{"slug":"vitamin-c","name":"Vitamin C","csvName":"Vitamin C","rank":5,"rankingBasis":"Added from Patrick's pull list 2026-10-31 (keyword demand sheet); second PDF bundle","rankingSourceUrl":"","commonForms":["Ascorbic acid (plain)","Sodium ascorbate","Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","Liposomal vitamin C","Slow-release vitamin C","From food (kiwifruit, juice)"],"forms":[{"slug":"ascorbic-acid","label":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","studyIds":["pmid-37008410","pmid-35712877","pmid-36145092","pmid-33681596","pmid-31747355","pmid-32041092","pmid-21917196","pmid-19230615","pmid-17622258","pmid-15767232","pmid-15934094","pmid-15975161","pmid-14748940","pmid-14871474","pmid-12897045","pmid-12065172","pmid-12378045","pmid-10835489","pmid-10204833","pmid-9665447","pmid-9807036","pmid-9868185","pmid-9179545","pmid-9234031","pmid-9356534","pmid-8222665","pmid-1683458","pmid-6621254","pmid-7082619","pmid-7253837","pmid-7306442","pmid-486391","pmid-1262536","pmid-5870366","pmid-18885539","pmid-16694939","pmid-12733644","pmid-11207686","pmid-40711144","pmid-36704315","pmid-33336364","pmid-30010458","pmid-32095454","pmid-20161530","pmid-16153662","pmid-15976862","pmid-15646266","pmid-14507447","pmid-2054871","pmid-2771960","pmid-3628833","pmid-11944200","pmid-7562119","pmid-1802972","pmid-2337201","pmid-991356","pmid-991357","pmid-4712187","pmid-41836641","pmid-40583899","pmid-36618066","pmid-32556816","pmid-32347274","pmid-30285481","pmid-29030247","pmid-29631379","pmid-27380114","pmid-25151231","pmid-18417304","pmid-14747678","pmid-15528960","pmid-7503781"]},{"slug":"sodium-ascorbate","label":"Sodium ascorbate","studyIds":["pmid-27567539","pmid-21123463","pmid-9342793"]},{"slug":"calcium-ascorbate","label":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","studyIds":["pmid-35498071","pmid-27512620","pmid-29302210","pmid-10084399","pmid-11666144","pmid-17901843"]},{"slug":"liposomal","label":"Liposomal vitamin C","studyIds":["pmid-39237620","pmid-36982151","pmid-35498071","pmid-27375360","pmid-36859418","pmid-37003313","pmid-29251518"]},{"slug":"slow-release","label":"Slow-release vitamin C","studyIds":["pmid-15380894","pmid-9076405"]},{"slug":"food","label":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","studyIds":["pmid-31747355","pmid-23446899","pmid-24067392","pmid-24284610","pmid-25191543","pmid-21535602","pmid-16169205","pmid-15542351","pmid-12840179","pmid-18885539","pmid-21123463"]}],"pairs":[{"anchor":"liposomal-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"liposomal","b":"ascorbic-acid","aLabel":"Liposomal vitamin C","bLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"calcium-ascorbate-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"calcium-ascorbate","b":"ascorbic-acid","aLabel":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","bLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"food","b":"ascorbic-acid","aLabel":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","bLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","studyIds":["pmid-31747355","pmid-18885539"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"human","rationale":"2 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":2}}},{"anchor":"slow-release-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"slow-release","b":"ascorbic-acid","aLabel":"Slow-release vitamin C","bLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}}],"studies":[{"id":"pmid-42329551","title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Vitamin C in Adults with Sepsis: A Sub-study of the LOVIT Trial.","year":"2026","journal":"Clinical pharmacokinetics","pmid":"42329551","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s40262-026-01648-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42329551/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42329551/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-026-01648-y","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (population PK sub-study of a randomized placebo-controlled trial; only vitamin C arm sampled)","n":"161","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (intravenous ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics are highly variable between individuals. Some of this variability can be explained by changes in glomerular filtration and APACHE II score as a measure of illness severity. Although non-survivors had greater vitamin C exposure than survivors, exposure was not independently associated with mortality.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"greater vitamin C exposure was observed among non-survivors versus survivors (median 1900.5 [IQR 1191.8–2548.2] vs 1017.8 [IQR 630–1836.7] mg·h/L; p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42378816","title":"Fractionated high-dose vitamin c sustains higher plasma trough concentrations in advanced solid tumors: a phase I clinical study.","year":"2026","journal":"Translational oncology","pmid":"42378816","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102834","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42378816/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42378816/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102834","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13333361/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label (single-center phase I, sequential cohorts)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (intravenous ascorbic acid, high dose)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In patients with advanced solid tumors, fractionated high-dose vitamin C (0.5 g/kg every 12 h) sustains higher trough plasma concentrations compared to once-daily dosing, with a favorable safety profile. Further dose escalation to 0.75 g/kg twice daily provides no additional benefit in trough concentration maintenance.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.5-6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Group B consistently maintained higher trough concentrations than Group A throughout the study period (P < 0.05 for all days).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there were no significant differences in trough concentrations between Group B and Group C at any time point (all P > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"starting from the Day 5 measurement, Group C exhibited significantly higher trough concentrations compared to Group A (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Group C (0.75 g/kg) achieved significantly higher peak concentrations compared to Group A ... and Group B","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41228404","title":"Comparative Bioavailability of Vitamin C After Short-Term Consumption of Raw Fruits and Vegetables and Their Juices: A Randomized Crossover Study.","year":"2025","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"41228404","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu17213331","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41228404/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41228404/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213331","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12608462/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"vitamin C from supplements, raw fruits and vegetables, or fruit and vegetable juices is efficiently absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations observed 2 h post-intake. Importantly, the juice group exhibited the highest plasma vitamin C levels and area under the curve (AUC), suggesting comparable or slightly enhanced bioavailability relative to the whole food form.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.14","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"plasma vitamin C levels began to increase at 1 h and reached peak levels 2 h post-intake","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"At 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after intake, the C group exhibited significantly higher plasma vitamin C concentrations compared to the A and B groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the C group showing the highest value (23.5± 3.2 mg/dL·h), followed by the A group (11.9 ± 2.1 mg/dL·h) and B group (16.1 ± 2.0 mg/dL·h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.8; Fig. 2B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no statistically significant differences were observed in urinary vitamin C levels among the three groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39237620","title":"Liposomal delivery enhances absorption of vitamin C into plasma and leukocytes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.","year":"2024","journal":"European journal of nutrition","pmid":"39237620","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-024-03487-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39237620/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39237620/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-024-03487-8","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11519160/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"27","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (liposomal vs standard ascorbic acid)","formTags":["liposomal"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Liposomal vitamin C formulation (LipoVantage®) significantly increased plasma and leukocyte vitamin C levels compared to standard non-liposomal vitamin C and placebo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"LV-VIT C 8,610 ± 182 ng/mL, VIT C 6,271 ± 444, PLA 379 ± 59","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"LV-VIT C 72,358 ± 4,044 ng/mL * 24 h, VIT C 57,152 ± 4,846, PLA 4,242 ± 486","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"LV-VIT C 6,369 ± 179 ng/mL, VIT C 5,088 ± 267, PLA 315 ± 29","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Leukocytes)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"LV-VIT C 53,277 ± 1,738 ng/mL * 24 h, VIT C 48,922 ± 2,548, PLA 3,439 ± 789","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Leukocytes)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"For LV-VIT C and VIT C, all participants demonstrated a Tmax value of 4 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"For PLA, Tmax values were 3 ± 1 h (median ± IQR)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"all participants demonstrated a Tmax value of 4 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Leukocytes)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36982151","title":"Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on l-Arginine Metabolism in Adults with Long COVID: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2023","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","pmid":"36982151","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ijms24065078","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36982151/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36982151/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065078","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10049539/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (secondary analysis; placebo-controlled, parallel; NCT04947488)","n":"57 analysed in this report (46 long COVID + 11 controls)","formsStudiedRaw":"L-arginine 1.66 g plus liposomal vitamin C 500 mg (Bioarginina C), twice daily","formTags":["liposomal"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Secondary analysis of RCT of L-arginine 1.66 g + liposomal vitamin C 500 mg twice daily vs placebo for 28 days in long COVID; measured serum L-arginine, citrulline, ornithine, methylarginines (fasting, baseline and day 28). Analyte is mainly L-arginine metabolism; vitamin C concentration not measured. Included for L-arginine circulating change after the combined supplement.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"After 28-day supplementation with L-arginine plus vitamin C, serum L-arginine levels and L-arginine/ADMA ratio, a marker of NO biosynthetic capacity, increased relative to placebo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 5 Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"supplementation induced a significantly greater increase in circulating L-arginine levels compared with placebo","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 2.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the difference in L-arginine/ADMA between intervention groups was close to statistical significance (p = 0.05; Table 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean difference: −152.7, 95% CI: −196.58 to −106.66; effect size = 0.81; p < 0.0001","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37008410","title":"Effects of acute strawberry consumption on serum levels of vitamin C and folic acid, the antioxidant potential of LDL and blood glucose response: a randomised cross-over controlled trial.","year":"2023","journal":"Journal of nutritional science","pmid":"37008410","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/jns.2022.117","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37008410/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37008410/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2022.117","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10052565/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (placebo-controlled, double-blind)","n":"23","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (total ascorbic acid) and folate from strawberry puree beverage","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, a single intake of a strawberry beverage increased serum vitamin C and folate levels and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of LDL, and this can be expected to contribute to the health of women of childbearing age.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"serum concentrations of vitamin C and folate were significantly increased from 0.5 to 4 h (P < 0.001, Fig. 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4; Fig. 2 legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35534091","title":"A pilot study on the effect of formulation and individual muscle mass on vitamin C absorption in randomized clinical study.","year":"2022","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"35534091","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.16169","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35534091/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35534091/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16169","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, 3-treatment crossover pilot; 2-week washout","n":"22","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) as liquid drink (Vita 500), capsule, tablet","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The current study found that the liquid formulation of vitamin C significantly influenced the vitamin C absorption compared to the other formulations. Its effect was significantly higher in the ≥40% muscle mass group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Wilcoxon signed ranks test, p < 0.05; Vita 500 versus capsule 500 and tablet 500.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3 footnote d","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"participants with the ≥40% muscle mass had significantly higher vitamin C absorption","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there were no significant differences between the < 40% and the ≥40% muscle mass groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35537862","title":"Abnormal urinary loss of vitamin C in diabetes: prevalence and clinical characteristics of a vitamin C renal leak.","year":"2022","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"35537862","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqac063","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35537862/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35537862/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac063","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257470/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"Nonrandomized interventional depletion-repletion study (renal threshold) and nonrandomized cross-sectional cohort study","n":"17 (depletion-repletion); 162 (cross-sectional)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (oral ascorbic acid and IV ascorbate in healthy depletion-repletion study; no supplement given in cross-sectional cohort)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Increased prevalence of vitamin C renal leak in diabetes is associated with reduced plasma vitamin C concentrations. Glycemic control, microvascular complications, obesity, and proteinuria are predictive of renal leak.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"OR: 5.07; 95% CI: 1.97, 14.83; P < 0.001","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"40.9 μM compared with 53.1 μM, P < 0.001","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The renal threshold estimates in men and women were significantly different (P = 0.006, Figure 2C).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35712877","title":"Ascorbic acid can alleviate the degradation of levodopa and carbidopa induced by magnesium oxide.","year":"2022","journal":"Brain and behavior","pmid":"35712877","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/brb3.2672","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712877/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712877/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2672","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9304850/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"case study (single patient, two-condition) plus in vitro experiments","n":"1 patient","formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (AsA) co-administered with levodopa/carbidopa and magnesium oxide","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Pharmacokinetics of levodopa (and in vitro stability of levodopa/carbidopa) with ascorbic acid and MgO; vitamin C is an interacting additive, not the absorbed analyte. Single patient plus in vitro.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"AsA can mitigate the degradation of carbidopa induced by MgO and may contribute to improving the bioavailability of levodopa in patients with PD.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The area under the plasma concentration‒time curve values from hour 0 to 8 ... were 53.00 µmol⋅h/L with regular administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"and 67.27 µmol⋅h/L with co-administration of 200 mg of AsA","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no evident difference in clinical symptoms between these conditions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35750958","title":"Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Intravenous Vitamin C: A Classic Pharmacokinetic Study.","year":"2022","journal":"Clinical pharmacokinetics","pmid":"35750958","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s40262-022-01142-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35750958/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35750958/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-022-01142-1","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9439974/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, escalating-dose classic PK study (two parts)","n":"21 healthy; 12 oncology","formsStudiedRaw":"Intravenous ascorbic acid (IVC)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"IVC followed first-order pharmacokinetics up to 75 g and at up to 100 g had complete renal clearance in 24 h. IVC up to 100 g elicited no adverse effects or significant physiological/biochemical changes and appears to be safe.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.065).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"percent recovery of the vitamin C doses in the urine is significantly lower in oncology participants than in healthy participants (Fig. 2; p = 0.0037)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36145092","title":"α-Tocopherol Pharmacokinetics in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: Benefits of Supplemental Vitamin C Administration.","year":"2022","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"36145092","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu14183717","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36145092/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36145092/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183717","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9505313/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-group, repeated measures before/after vitamin C; participants own controls)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid 500 mg tablets) as modifier; deuterated α- and γ-tocopheryl acetates as PK probes","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our major finding was that vitamin C potentiates the biological availability of vitamin E in the plasma compartment of CF patients with advanced but stable RT inflammatory disease.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 5 Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"their maximum d6-α-tocopherol concentration was 10-times lower—approximately 0.5 µmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"exponential disappearance rates of α-tocopherol from the plasma were significantly slower (p < 0.05) during the vitamin C supplementation","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Vitamin C supplementation had no impact on the time of maximum concentrations (Tmax and Cmax) for either of the tocopherols","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Vitamin C supplementation had no effect on the rates of disappearance of either γ-tocopherol or its catabolite, γ-CEHC.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Vitamin C supplements were effective in increasing plasma ascorbic acid concentrations (p = 0.0023, Figure 1a)","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.2 (Fig. 1a label P=0.0011)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"disappearance rates were different (p < 0.001) from each other in each trial","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3 footnote 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36615736","title":"Effect of Diet and Supplementation on Serum Vitamin C Concentration and Antioxidant Activity in Dialysis Patients.","year":"2022","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"36615736","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu15010078","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36615736/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36615736/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010078","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824265/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (non-randomized 5-group dietary/supplement intervention, 6 months)","n":"68","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C 100 mg/day (with vitamin E 300 mg/day, selenium, zinc) in group 4; diet-derived vitamin C in other groups","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The study shows that a well-chosen diet can slow the build-up of malnutrition and increase antioxidant activity in the blood of hemodialysis patients. Vitamin supplements with antioxidant activity can improve the antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"patients on diet C had statistically significantly higher vitamin C concentrations compared to groups 1 and 5 after months 3 and 6","source":"fulltext","location":"Results Sec 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the highest significant increase was seen in group 4 (17.7 ± 1.5 mg/L)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results Sec 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"group 3 showed a significant increase in ascorbic acid to a value of 17 mg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results Sec 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"resulting in a decrease of 37.5 and 30%, respectively, which was statistically insignificant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results Sec 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In groups 2 and 3, a single hemodialysis treatment significantly reduced the amount of this antioxidant at months 3 and 6.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results Sec 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33681596","title":"Fiber-Reinforced-Phospholipid Vehicle-Based Delivery of l-Ascorbic Acid: Development, Characterization, ADMET Profiling, and Efficacy by a Randomized, Single-Dose, Crossover Oral Bioavailability Study.","year":"2021","journal":"ACS omega","pmid":"33681596","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acsomega.0c05963","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33681596/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33681596/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05963","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7931380/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two-treatment, two-sequence, two-period)","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"L-ascorbic acid in fiber-reinforced-phospholipid vehicle (Zeal-AA) vs plain AA","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the oral delivery of Zeal-AA showed 5.9 times more bioavailability than that of the normal AA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"fold difference of bioavailability in terms of AUC found to be 5.9 fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum plasma AA (Cmax) and the AUC for Zeal-AA were roughly 6.69 and 55.6 mg/dL, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 3−3.5 h for both AA and Zeal-AA","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35498071","title":"Surface-engineered liposomal particles of calcium ascorbate with fenugreek galactomannan enhanced the oral bioavailability of ascorbic acid: a randomized, double-blinded, 3-sequence, crossover study.","year":"2021","journal":"RSC advances","pmid":"35498071","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d1ra06483e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35498071/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35498071/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra06483e","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9044018/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, double-blinded, 3-sequence, 3-way crossover, single dose","n":"14","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (calcium ascorbate, CAAS); surface-engineered liposomal CAAS with fenugreek galactomannan (FC+, hybrid-FENUMAT) vs unformulated CAAS (UF-CAAS)","formTags":["calcium-ascorbate","liposomal"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The formulation showed >7-fold enhancement in the bioavailability of vitC, when supplemented as both tablets, and capsules, possessed good stability under accelerated testing conditions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax was 282.4 and 273 mM for the FC+ tablets and capsules respectively, as compared to 51.7 mM for UF-CAAS","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-12h for both tablets and capsules of FC+ were 2232 and 2119 respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability (Frel) for the tablet was found to be 716.76 ± 291.01","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"that for capsule was 680.47 ± 288.95","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentration of plasma ascorbate concentration as compared to the equivalent dose of UF-CAAS over 1 to 12 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"almost 240 ± 20 mM level for more than 5 h (P > 0.05) in both capsules and tablets","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher as compared to UF-CAAS tablets (3.6 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31747355","title":"Vitamin C Bioequivalence from Gummy and Caplet Sources in Healthy Adults: A Randomized-Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","pmid":"31747355","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.2019.1684398","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31747355/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31747355/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2019.1684398","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (examiner-blind, comparator-controlled, two sequences)","n":"35 enrolled/randomized; 30 completed (per-protocol)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), gummy vs caplet","formTags":["ascorbic-acid","food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, both gummy and caplet exhibited similar absorption and bioavailability profiles with overlapping total AUC0–24h, iAUC0–24h, Cmax, and Tmax and were considered bioequivalent.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.10-11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The L-ascorbic acid Cmax of the gummy was significantly lower (p = 0.031) than the caplet","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher for the caplet group than the gummy group at 6 h (p = 0.021) and 8 h (p = 0.042)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6; Fig. 3A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The L-ascorbic acid Tmax of the gummy group was significantly longer (p = 0.012) than the caplet","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8; Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32041092","title":"Erythrocyte Ascorbate Is a Potential Indicator of Steady-State Plasma Ascorbate Concentrations in Healthy Non-Fasting Individuals.","year":"2020","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"32041092","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu12020418","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32041092/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32041092/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020418","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7071312/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (two single-group studies: depletion-supplementation steady-state study and short-term PK study)","n":"7 (E1); 6 (E2)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C tablets (Tishcon Corp.)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The data from these two intervention studies indicate that erythrocyte ascorbate concentration provides a stable measure of steady-state plasma ascorbate status and could be used to monitor ascorbate status in healthy non-fasting individuals.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma ascorbate was different from the baseline at 2 and 4 h (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 3 legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29522710","title":"Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Trial of Four IV Regimens.","year":"2018","journal":"Chest","pmid":"29522710","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29522710/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29522710/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.025","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (four-group randomized factorial PK trial, 2 x 2)","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) IV","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The 2 g/d dose was associated with normal plasma concentrations, and the 10 g/d dose was associated with supranormal plasma concentrations, increased oxalate excretion, and metabolic alkalosis. Sustained therapy is needed to prevent hypovitaminosis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"median of 10.3 mg/L (IQR, 8.2-15.0 mg/L) vs 8.7 mg/L (IQR, 3.8-10.7 mg/L), respectively (Mann-Whitney P = .423)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1372","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"12-h oxalate excretion was independently higher in the 10 g/d dose compared with 2 g/d","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1373","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28847527","title":"The safety and pharmacokinetics of high dose intravenous ascorbic acid synergy with modulated electrohyperthermia in Chinese patients with stage III-IV non-small cell lung cancer.","year":"2017","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"28847527","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28847527/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28847527/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.011","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, single-blind, phase I, three-group dose-escalation (each patient received sole IVAA and combined IVAA+mEHT)","n":"35 preparative; 15 phase I","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (intravenous sodium ascorbate) with modulated electrohyperthermia (mEHT)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"An important conclusion is that there was a measured effect in pharmacokinetic data only when the mEHT was administered concomitantly with IVAA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.416","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"plasma AA levels that were higher than 20 mmol/L only at a dosage of 1.5 g/kg","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.414; Discussion p.416","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The tmax ... is not shown, due to it being a constant of 2 h in all cases.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3 footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC and t1/2) all were significantly higher in combined treatment in Group B compared to its sole AA treatment counterpart (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon test)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.416","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was no significant difference between the sole IVAA and the combined treatment in Groups A and C","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 and Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of AA were significantly higher in group B than in the other two groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.414","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly lower than in healthy people (0.05 ± 0.04 vs. 0.09 ± 0.03, [mmol/L] p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29215048","title":"High Dose Parenteral Ascorbate Inhibited Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Metastasis: Mechanisms and a Phase I/IIa study.","year":"2017","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"29215048","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-17568-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29215048/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29215048/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17568-8","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5719364/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm phase I/IIa, each patient own control (IVC alone, gemcitabine alone, then combined on same day)","n":"14 enrolled; 12 PK-evaluable","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (intravenous ascorbate, with gemcitabine)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"There was no interference to gemcitabine pharmacokinetics by IVC administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax was not changed.","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 6G","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"T ½ decreased by 25% and AUC decreased by 20% for ascorbate when it was used with gemcitabine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9 para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Both t ½ and AUC, however, were impacted by gemcitabine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no difference for Cmax and AUC between the values obtained when gemcitabine was administered by itself (Gem) and when it followed IVC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26854847","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Plasma Cellular Antioxidative Effects of Flavanols After Oral Intake of Green Tea Formulated with Vitamin C and Xylitol in Healthy Subjects.","year":"2016","journal":"Journal of medicinal food","pmid":"26854847","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1089/jmf.2015.3514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26854847/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26854847/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2015.3514","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2-week washout; randomization not described in text)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (as additive, with xylitol) in green tea flavanol tablet; analyte is green tea flavanols","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption/PK study of green tea flavanols (EC, ECG, EGC, EGCG) given in a tablet formulated with 10 mg vitamin C and 100 mg xylitol versus green tea only. Vitamin C absorption/plasma vitamin C was not measured; vitamin C is a formulation additive affecting flavanol absorption.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We confirmed via determination of pharmacokinetics that greater absorption of total flavanols and cellular antioxidative activity of plasma can be achieved by formulating green tea with vitamin C and xylitol.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.6)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"GT (5204.32 µg/mL), which ranged from 4493.76 to 5914.88 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 col 1 (Plasma kinetics of flavanols)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Cmax, Tmax, and AUC of flavanols in plasma after GTVX were 5980.58 lg/mL, 2.14 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the Cmax for intake of GTVX varied from 3929.23 to 8407.21 lg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 col 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*The significant difference between GT and GTVX at the level of P < .05.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"GTVX showed significantly higher AUC than GT","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"without significant differences in their absorption half-lives","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly different at 0.5 h only (P < .05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27375360","title":"Liposomal-encapsulated Ascorbic Acid: Influence on Vitamin C Bioavailability and Capacity to Protect Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.","year":"2016","journal":"Nutrition and metabolic insights","pmid":"27375360","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.4137/NMI.S39764","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375360/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375360/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/NMI.S39764","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4915787/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (placebo-controlled, 4 randomly ordered visits)","n":"11","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C","formTags":["liposomal"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"oral delivery of vitamin C encapsulated in liposomes (1) produced circulating concentrations of vitamin C that are greater than those elicited by oral delivery of unencapsulated vitamin C but less than those following intravenous vitamin C administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion/Summary p.29 (also Abstract)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"oral delivery of vitamin C encapsulated in liposomes (10.3 ± 0.9 mg/dL h) evoked a greater (P = 0.002) area under the curve","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C concentration","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"unencapsulated vitamin C (7.6 ± 0.4 mg/dL h) that in turn was greater (P , 0.001) than placebo","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C concentration","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"placebo (3.1 ± 0.4 mg/dL h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C concentration","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma vitamin C concentrations were greatest following intravenous administration at all time points","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C concentration","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"At two, three, and four hours, plasma vitamin C concentrations were greater after oral administration of vitamin C encapsulated in liposomes","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C concentration","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"evoked a greater (P = 0.002) area under the curve than unencapsulated vitamin C","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"that in turn was greater (P , 0.001) than placebo","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"this increase was prevented by all of the vitamin C treatments and was unaffected by mode of delivery","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Lipid peroxidation","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27512620","title":"Determination of plasma and leukocyte vitamin C concentrations in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Ester-C(®).","year":"2016","journal":"SpringerPlus","pmid":"27512620","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s40064-016-2605-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27512620/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27512620/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2605-7","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4960105/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3 test periods)","n":"40 randomized; 30 per-protocol","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (Ester-C vs ascorbic acid)","formTags":["calcium-ascorbate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, EC significantly increased leukocyte vitamin C levels compared to AA and PL.