume":"23","issue":"2","pages":"e02803","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202502803","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41401085/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (single dose, comparative PK across herbal preparations and disease state)","n":"24 rats in plasma PK (6 per group x 4 groups); 60 rats in tissue study (15 per group)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine plasma PK and tissue distribution after oral herbal decoctions (Coptidis Rhizoma forms) in rats; tissue concentrations figure-only.","conclusion":"By comparing the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution differences between CR and its processed products, the results indicate that the absorption of berberine in BPCR is accelerated, whereas its elimination is slowed, leading to a significantly increased degree of absorption in various tissues.","limitations":"rodent study, herbal decoctions not pure berberine; berberine dose basis not stated per kg (herb dose 10 g/kg); tissue values figure-only; small n (6); Tmax reported without variance; bile acids not measured"},"41420373":{"pmid":"41420373","title":"A comprehensive compendium of berberine: sources, chemistry, and pharmacological activities.","authors":"Mohapatra N, Singh TG, Kumar M, Awasthi A","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","year":"2026","volume":"106","issue":"9","pages":"5142-5162","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.70394","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41420373/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine sources, chemistry, SAR, formulations and clinical uses (J Sci Food Agric 2026;106:5142-5162); no primary absorption/PK data. Pages 1-4 read; remainder is review text.","conclusion":"In summary, berberine offers an exciting, multipurpose drug, and further formulation innovation and more rigorous clinical establishment are required to realize its benefits as broad biomedical and nutritional applications.","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"41488874":{"pmid":"41488874","title":"Protective effects of berberine-loaded chitosan/solid lipid nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced gestational diabetes mellitus rats.","authors":"Liu Y, Hussain SA, Yue H","journal":"Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)","year":"2025","volume":"250","issue":"","pages":"10749","doi":"10.3389/ebm.2025.10749","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41488874/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups, single oral dose PK); separate efficacy study in STZ-induced gestational diabetes rats","n":"20 (PK: 10 per group); efficacy study 49 females + 7 males obtained, 7 groups of 7","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine chitosan/SLN nanoparticles vs free berberine (Table 2) plus in vitro release/stability; pharmacodynamic GDM outcomes (glucose, insulin, oxidative stress) not extracted. Article carries a correction note (2026-08-03) not seen in the PDF text.","conclusion":"Compared with free berberine treatment, berberine nanoparticle treatment could provide a significantly higher oral bioavailability of berberine in experimental rats.","limitations":"rodent (rat) study; AUC interval and berberine dose basis not stated; Tmax without variance; release profiles figure-only; PK rats' pregnancy/diabetic status unclear; small groups; correction published after article"},"41498108":{"pmid":"41498108","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Overview of Active Compounds Berberine, Palmatine, and Jatrorrhizine From Fibraurea tinctoria Lour: Drug-Likeness, ADMET Prediction, and In Vivo Extract Toxicity Assessment.","authors":"Purwaningsih I, Maksum IP, Sumiarsa D, Sriwidodo S","journal":"Journal of toxicology","year":"2025","volume":"2025","issue":"","pages":"7251602","doi":"10.1155/jt/7251602","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41498108/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal (in silico predictions; acute toxicity in ddY mice)","design":"other (in silico ADMET prediction + OECD 425 acute oral toxicity)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"No measured absorption/PK. Only in silico ADMET predictions (pkCSM/SwissADME) for berberine plus an in vivo acute toxicity test of Fibraurea tinctoria stem extract in mice (no berberine concentrations measured). Palmatine and jatrorrhizine predictions not extracted (other analytes).","conclusion":"These findings indicate that despite the in silico prediction showing the potential toxicity of these three compounds, the extract exhibited relative safety based on in vivo tests and has the potential for further pharmacological development.","limitations":"no measured PK or absorption; in silico predictions only; extract toxicity study did not quantify berberine"},"41524767":{"pmid":"41524767","title":"Berberine as a therapeutic alkaloid against ESKAPE and multiple drug-resistant bacteria: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Saha S, Roy A, Gill HS, Rajeev M, Nag M, Pandit S, Lahiri D, Bhattacharya D, Maitra D","journal":"Archives of microbiology","year":"2026","volume":"208","issue":"2","pages":"115","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04663-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41524767/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine against ESKAPE/MDR bacteria (Arch Microbiol 2026;208:115); mentions oral bioavailability <1% generally but no primary absorption/PK data. Pages 1-4 read.","conclusion":"Although berberine exhibits remarkable in vitro antimicrobial activity, its very poor systemic bioavailability (< 1%) results in a more than 1000-fold PK-PD gap between achievable plasma levels and effective MIC values.","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"41619558":{"pmid":"41619558","title":"Herbal-derived puerarin-berberine cocrystal: Computational insights into mechanisms driving simultaneous enhanced solubility and bioavailability.","authors":"Li L, Liu P, Zhang C, Yu X, Tao J, Zhou Z","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"152","issue":"","pages":"157883","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157883","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619558/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups, single oral dose PK)","n":"32","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine rows extracted (PK in rats, in vitro solubility). Puerarin (PUE) results are off-target analyte and not extracted. Crystallographic/computational content skipped.","conclusion":"The PUE-BER cocrystal significantly improves PUE solubility, IDR, and oral bioavailability while maintaining stability and modestly enhancing BER exposure.","limitations":"rodent study; only modest, non-significant BER gain vs pure BER; dose basis (BER vs salt) not stated; small n (8); Tmax reported without statistic note beyond mean +/- SD"},"41624931":{"pmid":"41624931","title":"Enhanced controlled drug delivery of berberine-loaded gelatin nanoparticles: characterization and in vitro assessment.","authors":"Sharaf HA, Abu Saied MA, Ghareeb DA, Kandil SH, El-Fattah AA","journal":"RSC advances","year":"2026","volume":"16","issue":"7","pages":"6119-6131","doi":"10.1039/d5ra08567e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41624931/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":"","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro only: berberine-loaded gelatin nanoparticle characterization and in vitro release; no absorption/PK data (authors state in vivo PK studies are ongoing). Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity data not extracted.","conclusion":"Overall, the developed BBR-GNPs provide an efficient and biocompatible platform for improving the solubility, stability, and therapeutic performance of berberine.","limitations":"in vitro only; no bioavailability or PK measured; release time points figure-only; release replicate n not stated"},"41686123":{"pmid":"41686123","title":"Folate receptor-α targeted delivery of berberine via folate-functionalized bovine serum albumin nanocarriers to enhance intracellular internalization and suppress 3D spheroid formation as a pioneering therapeutic modality for glioblastoma.","authors":"Ghosh S, Das P, Nayak B","journal":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","year":"2026","volume":"14","issue":"9","pages":"2894-2917","doi":"10.1039/d5tb01715g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41686123/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and cell study)","n":"","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro nanoparticle study (glioblastoma cell lines): only formulation EE/LE/yield and in vitro release are absorption-adjacent. No absorption/PK in animals or humans. Cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, hemolysis not extracted. List says species human but study is cell-culture.","conclusion":"These findings highlight the potential of the nanoparticles as a promising targeted therapeutic agent for glioblastoma, offering enhanced tumor-specific delivery and improved anticancer efficacy.","limitations":"in vitro only; no PK; release curve figure-only apart from two printed values; EE/LE for BER-BSA NPs quoted from prior publication (not extracted)"},"41822709":{"pmid":"41822709","title":"Enhancement of the stability and cytotoxicity of berberine by liposomal nanocarriers for gastric cancer treatment and its application in gummy candy.","authors":"Abolhasanzadeh N, Dehghan G, Abbaspour-Ravasjani S","journal":"Frontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland)","year":"2024","volume":"3","issue":"","pages":"1387343","doi":"10.3389/fgstr.2024.1387343","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41822709/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":"","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro only: berberine liposome characterization and release; no absorption/PK data (authors recommend future animal studies). Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and gummy sensory/texture data not extracted.","conclusion":"These results indicated that encapsulation of BER protects its antioxidant activity and increases its bioavailability. Also, encapsulation can promote a controlled liberation of the BER, which makes it favorable for oral administration in the form of gummy candies.","limitations":"in vitro only; bioavailability claim unsupported by measured data; release curve figure-only; internal inconsistencies in release conditions"},"41901337":{"pmid":"41901337","title":"Berberine-Mediated BCRP Inhibition Enhances Systemic Exposure of Rhein: A Study to Unravel the Pharmacokinetic Basis of Synergy in Da-Huang-Xiao-Shi Decoction.","authors":"Xu Z, Li H, Xue H, Wang X, Wang T, Zhou Y, Gu J, Shi R","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"19","issue":"3","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ph19030492","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41901337/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and in vitro mechanistic study)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK study of rhubarb anthraquinones (rhein, aloe emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion) in cholestatic rats after Da-Huang-Xiao-Shi Decoction; berberine is a co-administered herb component acting as BCRP inhibitor, and berberine itself was not measured in plasma (only added to in vitro/ex vivo rhein transport assays).","conclusion":"()","limitations":"measured analytes are anthraquinones, not berberine"},"41921191":{"pmid":"41921191","title":"Development of a Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Tofacitinib Citrate and Berberine Chloride in Bulk, Injection and Plasma.","authors":"Monika, Jhawat V, Chauhan M, Chauhan S, Sonali, Singh MK, Singh R, Singh RP","journal":"Journal of chromatographic science","year":"2026","volume":"64","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.1093/chromsci/bmag010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41921191/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (analytical method validation)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Analytical RP-HPLC method development/validation for tofacitinib citrate and berberine chloride in bulk, injection and rat plasma; no PK or absorption values reported (rat plasma used only to show peak specificity, one 4 h draw, no concentrations printed).","conclusion":"()","limitations":"no PK data"},"41951843":{"pmid":"41951843","title":"Intranasal co-delivery of riluzole and berberine via chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles for synergistic neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease: formulation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics analysis.","authors":"Komy MHE, Aldosari BN, Zaki RM, Bafail R, Yusif RM, Abdelgawad MA, Elmowafy M, Abuhelwa AY, Eid HM","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"399","issue":"9","pages":"14123-14140","doi":"10.1007/s00210-026-05182-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41951843/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups; each subdivided into 7 time-point subgroups, 3 rats each; terminal sampling)","n":"NR (each group n=21 as printed)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Berberine is co-delivered with riluzole in intranasal nanoparticles; only berberine values extracted (riluzole values skipped as partner drug). IV and intranasal routes, rat plasma and brain.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic assessment further confirmed efficient direct transport to the brain, as evidenced by the pronounced increase in Cmax and transport efficiency relative to intranasal suspensions.","limitations":"composite (terminal) sampling, 3 rats per time point; no statistics or variance for PK parameters; intranasal BER dose in mg not stated; berberine salt form not stated; Table 2 values not accompanied by SD although methods state mean +/- SD; figure-only concentration-time data"},"41998469":{"pmid":"41998469","title":"Formulation Design of a Hot-melt Extrusion-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersion to Optimize Palatability of Berberine Hydrochloride with In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.","authors":"Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang C, Cai B, Yang H, Zhuang K, Swarnakar N, Tiwari S, Zhou F, Wang W, Zhou Y, Zhang J","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2026","volume":"27","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.1208/s12249-026-03419-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41998469/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized, 3 groups)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine HCl as crystalline drug, physical mixture and hot-melt extruded amorphous solid dispersion (F7); taste-masking and in vitro dissolution also reported (in vitro rows limited to non-sink dissolution concentrations).","conclusion":"The successful integration of effective taste masking and enhanced oral bioavailability in a single HME-processed ASD formulation underscores its substantial translational value.","limitations":"small n (6 per arm); single high dose (200 mg/kg) in rats; dose basis (BH salt vs berberine) not stated; only moderate bioavailability improvement; BH-AUC SD identical to Cmax SD (possible error); some authors affiliated with polymer supplier; Fig. 7 concentration-time data figure-only"},"42075868":{"pmid":"42075868","title":"Berberine as a Multifunctional Adjuvant in Cancer Therapy: Mechanistic Insights, Nanotechnological Strategies, and Translational Challenges.","authors":"Özalp Y, Alloush T, Serakıncı N, Kartal