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax was significantly higher with EC (7.73 ± 3.12 µg/mL) compared to the PL (1.83 ± 2.07 µg/mL, P < 0.001) and AA (6.37 ± 2.26 µg/mL, P = 0.039)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5 (Cmax, AUC0-24h, and Tmax in plasma)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC0–24h was significantly higher with EC (85.01 ± 42.39 µg h/mL) compared to PL (−5.01 ± 49.47 µg h/mL, P < 0.001) but not when compared to the AA condition (73.15 ± 40.68 µg h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"highest for EC (47.32 ± 147.24 μg h/108 cells), followed by AA (4.55 ± 102.77 µg h/108 cells) and PL (−4.07 ± 146.86 µg h/108 cells)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Cmax, AUC0-24h, and Tmax in leukocytes)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Maximum plasma concentration was higher for EC compared to AA (P = 0.039) and PL (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Maximum plasma concentration was higher for EC compared to AA (P = 0.039)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC0–24h was significantly higher with EC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"but not when compared to the AA condition","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences between the two groups were observed at any time point","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P = 0.007 for percent change at 24 h, all others P < 0.001","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29219785","title":"Higher Absorption of Vitamin C from Food than from Supplements by Breastfeeding Mothers at Early Stages of Lactation.","year":"2016","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","pmid":"29219785","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1024/0300-9831/a000436","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29219785/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29219785/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000436","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational (cross-sectional / repeated milk sampling)","n":"42 women, 97 samples","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (dietary and supplemental, self-reported)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results suggest that vitamin C occurring in food is much better absorbed by mother's body and passes into breast milk than vitamin C from supplements.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.86","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not differ significantly from that determined in the milk of subjects without supplementation (49.9 mg / L vs. 52.3 mg / L, p = 0.241, Table 3)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.84","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher than on days 15 (55.7 mg / day) and 30 (54.1 mg / day) (p = 0.0197, p = 0.0293, Table 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.84; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the noted difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.291)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.86","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean maternal intake of vitamin C on lactation day 90 was non-significantly lower than on days 15 and 30 (p = 0.077 and p = 0.303","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.84","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25220574","title":"Elimination of ascorbic acid after high-dose infusion in prostate cancer patients: a pharmacokinetic evaluation.","year":"2015","journal":"Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology","pmid":"25220574","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/bcpt.12323","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220574/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220574/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12323","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (dose-escalation within patient, 4 weekly infusions; sub-study of non-comparative phase II trial)","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, IV)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A relatively fast first-order elimination with half-life of about 2 hr makes it impossible to maintain AA concentrations in the potential cytotoxic range after infusion stop in prostate cancer patients with normal kidney function. We propose a regimen with a bolus loading followed by a maintenance infusion based on the calculated clearance.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"mean peak AA concentration of 1.9, 12.5, 19.5 and 21.0 mmol/L, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Without correction for haemodilution, the mean peak concentrations were 1.8, 11.7, 18.2 and 19.3 mmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The target dose of 60 g AA IV produced a peak plasma AA concentration of 20.3 mM.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between weeks including the AUC/dose ratio.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Pre-infusion baseline AA showed a non-significant rise from week 1 of 63.2-90.5 lM in week 4 (p = 0.18).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25848948","title":"High-dose intravenous vitamin C combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer: a phase I-II clinical trial.","year":"2015","journal":"PloS one","pmid":"25848948","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0120228","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25848948/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25848948/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120228","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4388666/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (phase I-II, pre/post chemotherapy PK within patient)","n":"14","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (IV ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pre- and post-chemotherapy pharmacokinetic profiles suggested that tissue uptake of vitamin C increases after chemotherapy, with no increase in urinary oxalic acid excretion.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC (areas under the curve) were not significantly different (p = 0.146, paired t-test).","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Baseline plasma concentration (μmol/L) 66.4 ± 74.9 / 131.6 ± 102.0","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24512733","title":"Effect of systemic high dose vitamin C therapy on forearm blood flow reactivity during endotoxemia in healthy human subjects.","year":"2014","journal":"Vascular pharmacology","pmid":"24512733","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.vph.2014.01.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24512733/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24512733/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2014.01.007","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (balanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3 treatment blocks, 2 trial days, washout at least 10 days)","n":"36","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (IV ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"High dose systemic vitamin C recovers LPS-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the forearm resistance vasculature. This provides a rationale for a further clinical study of the systemic vitamin C effect under inflammatory conditions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P < 0.05 between vitamin C and placebo","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24604612","title":"Vitamin C supplementation modulates gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells specifically upon an inflammatory stimulus: a pilot study in healthy subjects.","year":"2014","journal":"Genes & nutrition","pmid":"24604612","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12263-014-0390-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24604612/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24604612/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-014-0390-x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4026433/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (Redoxon tablet, 1 g ascorbate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Under this satisfactory micronutrient status, supplementation of vitamin C is 'buffered' within a homeostatic physiological equilibrium. Differently, following a second 'hit' constituted of an inflammatory stimulus such as LPS, the higher availability of ascorbic acid emerges, and results in a significant modulation of cell response.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*Significantly different p < 0.05 compared to baseline","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23446899","title":"Human skeletal muscle ascorbate is highly responsive to changes in vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations.","year":"2013","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"23446899","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3945/ajcn.112.053207","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23446899/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23446899/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.053207","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3607654/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (parallel-arm, randomized, 5-wk lead-in, 6-wk intervention, 4-wk washout)","n":"36 enrolled (35 analysed)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C from Zespri gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Hort16A), 116 ± 10 mg ascorbate/100 g (n=5)","formTags":["food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Human skeletal muscle is highly responsive to vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations and exhibits a greater relative uptake of ascorbate than leukocytes. Thus, muscle appears to comprise a relatively labile pool of ascorbate and is likely to be prone to ascorbate depletion with inadequate dietary intake.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no difference in muscle tissue ascorbate concentrations between the 2 intervention groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"muscle tissue appeared to have a significantly greater relative uptake of ascorbate than both mononuclear cells and neutrophils","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.803; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23670640","title":"Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer.","year":"2013","journal":"Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology","pmid":"23670640","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00280-013-2179-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23670640/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23670640/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-013-2179-9","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3691494/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label (phase I dose-escalation, non-comparative, single-centre)","n":"17","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), intravenous","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, ascorbic acid dosed i.v. at 1 g/min for 4 consecutive days/week for 4 weeks resulted in a peak concentration of approximately 49 mM and was generally well tolerated. The recommended dose for future studies is 70–80 g/m2.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.145","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"appeared to reach maximal values at 70 g/m2 (49 mM and 220 h mM, respectively)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.142","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no statistical differences (2-tailed Student's t test) between the AUC values of 219, 246, and 217 h mM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.142","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The p values for comparing the Cmax values were 0.002 (110 vs. 70 g/m2) and 0.04 (110 vs. 90 g/m2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.142","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23947403","title":"Clinical experience with intravenous administration of ascorbic acid: achievable levels in blood for different states of inflammation and disease in cancer patients.","year":"2013","journal":"Journal of translational medicine","pmid":"23947403","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/1479-5876-11-191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23947403/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23947403/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-11-191","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3751545/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, intravenous)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In summary, the data detailed in the present manuscript indicate that, while potentially therapeutic plasma ascorbate concentrations can be achieved with IVC, levels attained will vary based on tumor burden and degree of inflammation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"IVC produces peak plasma ascorbate concentrations (30–50 min after beginning of infusion) on the order of ten millimolars.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma levels after IVC infusion tend to be lower in cancer patients relative to healthy adults.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The patients who showed most severe inflammation (CRP > 70 mg/L) had significantly lower plasma ascorbate levels after infusion (p < 0.01).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4; Fig. 4B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"cancer patients with metastasis tend to have lower post-IVC vitamin C levels than those without metastasis (Figure 5).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4; Fig. 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24067392","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","year":"2013","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"24067392","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu5093684","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24067392/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24067392/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5093684","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3798928/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C: kiwifruit (gold, Hort 16A) vs chewable synthetic ascorbic acid tablet","formTags":["food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our current human study showed no difference in bioavailability to plasma, semen, peripheral blood leukocytes and skeletal muscle of kiwifruit-derived vitamin C compared with a chewable vitamin C tablet of equivalent dosage.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8-9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no significant differences between the two groups during this period or during the four week washout phase (Figure 2).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24284610","title":"A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C.","year":"2013","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"24284610","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu5114451","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24284610/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24284610/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5114451","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3847741/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 enrolled","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C: gold kiwifruit (Sungold) vs chewable synthetic ascorbic acid tablets","formTags":["food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our pharmacokinetic study has shown comparable plasma uptake of synthetic and kiwifruit-derived vitamin C and enhanced urinary excretion of kiwifruit-derived vitamin C, although the ~10% increase in total excretion is unlikely to be physiologically significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"~40% and ~50% excretion of the ingested dose from the supplement and kiwifruit arms, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.6; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Area under the ascorbate time-concentration curves also indicated no difference between the two interventions (Table 1).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant differences in the plasma time-concentration curves were observed between the two interventions (P = 0.645).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"enhanced ascorbate excretion observed in the kiwifruit group (P = 0.016, Figure 3)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21917196","title":"Bioavailability of vitamin C from mashed potatoes and potato chips after oral administration in healthy Japanese men.","year":"2012","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"21917196","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S0007114511003643","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21917196/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21917196/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511003643","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (4 food groups at 4-week intervals; randomization not explicitly stated)","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C from mashed potatoes and potato chips vs ascorbic acid in water","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Upon human consumption, mashed potatoes and potato chips provide VC content that is effectively absorbed in the intestine and transferred to the blood.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"then reached maximal levels at 3 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC for mashed potatoes (55·1 (SEM 5·7) µmol × h/l)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 (right col.); Fig. 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"17·0 (SEM 7·5) µmol/mmol creatinine, 1·7 (SEM 0·7) mg VC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5 (left col.); Abstract; Fig. 4(b)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"not significantly different from each other (P=0·8) or from that of VC in water","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tended to be 32 % less","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 (right col.)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"were 34 % less than that of VC in water","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 (right col.)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not differ significantly from those of VC in water (P=0·14 and P=0·5)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the difference was not statistically significant (P=0·2 and P=0·5","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25191543","title":"Bioavailability of vitamin C from kiwifruit in non-smoking males: determination of 'healthy' and 'optimal' intakes.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of nutritional science","pmid":"25191543","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/jns.2012.15","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25191543/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25191543/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2012.15","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4153093/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (sequential dose-escalation, single group, with 4-week lead-in and 4-week washout)","n":"15 enrolled; 14 in baseline calculations; 4 withdrew before end of intervention and 3 did not complete washout","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C from Zespri Gold kiwifruit","formTags":["food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our data confirm the pharmacokinetic data of Levine et al. and indicate that plasma vitamin C levels in humans saturate at an intake of about 200 mg/d (equivalent to approximately two kiwifruit per d), whereas leucocytes saturate at an intake of about 100 mg/d (equivalent to about one kiwifruit per d).","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"with a maximum level of 50 µmol/l observed by the fourth week","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"A maximum average plasma vitamin C concentration of 67 µmol/l was reached in the lower group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The mean baseline vitamin C level was 29 (SEM 10) mg/24 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Urinary vitamin C p.4-5; Fig. 4(b)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"significant increase in urinary vitamin C level to 109 (SEM 30) mg/24 h was observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Urinary vitamin C p.5; Fig. 4(b)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase in plasma vitamin C level to 49 µmol/l (P = 0·010)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was a significant difference between the one and two kiwifruit per d doses (P = 0·030)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"these levels did not differ significantly from two kiwifruit per d","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant increase in plasma vitamin C was observed for the higher group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"53 (SEM 5) nmol/108 cells (P = 0·057)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20400647","title":"Increased oral bioavailability of itraconazole and its active metabolite, 7-hydroxyitraconazole, when coadministered with a vitamin C beverage in healthy participants.","year":"2011","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"20400647","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1177/0091270010365557","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400647/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400647/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270010365557","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (open-label, 3-phase)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (as a vitamin C beverage, Vita500, 500 mg ascorbate) as modifier of itraconazole absorption","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Human PK study of itraconazole and 7-hydroxyitraconazole (drug) when co-administered with a vitamin C beverage (Vita500, 500 mg ascorbate) or cola; vitamin C itself was not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the coadministration of a vitamin C beverage and itraconazole capsules may be useful for achieving maximum absorption of itraconazole in patients with drug- or disease-related gastric hypochlorhydria (pH > 4).","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.450","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCs ... 62% with water","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.449","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCs ... 51% with cola","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.449","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCs ... 51% with vitamin C beverage","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.449","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCs ... 48% with cola","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.449","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCs ... 56% with vitamin C beverage","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.449","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"GMR and 90% CI for itraconazole were 1.58 (1.39-1.80) for the AUCt","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I; Results p.447","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1.56 (1.29-1.89) for Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I; Results p.447","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1.49 (1.31-1.69) for the AUCt","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1.49 (1.27-1.73) for Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I; Results p.447","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22040889","title":"Absorption and excretion of ascorbic acid alone and in acerola (Malpighia emarginata) juice: comparison in healthy Japanese subjects.","year":"2011","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","pmid":"22040889","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/bpb.34.1744","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22040889/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22040889/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.34.1744","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (randomization not stated; crossover with 14 d or longer intervals; acerola juice arm done in a second study with same and additional volunteers)","n":"5 (dose-response, Fig. 1 legend); 6 (acerola comparison, Fig. 3 legend)","formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid alone (50-500 mg) and in acerola juice (50 mg AA)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the data in this study indicate that some component(s) of acerola juice affects the absorption of ascorbic acid into plasma and minimizes its excretion via urine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (last paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"to 41.1±4.7, 53.9±4.8, 55.2±5.8 and 63.1±4.0 µM, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Absorption in plasma para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"interval lengthened from 1.5 to 3 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Absorption in plasma para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"urinary excretion of ascorbic acid at 1, 2 and 5 h after ingestion of acerola juice were significantly less than that of ascorbic acid","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Absorption and excretion in acerola juice; Fig. 3 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC value of ascorbic acid in plasma after acerola juice ingestion was a little greater than that of ascorbic acid alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The ΔCmax of acerola juice exceeded that of ascorbic acid alone.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the net 6-h urinary excretion of ascorbic acid after acerola juice ingestion was less than that of ascorbic acid alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21535602","title":"Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages.","year":"2010","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"21535602","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01844.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21535602/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21535602/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01844.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (within-subject, Latin square)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and folic acid in fortified beverage vs orange juice","formTags":["food"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicate that beverages fortified with AA and FA can provide the same nutrient bioavailability as OJ, but with fewer calories and sugars per serving.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p. H292","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"mean AUC of 1.84 units, compared to 0.24 AUC units with OJ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"and −0.43 AUC units with milk","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"increasing to a peak of approximately 0.6 mg/dL relative to baseline levels","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"OJ only elicited a peak change approximately 0.2 mg/dL relative to baseline","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"mean AUC of nearly 9 units, compared to 4.6 AUC units with OJ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Folic acid para 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"and −9.9 AUC units with milk","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Folic acid para 4 (continues to p. H292)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"FA increased by almost 4 ng/mL relative to baseline levels","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Folic acid para 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AA response to the fortified beverage was significantly different than that to either OJ or 1% fat milk (P = 0.02 and P < 0.001","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The response to OJ was also significantly different than that to milk (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19230615","title":"Bioavailability of 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid as ascorbic acid in healthy humans.","year":"2009","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","pmid":"19230615","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2008.11.031","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19230615/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19230615/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.11.031","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label crossover (sequential, at least 1 wk apart)","n":"8 humans, 6 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C: AA2G (ascorbic acid 2-glucoside) vs ascorbic acid","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It was clarified that AA2G that is orally administered in humans and rats is hydrolyzed by small intestinal maltase, and AsA and glucose are produced. After the administration of AA2G, AsA was absorbed spontaneously in humans.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The profile of AsA concentrations after AA2G administration was similar to that after administration of 2 g of AsA and it was not significantly different.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 3 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Concentrations did not differ significantly between AA2G and AsA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"were significantly different (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Hydrolyzing activity to AA2G in humans tended to be higher than that in rats, although this difference was not significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20588054","title":"Vitamin C transporter gene polymorphisms, dietary vitamin C and serum ascorbic acid.","year":"2009","journal":"Journal of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics","pmid":"20588054","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1159/000314597","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20588054/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20588054/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000314597","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational (cross-sectional)","n":"1,046","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (dietary and supplemental, habitual intake)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings demonstrate that genetic variation in SVCT1 can influence serum ascorbic acid concentrations and that SVCT1 and SVCT2 genotypes modify the strength of the correlation between dietary vitamin C and serum ascorbic acid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"GG: 24.4 8 1.3, GA: 26.8 8 1.1, AA: 29.7 8 1.4 µmol/l; p = 0.002","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"rs4257763 AA and the rs6596473 GG genotypes had the highest serum ascorbic acid concentrations (29.4 8 1.4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.294","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Mean adjusted serum ascorbic acid concentrations were not significantly different between SVCT1 rs6596473 genotypes","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No diet-gene interactions were observed for the vitamin C transporter polymorphisms","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17622258","title":"L-ascorbic acid improves the serum folate response to an oral dose of [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in healthy men.","year":"2008","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"17622258","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602840","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17622258/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17622258/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602840","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 (20 recruited)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) co-administered with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (outcome: serum folate response)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Administration of a physiological dose of [6S]-5-CH3H4PteGlu with L-AA significantly improved the measured serum folate response in folate saturated healthy men.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCs for folate treatments were significantly greater than the placebo AUC (3.575.4 h nmol/l)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 (Serum folate response to treatments)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"46.574.0 and 53.074.0 vs 34.373.8 h nmol/l, Po0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference was found between treatments 3 and 4 (P ¼ 0.47)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly different between treatments 4 and 2","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant difference in Rmax was found between aforementioned treatments and treatment 3","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUCs for folate treatments were significantly greater than the placebo AUC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Baseline serum folate concentrations were not significantly different among treatments (P ¼ 0.59)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"longer raise in serum folate concentration after administration of treatments 3 and 4 than after treatment 2 (6 vs 4 h, Po0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17519294","title":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics after continuous infusion in a patient with prostate cancer.","year":"2007","journal":"The Annals of pharmacotherapy","pmid":"17519294","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1345/aph.1H654","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17519294/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17519294/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1H654","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (mini-pilot, case report)","n":"1","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (intravenous ascorbate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The information obtained from this preliminary pharmacokinetic assessment of ascorbate at megadoses allows a better understanding of its disposition in cancer patients.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16169205","title":"Mediterranean vegetable soup consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2-isoprostanes, prostaglandin E2 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in healthy humans.","year":"2006","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry","pmid":"16169205","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.07.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16169205/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16169205/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.07.001","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (dose-response day followed by 14-day multiple-dose intervention)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C from commercial gazpacho (tomato, pepper, cucumber vegetable soup)","formTags":["food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Drinking gazpacho (500 ml/day) significantly increases plasma concentrations of vitamin C and significantly decreases 8-epi-PGF2a, PGE2 and MCP-1 concentrations in healthy humans.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences (P = .22) in baseline plasma vitamin C concentrations between men and women","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significantly different on Days 7 and 14 than at baseline for men and women (time effect); P < .05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnote b","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no statistically significant differences were observed between Days 7 and 14","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"it tended to be lower (although not significantly so) than the concentration reached by drinking the vegetable soup all in one dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15767232","title":"Effect of high-dose vitamin C on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in healthy volunteers.","year":"2005","journal":"Pharmacotherapy","pmid":"15767232","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1592/phco.25.2.165.56945","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15767232/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15767232/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.25.2.165.56945","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, prospective, longitudinal two-period time series (fixed order, not crossover)","n":"7 completed (9 consented)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (1000 mg/day) as interacting agent; analyte indinavir","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (PK of indinavir (800 mg q8h) with and without 1000 mg/day vitamin C; vitamin C absorption/plasma levels not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Concomitant administration of high doses of vitamin C can reduce steady-state indinavir plasma concentrations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"24.3 ± 6.0 vs 21.2 ± 7.51 µg•hr/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 (p.167)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Mean steady-state indinavir Cmax was significantly reduced (20%) after 7 days of vitamin C administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15934094","title":"The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2005","journal":"Arthritis and rheumatism","pmid":"15934094","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/art.21105","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15934094/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15934094/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21105","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"184 randomized (92 placebo, 92 vitamin C, analysis pooled across vitamin E/placebo arms of a 2x2 factorial trial)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbate) 500 mg/day","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Supplementation with 500 mg/day of vitamin C for 2 months reduces serum uric acid, suggesting that vitamin C might be beneficial in the prevention and management of gout and other urate-related diseases.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"serum concentrations of ascorbic acid were significantly increased at the end of the supplementation period in the active vitamin C group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15975161","title":"The 'anomalous' absorption of labelled and unlabelled vitamin C in man.","year":"2005","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"15975161","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn20051369","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15975161/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15975161/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051369","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (two consecutive doses, labelled then unlabelled, 90 min apart)","n":"4","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), [1-13C]-labelled then unlabelled","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The model that best agrees with experimental observation requires that a high flux of endogenous material flows through the pool from which absorption takes place.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The two values are not significantly different","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was no detectable washout of the labelled material by the subsequent unlabelled dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The experimental evidence is unequivocally in favour of Model 2.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Discussion p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16167970","title":"Proton pump inhibitors reduce the bioavailability of dietary vitamin C.","year":"2005","journal":"Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics","pmid":"16167970","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02568.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16167970/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16167970/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02568.