M","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"19","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ph19040613","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42075868/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine as adjuvant in cancer therapy and nanoformulations; no primary PK data extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article"},"42171866":{"pmid":"42171866","title":"Berberine and its structural diversity: structure-activity relationships, molecular mechanisms, and drug discovery opportunities.","authors":"Albukhari AF","journal":"Molecular biology reports","year":"2026","volume":"53","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1007/s11033-026-11967-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42171866/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine structural diversity, SAR and mechanisms; no primary PK data extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article"},"42228594":{"pmid":"42228594","title":"Preparation of berberine micelles and its anti-skin damage in hyperglycemia mice.","authors":"Jin X, Hua Q, Adu-Frimpong M, Li Q, Wang Q, Toreniyazov E, Cao X, Yu J, Xu X","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","year":"2026","volume":"56","issue":"6","pages":"476-488","doi":"10.1080/00498254.2026.2683638","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228594/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized, 2 groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of berberine micelles vs free berberine; in vitro release and mouse skin-injury pharmacodynamics not extracted (in vitro release reported only as cumulative % at 8 h, skipped).","conclusion":"Compared with free berberine, berberine micelle significantly improved oral bioavailability, which was obviously more effective than free berberine in the treatment of skin injury in hyperglycaemic mice.","limitations":"small n (5 per arm); single dose; dose basis not stated; MRT values exceed sampling duration; Cmax/Tmax not individually reported (no SD for Tmax); figure-only concentration-time data; exploratory sample size"},"42275928":{"pmid":"42275928","title":"Therapeutic potential of crystal-engineered berberine cocrystals ameliorates PCOS phenotypes via AMPK-IRS1/PI3K/Akt axis: An integrative computational and preclinical study.","authors":"Kamalakannan U, Sai Durga Surampudi AV, Racha V, Amanchy R, Jain N, Muralidharan K","journal":"The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics","year":"2026","volume":"393","issue":"7","pages":"104937","doi":"10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104937","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42275928/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy/mechanism study of berberine cocrystals (BBR-GAL, BBR-GEN) in letrozole-induced PCOS mice plus molecular docking; no pharmacokinetic or absorption data reported (the 1.8-fold Cmax increase is cited from the authors' previous study).","conclusion":"()","limitations":"no PK data in this paper"},"42329291":{"pmid":"42329291","title":"Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disorders: emerging therapeutic potential of berberine and polymeric nanoparticle-based delivery systems.","authors":"Sathick Batcha BR, Amarnath DP, Srinivasan D, Ramakrishnan P","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"34","issue":"7","pages":"4367-4382","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02276-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42329291/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine and polymeric nanoparticle delivery in neurodegenerative disorders; no primary PK data extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article"},"42367479":{"pmid":"42367479","title":"Enhanced Apparent Oral Bioavailability of Berberine Through BioSOLVE Technology: Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Metaberine™.","authors":"Jeyakodi S, Krishnakumar A, DA K","journal":"Cureus","year":"2026","volume":"18","issue":"5","pages":"e109791","doi":"10.7759/cureus.109791","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42367479/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized, body weight-stratified)","n":"16","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK, Metaberine (BioSOLVE) vs conventional berberine, unchanged parent berberine only (no metabolites).","conclusion":"Metaberine demonstrated improved PK performance compared to conventional berberine, characterized by enhanced early systemic exposure, markedly higher peak plasma concentration, and an increased apparent terminal half-life following oral administration at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight in rats.","limitations":"industry-funded/author-owned product; different vehicles (water vs 0.5% CMC); no sampling before 0.5 h; large inter-animal variability; no metabolite measurement; AUC0-48 and AUC0-inf not significantly different; active berberine content of test product not stated; 200 mg/kg dose not human-relevant; figure-only concentration-time data"},"42381886":{"pmid":"42381886","title":"Unlocking the healing power of Berberine: A promising aid for multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Chahardehi AM, Karimi Khordeh N, Limoudehi NM, Dasoomi H, Omrani R, Nikjoo M, Mamaghani EM, Nasiri R, Meigoli MSS, Shoja F, Jafari-Ardakan Z, Arefnezhad R, Rezaei-Tazangi F","journal":"IBRO neuroscience reports","year":"2026","volume":"21","issue":"","pages":"122-131","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.06.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42381886/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine in multiple sclerosis preclinical models (EAE, cuprizone); no primary PK/absorption data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42390621":{"pmid":"42390621","title":"Supra-additive neuroprotective effects of berberine-metformin combination in diabetic encephalopathy: Chou-Talalay synergy quantification, AMPK-Nrf2 axis modulation, and pharmacokinetic verification.","authors":"Filfilan WM, Elbeeh ME","journal":"Metabolic brain disease","year":"2026","volume":"41","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1007/s11011-026-01910-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42390621/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical animal study; satellite PK cohort alongside 12-group efficacy study)","n":"24 (PK cohort)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary focus is pharmacodynamic synergy (berberine+metformin) in diabetic rats; only absorption/PK content is a single-timepoint (2 h) steady-state plasma/hippocampal concentration check (Table 6). Dose levels of the satellite PK cohort are not stated. Behavioural/biochemical outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"LC–MS/MS verified bioequivalent drug exposure. Berberine–metformin co-treatment is associated with CI-quantified supra-additive recognition memory recovery in diabetic encephalopathy, with neuroinflammatory suppression as the most statistically robust mechanistic correlate. Pharmacokinetic findings are consistent with a pharmacodynamic rather than pharmacokinetic basis.","limitations":"single timepoint (2 h) PK sampling, no AUC/Cmax/t1/2; PK cohort doses not stated; only male rats; no berberine-alone IV or bioavailability measured; preclinical animal data"},"42398618":{"pmid":"42398618","title":"Dihydroberberine in metabolic disorders: Bioavailability, molecular mechanisms, toxicology, and future perspectives.","authors":"Wang D, Tang Y","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","year":"2026","volume":"216","issue":"","pages":"116267","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.116267","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42398618/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of dihydroberberine in metabolic disorders; PK data (e.g., Moon 2021 human pilot) are only secondary citations, no primary data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42401759":{"pmid":"42401759","title":"A novel berberine derivative B12 exhibits superior anti-obesity effects via targeting brown and white adipocyte dynamics.","authors":"Zhang W, Feng Y, Gao C, Zhong L, Wang W, Xu M, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Wang S, Yi S, Wu Z, Lin Y, Xu B, Cheng S, Zhan YY, Zhang S, Hong X, Hu T","journal":"International journal of obesity (2005)","year":"2026","volume":"50","issue":"9","pages":"2021-2033","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02153-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42401759/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy/mechanism study of berberine derivative B12 in high-fat-diet obese mice (body weight, adipose tissue, energy expenditure). Bioavailability is only mentioned as prior work; no PK/absorption data reported (AUC refers to body-weight curves).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42564599":{"pmid":"42564599","title":"Clinical AI-assisted FXR prioritization and WADDAICA-guided design of a berberine-inspired analogue for MASH: integrated computational and experimental validation.","authors":"Yao H, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Ni M, Liu Y, Zhou Y","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"1862990","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2026.1862990","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42564599/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Computational (AI/docking/SwissADME) design and in vitro validation of a berberine-inspired FXR analogue for MASH. Only in silico predicted GI absorption/bioavailability score; no measured absorption or PK data for berberine.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42653808":{"pmid":"42653808","title":"Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review.","authors":"Dumitru CN, Marcu T, Dumitru AO, Tudor SS, Ferțu ID, Elisei AM, Goroftei L","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"19","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ph19081313","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42653808/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of berberine-drug interactions (PubMed publication type: Review); secondary reporting only.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42682619":{"pmid":"42682619","title":"Immune-inflammatory prediction of PICC-related bloodstream infection in oldest-old adults with exploratory berberine biofilm-inflammation experiments.","authors":"Li X, Chen F, Zheng C, Yin S","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"1914929","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2026.1914929","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42682619/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Retrospective PICC-bloodstream-infection prediction cohort plus in vitro berberine antibiofilm/anti-inflammatory experiments; no berberine absorption or PK data (paper states berberine systemic PK not assessed).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42730342":{"pmid":"42730342","title":"Vitamin A-Modified Berberine Liposomes Potentiate Anti-Fibrotic Effects Through Enhanced Hepatic Stellate Cell Uptake.","authors":"Wang A, Huo Y, Wu Y, Cheng Y, Luo Y, Song W, Chen J, Fu L, Lu T","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2026","volume":"21","issue":"","pages":"629505","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S629505","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42730342/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterisation and uptake; in vivo efficacy)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation/efficacy study of vitamin A-modified berberine liposomes (in vitro HSC uptake, release, CCl4 mouse fibrosis efficacy). No plasma/tissue PK; only in vitro cellular uptake and release data (several figure-only). In vivo efficacy outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"Our results demonstrate that VA-functionalized liposomes facilitate the efficient targeted delivery of BBR to activated HSCs in hepatic fibrosis. Such targeted delivery augments the inherent anti-fibrotic potency of free BBR, highlighting the potential of this nanoplatform for hepatic fibrosis treatment.","limitations":"in vitro cell uptake only; no in vivo PK or biodistribution; key uptake values figure-only; low encapsulation efficiency (~10%); no comparison with free BBR in uptake assay"},"42923173":{"pmid":"42923173","title":"Berberine and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a global analysis of molecular mechanisms, translational challenges and research frontiers.","authors":"Yu F, Yin S, Zhu J, Sun K","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition","year":"2026","volume":"13","issue":"","pages":"1969017","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1969017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42923173/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic/bibliometric review of berberine and MASLD (PubMed type: Systematic Review); no primary PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""}},"rejected":[{"pmid":"17038766","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Analytical chemistry paper: spectrophotometric/resonance Rayleigh-scattering method for determining berberine via ion-association with [HgX4]2-; 'absorption' refers to optical absorption spectra. Applied to Chinese patent drugs and Coptis chinensis extracts; no biological absorption, bioavailability or PK data."},{"pmid":"18430428","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat efficacy/safety study (6 weeks, high-fat high-cholesterol diet) of berberine and plant stanols on plasma and liver lipids. Berberine concentrations in blood/tissue were not measured; no absorption or PK data. Pages 1-4 read in full; pages 5-8 searched for absorption/PK/berberine measurement with no hits."},{"pmid":"19582272","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Physical chemistry study of solvent effects on berberine's UV/Vis optical absorption and fluorescence spectra and quantum yields in 12 solvents. 'Absorption' means optical absorption; no biological absorption, bioavailability or PK data. Text searched for plasma/serum/PK/absorption in vivo with no relevant hits."},{"pmid":"19589224","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine (J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 61:831-837); no primary data."},{"pmid":"20213508","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro spectroscopic study of berberine binding to bovine serum albumin (fluorescence quenching, thermodynamics, site II binding, FRET); no absorption or PK data. Binding constants are in supplementary tables (S1-S3), not in the PDF."},{"pmid":"20953398","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study of berberine 250 mg/kg/d ig in KKAy mice (glucose, lipids, gene expression); no berberine concentration, absorption or PK data (searched text for absorption/bioavailability/pharmacokinetic: none)."},{"pmid":"22922125","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Berberine +/- sodium caprate pharmacodynamic study (glucose, lipids, AMPK, gluconeogenesis) in diabetic rats and HepG2 cells. No plasma/tissue berberine concentrations or PK parameters measured; bioavailability mentioned only by citing a previous study (Lv et al., 2010)."},{"pmid":"23133498","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Measured analyte is ciprofloxacin (plasma, rats); berberine and Hwangryunhaedok-Tang (HR) were the interacting treatments. No berberine concentrations or berberine PK reported. Ciprofloxacin PK values not extracted."},{"pmid":"23765408","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Case report/letter: the measured analyte is tacrolimus (blood trough concentrations) in a 16-year-old with nephrotic syndrome given berberine 0.2 g three times daily; berberine concentrations not measured. Tacrolimus values not extracted."