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (before/after study of omeprazole 40 mg/day for 28 days; H. pylori subgroups)","n":"30 recruited; 29 completed","formsStudiedRaw":"Dietary vitamin C (habitual diet, no supplements)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We have shown that a short course of omeprazole will cause a reduction in the plasma vitamin C level of healthy volunteers. This decrease in plasma vitamin C is independent of dietary intake of the vitamin and indicates reduced bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"median daily intake of 35.9 mg (range 9.9–130) (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"(P < 0.005) (Figure 4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"This difference was not significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Prior to therapy the vitamin C level was 22.8 µg/mL (range 6.7–33.2) P < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14748940","title":"Long-term vitamin C supplementation has no markedly favourable effect on serum lipids in middle-aged Japanese subjects.","year":"2004","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"14748940","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn20031024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14748940/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14748940/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20031024","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"305 (ITT); 244 per-protocol; 439 initially accepted","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (50 or 500 mg/d), form NR","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The 5-year vitamin C supplementation had no markedly favourable effects on the serum lipid and lipoprotein profile. However, our present results do not preclude the possibility that vitamin C supplementation may decrease triacylglycerol concentrations among women with hypertriacylglycerolaemia.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The increases in serum vitamin C between the high- and the low-dose groups at 5 years for female and male non-smokers were significantly different (P< 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.84","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14871474","title":"Short-term and long-term vitamin C supplementation in humans dose-dependently increases the resistance of plasma to ex vivo lipid peroxidation.","year":"2004","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","pmid":"14871474","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2003.12.019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14871474/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14871474/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2003.12.019","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (group A single-arm before/after; group B sequential-dose depletion-repletion)","n":"20 (A) and 8 (B)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) tablets, 500 mg each","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that vitamin C supplementation in humans dose-dependently increases plasma ascorbate concentrations and, thus, the resistance of plasma to lipid peroxidation ex vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increased significantly 2 h after oral administration of 2 g of vitamin C (143 ± 57 lM; p < 0.0001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.111","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15054415","title":"Lycopene and vitamin C concentrations increase in plasma and lymphocytes after tomato intake. Effects on cellular antioxidant protection.","year":"2004","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"15054415","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601974","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15054415/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15054415/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601974","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (before/after dietary intervention)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (from tomato products: raw tomato, sauce, paste)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results suggest that tomato products are not only good sources of lycopene but also sources of bioavailable vitamin C.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Vitamin C concentrations increased by B35% in plasma (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"and by B230% in lymphocytes (P<0.005)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"vitamin C concentration decreased significantly in plasma (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15068981","title":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use.","year":"2004","journal":"Annals of internal medicine","pmid":"15068981","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15068981/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15068981/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00010","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (depletion-repletion inpatient dose-concentration study, oral vs IV, plus PK modeling)","n":"17","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Oral vitamin C produces plasma concentrations that are tightly controlled. Only intravenous administration of vitamin C produces high plasma and urine concentrations that might have antitumor activity.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"1.25 g administered orally produced mean (±SD) peak plasma concentrations of 134.8 ± 20.6 µmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"compared with 885 ± 201.2 µmol/L for intravenous administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"a single oral dose of 3 g, the maximum tolerated single dose, produced a peak plasma concentration of 206 µmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Figure 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Peak predicted concentration after a single 1.25-g oral dose was slightly lower at 187 µmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2 para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"For 200 mg, an amount obtained from vitamin C–rich foods, peak predicted concentration was approximately 90 µmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2 para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"With 3 g given orally every 4 hours, ... peak predicted plasma concentration was approximately 220 µmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"predicted peak plasma vitamin C concentrations were approximately 1760 µmol/L for 3 g, 2870 µmol/L for 5 g, 5580 µmol/L for 10 g, 13 350 µmol/L for 50 g, and 15 380 µmol/L for 100 g","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Figure 2 (bottom)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations were significantly higher than when the vitamin was given orally (P < 0.001 by repeated-measures ANOVA)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations were significantly higher over all doses (P < 0.001 by repeated-measures ANOVA) with intravenous compared with oral administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2 para 1; Figure 1 inset","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15137921","title":"Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C as a probe for vitamin C absorption by human subjects.","year":"2004","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"15137921","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/BJN20041103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137921/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137921/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041103","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"15 (abstract); Table 1 sums to 16","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-[1-13C]ascorbic acid, 30 mg)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Stable isotope-labelled ascorbate is potentially useful for measurement of vitamin C absorption by human subjects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The presence of Fe with the labelled ascorbate made no significant difference to the kinetic picture, either at any individual time point or for the overall AUC.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Fig. 1 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"P values for paired t tests between treatments (7 df for the Fe treatment...) were: P=0.7 ... for Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5 para 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"P=0.15 for Cmax (Fe and grape juice treatments respectively)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5 para 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Overall, the AUC was not significantly different from the area for vitamin C alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The presence of Fe with the labelled ascorbate made no significant difference to the kinetic picture","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant (P=0.009) by paired t test at 20 min post-dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Fig. 1 legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15255454","title":"Effects of 6-month multivitamin supplementation on serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and vitamin C in healthy elderly women.","year":"2004","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","pmid":"15255454","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1024/0300-9831.74.2.161","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15255454/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15255454/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.2.161","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel)","n":"220 analysed (241 recruited, 21 dropouts)","formsStudiedRaw":"Multivitamin/mineral capsule containing 150 mg vitamin C (plus vitamin E, β-carotene, others)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A six-month supplementation with physiological doses of antioxidant vitamins improves the blood concentration of these nutrients even in relatively well-nourished elderly women or, as seen for vitamin C, prevents reduction of serum concentrations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the vitamin C concentrations of the supplemented group after supplementation did not differ from baseline concentration, but those of the placebo group were significantly decreased","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not differ from baseline concentration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15380894","title":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics of plain and slow release formulations in smokers.","year":"2004","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","pmid":"15380894","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2004.01.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15380894/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15380894/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2004.01.007","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (single-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled; parallel groups with PK at study start and after 4 weeks)","n":"48 completed second visit; Table 1 n=19+19+10","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C: plain vs slow release ascorbic acid (with d-α-tocopheryl acetate)","formTags":["slow-release"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study shows that there were pharmacokinetic differences between plain and slow release formulations of ascorbic acid. However, these effects are small and unlikely to be of significant clinical importance.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"After 4 weeks of supplementation, plasma ascorbic acid Cmax reached 76.9±17.3 and 82.4±14.6 µmol/l for plain and slow release group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1045","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The fluctuation of ascorbic acid plasma concentrations decreased significantly (P = 0.003) after 4 weeks supplementation in the slow versus the plain release group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was no difference in AUC between the groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15542351","title":"Pulsed electric fields-processed orange juice consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2-isoprostanes in healthy humans.","year":"2004","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry","pmid":"15542351","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.04.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15542351/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15542351/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.04.007","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"parallel (two groups of 6, single-dose then 2-week multiple dose)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C from PEF-treated vs freshly squeezed orange juice","formTags":["food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pulsed electric fields-preservation of orange juice retains the vitamin C bioavailability and antioxidant properties of fresh juice with a longer shelf-life.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"At 3–4 hours (maximum peak), plasma concentration increased over baseline by 50% in both the PEF group (66.1 ± 3.6 µmol/L vs 43.7 ± 3.2 µmol/L; P = 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.603","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the FS juice group (68.9 ± 6.8 µmol/L vs 45.8 ± 3.4 µmol/L; P = 0.043)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.603","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant treatment × time interaction for vitamin C (P = 0.933)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant differences were observed between the orange juice types consumed.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.603","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15558527","title":"Oxalate absorption and endogenous oxalate synthesis from ascorbate in calcium oxalate stone formers and non-stone formers.","year":"2004","journal":"American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation","pmid":"15558527","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.08.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15558527/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15558527/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.08.028","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2 g/d ascorbate vs no supplement, two 6-day periods)","n":"48 (29 SFs, 19 NSFs)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbate) 2 g/d as intervention; oxalate absorption measured","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption analyte is oxalate (13C2-oxalic acid load); vitamin C (ascorbate 2 g/d) is the intervention, and its own absorption/plasma PK was not measured (urinary ascorbate used only as compliance check, data not shown).)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The finding that ascorbate supplementation increased urinary total and endogenous oxalate levels suggested that this practice is a risk factor for individuals predisposed to kidney stones.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Mean 13C2-oxalic acid absorption averaged across the ascorbate and no-supplement treatments was significantly greater in SFs (9.9%) than NSFs (8.0%).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12805247","title":"Effect of five-year supplementation of vitamin C on serum vitamin C concentration and consumption of vegetables and fruits in middle-aged Japanese: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2003","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","pmid":"12805247","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.2003.10719295","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805247/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805247/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2003.10719295","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"439 initially participated; 120 low-dose + 124 high-dose analysed after 5 years; 134 dropout (referent group)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid capsules, 50 or 500 mg/day)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Five-year vitamin C supplementation induces a remarkable increase in serum vitamin C concentration, and our intervention program appears to have no effect on dietary vitamin C intake.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Unadjusted p value 0.0001; Adjusted 0.0001","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Changes in serum vitamin C concentrations were significantly higher in the high-dose group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Unadjusted p value 0.0001; Adjusted 0.001","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Unadjusted p value >0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Supplementation (high dose = 1, other = 0) 0.239 0.0001","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Supplementation (low dose = 1, other = 0) 0.071 0.03","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12840179","title":"High-pressurized orange juice consumption affects plasma vitamin C, antioxidative status and inflammatory markers in healthy humans.","year":"2003","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"12840179","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/133.7.2204","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12840179/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12840179/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.7.2204","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (from high-pressurized orange juice)","formTags":["food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Drinking orange juice increases plasma vitamin C, and decreases 8-epiPGF2α and PGE2 levels in humans, which may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"3 h (maximum peak) after drinking the orange juice (500 mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2206; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Baseline plasma vitamin C concentration was higher (P = 0.014) in women (55.8 ± 3.8 µmol/L) than in men (42.8 ± 2.1 µmol/L).","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"higher than baseline in both men (P = 0.007) and women (P = 0.001) on d 7","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2206","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"women (P = 0.001) on d 7","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2206","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"men, P = 0.001; women, P = 0.031) on d 14","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2206","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"women, P = 0.031) on d 14","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2206","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"not a significant sex × time interaction for vitamin C (P = 0.671)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnote 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12897045","title":"Changes in serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, carotenoids, xinc and selenium after micronutrient supplementation during alcohol rehabilitation.","year":"2003","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","pmid":"12897045","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.2003.10719308","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12897045/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12897045/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2003.10719308","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"106 analysed (118 enrolled)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, 120 mg/day, within multi-supplement with beta-carotene, vitamin E, zinc, selenium)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results indicate that a short-term supplementation with physiological doses of antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids and trace elements during alcohol rehabilitation clearly improves micronutrient status indicators. Heavy smokers in particular seem to respond to vitamin C supplementation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"serum indicators were significantly improved in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group for vitamin C","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12957426","title":"Coronary vasoregulation in patients with various risk factors in response to cold pressor testing: contrasting myocardial blood flow responses to short- and long-term vitamin C administration.","year":"2003","journal":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology","pmid":"12957426","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00851-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12957426/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12957426/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00851-9","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (hypertensives randomized placebo vs vitamin C; smokers, hypercholesterolemic and controls open-label vitamin C)","n":"50","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (3 g IV infusion short-term; 2 g/day long-term)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present study revealed marked heterogeneous responses in MBF changes to short- and long-term vitamin C treatment in patients with various risk factors, which highlights the quite complex nature underlying abnormal coronary vasomotion.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The baseline levels of vitamin C in chronic smokers were below the normal range (0.6 to 2.0 mg/dl) and significantly lower than in the other study groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.819 (Blood chemistry)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11738270","title":"Effect of vitamin C on plasma total antioxidant status in patients with paraquat intoxication.","year":"2002","journal":"Toxicology letters","pmid":"11738270","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00431-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11738270/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11738270/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00431-3","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (4 experiments: baseline survey, in vitro spiking, single-dose IV PK, non-randomized escalating-dose patient series)","n":"56 healthy / 7 PK / 10 patients","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (intravenous injection; ascorbic acid by Handok Pharmaceuticals)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, vitamin C is a useful and effective antioxidant in humans; thus, vitamin C can be used as a free radical scavenger in acute stage of lipid peroxidation by paraquat.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.58","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC (area under curve) = 36.4 + 11.3 mg h/dl","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.55","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"peaked in 30 min with an inter-individual variation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.55","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"in vitro {[TAS (mmol/l) = 0.036x Vitamin C (mg/dl) +2.32], r2 = 0.976, P<0.001}","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.54","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12065172","title":"Oral ascorbic acid increases plasma oestradiol during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.","year":"2002","journal":"Maturitas","pmid":"12065172","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0378-5122(02)00005-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12065172/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12065172/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5122(02)00005-1","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (before/after)","n":"25","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (oral ascorbic acid, Ascorbin-C-vitamin, Leiras Oy)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results support early findings that AA may interact with oestrogen therapy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increasing to 112.9 µmol/l ... and to 133.6 µmol/l at month 3 (P<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.130","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12378045","title":"Single preoperative oral application of ascorbic acid does not affect postoperative plasma levels of ascorbic acid.","year":"2002","journal":"Annals of nutrition & metabolism","pmid":"12378045","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1159/000065409","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12378045/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12378045/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000065409","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (randomized, control vs single oral dose)","n":"59 analysed samples, 54 analysed (27 + 27)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (oral ascorbic acid, 1,000 mg effervescent tablet)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A preoperative substitution of 1,000 mg AA is not sufficient to prevent postoperative lowered plasma concentration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Patients in both groups had similar preoperative and postoperative values of AA (table 1).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.212; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10835489","title":"Effects of three-month oral supplementation of beta-carotene and vitamin C on serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins in middle-aged subjects: a pilot study for a randomized controlled trial to prevent gastric cancer in high-risk Japanese population.","year":"2000","journal":"Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann","pmid":"10835489","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00968.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10835489/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10835489/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00968.x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5926389/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (3x3 factorial, pilot)","n":"55 participated; 54 completed","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and beta-carotene","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study confirmed that a significant increase in serum concentrations of β-carotene and ascorbic acid could be obtained by oral 30 mg/day β-carotene and 1000 mg/day vitamin C supplementation, respectively, without any interaction effect or apparent side effect on serum concentrations of other carotenoids and α-tocopherol in middle-aged Japanese subjects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.469","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the high-dose groups showed a significantly higher concentration both for serum β-carotene and ascorbic acid (P<0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II; Results p.465","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No statistically significant difference was observed between the placebo and the low-dose group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II; Results p.465","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No statistically significant interaction between β-carotene and vitamin C supplementations was observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.465","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10204833","title":"The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead levels of smokers.","year":"1999","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","pmid":"10204833","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.1999.10718845","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10204833/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10204833/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718845","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (randomized, three parallel groups)","n":"75","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Daily supplementation with 1000 mg of ascorbic acid results in a significant decrease of blood-lead levels associated with the general population. Ascorbic acid supplementation may provide an economical and convenient method of reducing blood-lead levels, possibly by reducing the intestinal absorption of lead.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Conclusions)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The serum ascorbic-acid levels of the groups receiving ascorbic acid increased significantly after one week (p ≤ .001).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10655967","title":"Influence of feeding different vegetables on plasma levels of carotenoids, folate and vitamin C. Effect of disruption of the vegetable matrix.","year":"1999","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"10655967","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10655967/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10655967/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (incomplete block, 4 periods, individuals as blocks)","n":"69 analysed (72 selected, 3 dropped out)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C from vegetables (broccoli, green peas, whole leaf and chopped spinach)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"All vegetable meals increased the plasma concentrations of lutein and vitamin C significantly.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"all of the vegetable-supplemented meals increased the plasma concentration of vitamin C significantly","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.209","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"chopping of whole leaf spinach did not improve the bioavailability of vitamin C","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.209","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9665447","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid administration on serum concentration of transferrin receptors.","year":"1998","journal":"Clinical chemistry","pmid":"9665447","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665447/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665447/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"178","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Nevertheless, our results indicate that ascorbic acid status may influence serum transferrin receptor concentrations, probably through changes in intracellular iron metabolism.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The mean leukocyte ascorbic acid progressively increased from day 1 to day 3 (P <0.001), with the greatest increase occurring between days 1 and 2.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9807036","title":"Administration of ascorbic acid and an aldose reductase inhibitor (tolrestat) in diabetes: effect on urinary albumin excretion.","year":"1998","journal":"Nephron","pmid":"9807036","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1159/000045187","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9807036/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9807036/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000045187","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"20 (AA study); 16 (tolrestat study)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Dietary supplementation of AA in diabetic subjects may have long-term benefits in attenuating the progression of diabetic complications.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase in plasma AA concentration as compared with the group receiving placebo (fig. 2; ANOVA, F ratio = 12.1, p = 0.004)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.280","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tolrestat lowered plasma AA (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9868185","title":"Serum antioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawberries, spinach, red wine or vitamin C in elderly women.","year":"1998","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"9868185","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/128.12.2383","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9868185/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9868185/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.12.2383","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that the consumption of strawberries, spinach or red wine, which are rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds, can increase the serum antioxidant capacity in humans.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"plasma vitamin C concentrations reached a maximum of 118 µmol/L by 4 h following the vitamin C treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2386 para (Fig. 2)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the vitamin C concentration reached a maximum of 58 µmol/L (40% increase) at 4 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2386","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Vitamin C 367 ± 30† vs control 173 ± 24","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Strawberry 217 ± 23*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the strawberry drink was the only treatment that produced a significant response in serum vitamin C","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.2386","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"177 ± 19 vs 173 ± 24","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"percentage contribution from vitamin C approximately doubled with the vitamin C treatment (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results p.2387","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9076405","title":"Effect of supplementation of smoking men with plain or slow release ascorbic acid on lipoprotein oxidation.","year":"1997","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"9076405","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600376","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9076405/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9076405/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600376","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT, single blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel; PK substudy of 5 subjects per group","n":"62 randomized; 59 completed","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["slow-release"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The bioavailability of plain ascorbic acid and slow release ascorbic acid with hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose appeared to be similar. The AUC values of ascorbic acid plasma concentration during the 12 h pharmacokinetic study did not differ significantly.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.162","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Maximal ascorbic acid concentration during the two month visit was achieved in 2 h after the plain ascorbic acid","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.159","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"and 4 h after the slow release ascorbic acid dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.159","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma reduced and total ascorbic acid AUC values differed significantly between both ascorbic acid and placebo groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no statistically significant differences in AUC values between the plain and slow release groups either at baseline or at two month visit.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9179545","title":"The effect of vitamin C in high doses on plasma and biliary lipid composition in patients with cholesterol gallstones: prolongation of the nucleation time.","year":"1997","journal":"European journal of clinical investigation","pmid":"9179545","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1240670.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9179545/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9179545/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1240670.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, non-randomized, before/after (treated) with separate untreated comparison group","n":"32","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"vitamin C supplementation to healthy gallstone patients for 2 weeks did not affect the plasma lipids or biliary cholesterol concentration and saturation. The nucleation time was prolonged.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.390","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significantly different from before treatment: P < 0.001.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9234031","title":"The effect of ascorbic acid on plasma lipids and oxidisability of LDL in male smokers.","year":"1997","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"9234031","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600431","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9234031/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9234031/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600431","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single-blind)","n":"8 completed (10 recruited)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"AA supplementation at this dose did not alter plasma lipids of LDL oxidisability in male smokers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Upon supplementation, the plasma AA concentration increased significantly from 54.4 ± 7.0 to 111.2 ± 13.1 µM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the plasma AA concentration fell significantly (P = 0.05) by 16.6 ± 9.6 µM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results para 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9327438","title":"Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion.","year":"1997","journal":"Pharmaceutical research","pmid":"9327438","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1023/a:1012186203165","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9327438/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9327438/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1012186203165","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label","n":"7","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The model was useful for obtaining a new understanding of the likely causes for the complex concentration-time profile observed during gradual repletion. At doses of 200 to 2500 mg per day, the plateau in pre-dose concentrations is largely due to apparent saturation of tissue uptake and less a function of oral bioavailability and renal excretion than previously thought.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"declined from approximately 89% for the 15 mg dose to 47% for the 1250 mg dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1136","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"oral bioavailability of ascorbic acid 200 mg dose is 72% (Table II)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1137","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"ingested single oral doses of ascorbic acid, 200 mg, and excreted 103 mg of ascorbic acid in the urine during the subsequent 24 hours","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1137","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Estimated bioavailability of oral doses declined from approximately 89% for the 15 mg dose to 47% for the 1250 mg dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1136","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Ascorbic acid doses of 100-1250 mg twice daily failed to produce proportional increases in pre-dose ascorbate plasma concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9356534","title":"Pharmacokinetic perspectives on megadoses of ascorbic acid.","year":"1997","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"9356534","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1165","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356534/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356534/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1165","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (pharmacokinetic modeling re-analysis of published data)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"As a consequence of this ceiling effect, there is no pharmacokinetic justification for the use of megadoses of ascorbic acid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"Values are approximations calculated by using the model developed here and the steady state plasma concentrations reported in the references cited","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8222665","title":"Absence of an effect of high vitamin C dosage on the systemic availability of ethinyl estradiol in women using a combination oral contraceptive.","year":"1993","journal":"Contraception","pmid":"8222665","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0010-7824(93)90083-j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8222665/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8222665/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(93)90083-j","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two sequences, two OC cycles; open)","n":"37","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Ascorbic acid can, therefore, be removed from the list of drugs interfering with the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Co-administration of either a single dose (day 1) or multiple doses (day 15) of AA had no effect on any of the pharmacokinetic parameters","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, EE2 Serum Levels","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1683458","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on gastrointestinal aluminium absorption.","year":"1991","journal":"Lancet (London, England)","pmid":"1683458","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0140-6736(91)92776-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1683458/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1683458/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92776-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (two-period within-subject, 10-day drug-free interval; randomization not stated)","n":"13","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as modifier of aluminium absorption","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Short Lancet letter: effect of ascorbic acid (2 g) on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium from Al(OH)3, measured as urinary Al; vitamin C absorption itself not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Ascorbic acid administration to patients with renal failure who are taking Al-containing compounds may be harmful.","source":"fulltext","location":"Letter, final paragraph","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Mean (SD) Al concentration (µg/kg per day)","source":"fulltext","location":"Letter table (p.1467)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*p<0.001 vs Al(OH)3 alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Letter table footnote","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-3476004","title":"Ascorbic acid intakes and plasma levels in healthy elderly.","year":"1987","journal":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","pmid":"3476004","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23753.