},{"pmid":"23808999","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial of berberine hydrochloride 500 mg three times daily for 3 months in 24 patients with metabolic syndrome features; outcomes are metabolic (glucose/insulin AUC from OGTT, metabolic syndrome remission, waist, BP, lipids). No berberine concentrations or PK/absorption parameters measured. The AUCs reported are glucose and insulin, not berberine."},{"pmid":"23899453","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro Hep G2 pharmacology study (TG-lowering and AMPK activation by berberine and four synthetic/isolated metabolites M1-M4). No absorption, bioavailability or PK data reported; PK mentioned only in Introduction/Discussion as background citations."},{"pmid":"24177287","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat transient global cerebral ischemia pharmacodynamic study (neurobehavioural, oxidative stress, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, caspase-3, mitochondrial complexes) of oral berberine 5/10/20 mg/kg with or without verapamil 2 mg/kg. Berberine concentrations (plasma or brain) were not measured; improved brain bioavailability is only inferred by the authors."},{"pmid":"24215432","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro physicochemical study (fluorescence, absorption, CD, pulse radiolysis) of berberine and palmatine binding to human serum albumin. No absorption, bioavailability or PK data."},{"pmid":"24367386","status":"off-target analyte","note":"The measured and PK-characterized analyte is geniposide (serum, HPLC) in MCAO rats; berberine is only a co-administered modulator (geniposide:berberine and geniposide:baicalin:berberine groups) and its own concentrations were not measured. Geniposide PK values (Table 2) are therefore not extracted."},{"pmid":"25002181","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Berberine effect on dietary cholesterol absorption (dual stable isotope 13C/18O-cholesterol) in rats and Caco-2 cholesterol uptake/permeability. The measured absorption analyte is cholesterol, not berberine; no berberine plasma/tissue concentrations, PK parameters or berberine absorption data reported."},{"pmid":"25136985","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Physical chemistry study of berberine cation inclusion in cucurbit[8]uril (kinetics/thermodynamics by fluorescence, ITC, stopped-flow). No biological absorption or pharmacokinetic data; 'absorption' in the text refers to spectroscopic absorption."},{"pmid":"25425200","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study of berberine, dihydroberberine and 8,8-dimethyldihydroberberine on EMMPRIN/NFkB and atherosclerotic plaque in apoE-/- mice and THP-1 macrophages. No berberine concentration, AUC, Cmax or other absorption/PK measurement is reported; bioavailability is mentioned only in Background/Discussion citing other work."},{"pmid":"25535027","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Correction notice (author name spellings and one affiliation) for PMID 25411028; contains no data."},{"pmid":"25882012","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK (plasma and bile) measures cucurbitacin B (CUB) from CUB, CUB-phospholipid complex and CUB-PLC modified with berberine hydrochloride (ligand). Berberine concentrations were not measured; berberine is a targeting ligand, not the absorbed analyte."},{"pmid":"26851175","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Fitoterapia 109:274-282, article type 'Review') of berberine pharmacological activities and oral bioavailability; no primary data."},{"pmid":"27066387","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Berberine is the perpetrator (pretreatment); measured analytes are midazolam, 1'-hydroxymidazolam and rhodamine 123 (CYP3A and P-gp probe substrates). No berberine concentrations or berberine PK reported."},{"pmid":"27070564","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Berberine is the inducer (pretreatment); measured analyte is lovastatin acid (rat plasma, UPLC-MS/MS) and lovastatin metabolism in HepG2 cells. No berberine concentrations or berberine PK reported."},{"pmid":"28154180","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mechanistic mouse/hepatoma-cell study of berberine effects on Ntcp/NTCP expression via STAT5 signaling; no berberine absorption or pharmacokinetic data (no plasma/tissue berberine concentrations, Cmax, AUC) reported. Read pages 1-12 (text layer)."},{"pmid":"28585864","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Formulation/cell-culture study of berberine-loaded chitosan microspheres (in vitro release over 7 days, encapsulation efficiency, SNP-stimulated rat chondrocyte apoptosis). No absorption, bioavailability or pharmacokinetic measurements in animals or humans or intestinal models. In vitro release text values: free BBR 95.7 ± 4.2% vs BBR-loaded CMs 36.8 ± 3.8% released at 1 day; 58.3 ± 4.3% over first 3 days (not entered as PK data)."},{"pmid":"29228954","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Efficacy study of berberine and evodiamine on lipid profile and cholesterol absorption in HFD rats; measured analytes are plasma cholesterol and beta-sitosterol (absorption marker), not berberine absorption/PK. No berberine concentration or PK data reported."},{"pmid":"29491706","status":"not absorption-related","note":"RETRACTED ARTICLE (marked retracted in PDF title and PubMed pubtype). In vitro solubility/dissolution and antibacterial study of berberine nanoparticles (APSP and EPN methods); no absorption or PK data. Solubility and dissolution results are shown in figures only (Figs 7, 8); no numeric values in text."},{"pmid":"30793835","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of analytical methods (LC, LC-MS, GC-MS, TLC, CE) for berberine alkaloids; no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"31841506","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro anticancer study of berberine and solid lipid curcumin particles on glioblastoma/neuroblastoma cell lines (viability, cell death, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling). No absorption or pharmacokinetic data; text searched for pharmacokinetic, plasma concentration, absorption, Cmax, AUC with no hits beyond general bioavailability statements."},{"pmid":"32001218","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study of Huang-Gui solid dispersion (berberine formulation) on diabetic nephropathy in rats and db/db mice (renal function, histology, AMPK/autophagy proteins). No berberine concentration or PK data; the '4-fold greater bioavailability' is cited from earlier work (Zhaojie et al., 2014)."},{"pmid":"32105754","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article (PubMed publication type: Review); no primary absorption/PK data extracted. Title: Berberine pharmacology and the gut microbiota: A hidden therapeutic link."},{"pmid":"32245062","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article (PubMed publication type: Review); no primary absorption/PK data extracted. Title: Recent Advances in Berberine Inspired Anticancer Approaches: From Drug Combination to Novel Formulation Technology and Derivatization."},{"pmid":"32325761","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article (PubMed publication type: Review); no primary absorption/PK data extracted. Title: The Quest to Enhance the Efficacy of Berberine for Type-2 Diabetes and Associated Diseases: Physicochemical Modification Approaches."},{"pmid":"32347284","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Chemical synthesis of disaccharide-modified berberine derivatives and zebrafish anti-diabetic screening by 2-NBDG (fluorescent glucose analog) uptake; no berberine absorption, bioavailability or PK measurement. Bioavailability mentioned only in Introduction (below 5%, Cmax 0.4 ng/mL human after 400 mg, citing other work)."},{"pmid":"32393087","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study of oral berberine (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) on fructose-induced insulin resistance in mice; no berberine concentration, absorption or PK data reported (text searched for plasma/serum berberine, Cmax, AUC, bioavailability, absorption)."},{"pmid":"33557735","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2022, 23, 60-71) on therapeutic potential and drug delivery of berberine; no original absorption/PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"33749932","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Computational (network pharmacology, molecular docking) and in vitro Calu-3 antiviral/cytokine study of berberine/NIT-X; no pharmacokinetic or absorption data are reported. Oral bioavailability of NIT-X is only asserted (Abstract; Discussion 'reduces the dosage of oral administration by 6 times'), citing earlier work, with no numbers."},{"pmid":"34033838","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Computational study (molecular docking, molecular dynamics, QM/MM) of berberine, palmatine and cyclanoline binding to acetylcholinesterase. Only in silico predictions of bioavailability, drug-likeness, GI absorption and BBB permeation are given (Section 3.4); no experimental PK or absorption measurements."},{"pmid":"34056218","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Berberine was given as an MDR-reversal agent (in vitro and i.p. in nude mice); the PK measured is of D-luciferin potassium salt (bioluminescence kinetics, Tables 1-2) and doxorubicin tissue distribution (HPLC, Fig. 5C), not berberine. No berberine concentrations or absorption values are reported."},{"pmid":"34471420","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article (Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021) summarising berberine pharmacokinetics and antidiabetic mechanisms; secondary source, no primary absorption data extracted."},{"pmid":"34523148","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease (J Food Biochem 2021;45:e13936); no primary absorption/PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"34684666","status":"not absorption-related","note":"One-group pretest-post-test efficacy study of berberine phospholipid (Berberine Phytosome, BBR-PP) in women with PCOS (HOMA, CRP, lipids, hormones, body composition, safety labs). No berberine concentration or PK/absorption measurements; only a statement that the formulation has 'a good bioabsorption profile' (Discussion p.11)."},{"pmid":"34906771","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Biomed Pharmacother 2022;146:112531) of berberine polysaccharide nanostructures as anticancer/antibacterial agents; no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"35008753","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mouse mechanistic/pharmacology study of berberine's effect on intestinal glucose (2-NBDG) absorption and GLUT2 translocation in diabetic mice and IEC-6 cells. Berberine's own absorption/concentrations were not measured; the absorbed analyte is glucose, not the supplement."},{"pmid":"35171422","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro formulation/anti-cancer paper (berberine liquid crystalline nanoparticles in A549 lung cancer cells). No absorption or PK data; only in vitro release shown as a figure (Fig. 6) and encapsulation efficiency. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"35279450","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Measured analyte is epirubicin in MCF-7 cells (intracellular PK), with berberine used only as a co-treatment modulator; berberine concentrations were not measured. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"35370628","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential in vascular diseases (Front Pharmacol 2021); secondary source, no primary data extracted."},{"pmid":"35744831","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Molecules 2022, 27, 3705) of berberine pharmacology and nanocarrier delivery; PubMed publication type Review. No primary PK dataset; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"35745691","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro anticancer study (A549 NSCLC cells) of berberine-phytantriol liquid crystalline nanoparticles: cytotoxicity, migration, gene/protein expression, plus formulation characterization and in vitro drug release. No absorption/PK measurements; bioavailability mentioned only in background (cited 0.68% absolute bioavailability in mice from other work)."},{"pmid":"35941413","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Mol Biol Rep 2022) of berberine effects on plasma lipid/lipoprotein profile; PubMed publication type Review. No primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"36087879","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK measured plasma platensimycin (PTM) only, from crystalline, amorphous and co-amorphous PTM-berberine chloride (BCL) forms; berberine itself was not measured in plasma. Berberine chloride is the co-former. In vitro release data also relate to PTM and BCL dissolution."},{"pmid":"36105164","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article (PubMed type: Review); no original PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"36121315","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat pharmacodynamic study of anti-inflammatory effects of berberine-rich extract vs berberine (carrageenan/formaldehyde models, cytokines, antioxidant enzymes). No absorption or PK measurements reported; text search of pages 5-12 found no bioavailability/absorption/PK/Cmax/AUC terms."},{"pmid":"36153497","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Goat pharmacodynamic study of oral berberine (0,1,2,4 g/d) on glucose/insulin/somatotropic hormones and IVGTT kinetics of glucose and insulin. Berberine itself was not measured in blood; PK-like parameters (AUC, T1/2, clearance) refer to glucose/insulin, not berberine. No absorption data for berberine."},{"pmid":"36221815","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article (PubMed type: Review); no original PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"37057922","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article (PubMed type: Review); no original PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"37060323","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article (PubMed type: Review); no original PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"37765251","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Pharmaceutics, Review article type) of berberine nanomedicine and photosensitizer applications; no primary PK/absorption data extracted."},{"pmid":"37813288","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro antiplasmodial (blood and liver stage) activity-guided isolation of berberine/palmatine from Annickia affinis; no absorption or PK measurements. Bioavailability only mentioned speculatively in the discussion."},{"pmid":"37994672","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Antifungal mechanism study: berberine reduces iron uptake by Candida albicans in vitro. 'Absorption' refers to fungal iron uptake, not absorption/PK of berberine in a host."},{"pmid":"38333898","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Retraction notice for Sahibzada et al. 2018 (Drug Des Devel Ther 12:303-312) due to duplicated nanoparticles in SEM images; contains no data."},{"pmid":"38756587","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Physicochemical study of berberine HCl-baicalin precipitate/complex formation (stoichiometry, DSC, FTIR, PXRD, NMR, molecular dynamics); no absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"38888754","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine pharmacological effects and bioavailability-improvement strategies; secondary source, no primary data extracted."