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3476004/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3476004/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23753.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (observational longitudinal study plus graded-intake dose-response trial)","n":"270 (longitudinal); 17 (trial)","formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (diet and capsule supplements)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The data presented show that elderly men have significantly lower plasma ascorbic acid concentrations than elderly women at similar intakes of ascorbic acid. We hypothesize that this difference is due to lower renal tubular reabsorption of ascorbic acid in elderly men.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"elderly men have significantly lower plasma ascorbic acid concentrations than elderly women at similar intakes of ascorbic acid","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"average plasma ascorbic acid concentration in men was significantly lower than that in women","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.95","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-3806257","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on calcium elimination in humans.","year":"1986","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","pmid":"3806257","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.32.437","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3806257/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3806257/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.32.437","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (before/after within-subject; basal period vs test period)","n":"22 (long-term); 46 (short-term)","formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (acid form, crystalline)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results suggest that ascorbic acid has a short-term effect on the regulation of the absorption and metabolism of calcium in humans.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary (abstract)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Mean urinary ascorbic acid excretion in 8 h was 29 times higher in the Test samples than in the basal controls.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.441","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"statistically significant when calcium level is expressed as mg/g creatinine (p<0.05), but it is not significant when calcium level is expressed as mg/8 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.441; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"urinary calcium level is significantly increased following ascorbic acid ingestion (t=2.26, p<0.05, n=46)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.441","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the difference is statistically significant (p<0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.443","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the differences is not statistically significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.443","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The changes in mean urinary volume and in phosphorus contents were not statistically significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.441","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The large intake of ascorbic acid produced no statistically significant difference in calcium elimination in 19 of the 22 subjects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.441","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6704506","title":"The influence of vitamin C on antipyrine pharmacokinetics in elderly men.","year":"1984","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","pmid":"6704506","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bdd.2510050107","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6704506/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6704506/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2510050107","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-group sequential: baseline, restriction, supplementation)","n":"11","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, chewable tablets)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"No significant changes in the clearance, volume of distribution, or half-life of antipyrine occurred during the study, indicating that short-term alterations in vitamin C intake do not affect the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in elderly males.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The mean plasma vitamin C levels were significantly reduced at KT-2 compared to KT-1 (p<0.0001).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"although the latter difference just failed to achieve statistical significance","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"failed to reach the stringent statistical significance criterion established","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6416442","title":"Relation between intake and plasma concentration of vitamin C in elderly women.","year":"1983","journal":"British medical journal (Clinical research ed.)","pmid":"6416442","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1136/bmj.287.6403.1429","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6416442/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6416442/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.287.6403.1429","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1549636/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"101","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (dietary)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results presented here suggest that this may be achieved, even in the elderly, if intake of vitamin C is kept above 60 mg a day.","source":"fulltext","location":"Comment p.1429","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6621254","title":"The effect of ascorbic acid on plasma sulfate conjugated catecholamines after eating bananas.","year":"1983","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"6621254","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0024-3205(83)90855-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6621254/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6621254/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(83)90855-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Concomitant ingestion of bananas and ascorbic acid reduces the rise in NE sulfate, presumably by competitive inhibition of conjugation, and causes an exaggerated rise in DA sulfate by mechanisms which remain to be elucidated.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1516","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Urine ascorbic acid ranged between 4-322 µmol/2 hours during visits (b) (26 ± 10) and (c) (73 ± 51) and 780-1800 µmol/2 hours during visit (a) (1272 ± 181)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1515","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7082619","title":"The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration.","year":"1982","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"7082619","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19820059","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7082619/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7082619/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19820059","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (cross-sectional baseline measurement plus before/after supplementation in a subset)","n":"41","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The ability of the mononuclear leucocytes to maintain the highest levels of ascorbic acid in the cell types studied, despite variation in plasma availability, warrants further study, particularly in view of the importance of these cells in immunocompetence.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract point 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase in buffy layer, granulocyte, platelet, erythrocyte and plasma values but not in mononuclear cell ascorbic acid content","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, p.476","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant difference between the values for the males and the females","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, p.476","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7253837","title":"Ascorbic acid absorption in man: influence of divided dose and food.","year":"1981","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"7253837","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0024-3205(81)90592-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7253837/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7253837/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(81)90592-0","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (within-subject repeated sessions: 4 control, 1 divided dose, 1 after-meal, plus i.v.; fixed order as listed)","n":"3","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results are consistent with the suggestion that the vitamin is absorbed by a specialized process at sites high in the small intestine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The values of Tmax were significantly greater after the meal compared to control experiments (P<0.05; 3.3 vs 2.4 hr).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2508","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"(P<0.05; 3.3 vs 2.4 hr)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2508","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"increases the extent of absorption in each subject by an average of 72% (range, 44-112%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 text, p.2509","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"average increase, 69%; range, 37-111%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 text, p.2509","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"25-51% of a single 1 g solution dose is absorbed relative to the I.V. dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.2508","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the divided dose and after-meal treatments were significantly greater compared to the control experiments (p<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 text p.2509","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the 4 control experiments were not statistically different from each other","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 text p.2509","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were significant differences (P< 0.01) among the 6 treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 text p.2509","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"These differences were significantly greater compared to the control (p<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2508","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7306442","title":"Vitamin C-status and pharmacokinetic profile of antipyrine in man.","year":"1981","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"7306442","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01213.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7306442/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7306442/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01213.x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1401859/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12 months)","n":"17","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Marginal vitamin C deficency provokes both a slowing down of the rate of drug biotransformation, and also depression of the activity of microsomal cholesterol 7 a-hydroxylase in the liver of guinea pigs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.257-258","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Asterisks indicate significance of difference (P < 0.001 in all the intervals).","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-486391","title":"Absorption of vitamin C from the human buccal cavity.","year":"1979","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"486391","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19790085","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/486391/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/486391/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19790085","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (in vivo buccal absorption, repeated determinations)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid; also dehydroascorbic acid and D-isoascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Ascorbic acid was absorbed across the mucosa of the human mouth. Omission of sodium ions from the medium decreased the absorption of ascorbic acid. The presence of D-glucose, or 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, increased the absorption of ascorbic acid but D-fructose had little effect and D-mannitol had no effect. Calcium ions also increased ascorbic acid absorption probably by a secondary effect on Na+ fluxes. Buccal mucosa was also permeable to dehydroascorbic acid and D-isoascorbic acid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary (p.15)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"Absorption averaged 13.1 pmol/5 min at 10 mM initial concentration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"control 16.6 ± 3.5 (n 6) pmol/5 min; with Amytal 10.5 ± 3.1 (n 6)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.17","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-209065","title":"Demonstration of saturation kinetics in the intestinal absorption of vitamin C in man and the guinea pig.","year":"1978","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"209065","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/j.1552-4604.1978.tb01601.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/209065/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/209065/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1978.tb01601.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (in vivo triple-lumen intestinal perfusion, within-subject tandem random order); guinea pig isolated-loop perfusion","n":"7 humans; 6 guinea pigs per experiment (plus 6 additional for 0.28 and 56.8 mM; 3 additional for jejunal)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study suggests that \"megavitamin\" doses of vitamin C (greater than 1 Gm) are probably not as efficiently absorbed as smaller multiple doses of the vitamin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.334 (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"40 ± 5 from the 0.852mM, 31 ± 5 from the 2.84mM, 30 ± 5 from the 5.68mM, and 14 ± 6 from the 11.36mM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.329","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not differ significantly from that of three lower-concentration ascorbic acid solutions (P>0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.328-329","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly exceeded that from either the higher- or lower-concentration solutions (P<0.02)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.330","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"statistically insignificant with exposure to vitamin C (P>0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.331","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the order of perfusion of the four solutions had no demonstrable effect on the data for transport of vitamin C","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.329","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1262536","title":"Failure of vitamin C to affect the pharmacokinetic profile of antipyrine in man.","year":"1976","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"1262536","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/j.1552-4604.1976.tb02403.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1262536/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1262536/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1976.tb02403.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (within-subject before/after control vs vitamin C)","n":"14 (antipyrine); 2 (DPH)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, Ascorbin tablets 300 mg)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Vitamin C used as interacting agent; PK measured is for antipyrine (single oral dose) and diphenylhydantoin (steady state). No vitamin C absorption/PK reported. Table II group averages recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It is concluded that vitamin C, in commonly used megadoses, has no effect on the metabolism of antipyrine or diphenylhydantoin in man.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary p.269","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant difference (P>0.10) in the elimination rate (Kel) of antipyrine compared to controls","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.267; Table II footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"t=0.35, P>0.10, Student's t-test for paired data.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-5048660","title":"Ascorbic acid absorption in man--pharmacokinetic implications.","year":"1972","journal":"European journal of pharmacology","pmid":"5048660","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0014-2999(72)90092-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5048660/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5048660/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(72)90092-1","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (literature evaluation / pharmacokinetic modelling)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"As a result the efficiency of absorption of ascorbic acid upon oral ingestion decreases as the dose is increased. A clinically useful and practical means of improving absorption efficiency is to divide the desired total daily dose into smaller doses.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results/Discussion p.142","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"(i.e. 55.3% of dose absorbed)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.142","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"(i.e. 32.5% of dose absorbed)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.142","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately 2.21 g is absorbed ... a single 4-g dose will provide 1.30 g","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.142","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-5870366","title":"The L-ascorbic acid absorption.","year":"1965","journal":"Yonsei medical journal","pmid":"5870366","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3349/ymj.1965.6.1.7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5870366/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5870366/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.1965.6.1.7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-group crossover-type experiments in saturated subjects)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"When large amounts (3.0 gm) of the vitamin were given, the absorption rate reached the maximum. The maximum absorption in 6 hours was estimated as 681 mg of the vitamin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In first injection, the balance vitamin averaged 74.1 mg while in second injection, the balance vitamin was much reduced to 26.9 mg.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"as the test dose increased, ascorbic acid absorption reached the maximum of about 580.0 mg.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8, Fig. 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18885539","title":"Clinical experimental investigations on the absorption of ascorbic acid with simultaneous administration of cod-liver oil or concentrations of A- or D-vitamine.","year":"1948","journal":"Acta paediatrica","pmid":"18885539","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1651-2227.1948.tb06824.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18885539/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18885539/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1948.tb06824.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (non-randomized interventional experiments with single-dose challenge; each arm a separate experiment)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid; rose hip powder) with cod-liver oil, vitamin A or vitamin D","formTags":["ascorbic-acid","food"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"From these investigations it must be permitted to conclude that with respect to the absorption of ascorbic acid no antagonism of practical importance is evinced by cod-liver oil or by the A- or D-vitamine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Text p. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no antagonism of practical importance is evinced by cod-liver oil or by the A- or D-vitamine","source":"fulltext","location":"Text p. 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16694939","title":"INTUBATION STUDIES OF THE HUMAN SMALL INTESTINE. XXII. AN IMPROVED TECHNIC FOR THE STUDY OF ABSORPTION; ITS APPLICATION TO ASCORBIC ACID.","year":"1942","journal":"The Journal of clinical investigation","pmid":"16694939","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1172/JCI101327","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16694939/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16694939/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI101327","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC435167/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (repeated intestinal perfusion experiments in the same subjects, 19 experiments)","n":"4","formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 600 mgm. in 600 cc. perfused solution","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The application of the method to ascorbic acid indicates that the capacity of a short segment of the upper small intestine for the absorption of that vitamin within one hour is far in excess of the optimal daily requirement.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"i.e., 188 to 374 mgm., or 31 to 62 per cent of the total injected","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 (text)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The amount of ascorbic acid absorbed by \"saturated\" and \"unsaturated\" subjects was approximately the same","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the tonicity of the test solution did not alter the rate of absorption in the saturated individuals","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the absorption of this vitamin from a segment terminated at 45 cm. beyond the point of instillation was of the same degree as that in a segment terminated at 90 cm.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Discussion p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16694704","title":"THE VITAMIN C REQUIREMENT OF MAN. ESTIMATED AFTER PROLONGED STUDIES OF THE PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND DAILY EXCRETION OF VITAMIN C IN 3 ADULTS ON CONTROLLED DIETS.","year":"1939","journal":"The Journal of clinical investigation","pmid":"16694704","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1172/JCI101086","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16694704/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16694704/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI101086","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC434918/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (sequential dose-period balance study, each subject own control)","n":"3","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (cevitamic/ascorbic acid, Merck)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"As a plasma concentration of 1.0 mgm. per cent can only be obtained and maintained on a daily intake of at least 100 mgm. of vitamin C, it is suggested that this be considered the optimum daily intake.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"When more than 100 mgm. was fed daily, there was a sharp rise in the urinary excretion of the vitamin","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7; Summary p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36859418","title":"Effect of liposomal formulation of ascorbic acid on corneal permeability.","year":"2023","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"36859418","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-023-29290-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36859418/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36859418/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29290-9","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9977777/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"other (in vitro/ex vivo formulation comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid, topical ophthalmic: lyophilized liposomal formulation (AA-LLipo) vs AA solution (API)","formTags":["liposomal"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Both the modified in vitro corneal-PAMPA and ex vivo studies on porcine eyes showed that AA-LLipo can greatly improve the pharmacokinetic properties of ascorbic acid related to the eye, thus significantly increasing the accumulation of AA in the cornea","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AA (API) solution already reached shelf-life degradation level (10%) at 79.3 min, ... AA-LLipo formulation was only observed at 209.6 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the higher AA release from the AA-LLipo formulation starts to differ significantly from the standard AA solution a 60 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"with the decrease of PC concentration the increase in permeability of the AA-LLipo formulation was significantly greater in comparison to unformulated AA (API) solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly greater AA accumulation was measured in the cornea at the last kinetic time point (after 30 min) for AA-LLipo","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 5a,c","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In the Peff,ex vivo at 5 min and corneal retention at 30 min, a significant difference was identified","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 6a,b","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37003313","title":"Elastic cationic liposomes for vitamin C delivery: Development, characterization and skin absorption study.","year":"2023","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"37003313","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122897","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37003313/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37003313/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122897","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"other (in vitro Franz diffusion cell formulation comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, 5 wt%) in cationic liposomes (SoyPC:DOTAP:Chol 6:2:2 mol:mol with 0.07% α-tocopherol; elastic liposomes with Polysorbate 80)","formTags":["liposomal"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Huge amounts of Vit C were significantly delivered from liposomes in each skin layer and the acceptor fluid compared to the control. The mechanism responsible for the enhanced skin delivery of Vit C seems related to interactions between Vit C and cationic lipids after deposition on skin rather than to liposome elasticity.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 4 Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Huge amounts of Vit C were significantly delivered from liposomes in each skin layer and the acceptor fluid compared to the control.","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 7; Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"an enhanced effect was reported for ELs and CLs suggesting that the effect of elasticity was negligible","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12733644","title":"Topically applied vitamin C and cysteine derivatives protect against UVA-induced photodegradation of suprofen in ex vivo pigskin.","year":"2003","journal":"Photochemistry and photobiology","pmid":"12733644","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0343:tavcac>2.0.co;2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12733644/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12733644/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0343:tavcac>2.0.co;2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"other (ex vivo/in vitro skin explant experiment)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, topical)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"topical application of the water-soluble antioxidants ASC, NAC and CYSET increased the bioavailability of SUP in pigskin epidermis and offered protection against UVA-induced decomposition of SUP.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.346","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increasing doses clearly and significantly increased their level in both skin compartments (P < 0.05), with more pronounced increases found in the stratum corneum","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.345","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Increasing ASC doses resulted in a gradual increase in epidermal SUP (P < 0.005)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11207686","title":"Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies.","year":"2001","journal":"Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]","pmid":"11207686","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00264.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11207686/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11207686/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00264.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"other (in vivo animal percutaneous absorption experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Topical L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and derivatives","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Delivery of topical L-ascorbic acid into the skin is critically dependent on formulation characteristics.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tissue levels of L-ascorbic acid were enhanced only at formulation pH levels less than 3.5.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.138; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tissue levels of L-ascorbic acid increased and were maximal at 20%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.138","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The P value of VC-15 versus each product is also 0.0005.","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 5 caption","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Neither ester significantly increased L-ascorbic acid skin levels.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.139","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Neither 20 mM nor 1 M solutions of dehydroascorbic acid were effective.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.139","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9237946","title":"Vitamin C supplementation does not modify bone mineral content or mineral absorption in growing pigs.","year":"1997","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"9237946","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/127.8.1514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9237946/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9237946/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.8.1514","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"parallel","n":"21","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, high intakes of ascorbic acid have no positive influence on bone metabolism and bone characteristics in pigs. The in vivo long-term effects do not correlate with the short-term in vitro effects previously reported.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"were greater in pigs supplemented with vitamin C (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results para 2; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increased (P < 0.001) with time in all three groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not alter Ca and P absorption or retention (Table 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40711144","title":"Monitoring of Vitamin C Plasma Levels in a Reversible Model of Malabsorption Generated in Mice by Ebulin-f.","year":"2025","journal":"Toxins","pmid":"40711144","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/toxins17070333","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40711144/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40711144/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17070333","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12299301/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups: control and ebulin-f at 1, 3, 22 days)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Vitamin C absorption is significantly increased during intestinal damage (up to eightfold higher AUC at day 3), without affecting elimination kinetics, suggesting that changes in absorption are directly related to intestinal epithelial damage and regeneration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately four times higher than that of the control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 2.3 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately eight times higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC of the 3-day group showed a significant increase compared to the 1-day group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"in the 22-day group, a significant decrease in the AUC value could be observed with respect to the 3-day group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no statistically significant differences observed with respect to the 1-day group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"absorption values of vitamin C are still much higher than those obtained in the control group (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant differences were observed in the elimination constants of the groups tested.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38287211","title":"Effects of vitamin C on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nimodipine in rats.","year":"2024","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"38287211","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.5827","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287211/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287211/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.5827","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (co-administered with nimodipine); analyte measured is nimodipine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Pharmacokinetic drug-interaction study in rats: PK of nimodipine (the measured analyte) with and without co-administered vitamin C (8.79 mg/kg). Vitamin C concentrations/absorption were not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pharmacokinetic characteristics and pharmacodynamics of nimodipine were changed by vitamin C administration in rats. Vitamin C does not affect the activity of CYP450 in rat liver.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"main pharmacokinetic parameters of peak concentration and area under the curve increased significantly","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36704315","title":"Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Reduces the Ascorbic Acid Uptake in the Intestine.","year":"2023","journal":"Mediators of inflammation","pmid":"36704315","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2023/2629262","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36704315/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36704315/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2629262","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9873446/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal and cell experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (radiolabeled [14C]-AA tracer uptake, with or without 1 mM unlabeled AA)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"our investigations demonstrate that Salmonella infection decreases intestinal AA absorption, and this inhibitory effect is facilitated partially through proinflammatory cytokines which are induced as a result of Salmonella infection in an infected host.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.4 (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the AA uptake in Salmonella-infected compared to uninfected control mouse jejunum","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.1; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The nonpathogenic mutant-infected mice did not exhibit inhibition of the intestinal AA uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.1; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The outcomes exhibited a marked inhibitory effect on the uptake of AA in cells exposed to IL-1β","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.3; Fig. 4(b)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33336364","title":"Physicochemical properties of dihydromyricetin and the effects of ascorbic acid on its stability and bioavailability.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","pmid":"33336364","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jsfa.11022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336364/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336364/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11022","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (female Sprague-Dawley rat)","design":"parallel (three groups, randomly divided)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Dihydromyricetin co-administered with ascorbic acid (AA 10% of DMY dose)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption/PK study of dihydromyricetin (DMY) in rats with and without co-administered ascorbic acid (AA) as stabilizer; AA itself not measured. Analyte is DMY, not vitamin C.