},{"pmid":"38994919","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine and berberine nanoformulations in lung cancer; secondary source, no primary absorption data."},{"pmid":"39116592","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro spectroscopic/docking study of limonin binding to human serum albumin, with berberine and curcumin as competing ligands (HSA binding constants, quenching, thermodynamics, CD, A549 cell MTT assay). No absorption, bioavailability or pharmacokinetic measurements of berberine; only HSA binding constants (Ka) for HSA-Ber, which are not absorption data."},{"pmid":"39122736","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Chitosan nanoparticle formulation of berberine chloride and Cyperus rotundus extract with physicochemical characterization (loading efficiency, SEM size, zeta potential, FTIR, DSC, XRD), antioxidant assays and anti-inflammatory/histology effects in S. aureus-induced mastitis rats. Bioavailability enhancement is asserted from particle characteristics but no plasma/tissue berberine concentrations, PK parameters or absorption measurements were made."},{"pmid":"39188860","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Int J Nanomedicine) of berberine nano-delivery systems for cancer; no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"39717894","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine as an anticancer agent (includes pharmacokinetics and nanoformulation sections); no primary absorption data. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"40278369","status":"not absorption-related","note":"30-day randomized crossover safety and tolerability study of Berberine LipoMicel (1000 mg/d, n = 19 healthy adults) measuring liver/kidney safety markers; no berberine concentration or PK data measured. Bioavailability only cited from prior studies (refs 25-27)."},{"pmid":"40354871","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Primary study is in vitro genotoxicity (Ames, micronucleus, HPRT, topo II) of Chinese goldthread extract and berberine; no PK measured by the authors. The only absorption data are human oral berberine plasma Cmax values the authors compiled in Table 5 from cited studies (secondary data; primary sources named per row). Extracted from Table 5 only."},{"pmid":"40490958","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine in lung cancer (includes pharmacokinetics and drug-delivery sections); no primary absorption data. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"40506769","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine as a multi-target therapeutic agent for obesity (mechanisms and clinical evidence); no primary absorption data. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"40928061","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic mechanism study (HFD mice and FFA-treated HepG2 cells) of berberine-cinnamic acid co-crystal on lipid metabolism/PI3K-AKT-mTOR-SREBP-1. No plasma/tissue berberine concentrations, no PK or absorption measurements; bioavailability only mentioned qualitatively and cited from prior work. Authors list drug concentration in blood and absorption efficiency as future work."},{"pmid":"41077968","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study of dihydroberberine and other berberine analogues on insulin secretion and glucokinase in INS-1/MIN6 cells and mice (OGTT, serum insulin). No berberine or dihydroberberine concentrations measured, no PK/absorption data; higher bioavailability is asserted from cited literature only."},{"pmid":"41191158","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine nanoformulations in neurodegenerative diseases; no original data."},{"pmid":"41270814","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Anticancer mechanism study of a synthetic berberine derivative (C51) in lung cancer cells and mouse xenografts (cGAS-STING-TIM-3). The only absorption-type content is a short in-silico ADME comparison of berberine vs C51 (Table S4, supplementary; qualitative levels such as HIA level 0, F30% level 1) and pharmacokinetic curves in supplementary Table S5 (not in the PDF). No measured plasma concentrations or PK parameters in the main text."},{"pmid":"41420373","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine sources, chemistry, SAR, formulations and clinical uses (J Sci Food Agric 2026;106:5142-5162); no primary absorption/PK data. Pages 1-4 read; remainder is review text."},{"pmid":"41524767","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine against ESKAPE/MDR bacteria (Arch Microbiol 2026;208:115); mentions oral bioavailability <1% generally but no primary absorption/PK data. Pages 1-4 read."},{"pmid":"41901337","status":"off-target analyte","note":"PK study of rhubarb anthraquinones (rhein, aloe emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion) in cholestatic rats after Da-Huang-Xiao-Shi Decoction; berberine is a co-administered herb component acting as BCRP inhibitor, and berberine itself was not measured in plasma (only added to in vitro/ex vivo rhein transport assays)."},{"pmid":"41921191","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Analytical RP-HPLC method development/validation for tofacitinib citrate and berberine chloride in bulk, injection and rat plasma; no PK or absorption values reported (rat plasma used only to show peak specificity, one 4 h draw, no concentrations printed)."},{"pmid":"42075868","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine as adjuvant in cancer therapy and nanoformulations; no primary PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"42171866","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine structural diversity, SAR and mechanisms; no primary PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"42275928","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy/mechanism study of berberine cocrystals (BBR-GAL, BBR-GEN) in letrozole-induced PCOS mice plus molecular docking; no pharmacokinetic or absorption data reported (the 1.8-fold Cmax increase is cited from the authors' previous study)."},{"pmid":"42329291","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine and polymeric nanoparticle delivery in neurodegenerative disorders; no primary PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"42381886","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine in multiple sclerosis preclinical models (EAE, cuprizone); no primary PK/absorption data extracted."},{"pmid":"42398618","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of dihydroberberine in metabolic disorders; PK data (e.g., Moon 2021 human pilot) are only secondary citations, no primary data."},{"pmid":"42401759","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy/mechanism study of berberine derivative B12 in high-fat-diet obese mice (body weight, adipose tissue, energy expenditure). Bioavailability is only mentioned as prior work; no PK/absorption data reported (AUC refers to body-weight curves)."},{"pmid":"42564599","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Computational (AI/docking/SwissADME) design and in vitro validation of a berberine-inspired FXR analogue for MASH. Only in silico predicted GI absorption/bioavailability score; no measured absorption or PK data for berberine."},{"pmid":"42653808","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of berberine-drug interactions (PubMed publication type: Review); secondary reporting only."},{"pmid":"42682619","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Retrospective PICC-bloodstream-infection prediction cohort plus in vitro berberine antibiofilm/anti-inflammatory experiments; no berberine absorption or PK data (paper states berberine systemic PK not assessed)."