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The degradation of DMY is one reason for its poor bioavailability. The presence of AA could significantly improve the stability of DMY, and further improve its bioavailability in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of only 53 ng mL-1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3867","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the Cmax was 75 ng mL-1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3867","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"bioavailability of DMY was significantly improved","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3867","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*means significant difference (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 5C caption","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29251518","title":"Evaluation of the targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil and ascorbic acid into the brain with ultrasound-responsive nanobubbles.","year":"2018","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","pmid":"29251518","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2017.1419354","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29251518/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29251518/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2017.1419354","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, 4 parallel groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), i.p. with ultrasound-responsive nanobubbles (bubble liposomes)","formTags":["liposomal"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We succeeded in clarifying the time-course pharmacokinetics of the two hydrophilic drugs in the brain after the delivery with the ultrasound-responsive BLs and ultrasound irradiation using mice and rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.690","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the peak concentration of ascorbic acid (2.01 ± 0.71 µg/mL) was observed from 15–30 min after ultrasound irradiation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.687, Time-course evaluation with ascorbic acid","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the group with BLs administration, 11.0 ± 5.18 µg min/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.687","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC in the group with BLs administration and ultrasound irradiation (152 ± 43.1 µg min/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.687","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly (p < .01) higher than the AUCs in the other groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.687; Fig. 2b","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29302210","title":"Alleviation of ascorbic acid-induced gastric high acidity by calcium ascorbate in vitro and in vivo.","year":"2018","journal":"The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology","pmid":"29302210","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.1.35","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29302210/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29302210/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.1.35","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5746510/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C: ascorbic acid vs calcium ascorbate","formTags":["calcium-ascorbate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"calcium ascorbate could be an appropriate antioxidant substrate, with increased oral bioavailability, for patients with gastrointestinal disorders.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-24h value from calcium ascorbate (1277.0 ng/ml) was 1.5-fold higher than that from ascorbic acid (705.7 ng/ml)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCinf value from calcium ascorbate (5769.6 ng/ml) was 2.8-fold higher than that from ascorbic acid (2024.7 ng/ml)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax value of calcium ascorbate (91.0 ng/ml) was also higher than that of ascorbic acid (74.8 ng/ml)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"However, the Tmax values were similar","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-24h values of calcium ascorbate were greater than ascorbic acid with significant difference (p<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Discussion p.41","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUCinf values were not significantly different in those two groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.41","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid than dosing of ascorbic acid, at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.40, Fig. 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30010458","title":"Colon targeted curcumin microspheres laden with ascorbic acid for bioavailability enhancement.","year":"2018","journal":"Journal of microencapsulation","pmid":"30010458","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/02652048.2018.1501111","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30010458/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30010458/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2018.1501111","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"24 (4 groups of 6 per Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Curcumin (with ascorbic acid as stabilizer in microspheres)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Oral PK study of curcumin (CUR) in rats; ascorbic acid is a stabilizing co-excipient in chitosan/Eudragit microspheres, not the measured analyte. Curcumin PK recorded; ascorbic acid plasma levels not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A novel approach for delivery of curcumin laden MS to colon has been successfully attempted. CSMS consisting AA as a pH-regulating agent imparts stability to curcumin in alkaline milieu of colon, and exercises a spatial and temporal control over curcumin release.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.379","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax values for pure CUR, coated MS without AA (G), and with AA (G2) were 0.512 ± 0.020, 0.655 ± 0.028, and 1.139 ± 0.118 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.378 (Pharmacokinetic parameters)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"0.655 ± 0.028","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.378","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"1.139 ± 0.118 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.378","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"pure CUR 2.128 µg. h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.378","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"MS without AA (G) 8.867 µg h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.378","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–24 of coated MS with AA (G2) 15.597 µg h/mL was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of pure CUR 2.128","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.378","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Formulation G2 showed 7.33-fold increase in the blood concentration than CUR suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.378","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax and AUC values obtained after administration of CUR in suspension form and formulation G were significantly lower than those found after administration of formulation G2.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.378","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35541949","title":"Toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with vitamin C and casein phosphopeptides on gastric epithelium cells and the intestinal absorption of mice.","year":"2018","journal":"RSC advances","pmid":"35541949","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c8ra03693d","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35541949/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35541949/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03693d","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082813/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"ex vivo everted gut sac model plus in vitro cytotoxicity","n":"10 mice","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (as additive with ZnO NPs and casein phosphopeptides); analyte absorbed is zinc","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption study is of Zn2+ dissolved from ZnO nanoparticles in everted mouse gut sacs; vitamin C is an additive that modifies Zn dissolution and uptake, not the absorbed analyte. Most of the paper is GES-1 cytotoxicity work.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"VC is more powerful at controlling the synergistic toxic effect induced by ZnO NPs compared to the protective role of CPP in the combined systems.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Zn ions remained the fewest in sacs in the ZnO plus CPP group only.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7; Fig. 8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32095454","title":"Enhancement of skin permeation of vitamin C using vibrating microneedles.","year":"2017","journal":"Translational and clinical pharmacology","pmid":"32095454","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.12793/tcp.2017.25.1.15","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32095454/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32095454/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12793/tcp.2017.25.1.15","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7033540/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro permeation optimization plus parallel in vivo rat PK)","n":"in vivo n=3 per group (from 'mean ± SD (n = 3)' in Fig. 4 legend)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) gel, transdermal with vibrating microneedles","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present study suggests that vibrating microneedles can be used to facilitate the skin permeability of vitamin C under optimal conditions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Mean residence time (MRT) value with significance was 12.0 h ... longer than 9.8 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27567539","title":"Pharmacokinetic and anti-cancer properties of high dose ascorbate in solid tumours of ascorbate-dependent mice.","year":"2016","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","pmid":"27567539","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.027","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27567539/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27567539/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.027","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (single-dose PK time course; repeated-dose intervention study)","n":"45 (PK); 30 (intervention)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (sodium ascorbate, high dose, intraperitoneal)","formTags":["sodium-ascorbate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We have shown that ascorbate elimination from solid tumours is markedly slower than from plasma and liver. Furthermore, daily administration of HDVC was required to maintain optimal levels of ascorbate in tumours.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tumour ascorbate levels increased following HDVC either daily (p<0.001) or on alternate days (p<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Liver ascorbate levels were similar across all groups, regardless of HDVC treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma and liver ascorbate returned to baseline within 16 h, tumour levels remained elevated for 48 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20708381","title":"Time course of vitamin C distribution and absorption after oral administration in SMP30/GNL knockout mice.","year":"2011","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","pmid":"20708381","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20708381/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20708381/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.010","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK/tissue distribution, parallel groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"exogenous VC administered orally in VC-deficient SMP30/GNL KO mice was distributed at distinctly different rates within individual tissues.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"VC content in the liver and kidney peaked at 3 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.473","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"amounts of VC in tissues of VC-deficient SMP30/GNL KO mice ... were all significantly lower","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 legend; Results p.472-473","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"amount of VC in all tissues examined increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2; Results p.474","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21123463","title":"Dietary ascorbate intake affects steady state tissue concentrations in vitamin C-deficient mice: tissue deficiency after suboptimal intake and superior bioavailability from a food source (kiwifruit).","year":"2011","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"21123463","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3945/ajcn.110.004853","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21123463/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21123463/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004853","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal dose-response, parallel groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (reagent sodium ascorbate vs green/gold kiwifruit gel)","formTags":["sodium-ascorbate","food"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It is possible that the bioavailability of ascorbate is superior from some foods, such as kiwifruit.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significant increase was seen in brain concentrations with the highest supplement dose (16.5 mg/d; P = 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.295","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"concentrations in the heart were also variable at this dose, although the difference was not significant (P = 0.07)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.295","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A significantly lower daily ascorbate intake was required to reach 50% of the maximum wild-type plateau concentrations (ED50) in serum, heart, kidney, and liver when kiwifruit was used","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no evidence of a difference in the ED50 was observed in white blood cells or brain tissue","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Both varieties of kiwifruit delivered significantly more ascorbate to all tissues when compared directly with an equivalent dose of ascorbate supplied in the drinking water","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"reagent ascorbate in the same gel form was no more effective than that in the drinking water supplement","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.297; Fig. 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20161530","title":"Formulation with ascorbic acid and sucrose modulates catechin bioavailability from green tea.","year":"2010","journal":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","pmid":"20161530","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2009.08.016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20161530/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20161530/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.08.016","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2802066/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 formulation groups) plus in vitro digestion/Caco-2 experiments","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (and sucrose) co-formulated with green tea extract","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption/PK study of green tea catechins (EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG) in rats; ascorbic acid (10 mg) is a formulation ingredient modifying catechin absorption, vitamin C itself not measured. Relevant as an ascorbic acid interaction.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Combined these results suggest that the common practice of co-formulating ready-to-drink GT beverages with sucrose and ascorbic acid may enhance bioavailability of catechins through both pre-absorptive and absorptive mechanisms.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Absorption of EGC and EGCG was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced in GT + S + AA formulations","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"EGCG AUC0–6 h was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in GT + S ... and was further increased in GT + S + AA","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"EC AUC0–6 h was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for non-sucrose containing formulations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax was not significantly impacted by formulation with ascorbic acid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"this effect only reached statistical significance for the GT + S + AA compared to the GT only formulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20200446","title":"Vitamin C transporter Slc23a1 links renal reabsorption, vitamin C tissue accumulation, and perinatal survival in mice.","year":"2010","journal":"The Journal of clinical investigation","pmid":"20200446","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1172/JCI39191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20200446/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20200446/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI39191","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2847422/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (genetic knockout comparison with supplementation sub-experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbate); 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbate analog","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings indicate a key role for Slc23a1 in renal ascorbate absorption and perinatal survival and reveal regulation of vitamin C biosynthesis in mice.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Slc23a1+/+ males excreted approximately 10%–17% of total body ascorbate daily","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9 (Ascorbate biosynthesis)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Slc23a1–/– males excreted as much as 70% of total body ascorbate daily","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9 (Ascorbate biosynthesis)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Slc23a1+/+ females excreted approximately 5%–8% daily","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9 (Ascorbate biosynthesis)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Slc23a1–/– females excreted as much as 50% daily","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9 (Ascorbate biosynthesis)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In intestinal mucosa, accumulation of 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbate was similar regardless of genotype","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2; Fig. 3A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In liver, analog accumulation was either drastically reduced or undetectable in male and female Slc23a1–/– mice","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Fig. 3B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"was not statistically different from that in Slc23a1+/+ controls (data not shown)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4-5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16153662","title":"Mechanism of enhanced bioavailability and diuretic effect of azosemide by ascorbic acid in rats.","year":"2006","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"16153662","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16153662/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16153662/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.013","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (oral PK groups); preliminary study crossover; in vitro tissue/microsome experiments","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (coadministered with azosemide; analyte measured is azosemide)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (PK study of the drug azosemide (oral, rats) with vitamin C as a coadministered enhancer; vitamin C absorption itself not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The increase in F value and diuretic and natriuretic effects of azosemide with coadministration of ascorbic acid seemed to be due to reduced intestinal first-pass metabolism of azosemide, increased urinary excretion of azosemide, and increased unionized fraction of azosemide at the renal tubular receptor sites.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"a considerable increase in AUC (38.3% increase; p < 0.133)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the F value (138% vs. 100%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"8-h urinary excretion of azosemide (5.18% vs. 1.32% of oral dose)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"increases of 206% in 8-h urine output and 461% in 8-h urinary excretion of unchanged azosemide","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4, Preliminary study","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"considerable increase in AUC (38.3% increase; p < 0.133)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean cumulative 8-h urinary excretion of unchanged azosemide (Ae0-8h; 292% increase","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"were not significantly different compared with controls","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15976862","title":"Enhanced delivery of gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT into the brain via an ascorbic acid mediated strategy.","year":"2005","journal":"Organic & biomolecular chemistry","pmid":"15976862","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/b504988a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15976862/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15976862/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b504988a","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (compounds 2, 8 and DAPT 1 each injected)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid used as a carrier moiety in a drug conjugate (compound 2); analytes are conjugate/DAPT","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Synthesis and brain delivery of a DAPT (gamma-secretase inhibitor)-ascorbic acid conjugate (compound 2) in rats after intravenous injection; analytes are the conjugate, its metabolites 8 and 9, and DAPT; not oral vitamin C absorption.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, we report herein the synthesis of a new DAPT-like pseudopeptide c-secretase inhibitor whose design includes an ascorbic acid moiety as delivery system, which allows an efficient BBB permeation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Optimal concentration of 2 in the brain was reached within 2 hours (280 ng g−1 of brain)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"far better BBB permeation for compound 2 compared to that of derivatives 1 and 8","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.4; Fig. 2c","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15646266","title":"Influence of vitamin C on cadmium absorption and distribution in rats.","year":"2004","journal":"Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)","pmid":"15646266","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2004.06.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15646266/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15646266/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2004.06.003","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2 groups of 45) with additional untreated reference group","n":"90 (+45 reference rats)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in drinking water, intervention affecting cadmium absorption","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption/distribution of cadmium-109 (CdCl2 by gavage) in rats with vitamin C in drinking water as the intervention; vitamin C's own absorption/PK not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The presented results support the assumption that vitamin C plays a beneficial role in reducing the toxicity and absorption of cadmium.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion and conclusions (p.4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences in the cadmium contents were found between the two groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC value of the rats fed supplemental vitamin C was markedly lower","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Vitamin C supplements significantly decreased the cadmium retention in all organs examined","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12532378","title":"Influence of phytostanol phosphoryl ascorbate (FM-VP4) on insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, plasma lipid levels, and gastrointestinal absorption of exogenous cholesterol in Zucker (fa/fa) fatty and lean rats.","year":"2003","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","pmid":"12532378","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jps.10297","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12532378/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12532378/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.10297","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal study; 30-day treatment study plus single-dose [3H]cholesterol absorption study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Phytostanol phosphoryl ascorbate (FM-VP4; sitostanol/campestanol ascorbate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Study of phytostanol phosphoryl ascorbate (FM-VP4) effects on glycemia/lipids and on GI absorption of exogenous [3H]cholesterol in Zucker rats. No ascorbate/vitamin C absorption or PK measured; the absorption analyte is [3H]cholesterol (reduced by FM-VP4). Cholesterol plasma data recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"coadministration of FM-VP4 with exogenous cholesterol resulted in decreased cholesterol absorption in both lean and fatty Zucker rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (summary) p.287","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"FM-VP4 significantly decreases [3H]cholesterol absorption compared to controls (Table 1).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a p < 0.05 vs. control","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14507447","title":"Iontophoresis promotes percutaneous absorption of L-ascorbic acid in rat skin.","year":"2003","journal":"Journal of dermatological science","pmid":"14507447","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00105-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14507447/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14507447/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00105-1","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, iontophoresis vs topical)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"L-[1-14C]ascorbic acid (topical, 1 mg/ml in 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer pH 6.7)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Iontophoretic delivery system of ascorbic acid may provide a more efficient tool for its percutaneous absorption than a simple topical application.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"iontophoresis greatly induced the percutaneous absorption of ascorbic acid with the maximum radioactivity at 1 h after iontophoresis","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.219; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Iontophoresis greatly enhanced percutaneous absorption of [14C]ascorbic acid in the rat skin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.219","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12353620","title":"Bioavailability of a series of novel acylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids, as an ascorbic acid supplement in rats and guinea pigs.","year":"2002","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","pmid":"12353620","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1271/bbb.66.1628","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12353620/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12353620/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.66.1628","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rats; Hartley guinea pigs)","design":"other (animal PK and antiscorbutic experiments; tissue homogenate hydrolysis in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C derivatives: 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids (6-Acyl-AA-2G; butyryl, hexanoyl, octanoyl, decanoyl, dodecanoyl) vs AA-2G","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results indicate that 6-Acyl-AA-2G is a readily available source of AA activity in vivo, and may be useful as an effective pharmacological agent and as a promising food additive.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximal value was 138.3+/-21.9 nmol/ml at 1 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1630","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reached a maximum (99.8+/-11.4 nmol/ml) at 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1631","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"**P<0.01, as compared with the AA-2G treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2; Results p.1630","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10084399","title":"Intestinal absorption of calcium from calcium ascorbate in rats.","year":"1999","journal":"Journal of bone and mineral metabolism","pmid":"10084399","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s007740050060","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10084399/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10084399/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s007740050060","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (six groups; two doses x three Ca salts)","n":"NR (see extraction notes)","formsStudiedRaw":"Calcium ascorbate (Ca) vs Ca carbonate vs Ca chloride; Vitamin C list entry","formTags":["calcium-ascorbate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We therefore conclude that Ca ascorbate would be a useful Ca-l-ascorbic acid supplement with relatively high absorbability from intestine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion, last paragraph","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC` value for the Ca ascorbate group was significantly higher than those for the Ca carbonate and the Ca chloride groups for either dose.","source":"fulltext","location":"Tables 1-2; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax value for the Ca ascorbate group was comparable with, and significantly higher than, those for the Ca chloride and the Ca carbonate groups for the high dose.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"whole-body 45Ca retention for the Ca ascorbate group was significantly higher than those for the Ca carbonate and the Ca chloride groups for the high dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Radioactivity in a femur 34 h after dosing was the highest in the Ca ascorbate group and the lowest in the Ca carbonate group","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2054871","title":"Effects of glucose and ascorbic acid on absorption and first pass metabolism of isoniazid in rats.","year":"1991","journal":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","pmid":"2054871","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/cpb.39.445","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2054871/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2054871/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.445","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel/within-experiment animal PK)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (as co-administered modifier of isoniazid absorption)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Rat study of isoniazid (INAH) absorption/first-pass metabolism; ascorbic acid and glucose are co-administered modifiers, ascorbate itself not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Comparing the oral case with the results of i.v. administration, Glu and AA only affect the absorption process containing the first pass metabolism of INAH.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"AUC ... from 0 to 300 min after administration with Glu or AA were 50.31% and 84.48%, respectively, of that in the case of single administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.446","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"urinary excretion of Hy was 22.3% of dose for 24 h after i.v. dosing of Hy-sulfate only","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.448","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"while it decreased to 2.7% of dose when AA was co-administered","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.448","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"combined administration of INAH with Glu or AA led to a significant decrease in the excretion of INAH","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1; Results p.446","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant decrease in the excretion of INAH and a significant increase in the excretion of AcINAH","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1; Results p.446","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Co-administration of Glu and AA gave rise to a significant reduction of the excretion of Hy","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1; Results p.446","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the excretion of AcHy increased more than twofold","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1; Results p.446","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AA causes a significant increase in the AcINAH level as compared with INAH alone (p<0.05 using Student t-test, at 180 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.446","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Glu and AA have no effects on the elimination of INAH and on the excretion of INAH and AcINAH","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II; Results p.447","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2748544","title":"Interaction of L-ascorbic acid on the disposition of lead in rats.","year":"1989","journal":"Pharmacology & toxicology","pmid":"2748544","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0773.1989.tb00665.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2748544/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2748544/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1989.tb00665.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (PK sub-study, plus lead disposition sub-study with treatment groups A, B and control C)","n":"35 in lead study (A 15, B 15, C 5) plus 6 in As-Ac PK study","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"As-Ac appears to possess the properties of a prophylatic agent for the treatment of lead poisoning. However, in view of the toxicities associated with the megadose therapy of As-Ac, further work is required to quantitatively assess the efficacy of this drug in the prophylaxis of plumbism.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.363","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"femur, kidney and liver displayed 56, 22 and 41% respective reduction in their exposure towards lead","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.363","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma exhibited a 9% increase in the lead exposure","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.363","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"half-life of lead in femur and plasma was reduced by 27 and 51% respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.363","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2771960","title":"Intestinal absorption of L-ascorbic acid in rats with renal failure.","year":"1989","journal":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)","pmid":"2771960","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3181/00379727-191-42928","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2771960/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2771960/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-191-42928","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal experiment: in vivo recirculating jejunal perfusion + in vitro everted sac)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, 14C-labelled tracer plus unlabeled)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, in vivo jejunal absorption of L-ascorbic acid is impaired in rats with RF despite evidence of increased in vitro permeability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The rate of intestinal absorption of 10 mM L-ascorbic acid was significantly lower in the RF animals than that found in the normal control group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I; Results p.333","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"comparison with the PF group showed a significantly lower absorption rate in the renal failure group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.333","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The differences, however, did not attain statistical significance.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.334","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"rates of in vitro mucosal to serosal transport expressed per unit of intestine weight were higher in both the RF and PF groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II; Results p.334","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"when calculated for unit length, analysis of variance showed no significant difference among the three groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference in L-ascorbic acid transport by normal sacs containing either uremic or normal sera","source":"fulltext","location":"Table III","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-3628833","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on brain amphetamine concentrations in the rat.","year":"1987","journal":"Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry","pmid":"3628833","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0278-5846(87)90072-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3628833/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3628833/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(87)90072-8","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, saline vs ascorbic acid pretreatment)","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (pretreatment; 1 g/kg ip)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Rat PK study of 3H-amphetamine in brain; ascorbic acid (1 g/kg ip) was a pretreatment modifier. Absorption/PK of ascorbic acid itself not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Ascorbic acid has no effect on amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour or on the disappearance half-life of amphetamine in rat brain.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.289","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The slopes of these lines are not significantly different.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.289","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"2.7 ± 0.2 for the controls and 2.6 ± 0.3 for the experimental rats (P = NS)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.289","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2861038","title":"The effects of dietary L-ascorbic acid on the absorption and utilization of Na75SeO3 of silver-treated rats.","year":"1985","journal":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology","pmid":"2861038","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0742-8413(85)90103-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2861038/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2861038/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(85)90103-3","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (animal diet experiment)","n":"30","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (dietary L-ascorbic acid as modifier of selenium absorption)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Rat study of dietary L-ascorbic acid effect on absorption of 75Se (as sodium selenite) in silver-treated rats; the absorbed analyte is selenium, not vitamin C. Data recorded as printed.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"To conclude, when formulating diets one has to put in mind nutrients that may interfere with Se utilization; for example high levels of Ag may probably reduce the availability of Se to body tissues for the synthesis of GSH-Px.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.132","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Silver treatment dramatically decreased the absorption of 75Se from the rat GI tract.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significance of difference between groups a, b and c = P < 0.001. Significance of difference between group a and b = P < 0.01.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I footnote","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37353533","title":"Vitamin C injection improves antioxidant stress capacity through regulating blood metabolism in post-transit yak.","year":"2023","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"37353533","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-023-36779-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37353533/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37353533/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36779-w","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10290073/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (yak, Bos grunnien)","design":"single-arm","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (injectable)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"VC injections are able to modulate antioxidant levels by affecting differential changes in metabolism to resist oxidative stress generated by yaks during transport.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Compared with the control (VC_CON), injection significantly (P < 0.001) increased the blood serum concentration of VC.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34340712","title":"Exploring the effectiveness of in ovo feeding of vitamin C based on the embryonic vitamin C synthesis and absorption in broiler chickens.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of animal science and biotechnology","pmid":"34340712","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s40104-021-00607-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34340712/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34340712/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00607-w","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8330104/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chicken embryos/chicks)","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, 3 groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (3 mg in 0.1 mL saline injected into yolk at embryonic day 11)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"VC injected in the yolk could be used by embryo and effectively increased VC content of plasma, brain, kidney and liver, and significantly reduced embryonic morality as well as increased hatchability under heat stress, indicating that IOF of VC at E11 was effective for embryonic VC supplementation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"IOF of VC significantly increased VC content in plasma, brain, kidney and liver (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"had no significant effects on VC content in lung, heart and hatching muscle (P > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results text","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34698836","title":"The effect of injectable vitamin C and road transit duration on inflammation, muscle fatigue, and performance in pre-conditioned beef steer calves.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of animal science","pmid":"34698836","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jas/skab312","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698836/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698836/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab312","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8645226/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beef steers, Angus-cross)","design":"other (2 x 2 factorial, randomized by BW stratum; injection x transit duration)","n":"132","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (sodium ascorbate), intramuscular injection","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In the current study, injectable VC administered pre-transit increased plasma ascorbate concentration and improved total antioxidant capacity for steers transported for 18 h compared to steers receiving SAL; however, injectable VC did not affect overall performance as greatly as in a previous study.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma ascorbate concentrations on day 1 were greater for VC compared to SAL and returned to baseline by day 2 (INJ × DAY, P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no effect of DUR× DAY or DUR (P ≥ 0.13) on plasma ascorbate concentrations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma FRAP AUC from days −5 to 3 was greatest for VC-18, intermediate for VC-8 and SAL-8, and least for SAL-18 (INJ × DAY, P = 0.02)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Fig. 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31788483","title":"In vitro Cytotoxicity and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Pharmacological Ascorbate in Dogs.","year":"2019","journal":"Frontiers in veterinary science","pmid":"31788483","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fvets.2019.00385","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31788483/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31788483/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00385","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6854015/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, Beagle)","design":"other (single group, two ascending IV doses on separate days) plus in vitro clonogenic assays","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbate), intravenous pharmacological ascorbate","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacological ascorbate is preferentially cytotoxic to canine-derived cancer cells. High levels of ascorbate can be safely administered to dogs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"this peaked to 2.14 mM (± 0.54 mM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"this peaked to 8.6 ± 2.1 mM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Plasma ascorbate levels in the dogs peaked at approximately 10 mM following 2,200 mg/kg","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31819875","title":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenous administered two different high doses of ascorbic acid in healthy beagle dogs.","year":"2019","journal":"Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research","pmid":"31819875","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.5455/javar.2019.f371","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31819875/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31819875/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2019.f371","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6882724/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, Beagle)","design":"randomized crossover (two-way)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), intravenous","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, high-dose (1.5 and 3 gm/kg) IV AA infusion achieved pharmacologic concentration in healthy dogs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the urine pH was not significantly different (p = 0.1299–0.7944)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25336108","title":"Single and combined effects of vitamin C and oregano essential oil in diet, on growth performance, and blood parameters of broiler chicks reared under heat stress condition.","year":"2015","journal":"International journal of biometeorology","pmid":"25336108","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00484-014-0915-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25336108/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25336108/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0915-4","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Ross 308 male broiler chicks)","design":"parallel (completely randomized, 2x2 factorial-type)","n":"240","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) with/without oregano essential oil","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the results presented in this paper show an increase in the antioxidative capacity of the poultry serum as a result of dietary combined oregano oil and/or vitamin C supplementation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion, final paragraph (p.1023)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Adding the vitamin C supplement increased the serum concentrations of vitamin C in broiler chicks supplemented with vitamin C.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.1021","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24347228","title":"Performance, egg quality traits, and serum metabolite concentrations of laying hens affected by dietary supplemental chromium picolinate and vitamin C under a heat-stress condition.","year":"2014","journal":"Biological trace element research","pmid":"24347228","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12011-013-9872-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24347228/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24347228/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9872-8","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (laying hens, Lohmann LSL-Lite, 66-74 weeks of age, heat stress 32 C)","design":"other (3x2 factorial, completely randomized design, 4 replicates per diet)","n":"144","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (with chromium picolinate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The birds given with dietary chromium and vitamin C supplement in a combined form did have significantly higher serum concentrations of chromium, calcium, and total phosphorus compared to those given with chromium or vitamin C alone, suggesting that the effects of chromium and vitamin C on egg quality traits are probably mediated by changes in calcium and/or phosphorus homeostasis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.127-128","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The serum concentration of chromium increased due to increasing level of dietary chromium","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher serum concentration of chromium compared to those that fed on diet supplemented with chromium alone (P <0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Blood Parameters p.124; Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference was detected on the serum concentration of chromium when the birds were given the diet supplemented with vitamin C (P >0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.124; Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17785598","title":"The effect of vitamin C supplementation on plasma concentration and urinary excretion of vitamin C in cattle.","year":"2007","journal":"Journal of animal science","pmid":"17785598","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2527/jas.2007-0060","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17785598/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17785598/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0060","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (cattle: Japanese Black x Holstein cows)","design":"randomized Latin square (5x5) crossover","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (HSO-coated, rumen-protected preparation)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, plasma concentration and urinary excretion of VC increased with increasing dietary VC. Urinary excretion of VC was shown to be affected by plasma VC concentration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.4 (and Abstract)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The average excretion of urinary VC was 0.258 mol/mol of creatinine in the cows not given VC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The cows without supplementation excreted VC into urine at 6 mg/kg of BW per day.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"ranged from 16 mg/kg of BW per day in the cows supplemented with VC at 20 mg/kg of BW per day","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"to 32 mg/kg of BW per day in the cows supplemented with VC at 60 mg/kg of BW per day","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma VC concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in the cows given VC at 20 mg/kg of BW per day or greater","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The lowest dose did not affect plasma VC concentration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"urinary excretion was greater (P < 0.05) in the cows given VC at 20 mg/kg of BW per day or greater compared with the control cows","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"linear effect, P = 0.002; quadratic effect, P < 0.001","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"linear effect, P = 0.021; quadratic effect, P < 0.001","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11881797","title":"Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation, blood serum metabolites, and mineral concentrations of laying hens reared at high ambient temperature.","year":"2002","journal":"Biological trace element research","pmid":"11881797","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1385/BTER:85:1:35","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11881797/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11881797/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:85:1:35","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (laying hens, Hy-Line)","design":"parallel, randomized to 4 groups (2x2 factorial-type)","n":"120","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) +/- vitamin E","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"dietary vitamin C and vitamin E have synergistic effects and that supplementing a combination of these two vitamins offers a good management practice to reduce heat stress-related problems in laying hens.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.42","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Separately or as a combination, vitamin C and vitamin E increased serum vitamin C and vitamin E concentrations (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.39; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11944200","title":"Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation status, serum hormone, metabolite, and mineral concentrations of Japanese quails reared under heat stress (34 degrees C).","year":"2002","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","pmid":"11944200","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1024/0300-9831.72.2.91","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11944200/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11944200/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.2.91","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica)","design":"parallel, 2 x 3 factorial (vitamin C 100/200 x vitamin E 125/250/500 mg/kg diet), 3 replicates of 10 birds per group","n":"180","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) with vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol acetate)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Results of the present study conclude that supplementing a combination of dietary vitamin C (200 mg) and vitamin E (250-500 mg) offers a good management practice to reduce heat stress-related decreases in performance of Japanese quails.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"200 mg vitamin C/kg of diet compared with 100 mg ... resulted in greater concentrations of serum vitamin E, C, and A (p<=0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6 ANOVA; Results p.95","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12117221","title":"Effects of dietary chromium and ascorbic acid supplementation on digestion of nutrients, serum antioxidant status, and mineral concentrations in laying hens reared at a low ambient temperature.","year":"2002","journal":"Biological trace element research","pmid":"12117221","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1385/BTER:87:1-3:113","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12117221/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12117221/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:87:1-3:113","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (laying hens, Hy-Line)","design":"parallel, randomized to 4 groups (2x2 factorial-type)","n":"120","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) +/- chromium picolinate","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"supplementing a combination of vitamin C (250 mg/kg of diet) and chromium (400 µg Cr/kg diet) may offer a potential protective management practice in preventing cold-stress-related depression in the performance of laying hens.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Supplemental chromium and vitamin C also increased serum vitamin C and E concentrations (Table 3)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.117; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Separately or as a combination, supplemental chromium and vitamin C increased the digestibility of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, and EE) (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.117; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15379908","title":"Serum ascorbic acid concentrations in previously unsupplemented greyhounds after administration of a single dose of ascorbic acid intravenously or per os.","year":"2002","journal":"Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition","pmid":"15379908","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0396.2002.00378.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15379908/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15379908/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2002.00378.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, greyhound)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"4","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid oral; sodium ascorbate IV)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This suggests that vitamin C must be administered many times daily to maintain plasma concentrations above normal.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Peak mean concentrations were 6.1 ± 1.2 mg/dl after intravenous administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary; Results p.225","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"0.54 ± 0.23 mg/dl after oral administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary; Results p.225","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Median time to peak concentration was 6 min (range 3–12 min) after intravenous administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.225","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"90 min (range 60–120 min) after oral administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.225","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Following intravenous administration, AUC was 407 ± 95 mg min/dl","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.225","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"After oral administration, the AUC was 98 mg min/dl","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.225","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"which suggested a bioavailability of 22 ± 6%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.225; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Mean concentrations of ascorbate were higher (p ≤ 0.01) after intravenous administration than after oral administration throughout the first hour.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.225","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Peak concentrations were greater (p < 0.01) after intravenous than oral administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11666144","title":"Pharmacokinetics in dogs after oral administration of two different forms of ascorbic acid.","year":"2001","journal":"Research in veterinary science","pmid":"11666144","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1053/rvsc.2001.0480","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666144/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666144/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/rvsc.2001.0480","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog)","design":"randomized crossover (partial; some groups parallel)","n":"20 dogs; 32 experiments (28 supplement + 4 blank)","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (crystalline ascorbic acid vs Ester-C)","formTags":["calcium-ascorbate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The comparison of crystalline AA and Ester-C did not indicate any significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the two preparations of the vitamin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"maximal concentration reached about 3 hours (Rel Tmax = 3.0 ± 1.4 hours)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.31","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the mean area under the plasma–AUC was increased from 191 µmol h−1 l−1 to 330 µmol h−1 l−1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.31","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"from 191 µmol h−1 l−1 to 330","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.31","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"mean 23.9 versus 43.9 µmol l−1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.31","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no statistical significant differences were seen in the pharmacokinetic parameters, except for ka and tlag when perfroming a paired test between groups 1 and 2, when a borderline statistical significance was recorded.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.30; Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean area under the plasma–AUC was increased from 191 µmol h−1 l−1 to 330 µmol h−1 l−1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.30","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11699462","title":"Effect of dietary vitamin C on concentrations of ascorbic acid in plasma and milk.","year":"2001","journal":"Journal of dairy science","pmid":"11699462","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74677-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11699462/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11699462/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74677-2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Holstein dairy cows)","design":"randomized block, parallel (4 dietary treatments, 28 d)","n":"32","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid supplied as sodium and calcium ascorbyl-2-phosphate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, supplemental dietary vitamin C increased plasma concentrations of AA, but this did not correspond to increased concentration of AA in milk.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and Discussion, last paragraph","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The concentration of AA in plasma increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary vitamin C increased","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2, Results p.2304","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Concentrations of AA and DHAA in milk were not affected by treatment or day","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma DHAA was not affected by treatment but increased linearly (P < 0.05) over days.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2304","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A quadratic effect (P < 0.03) of treatment was observed with the highest concentration for cows fed 0 g/d","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2, Results p.2306","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9342793","title":"Comparison of vitamin C bioavailability after multiple or single oral dosing of different formulations in sheep.","year":"1997","journal":"Reproduction, nutrition, development","pmid":"9342793","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1051/rnd:19970405","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9342793/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9342793/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19970405","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep)","design":"parallel (Exp 1 multiple dosing vs control; Exp 2 single dose, formulation and route comparison)","n":"Exp 1: 50; Exp 2: 30","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid; ethyl-cellulose coated, Rovimix STAY-C, sodium ascorbate, Rovimix C)","formTags":["sodium-ascorbate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Single oral supplementation of five different formulations of vitamin C did not result in a significant increase in plasma vitamin C concentration. Comparison between single oral and duodenal supplementation supports the notion that vitamin C is quickly destroyed in the rumen. Multiple oral supplementation of five formulations of vitamin C increased AUCabove values suggesting that gastrointestinal absorption of ascorbic acid in sheep is efficient, if ascorbic acid can reach the duodenum.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Only the RC group significantly increased plasma concentration of vitamin C compared with the control group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"all five treatments resulted in higher AUCabove values, indicating that all five formulations increased plasma vitamin C concentrations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no differences between the five formulations supplemented orally.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table II","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"intra-duodenal supplementation of ascorbic acid fine powder resulted in significantly higher AUC and AUCabove values compared with oral supplementation of the same form","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table II","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8809386","title":"Pharmacokinetic study of ascorbic acid in sheep.","year":"1996","journal":"Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire","pmid":"8809386","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8809386/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8809386/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1263836/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep, yearling crossbred wethers, 50-55 kg)","design":"parallel (4 groups of 5, single dose, by dose and route)","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The above findings indicate that the administration of AA to sheep by injection, to prevent scurvy or to supplement anti-scorbutic levels during periods of stress or low AA availability, will cause an increase in plasma AA concentrations (Figure 1-3). The AUC parameters suggest that if AA supplementation is justified, the use of the IM route could be of greater benefit than the IV route and would thus appear to be preferred.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.220","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The low dose was 608.6% and the high dose was 295.8%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.218","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly different from 1 g dose using Student's t test at 0.05 level","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"were not significantly different between the 1 and 3 g dosages","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.218","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"After IM administration AUC parameters were much higher than after the IV injections.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.218; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7562119","title":"In situ intestinal absorption of 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid in guinea pigs.","year":"1995","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","pmid":"7562119","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.41.265","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7562119/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7562119/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.41.265","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, Hartley male, about 250 g)","design":"other (in situ intestinal perfusion, two experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid, AA-2G, converted to L-ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"AsA, but not AA-2G, was found in the plasma of the portal vein at 2h after the perfusion. These results suggest that AA-2G in perfusate might be absorbed as AsA (vitamin C) after hydrolysis by alpha-glucosidase on intestinal brush border membranes.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.270-271","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Means not sharing a common superscript letter are significantly different","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"0.159±0.016b,c vs 0.319±0.053a","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"0.168±0.014b,d vs 0.319±0.053a","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"0.265±0.055a,c,d; 0.274±0.030a","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"100% of AA-2G remained in the perfusate after 2h of perfusion","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.268","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1802972","title":"Comparison of absorption of erythorbic acid and ascorbic acid in guinea pig small intestine.","year":"1991","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","pmid":"1802972","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.37.453","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1802972/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1802972/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.37.453","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig; Hartley male)","design":"other (in situ small-intestine perfusion, comparative)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) vs erythorbic acid","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Based on the results, the net amount of the absorbed ErA in the small intestine may be lower than that of AsA, and ErA absorption mechanism seemed to be similar to that of AsA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The absorption rate of AsA was higher than that of ErA in both the AsA-supplemented guinea pigs and AsA-deficient guinea pigs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"both AsA and ErA absorption rate increased","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3-4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the addition of ouabain ... reduced the absorption rate of AsA in the small intestine of guinea pig","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2337201","title":"Intestinal absorption and metabolism of ascorbic acid in rainbow trout.","year":"1990","journal":"The American journal of physiology","pmid":"2337201","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.5.R1238","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2337201/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2337201/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.5.R1238","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rainbow trout)","design":"other (in vitro intestinal transport)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C: [14C]ascorbic acid (10 uM; up to 1 mM) and [14C]DHAA (10 uM)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It is concluded that transport and metabolic capabilities are present in the trout intestine to absorb oxidized and reduced forms of vitamin C and to help regulate the redox potential of circulating ascorbic acid by recycling dehydro-L-ascorbic acid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the mucosa-to-serosa flux was fourfold greater than the secretory flux","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.R1239","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"ratio of 1.64 ± 0.48 (n = 7) that statistically exceeds unity (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.R1239","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In tissue that was incubated in Na-free media, ascorbic acid uptake was low or not detectable.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.R1239","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The uptake rate was not influenced by a concentration of D-glucose 500-fold higher than the tracer level of ascorbic acid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.R1239-R1240","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"more isotope is taken up across the serosal surface than from the lumen","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.R1240","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7195436","title":"Effect of retrograde electrical pacing on jejunal absorption of xylose and vitamin C.","year":"1981","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","pmid":"7195436","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1177/0148607181005002103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7195436/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7195436/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607181005002103","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog)","design":"other (within-animal paired periods: before pacing, during pacing, after pacing)","n":"5 dogs","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We have shown that retrograde electrical pacing increases absorption of a relatively poorly absorbed sugar and a water soluble vitamin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.104","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A similar change was observed with vitamin C.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.104","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean fluid, xylose, and vitamin C output in the period after electrical pacing was always greater than that before (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.104","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-991356","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on the intestinal absorption of bile salts and metabolism of cholesterol in guinea pigs.","year":"1976","journal":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","pmid":"991356","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/cpb.24.2014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/991356/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/991356/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.24.2014","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, male Hartley, 300-350 g)","design":"other (animal in situ/in vivo/in vitro experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured compound is the bile salt STCDC (and biliary CDCA, cholesterol); ascorbic acid is the modifier, not the measured analyte. AA/DAA doses given i.p. and 10 mM AA in perfusate; AA concentrations never measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Both in situ and in vitro experiments supported the in vivo results, so this metabolic aspect could be also recognized as one of the physiological functions of ascorbic acid which has been reported to lower serum cholesterol, in addition to suppressive effect on the ileal absorption of taurochenodeoxycholate.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"absorption ratios were approximately 30% and 90% for 2 hr perfusion through duodenum-jejunum and ileum","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2017 (Fig. 2)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"approximately 30% and 90% for 2 hr perfusion through duodenum-jejunum and ileum","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2017 (Fig. 2)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Ascorbic acid was observed to inhibit the absorption significantly and especially in the lower concentration region","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; p.2020","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"pretreatment of ileum with 10 mM of AA did not have any significant effect","source":"fulltext","location":"Table III","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-991357","title":"Gastrointestinal absorption of ascorbic acid in guinea pigs.","year":"1976","journal":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","pmid":"991357","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/cpb.24.2021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/991357/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/991357/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.24.2021","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, male Hartley, 300-350 g)","design":"other (in situ recirculation and i.v. experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A difference in those inhibitory effects as well as the properties of drug moiety is fully suggestive of that in absorption mechanism between the two sites.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The absorption rate of ascorbic acid from the small intestine was a little larger than that from the stomach especially in relatively lower dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Phlorizin or glucose was considered to exert a competitively inhibiting effect on the small intestinal absorption of ascorbic acid","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table III","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-4712187","title":"Site of intestinal absorption of ascorbic acid in guinea pigs and rats.","year":"1973","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","pmid":"4712187","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0006-291x(73)90969-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4712187/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4712187/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(73)90969-8","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, rat)","design":"other (animal, in vivo site-of-absorption)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-(1-14C)ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A species-specific difference was revealed. The site of absorption in the guinea pig was located in the duodenal and proximal small intestinal wall, whereas the rat showed highest absorption in the ileum. Hypophysectomy in rats caused a shift of the absorption site from the ileum to the jejunum.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The site of absorption of AA by the small intestine is significantly different in guinea pigs, rats and hypophysectomized rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.169","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41836641","title":"Development and kinetic evaluation of vitamin C-loaded contact lenses prepared by a simple soaking technique.","year":"2026","journal":"Frontiers in medical technology","pmid":"41836641","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fmedt.2026.1759039","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41836641/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41836641/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmedt.2026.1759039","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12979516/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release study, n=3 per lens type)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The release kinetics of both lenses followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating a non-Fickian or anomalous transport mechanism governed by diffusion and polymer relaxation. Vitamin C stability was influenced by storage temperature and UV exposure, with refrigeration providing optimal preservation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Hilafilcon B released significantly more vitamin C than Senofilcon A at the early (30 min), mid (120 min), and final (180 min) timepoints (p < 0.05 for all comparisons)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42026670","title":"Synthesis and efficacy of tetraacetyl vitamin C ester: a novel alternative to traditional vitamin C and sodium acetate in aquafeeds.","year":"2026","journal":"Journal of animal science and biotechnology","pmid":"42026670","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s40104-026-01394-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42026670/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42026670/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-026-01394-y","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13107756/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion plus animal feeding trials)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (tetraacetyl vitamin C ester, sodium vitamin C-2-phosphate comparators)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"TVCE effectively overcomes the stability and bioavailability issues of conventional VC and SA. In vivo studies demonstrated that TVCE significantly enhances growth performance, antioxidant status, and liver-intestine health in fish.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40583899","title":"Development and characterization of vitamin C- vitamin E co-loaded microcapsules: Storage stability, antioxidant activity and in vitro release properties.","year":"2025","journal":"Food chemistry: X","pmid":"40583899","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102650","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40583899/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40583899/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102650","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12205839/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison, triplicate experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) co-loaded with vitamin E in microcapsules","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The co-loaded microcapsules exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity and achieved controlled intestinal release through combined diffusion-erosion mechanisms, resulting in 2.5-fold and 2.3-fold increases in bioavailability for VC and VE, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.11-12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"representing 2.51-fold and 2.28-fold increases compared to their free forms","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.3 p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly lower release rates","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.1 p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly enhanced bioavailability","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.3 p.11","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36618066","title":"Fortifying jelly foods with microencapsulated anti-anaemic compounds, ferrous gluconate, ascorbic acid and folic acid.","year":"2023","journal":"Journal of food science and technology","pmid":"36618066","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13197-022-05599-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36618066/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36618066/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05599-7","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9813336/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro characterisation and digestion model)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ferrous gluconate with ascorbic acid and folic acid (microencapsulated)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The presence of AA, FA and FeG were found to enhance chitosan-TPP microparticles' ferrous bioavailability. Furthermore, fortified jelly foods' ferrous bioavailability increased more than fivefold compared to FeG-AA-FA microparticles.