},{"pmid":"42923173","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic/bibliometric review of berberine and MASLD (PubMed type: Systematic Review); no primary PK data."}],"indirect":[{"anchor":"indirect-phytosome-vs-micellar","a":"phytosome","b":"micellar","aLabel":"Berberine phytosome","bLabel":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":null,"grade_basis":"ranges overlap in every matched condition set; no indication of a difference","head_to_head_grade":null,"note":"No head-to-head grade; indirect only.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"free berberine","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"not reported","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":2,"total_n":12,"range":[3.15,4.5],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"34904017","value":"3.15","units":"h","dose":"550 (equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"34904017","value":"4.50","units":"h","dose":"2 x 550 (each equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":2,"total_n":12,"range":[4,4.6],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"36321951","value":"4.6","units":"h","dose":"800 mg berberine","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"36321951","value":"4.0","units":"h","dose":"800 mg berberine","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null}]},"higher":null,"separated":false,"pmids":["34904017","36321951"]}],"pmids":["34904017","36321951"],"grade_v2":null,"old_grade":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no clear separation under matched conditions; not graded"}],"indirectUnavailable":[{"a":"hcl","b":"dihydroberberine","aLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","bLabel":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on matrix"},{"a":"hcl","b":"phytosome","aLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","bLabel":"Berberine phytosome","reason":"all arms come from the same studies (head-to-head only, see above)"},{"a":"hcl","b":"micellar","aLabel":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","bLabel":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","reason":"matched only within the same study"},{"a":"dihydroberberine","b":"phytosome","aLabel":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","bLabel":"Berberine phytosome","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"dihydroberberine","b":"micellar","aLabel":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","bLabel":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","reason":"all arms come from the same studies (head-to-head only, see above)"}],"indirectMethod":"Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms.\nValues are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated,\nAUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form\nranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is\n'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C.\nRun after merge_bundle.py.","formGrades":{"hcl":{"label":"Berberine HCl / chloride (plain)","grade":"B","basis":"8 human studies, total n=69, 5 randomized/crossover; median CV 19.1% across 3 matched set(s) (consistent)","studies":8,"total_n":69,"randomized":5,"median_cv":19.1,"cv_sets":[{"set":"Tmax / berberine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / h","studies":["30587933","40949215"],"cv":19.1},{"set":"Tmax / berberine / serum/plasma / fed / single /  / h","studies":["10534753","27283523"],"cv":35.6},{"set":"Tmax / free berberine / serum/plasma / fasted / single /  / h","studies":["34904017","36321951"],"cv":6.7}],"pmids":["10534753","24593257","27283523","30587933","34904017","36321951","38004546","40949215"]},"dihydroberberine":{"label":"Dihydroberberine (DHB)","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=5, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":5,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["38891813"]},"phytosome":{"label":"Berberine phytosome","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=12, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":12,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["34904017"]},"micellar":{"label":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","grade":"B","basis":"3 human studies, total n=26, 3 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":3,"total_n":26,"randomized":3,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["36321951","38004546","38891813"]}},"headlineGrade":"B","rubric":"Rubric v2 (draft, pending reviewer): single-form human studies count.\n(1) Per-form 'absorption evidence' grade from human PK/absorption values of single-form arms:\n    studies, total n, design (randomized/crossover share), consistency = CV of per-study medians within\n    matched condition sets (same parameter, analyte, matrix [serum=plasma], fed, dosing, AUC interval, units; >=2 studies).\n    A: >=5 studies, total n >=100, >=2 randomized/crossover, and no evidence of inconsistency\n       (median CV <=100% across matched sets, or not evaluable because no matched set has >=2 studies; this is reported).\n    B: >=3 studies (or 2 studies with consistent matched values). C: 1-2 studies. D: animal/in vitro only.\n    Median CV <=50% = consistent; 50-100% = heterogeneous (reported, not penalized: dose, iron status and\n    population differ between studies); >100% = inconsistent, grade lowered one step.\n(2) Per pair: combine head-to-head (H2H) grade with matched single-form (indirect) evidence.\n    Indirect direction = form favored in matched sets whose ranges do not overlap (Tmax excluded).\n    Strong indirect: separated set(s) with >=3 studies per form (A-capable) or >=2 (B-capable), no contradicting set.\n    A: strong indirect (>=3/form) agreeing with H2H or no H2H, or H2H A not contradicted.\n    Conflict between H2H and indirect direction: one step below the better of the two (min D).\n    Comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C.\nValues are never computed into new estimates: CV is used only as a consistency check and is shown with its inputs.","headlineBasis":"best grade across this page's form absorption grades and form-comparison grades (rubric v2, draft)"},"indirect_comparisons":[{"anchor":"indirect-phytosome-vs-micellar","a":"phytosome","b":"micellar","aLabel":"Berberine phytosome","bLabel":"Micellar / emulsified softgel","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":null,"grade_basis":"ranges overlap in every matched condition set; no indication of a difference","head_to_head_grade":null,"note":"No head-to-head grade; indirect only.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"free berberine","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"not reported","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":2,"total_n":12,"range":[3.15,4.5],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"34904017","value":"3.15","units":"h","dose":"550 (equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"34904017","value":"4.50","units":"h","dose":"2 x 550 (each equivalent to 188 mg berberine) mg","dose_basis":"salt/compound","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table 3","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":2,"total_n":12,"range":[4,4.6],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"36321951","value":"4.6","units":"h","dose":"800 mg berberine","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"36321951","value":"4.0","units":"h","dose":"800 mg berberine","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table 1","per_mg":null}]},"higher":null,"separated":false,"pmids":["34904017","36321951"]}],"pmids":["34904017","36321951"],"grade_v2":null,"old_grade":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no clear separation under matched conditions; not 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information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.","last_reviewed":null,"page_url":"https://supplementabsorption.com/berberine?utm_source=chatgpt"}