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The microparticles that obtained the highest iron bioavailability had a Fe:AA:FA ratio of 1:2:0.75","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.155","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The ferrous bioavailability of the FeG-AA and FeG-AA-FA microparticles exceeded the corresponding bioavailability of the FeG microparticles","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.154-155; Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"jelly foods' iron bioavailability increased more than fivefold compared to FeG-AA-FA microparticles","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.157-158; Fig. 6B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35778632","title":"Vitamin C Improves Dasatinib Concentrations Under Hypochlorhydric Conditions of the Simulated Stomach Duodenum Model.","year":"2022","journal":"Pharmaceutical research","pmid":"35778632","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11095-022-03321-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35778632/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35778632/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03321-y","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"in vitro model, triplicate experiments","n":"3 replicates per condition","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid 1000 mg) as gastric pH modifier","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (In vitro simulated stomach-duodenum model of dasatinib (and lamotrigine) concentrations; vitamin C (1000 mg) used to lower gastric pH, not the absorbed analyte. No human data.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Vitamin C provides a promising approach for improving bioavailability of poorly soluble, weakly basic drugs in hypochlorhydric patients.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reaching 277± 8 µg/ml (mean ± sd)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 (Fig. 2a)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Higher AUC∞ was observed in the stomach compartment of FaSGFhypo compared to FaSGF (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"similar AUC∞ ... under FaSGF and FaSGFhypo (p > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"restoration of drug concentrations to those observed under FaSGF (p > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32556816","title":"Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection Inhibits Intestinal Ascorbic Acid Uptake via Dysregulation of Its Transporter Expression.","year":"2021","journal":"Digestive diseases and sciences","pmid":"32556816","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s10620-020-06389-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556816/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556816/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06389-x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7744340/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro; rodent (mouse)","design":"other (in vitro and animal infection experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (14C-ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings suggest that EPEC infection causes inhibition in AA uptake through a multifactorial dysregulation of SVCT1 and SVCT2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"EPEC infection caused a marked (P < 0.01) inhibition of AA uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Fig. 1A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"uptake of AA was not significantly changed in Caco-2 cells incubated with the HS4","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Fig. 1A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a marked (P < 0.01) inhibitory effect in jejunal uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Fig. 3A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a marked (P < 0.05) inhibitory effect in colonic uptake of AA","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Fig. 4A","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32347274","title":"Ascorbic acid, sucrose and olive oil lipids mitigate the inhibitory effects of pectin on the bioaccessibility and Caco-2 cellular uptake of ferulic acid and naringenin.","year":"2020","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"32347274","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d0fo00129e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32347274/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32347274/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo00129e","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (0.1% additive) with pectin, sucrose, olive oil; analytes ferulic acid and naringenin","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (In vitro digestion/Caco-2 study of ferulic acid and naringenin bioaccessibility and uptake; ascorbic acid (0.1%) is only an additive/modulator, vitamin C absorption not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Sucrose and olive oil successfully negated the inhibitory effect of pectin on the overall in vitro availability of ferulic acid as estimated using in vitro digestion and a Caco-2 cell uptake model. Only sucrose negated the inhibitory effect of pectin on the overall in vitro availability of naringenin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32863301","title":"Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) Promotes Ascorbic Acid Uptake into Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells via Enhancing the Gene Expression of Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter 1.","year":"2020","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","pmid":"32863301","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.66.296","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32863301/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32863301/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.296","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) alone vs in acerola juice","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, acerola promoted an AsA uptake into the Caco-2 cells by enhancing the gene expression of SVCT1.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and Discussion, last paragraph","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher (1.7-, 1.7-, 1.4-, 1.3-, and 1.3-fold) compared to those incubated with AsA alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference was observed after 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1.8-fold higher than those incubated with AsA alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no differences were observed in the SVCT2 mRNA expression levels","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30285481","title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin inhibits intestinal ascorbic acid uptake via a cAMP-dependent NF-κB-mediated pathway.","year":"2019","journal":"American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology","pmid":"30285481","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.00259.2018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30285481/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30285481/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00259.2018","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6383388/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro/in vivo transport mechanism study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (14C-ascorbic acid uptake; effect of ETEC heat labile enterotoxin)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Together, these data demonstrate that ETEC infection impairs intestinal AA uptake through a cAMP-dependent NF-κB-mediated pathway that regulates both SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 transcription.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"ETEC infection led to a significant inhibition in AA (~60%, P < 0.01) uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant (P < 0.05) inhibition","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"failed to impact AA uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29030247","title":"Inhibition of intestinal ascorbic acid uptake by lipopolysaccharide is mediated via transcriptional mechanisms.","year":"2018","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes","pmid":"29030247","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29030247/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29030247/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.010","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5732882/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture plus in vivo mouse LPS exposure with ex vivo jejunal sheet uptake)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (14C-ascorbic acid uptake)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings indicate that LPS inhibits intestinal carrier- mediated AA uptake by down regulating the expression of both vitamin C transporters and transcriptional regulation of SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 genes.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Exposure of the cells to LPS led to a significant (P < 0.01) inhibition in AA uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.558","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"resolved a significant (P < 0.05) inhibition in carrier-mediated AA uptake compared to controls","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.558","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29631379","title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha reduces intestinal vitamin C uptake: a role for NF-κB-mediated signaling.","year":"2018","journal":"American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology","pmid":"29631379","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.00071.2018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631379/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631379/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00071.2018","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6139644/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo transport mechanism study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (14C-ascorbic acid uptake; TNF-alpha effect)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Together, these findings show that TNF-α inhibits intestinal AA uptake, and this effect is mediated, at least in part, at the level of transcription of the SLC23A1 gene via the NF-κB pathway.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant (P < 0.01) inhibition of AA uptake in Caco-2 cells treated with TNF-α","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2A; Results p.G243","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AA uptake was significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited in TNF-α treated mouse","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4A; Results p.G244","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NF-κB inhibition significantly (P < 0.01 for all) reversed the degree of TNF-α-mediated inhibition in AA uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 5A; Results p.G246","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27380114","title":"Effect of ultrasound and heat on percutaneous absorption of l-ascorbic acid: human in vitro studies on Franz cell and Petri dish systems.","year":"2016","journal":"International journal of cosmetic science","pmid":"27380114","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/ics.12350","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27380114/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27380114/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12350","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Franz diffusion cell and Petri dish models)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, topical)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Five-min ultrasound/heat treatment on dosed skin significantly enhanced LAA skin absorption/penetration on both models; 2-min treatment was not sufficient to result in greater penetration on Franz cell model at the experiment end.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P < 0.01 between ultrasound/heat and control, no significant difference between heat-only and the other two groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Two-min ultrasound/heat treatment showed no significant enhancement effect on LAA percutaneous absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Prolonging the treatment time from 2 min to 5 min significantly increased amounts of LAA penetrated through SC barrier","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Table I footnote","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Petri dish model resulted in greater total absorption/penetration of LAA and the amount penetrated through SC, compared to Franz cell model (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Use of Franz cells and Petri dishes showed no significant difference between control groups.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25151231","title":"Ascorbic acid improves stability and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the presence of isoniazid.","year":"2014","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"25151231","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.027","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25151231/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25151231/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.027","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (New Zealand male white rabbits) and in vitro dissolution","design":"parallel (3 groups) plus in vitro dissolution stability study","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Ascorbic acid (co-administered with rifampicin-isoniazid); analyte is rifampicin and 3-formyl rifamycin SV","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Rifampicin (not ascorbic acid) pharmacokinetics in rabbits and in vitro RIF degradation; ascorbic acid is the co-administered stabilizer. Ascorbate concentrations were not measured. Rabbit PK values are only in Fig. 4 (figure-only rows).)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of the study reveal that ASC can significantly protect RIF from decomposition under the influence of INH in the stomach acid environment and ensure improved bioavailability of the drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of RIF significantly reduced in the presence of INH (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.106","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"which was antagonized and reversed significantly by ASC (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.106","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tmax of RIF was not significantly affected by either INH or ASC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.106","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC0-24 and AUC0-∞ of RIF were significantly elevated (p < 0.001) by ASC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.106","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"ASC significantly decreased Kel of RIF alone or in the presence of INH (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.106","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The increases in Cmax, AUC0-24 and AUC0-∞ of 3-FRSV were significantly reduced by ASC (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.106","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18417304","title":"Activity of a sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) in MDCK-MDR1 cells and mechanism of ascorbate uptake.","year":"2008","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"18417304","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18417304/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18417304/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.002","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2492580/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake and transwell transport)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, SVCT has been functionally characterized in MDCK-MDR1 cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Replacing Na+ in the incubation medium caused 19-fold decrease in AA uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant difference between the permeability of A-B and B-A directions was observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17268411","title":"Effect of the main dietary antioxidants (carotenoids, gamma-tocopherol, polyphenols, and vitamin C) on alpha-tocopherol absorption.","year":"2007","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"17268411","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602635","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17268411/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17268411/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602635","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (Caco-2 full factorial experiments; human randomized crossover)","n":"8 (human study)","formsStudiedRaw":"α-tocopherol (vitamin E) with dietary antioxidants (vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, γ-tocopherol, lutein)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption study of α-tocopherol (vitamin E); vitamin C only tested as a co-administered modulator in Caco-2 cells (no significant effect). Human study tested lutein dose effect on α-tocopherol absorption.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Naringenin, carotenoids and probably γ-tocopherol can impair α-tocopherol absorption whereas vitamin C and phenolic acids have no effect.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"616±280 vs 1001±287 nmol h/l, P = 0.0687","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1171 (Fig. 3a inset text)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"48±14 vs 54±12 nmol h/l P = 0.4008","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1171 (Fig. 3b inset text)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no significant difference between chylomicron triacylglycerol responses","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1171","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"vitamin C had no significant effect (Table 4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mixture of carotenoids ... significantly impaired α-tocopherol absorption","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mixture of polyphenols ... significantly impaired α-tocopherol absorption","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"inhibitory effect of γ-tocopherol was close to significance (P = 0.055)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"effect of the combination of all antioxidants was close to significance (P = 0.052)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No interaction was observed between the different classes of antioxidants","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17901843","title":"Absorption rates and free radical scavenging values of vitamin C-lipid metabolites in human lymphoblastic cells.","year":"2007","journal":"Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research","pmid":"17901843","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17901843/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17901843/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid; calcium ascorbate; Ester-C; PureWay-C vitamin C-lipid metabolites)","formTags":["calcium-ascorbate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These data demonstrate that the vitamin C-lipid metabolites (PureWay-C) are more rapidly taken-up and absorbed by cells than other forms of vitamin C, including Ester-C.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"asterisks indicate a significant difference at 95% confidence (Scheffe F test) between the vitamin C-lipid metabolites (PWC) and ... (Ester-C)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 legend; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Since ascorbic acid showed the least uptake at all time points (Figure 1)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3-4; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14747678","title":"The mechanisms for regulating absorption of Fe bis-glycine chelate and Fe-ascorbate in caco-2 cells are similar.","year":"2004","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"14747678","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/134.2.395","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14747678/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14747678/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.2.395","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake and competition)","n":"n = 3 independent measures","formsStudiedRaw":"Fe-ascorbate (Fe:ascorbic acid molar ratio 1:2) and Fe bis-glycine chelate (iron absorption)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (In vitro Caco-2 study of iron absorption: 59Fe bis-glycine chelate vs 59Fe-ascorbate (Fe:AA 1:2). Analyte is iron, not vitamin C absorption; ascorbate is the iron ligand.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that Fe derived from Fe bis-glycine chelate and Fe-AA have similar regulatory absorption mechanisms.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Apical Fe uptake from 59Fe-AA and 59Fe bis-glycine chelate did not differ nor did transepithelial transport rates.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.396; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Two-way ANOVA: iron concentration (P < 0.001), type of ferrous compound (NS), and interaction (P < 0.004)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 footnote","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15528960","title":"Ex vivo cutaneous absorption assessmentof a stabilized ascorbic acid formulation using a microdialysis system.","year":"2004","journal":"Skin pharmacology and physiology","pmid":"15528960","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1159/000081115","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15528960/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15528960/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081115","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (ex vivo microdialysis)","n":"3 skin samples","formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (topical 8% ascorbic acid serum)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Ascorbic acid penetrates rapidly after its topical application. The persistent reservoir of ascorbic acid provides an important and attractive photoprotection strategy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7503781","title":"The uptake of ascorbic acid into human umbilical vein endothelial cells and its effect on oxidant insult.","year":"1995","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","pmid":"7503781","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0006-2952(95)02024-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7503781/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7503781/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(95)02024-1","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro uptake kinetics)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Vitamin C (L-ascorbate; dehydroascorbate also tested)","formTags":["ascorbic-acid"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"HUVE cells possess transport mechanisms for both AA and DHAA, with the activity of the former transporter optimised to normal plasma levels of the antioxidant. This transport mechanism probably does not involve the cellular glucose carrier.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1345","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited to 22 ± 4% (n = 3) of control by coincubation with isoAA (1 mM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1342","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"76% ± 13% vs 55% ± 5%, P < 0.05, n = 4","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1341","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"38% ± 5% vs 10% ± 8%, P < 0.001, n = 4","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1341","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"unaffected by coincubation with either DHAA (1 mM) or phloretin (100 µM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1342","truncated":false}]}],"sections":{"forms":{"studyIds":["pmid-39237620","pmid-36982151","pmid-37008410","pmid-35712877","pmid-36145092","pmid-33681596","pmid-35498071","pmid-31747355","pmid-32041092","pmid-27375360","pmid-27512620","pmid-23446899","pmid-24067392","pmid-24284610","pmid-21917196","pmid-25191543","pmid-21535602","pmid-19230615","pmid-17622258","pmid-16169205","pmid-15767232","pmid-15934094","pmid-15975161","pmid-14748940","pmid-14871474","pmid-15380894","pmid-15542351","pmid-12840179","pmid-12897045","pmid-12065172","pmid-12378045","pmid-10835489","pmid-10204833","pmid-9665447","pmid-9807036","pmid-9868185","pmid-9076405","pmid-9179545","pmid-9234031","pmid-9356534","pmid-8222665","pmid-1683458","pmid-6621254","pmid-7082619","pmid-7253837","pmid-7306442","pmid-486391","pmid-1262536","pmid-5870366","pmid-18885539","pmid-16694939","pmid-36859418","pmid-37003313","pmid-12733644","pmid-11207686","pmid-40711144","pmid-36704315","pmid-33336364","pmid-29251518","pmid-29302210","pmid-30010458","pmid-32095454","pmid-27567539","pmid-21123463","pmid-20161530","pmid-16153662","pmid-15976862","pmid-15646266","pmid-14507447","pmid-10084399","pmid-2054871","pmid-2771960","pmid-3628833","pmid-11944200","pmid-11666144","pmid-9342793","pmid-7562119","pmid-1802972","pmid-2337201","pmid-991356","pmid-991357","pmid-4712187","pmid-41836641","pmid-40583899","pmid-36618066","pmid-32556816","pmid-32347274","pmid-30285481","pmid-29030247","pmid-29631379","pmid-27380114","pmid-25151231","pmid-18417304","pmid-17901843","pmid-14747678","pmid-15528960","pmid-7503781"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"25 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). 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Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":91,"pig":5,"rodent":26,"other_animal":23,"in_vitro":19}}}},"builtAt":"2026-11-02","anchors":[{"id":"summary","name":"Summary"},{"id":"forms","name":"Forms compared"},{"id":"liposomal-vs-ascorbic-acid","name":"Liposomal vitamin C vs Ascorbic acid (plain)"},{"id":"calcium-ascorbate-vs-ascorbic-acid","name":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C vs Ascorbic acid (plain)"},{"id":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","name":"From food (kiwifruit, juice) vs Ascorbic acid (plain)"},{"id":"slow-release-vs-ascorbic-acid","name":"Slow-release vitamin C vs Ascorbic acid (plain)"},{"id":"with-food","name":"With or without food"},{"id":"best-time","name":"Best time to take"},{"id":"calculator","name":"Cost per mg absorbed calculator"},{"id":"faq","name":"FAQ"},{"id":"evidence","name":"Evidence grades"},{"id":"studies","name":"Studies"},{"id":"review","name":"Review"}],"faq":[{"q":"Is Vitamin C liposomal vitamin c better absorbed than ascorbic acid (plain)?","anchor":"liposomal-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"Liposomal vitamin C measured higher than ascorbic acid (plain) in 1 human head-to-head study we have (grade B, draft)."},{"q":"Is Vitamin C calcium ascorbate / ester-c better absorbed than ascorbic acid (plain)?","anchor":"calcium-ascorbate-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Is Vitamin C from food (kiwifruit, juice) better absorbed than ascorbic acid (plain)?","anchor":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"From food (kiwifruit, juice) and ascorbic acid (plain) showed no significant difference in 3 human head-to-head studies we have (grade A, draft)."},{"q":"Is Vitamin C slow-release vitamin c better absorbed than ascorbic acid (plain)?","anchor":"slow-release-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Should Vitamin C be taken with food?","anchor":"with-food","a":"We have 22 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting."},{"q":"When is the best time to take Vitamin C?","anchor":"best-time","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention timing."},{"q":"Is this dosing advice?","anchor":"calculator","a":"No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. Talk to a clinician about what's right for you."}],"evidence_grade":"A","evidence_grade_status":"draft — pending reviewer (rubric v2)","form_grades":{"ascorbic-acid":{"label":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","grade":"A","basis":"13 human studies, total n=111, 11 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":13,"total_n":111,"randomized":11,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["15380894","17622258","209065","21535602","22040889","24284610","33681596","36145092","39237620","41228404","7253837","9076405","9868185"]},"sodium-ascorbate":{"label":"Sodium ascorbate","grade":"D","basis":"animal/in vitro data only","studies":0},"calcium-ascorbate":{"label":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=44, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":44,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["27512620","35498071"]},"liposomal":{"label":"Liposomal vitamin C","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=41, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":41,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["35498071","39237620"]},"slow-release":{"label":"Slow-release vitamin C","grade":"B","basis":"2 human studies, total n=19, 1 randomized/crossover; median CV 5.5% across 1 matched set(s) (consistent)","studies":2,"total_n":19,"randomized":1,"median_cv":5.5,"cv_sets":[{"set":"Tmax / total ascorbic acid / serum/plasma / fed / repeated /  / h","studies":["15380894","9076405"],"cv":5.5}],"pmids":["15380894","9076405"]},"food":{"label":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","grade":"B","basis":"5 human studies, total n=24, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":5,"total_n":24,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["12840179","15542351","21535602","24284610","25191543"]}},"measured_pk":{"slug":"vitamin-c","name":"Vitamin C","source":"PDF full-text extraction bundle 2 (1,666 papers), merged 2026-11-02","gradeStatus":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","counts":{"papers":338,"withData":164,"rejected":174,"species":{"human":91,"rodent":26,"other_animal":23,"in_vitro":19,"pig":5},"pkValues":1122},"forms":[{"slug":"ascorbic-acid","label":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","n_studies":37,"species":{"human":19,"rodent":11,"other_animal":7},"n_values":277,"pmids":["11666144","12117221","14507447","15379908","15380894","15646266","15767232","15975161","15976862","16153662","17622258","20161530","2054871","209065","21535602","22040889","24284610","29215048","29251518","29302210","30010458","31747355","31788483","33336364","33681596","36145092","39237620","40711144","41228404","486391","5870366","7253837","8809386","9076405","9342793","9868185","991356"]},{"slug":"sodium-ascorbate","label":"Sodium ascorbate","n_studies":3,"species":{"other_animal":2,"human":1},"n_values":9,"pmids":["15379908","27375360","9342793"]},{"slug":"calcium-ascorbate","label":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","n_studies":4,"species":{"human":2,"rodent":1,"other_animal":1},"n_values":17,"pmids":["11666144","27512620","29302210","35498071"]},{"slug":"liposomal","label":"Liposomal vitamin C","n_studies":4,"species":{"human":3,"rodent":1},"n_values":17,"pmids":["27375360","29251518","35498071","39237620"]},{"slug":"slow-release","label":"Slow-release vitamin C","n_studies":2,"species":{"human":2},"n_values":14,"pmids":["15380894","9076405"]},{"slug":"food","label":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","n_studies":6,"species":{"human":6},"n_values":30,"pmids":["12840179","15542351","21535602","24284610","25191543","31747355"]}],"pairs":[{"grade":"B","basis":"1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: first form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)","majority":"A_better","tally":{"A_better":1},"pmids":["39237620"],"anchor":"liposomal-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"liposomal","b":"ascorbic-acid","aLabel":"Liposomal vitamin C","bLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"liposomal-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"39237620","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"27","title":"Liposomal delivery enhances absorption of vitamin C into plasma and leukocytes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2024","comparison":"LV vs VC","parameter":"Plasma Cmax","direction_text":"LV > VC (+27%); Cohen's d 4.9; post hoc t-test, Bonferroni","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.001","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Results p.6","quote":""},{"pair":"liposomal-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"39237620","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"27","title":"Liposomal delivery enhances absorption of vitamin C into plasma and leukocytes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2024","comparison":"LV vs VC","parameter":"Plasma AUC0-24h","direction_text":"LV > VC (+21%); Cohen's d 2.8","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.001","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Results p.6","quote":""},{"pair":"liposomal-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"39237620","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"27","title":"Liposomal delivery enhances absorption of vitamin C into plasma and leukocytes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2024","comparison":"LV vs VC","parameter":"Leukocyte Cmax","direction_text":"LV > VC (+20%); Cohen's d 6.2","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.001","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Results p.6","quote":""},{"pair":"liposomal-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"39237620","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"27","title":"Liposomal delivery enhances absorption of vitamin C into plasma and leukocytes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2024","comparison":"LV vs VC","parameter":"Leukocyte AUC0-24h","direction_text":"LV > VC (+8%); Cohen's d 1.6","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.001","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Results p.6","quote":""}],"old_grade":"B","grade_v2":"B","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: first form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":"D","basis":"no human head-to-head; 1 non-human studies","tally":{},"pmids":["29302210"],"anchor":"calcium-ascorbate-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"calcium-ascorbate","b":"ascorbic-acid","aLabel":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","bLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"calcium-ascorbate-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","title":"Alleviation of ascorbic acid-induced gastric high acidity by calcium ascorbate in vitro and in vivo.","journal":"The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology","year":"2018","comparison":"CaAA vs AA","parameter":"AUC0-24h","direction_text":"calcium ascorbate > ascorbic acid (1.5-fold)","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 2; Discussion p.41","quote":"AUC0-24h values of calcium ascorbate were greater than ascorbic acid with significant difference (p<0.05)"},{"pair":"calcium-ascorbate-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","title":"Alleviation of ascorbic acid-induced gastric high acidity by calcium ascorbate in vitro and in vivo.","journal":"The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology","year":"2018","comparison":"CaAA vs AA","parameter":"AUCinf","direction_text":"calcium ascorbate > ascorbic acid (2.8-fold)","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Discussion p.41","quote":"the AUCinf values were not significantly different in those two groups"},{"pair":"calcium-ascorbate-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","title":"Alleviation of ascorbic acid-induced gastric high acidity by calcium ascorbate in vitro and in vivo.","journal":"The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology","year":"2018","comparison":"CaAA vs AA","parameter":"plasma concentration 0.5-24 h","direction_text":"calcium ascorbate > ascorbic acid","significant":"NR","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Results p.40, Fig. 5","quote":"significantly higher plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid than dosing of ascorbic acid, at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h"}],"old_grade":"D","grade_v2":"D","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: D (no human head-to-head; 1 non-human studies); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":"A","basis":"3 human studies (2 randomized/crossover); majority: no significant difference (3 agree, 0 contradict)","majority":"no_difference","tally":{"no_difference":3},"pmids":["21535602","24067392","24284610"],"anchor":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"food","b":"ascorbic-acid","aLabel":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","bLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"21535602","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (within-subject, Latin square)","n":"12","title":"Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages.","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2010","comparison":"FB vs OJ","parameter":"AA response (RM-ANOVA pairwise, change from baseline)","direction_text":"FB > OJ","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.02","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 1","quote":"AA response to the fortified beverage was significantly different than that to either OJ or 1% fat milk (P = 0.02 and P < 0.001"},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"21535602","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (within-subject, Latin square)","n":"12","title":"Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages.","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2010","comparison":"FB vs OJ","parameter":"AA AUC","direction_text":"FB > OJ","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.001","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 4","quote":"AUC for the fortified beverage was significantly different from the AUC for OJ (P < 0.001)"},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"21535602","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (within-subject, Latin square)","n":"12","title":"Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages.","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2010","comparison":"FB vs OJ","parameter":"AA bioavailability (AUC / beverage AA content)","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 5; Table 2","quote":"found no statistical difference between these 2 conditions"},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"21535602","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (within-subject, Latin square)","n":"12","title":"Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages.","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2010","comparison":"FB vs OJ","parameter":"FA serum response","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results, Folic acid para 2","quote":"response to the fortified beverage was not significantly different than the response to OJ"},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"21535602","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (within-subject, Latin square)","n":"12","title":"Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages.","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2010","comparison":"FB vs OJ","parameter":"FA AUC","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results, Folic acid p. H291-H292","quote":"the AUC for the fortified beverage and OJ were not significantly different from each other"},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"21535602","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (within-subject, Latin square)","n":"12","title":"Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages.","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2010","comparison":"FB vs OJ","parameter":"FA bioavailability","direction_text":"no difference (FB mean higher)","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"p. H292; Table 2","quote":"The bioavailability of FA post ingestion of the fortified beverage was not significantly different than that post OJ ingestion."},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24067392","species":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A (tablet) vs B (kiwifruit)","parameter":"plasma ascorbate change","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.860","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 2","quote":"There were no significant differences between the two groups during this period or during the four week washout phase (Figure 2)."},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24067392","species":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"urinary ascorbate","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.503","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 2","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24067392","species":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"semen ascorbate","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.676","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 2","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24067392","species":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"mononuclear cell ascorbate","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.227","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 2","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24067392","species":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"neutrophil ascorbate","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.798","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 2; Results 3.4","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24067392","species":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"skeletal muscle ascorbate","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.429","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 2; Results 3.4","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24067392","species":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"vitamin C intake","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.512","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 2","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24284610","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 enrolled","title":"A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A (tablet) vs B (kiwifruit)","parameter":"plasma AUC0-8h","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.483","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 1","quote":"Area under the ascorbate time-concentration curves also indicated no difference between the two interventions (Table 1)."},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24284610","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 enrolled","title":"A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"plasma time-concentration curve","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.645","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 2","quote":"No significant differences in the plasma time-concentration curves were observed between the two interventions (P = 0.645)."},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24284610","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 enrolled","title":"A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"total increase in plasma ascorbate (mg)","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"0.496","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 1","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24284610","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 enrolled","title":"A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"urinary AUC0-8h","direction_text":"kiwifruit > tablet","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.004","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 1","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24284610","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 enrolled","title":"A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"total urinary ascorbate (mg)","direction_text":"kiwifruit > tablet","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.033","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 1","quote":""},{"pair":"food-vs-ascorbic-acid","pmid":"24284610","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 enrolled","title":"A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C.","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","comparison":"A vs B","parameter":"urinary ascorbate time-course","direction_text":"kiwifruit > tablet","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.016","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Results 3.3; Fig. 3","quote":"enhanced ascorbate excretion observed in the kiwifruit group (P = 0.016, Figure 3)"}],"old_grade":"A","grade_v2":"A","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: A (3 human studies (2 randomized/crossover); majority: no significant difference (3 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: C (1 separated matched set(s), ≥1 studies per form)","indirect_grade":"C"},{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"slow-release-vs-ascorbic-acid","a":"slow-release","b":"ascorbic-acid","aLabel":"Slow-release vitamin C","bLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null}],"pk":[{"pmid":"11738270","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous ascorbic acid","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"regular diet","n":"7","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"36.4","variance":"± 11.3 (SD)","units":"mg h/dl","location":"Results p.55","quote":"AUC (area under curve) = 36.4 + 11.3 mg h/dl","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11738270","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous ascorbic acid","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"regular diet","n":"7","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"17.1","variance":"± 7.1 (SD)","units":"mg/dl","location":"Results p.55","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11738270","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous ascorbic acid","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"regular diet","n":"7","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.64","variance":"± 0.24 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results p.55","quote":"peaked in 30 min with an inter-individual variation","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12840179","species":"human","arm":"","form":"high-pressurized (HP) orange juice (400 MPa, 40 C, 1 min), freshly squeezed Navel Late oranges","forms":["food"],"dose":"500 mL/day (stated as 250 mg vitamin C)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h on d 1","n":"6","analyte":"plasma vitamin C (ascorbate)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum plasma vitamin C after single 500 mL dose","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.2206; Abstract","quote":"3 h (maximum peak) after drinking the orange juice (500 mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Group-level peak sampling time as printed; not an individual Tmax statistic."},{"pmid":"12840179","species":"human","arm":"","form":"high-pressurized (HP) orange juice (400 MPa, 40 C, 1 min)","forms":["food"],"dose":"500 mL/day (stated as 250 mg vitamin C)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h on d 1","n":"6","analyte":"plasma vitamin C (ascorbate)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum plasma vitamin C after single 500 mL dose","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.2206; Abstract","quote":"3 h (maximum peak) after drinking the orange juice (500 mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Group-level peak sampling time as printed; not an individual Tmax statistic."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma conc, measured, at steady state for dose","value":"134.8","variance":"± 20.6 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Abstract","quote":"1.25 g administered orally produced mean (±SD) peak plasma concentrations of 134.8 ± 20.6 µmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"n=12 per Figure 1 legend (3 men, 9 women) for the 1.25-g dose."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma conc, measured, at steady state for dose","value":"885","variance":"± 201.2 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Abstract","quote":"compared with 885 ± 201.2 µmol/L for intravenous administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"n=12 per Figure 1 legend for the 1.25-g dose."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C oral (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak (3-compartment model)","value":"206","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Figure 2","quote":"a single oral dose of 3 g, the maximum tolerated single dose, produced a peak plasma concentration of 206 µmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured. Model built from 7 men."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C oral (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak (3-compartment model)","value":"187","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2","quote":"Peak predicted concentration after a single 1.25-g oral dose was slightly lower at 187 µmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C oral (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"0.2 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak (3-compartment model)","value":"approximately 90","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2","quote":"For 200 mg, an amount obtained from vitamin C–rich foods, peak predicted concentration was approximately 90 µmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C oral (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak, repeated dosing every 4 h","value":"approximately 220","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Abstract","quote":"With 3 g given orally every 4 hours, ... peak predicted plasma concentration was approximately 220 µmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured. Abstract prints 220 µmol/L."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C IV (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak (3-compartment model)","value":"1760","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Figure 2 (bottom)","quote":"predicted peak plasma vitamin C concentrations were approximately 1760 µmol/L for 3 g, 2870 µmol/L for 5 g, 5580 µmol/L for 10 g, 13 350 µmol/L for 50 g, and 15 380 µmol/L for 100 g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured. IV infusion assumed at 1 g/min."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C IV (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"5 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak (3-compartment model)","value":"2870","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Figure 2 (bottom)","quote":"predicted peak plasma vitamin C concentrations were approximately 1760 µmol/L for 3 g, 2870 µmol/L for 5 g, 5580 µmol/L for 10 g, 13 350 µmol/L for 50 g, and 15 380 µmol/L for 100 g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured. IV infusion assumed at 1 g/min."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C IV (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak (3-compartment model)","value":"5580","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Figure 2 (bottom)","quote":"predicted peak plasma vitamin C concentrations were approximately 1760 µmol/L for 3 g, 2870 µmol/L for 5 g, 5580 µmol/L for 10 g, 13 350 µmol/L for 50 g, and 15 380 µmol/L for 100 g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured. IV infusion assumed at 1 g/min."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C IV (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"50 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak (3-compartment model)","value":"13 350","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Figure 2 (bottom)","quote":"predicted peak plasma vitamin C concentrations were approximately 1760 µmol/L for 3 g, 2870 µmol/L for 5 g, 5580 µmol/L for 10 g, 13 350 µmol/L for 50 g, and 15 380 µmol/L for 100 g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured. IV infusion assumed at 1 g/min. Abstract prints 13 400 µmol/L for a 50-g IV dose (text prints 13 350)."},{"pmid":"15068981","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C IV (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"100 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"model-predicted peak (3-compartment model)","value":"15 380","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2 para 2; Figure 2 (bottom)","quote":"predicted peak plasma vitamin C concentrations were approximately 1760 µmol/L for 3 g, 2870 µmol/L for 5 g, 5580 µmol/L for 10 g, 13 350 µmol/L for 50 g, and 15 380 µmol/L for 100 g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model prediction, not measured. IV infusion assumed at 1 g/min."},{"pmid":"15137921","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"8","analyte":"13C-ascorbate (tracer)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"paired t test, 7 df","value":"P=0.7","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results p.5 para 3","quote":"P values for paired t tests between treatments (7 df for the Fe treatment...) were: P=0.7 ... for Cmax","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"15137921","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"7","analyte":"13C-ascorbate (tracer)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"paired t test, 6 df","value":"P=0.15","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results p.5 para 3","quote":"P=0.15 for Cmax (Fe and grape juice treatments respectively)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg plain release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg) (Ferrosan A/S)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"PK day: overnight fasted baseline, then supplement; diet with negligible ascorbic acid during sampling","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"study start","value":"4.0","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg slow release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (CellaVie) (Ferrosan A/S (CellaVie))","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"same as PR","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"study start","value":"5.0","variance":"± 2.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg plain release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg) (Ferrosan A/S)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"PK day: overnight fasted baseline, then supplement; diet with negligible ascorbic acid during sampling","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"study start, AUC0-last (0 to last observation, 12 h)","value":"761","variance":"± 255 (SD)","units":"h µmol/l","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg slow release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (CellaVie) (Ferrosan A/S (CellaVie))","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"same as PR","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"study start, AUC0-last (0 to last observation, 12 h)","value":"755","variance":"± 200 (SD)","units":"h µmol/l","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg plain release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg) (Ferrosan A/S)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"PK day: overnight fasted baseline, then supplement; diet with negligible ascorbic acid during sampling","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"study start","value":"74.2","variance":"± 24.3 (SD)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg slow release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (CellaVie) (Ferrosan A/S (CellaVie))","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"same as PR","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"study start","value":"70.2","variance":"± 18.3 (SD)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg plain release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg) (Ferrosan A/S)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"PK day: overnight fasted baseline, then supplement; diet with negligible ascorbic acid during sampling","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"after 4 weeks of supplementation","value":"2.1","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples). * vs study start (P<0.05)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg slow release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (CellaVie) (Ferrosan A/S (CellaVie))","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"same as PR","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"after 4 weeks of supplementation","value":"2.4","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples). * vs study start (P<0.05)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg plain release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg) (Ferrosan A/S)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"PK day: overnight fasted baseline, then supplement; diet with negligible ascorbic acid during sampling","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"after 4 weeks, AUC0-last","value":"1012","variance":"± 193 (SD)","units":"h µmol/l","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples). *** vs study start (P<0.001)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg slow release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (CellaVie) (Ferrosan A/S (CellaVie))","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"same as PR","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"after 4 weeks, AUC0-last","value":"1010","variance":"± 147 (SD)","units":"h µmol/l","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples). *** vs study start (P<0.001)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg plain release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg) (Ferrosan A/S)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"PK day: overnight fasted baseline, then supplement; diet with negligible ascorbic acid during sampling","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after 4 weeks of supplementation","value":"96.9","variance":"± 18.4 (SD)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples). ** vs study start (P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg slow release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (CellaVie) (Ferrosan A/S (CellaVie))","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"same as PR","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after 4 weeks of supplementation","value":"91.6","variance":"± 13.6 (SD)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is plain vs slow (t-test for independent samples). *** vs study start (P<0.001)."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg plain release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg) (Ferrosan A/S)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"PK day: overnight fasted baseline, then supplement; diet with negligible ascorbic acid during sampling","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text-stated 4-week plasma concentration labelled Cmax","value":"76.9","variance":"± 17.3 (SD)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Results p.1045","quote":"After 4 weeks of supplementation, plasma ascorbic acid Cmax reached 76.9±17.3 and 82.4±14.6 µmol/l for plain and slow release group","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text labels 76.9 as Cmax but equals Table 2 4-week concentration; Table 3 Cmax is 96.9±18.4. Inconsistent."},{"pmid":"15380894","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tablet: 250 mg slow release ascorbic acid + 91 mg plain release d-α-tocopheryl acetate (CellaVie) (Ferrosan A/S (CellaVie))","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 (analysed content 267 mg ascorbic acid) mg ascorbic acid per tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"same as PR","n":"19","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text-stated 4-week plasma concentration labelled Cmax","value":"82.4","variance":"± 14.6 (SD)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Results p.1045","quote":"After 4 weeks of supplementation, plasma ascorbic acid Cmax reached 76.9±17.3 and 82.4±14.6 µmol/l for plain and slow release group","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text labels 82.4 as Cmax but equals Table 2 4-week concentration; Table 3 Cmax is 91.6±13.6. Inconsistent."},{"pmid":"15542351","species":"human","arm":"","form":"PEF-treated orange juice (Navel Late oranges; 35 kV/cm, 800 Hz, 4 µs pulse, 750 µs total, ≤50 °C)","forms":["food"],"dose":"500 mL/day (about 185 mg vitamin C/day; 36.1 mg per 100 mL)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for day 1 dosing; habitual diets continued","n":"6","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma concentration after single 500 mL dose (3-4 h)","value":"66.1","variance":"± 3.6 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.603","quote":"At 3–4 hours (maximum peak), plasma concentration increased over baseline by 50% in both the PEF group (66.1 ± 3.6 µmol/L vs 43.7 ± 3.2 µmol/L; P = 0.001)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract states maximum increase occurred 4 hours postdose; Results state 3-4 hours."},{"pmid":"15542351","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freshly squeezed orange juice, filtered with 2 mm sieve","forms":["food"],"dose":"500 mL/day (about 185 mg vitamin C/day; 38.1 mg per 100 mL)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma concentration after single 500 mL dose (3-4 h)","value":"68.9","variance":"± 6.8 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.603","quote":"the FS juice group (68.9 ± 6.8 µmol/L vs 45.8 ± 3.4 µmol/L; P = 0.043)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract states maximum increase occurred 4 hours postdose; Results state 3-4 hours."},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbate supplement (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g/d (1 g twice daily)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"29","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h urinary 13C2-oxalic acid recovery, direct method","value":"10.7","variance":"± 0.6 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SF ascorbate; marked * (SF vs NSF) and † (ascorbate vs no supplement), P<0.05"},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbate supplement (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g/d (1 g twice daily)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"19","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h urinary 13C2-oxalic acid recovery, direct method","value":"7.6","variance":"± 0.6 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"none","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"29","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h urinary 13C2-oxalic acid recovery, direct method","value":"9.0","variance":"± 0.5 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"none","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"19","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h urinary 13C2-oxalic acid recovery, direct method","value":"8.5","variance":"± 0.6 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"29","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h urinary 13C2-oxalic acid recovery, direct method","value":"9.9","variance":"± 0.4 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"Mean 13C2-oxalic acid absorption averaged across the ascorbate and no-supplement treatments was significantly greater in SFs (9.9%) than NSFs (8.0%).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"average of ascorbate and no-supplement treatments; * SF vs NSF P<0.05"},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"19","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h urinary 13C2-oxalic acid recovery, direct method","value":"8.0","variance":"± 0.4 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average of treatments"},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbate supplement (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g/d (1 g twice daily)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"29","analyte":"oxalate (total, unlabeled + labeled)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"indirect method (post-load 24-h urinary oxalate corrected for mean of three preload 24-h values)","value":"13.2","variance":"± 2.3 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbate supplement (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g/d (1 g twice daily)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"19","analyte":"oxalate (total, unlabeled + labeled)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"indirect method (post-load 24-h urinary oxalate corrected for mean of three preload 24-h values)","value":"10.6","variance":"± 1.5 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"none","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"29","analyte":"oxalate (total, unlabeled + labeled)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"indirect method (post-load 24-h urinary oxalate corrected for mean of three preload 24-h values)","value":"12.3","variance":"± 1.4 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"none","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"19","analyte":"oxalate (total, unlabeled + labeled)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"indirect method (post-load 24-h urinary oxalate corrected for mean of three preload 24-h values)","value":"11.3","variance":"± 1.2 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"29","analyte":"oxalate (total, unlabeled + labeled)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"indirect method (post-load 24-h urinary oxalate corrected for mean of three preload 24-h values)","value":"12.7","variance":"± 1.3 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average of treatments"},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"19","analyte":"oxalate (total, unlabeled + labeled)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"indirect method (post-load 24-h urinary oxalate corrected for mean of three preload 24-h values)","value":"11.0","variance":"± 0.9 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average of treatments"},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbate supplement (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g/d (1 g twice daily)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"29","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h 13C2-oxalic acid absorption, men only","value":"9.6","variance":"± 0.6 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"none","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"29","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h 13C2-oxalic acid absorption, men only","value":"9.0","variance":"± 0.6 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbate supplement (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g/d (1 g twice daily)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"29","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h 13C2-oxalic acid absorption, women only","value":"12.8","variance":"± 1.2 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"none","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"29","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h 13C2-oxalic acid absorption, women only","value":"8.9","variance":"± 0.8 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbate supplement (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g/d (1 g twice daily)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"19","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h 13C2-oxalic acid absorption, men only","value":"8.9","variance":"± 1.1 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"none","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"19","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h 13C2-oxalic acid absorption, men only","value":"10.2","variance":"± 1.1 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15558527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbate supplement (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"2 g/d (1 g twice daily)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"19","analyte":"13C2-oxalic acid","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"24-h 13C2-oxalic acid absorption, women only","value":"6.7","variance":"± 0.4 (SE)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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Text: label maximum reached 'before 90 min had elapsed' then declined slightly to 180 min; no numeric Tmax"},{"pmid":"16694939","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"intestinal perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"absorbed as per cent of total instilled, range across experiments","value":"31 to 62 per cent","variance":"","units":"% of total injected","location":"Results p.3 (text)","quote":"i.e., 188 to 374 mgm., or 31 to 62 per cent of the total injected","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"range as printed; absolute range 188 to 374 mgm."},{"pmid":"17519294","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous ascorbate (Mega-C-Acid Plus) (Merit Pharmaceuticals, CA)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"1","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"31.3532","variance":"","units":"g·h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"R0 20 g/h; 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verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"20400647","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Itraconazole capsule + vitamin C beverage (500 mg ascorbate, pH 2.7) (Vita500 (Kwang-Dong Pharmaceutical))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg itraconazole with 240 mL Vita500","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"12","analyte":"7-hydroxyitraconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCt interindividual CV%","value":"56","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.449","quote":"AUCs ... 56% with vitamin C beverage","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Discussion p.449; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"209065","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (Sigma) in 56 mM glucose, PEG 4000, pH 7.00, 300 mOsm/kg (Sigma)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"0.852 mM (perfusate concentration)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"7","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"intestinal perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"per cent of vitamin C absorbed, perfused conc. 0.852 mM","value":"40","variance":"± 5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Results p.329","quote":"40 ± 5 from the 0.852mM, 31 ± 5 from the 2.84mM, 30 ± 5 from the 5.68mM, and 14 ± 6 from the 11.36mM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"209065","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid perfusate (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"2.84 mM (perfusate concentration)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"7","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"intestinal perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"per cent of vitamin C absorbed, perfused conc. 2.84 mM","value":"31","variance":"± 5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Results p.329","quote":"40 ± 5 from the 0.852mM, 31 ± 5 from the 2.84mM, 30 ± 5 from the 5.68mM, and 14 ± 6 from the 11.36mM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"209065","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid perfusate (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"5.68 mM (perfusate concentration)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"7","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"intestinal perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"per cent of vitamin C absorbed, perfused conc. 5.68 mM","value":"30","variance":"± 5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Results p.329","quote":"40 ± 5 from the 0.852mM, 31 ± 5 from the 2.84mM, 30 ± 5 from the 5.68mM, and 14 ± 6 from the 11.36mM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"209065","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid perfusate (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"11.36 mM (perfusate concentration)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"7","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"intestinal perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"per cent of vitamin C absorbed, perfused conc. 11.36 mM","value":"14","variance":"± 6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Results p.329","quote":"40 ± 5 from the 0.852mM, 31 ± 5 from the 2.84mM, 30 ± 5 from the 5.68mM, and 14 ± 6 from the 11.36mM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"209065","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid with 56 mM glucose, pH 7.0, 300 mOsm/kg, no PEG","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1.42 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized (pentobarbital)","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"ileal loop perfusate (30-cm)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"per cent absorption, perfused conc. 1.42 mM","value":"67","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"209065","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid perfusate","forms":[],"dose":"4.26 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"ileal loop perfusate (30-cm)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"per cent absorption, perfused conc. 4.26 mM","value":"44","variance":"± 6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"209065","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid perfusate","forms":[],"dose":"14.2 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, anesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"ileal loop perfusate (30-cm)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"per cent absorption, perfused conc. 14.2 mM","value":"30","variance":"± 7 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fortified beverage with ascorbic acid and folic acid (Glaceau (grant funder; product name NR))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"AA 284; folate 245 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC of change from baseline, 0-4.5 h (trapezoid)","value":"1.84","variance":"","units":"units","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 4","quote":"mean AUC of 1.84 units, compared to 0.24 AUC units with OJ","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC units as printed; variance NR"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"100% orange juice, not from concentrate (food source)","forms":["food"],"dose":"AA 68; folate 407 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC of change from baseline, 0-4.5 h (trapezoid)","value":"0.24","variance":"","units":"units","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 4","quote":"mean AUC of 1.84 units, compared to 0.24 AUC units with OJ","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC units as printed; variance NR"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"1% milk control (organic)","forms":[],"dose":"AA <3; folate 30 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC of change from baseline, 0-4.5 h (trapezoid)","value":"−0.43","variance":"","units":"units","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 4","quote":"and −0.43 AUC units with milk","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC units as printed; variance NR"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fortified beverage with ascorbic acid and folic acid (Glaceau (grant funder; product name NR))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"AA 284; folate 245 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak change from baseline (approximate, read from curve by authors)","value":"approximately 0.6","variance":"","units":"mg/dL","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 3","quote":"increasing to a peak of approximately 0.6 mg/dL relative to baseline levels","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author approximation; see Fig. 1"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"100% orange juice, not from concentrate (food source)","forms":["food"],"dose":"AA 68; folate 407 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak change from baseline (approximate)","value":"approximately 0.2","variance":"","units":"mg/dL","location":"Results, Ascorbic acid para 3","quote":"OJ only elicited a peak change approximately 0.2 mg/dL relative to baseline","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author approximation; see Fig. 1"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fortified beverage with ascorbic acid and folic acid (Glaceau (grant funder; product name NR))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"AA 284; folate 245 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"bioavailability = ratio of mean serum AUC to nutrient content of beverage","value":"0.646","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"NR (ratio as printed, no units)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"not significantly different from OJ"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"100% orange juice, not from concentrate (food source)","forms":["food"],"dose":"AA 68; folate 407 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"bioavailability = ratio of mean serum AUC to nutrient content of beverage","value":"0.625","variance":"± 1.22 (SD)","units":"NR (ratio as printed, no units)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD 1.22 as printed in Table 2 (verified on page image); not significantly different from FB"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fortified beverage with ascorbic acid and folic acid (Glaceau (grant funder; product name NR))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"AA 284; folate 245 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"folic acid","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC of change from baseline, 0-4.5 h (trapezoid)","value":"nearly 9","variance":"","units":"units","location":"Results, Folic acid para 4","quote":"mean AUC of nearly 9 units, compared to 4.6 AUC units with OJ","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as 'nearly 9'; no exact value or variance"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"100% orange juice, not from concentrate (food source)","forms":["food"],"dose":"AA 68; folate 407 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"folic acid","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC of change from baseline, 0-4.5 h (trapezoid)","value":"4.6","variance":"","units":"units","location":"Results, Folic acid para 4","quote":"mean AUC of nearly 9 units, compared to 4.6 AUC units with OJ","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance NR"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"1% milk control (organic)","forms":[],"dose":"AA <3; folate 30 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"folic acid","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC of change from baseline, 0-4.5 h (trapezoid)","value":"−9.9","variance":"","units":"units","location":"Results, Folic acid para 4 (continues to p. H292)","quote":"and −9.9 AUC units with milk","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance NR"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fortified beverage with ascorbic acid and folic acid (Glaceau (grant funder; product name NR))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"AA 284; folate 245 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"folic acid","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak increase from baseline (approximate)","value":"almost 4","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results, Folic acid para 3","quote":"FA increased by almost 4 ng/mL relative to baseline levels","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author approximation; see Fig. 3"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"100% orange juice, not from concentrate (food source)","forms":["food"],"dose":"AA 68; folate 407 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"folic acid","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak increase from baseline (approximate)","value":"approximately 3","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results, Folic acid para 3","quote":"OJ elicited a peak increase of approximately 3 ng/mL above baseline","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author approximation; see Fig. 3"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fortified beverage with ascorbic acid and folic acid (Glaceau (grant funder; product name NR))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"AA 284; folate 245 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"folic acid","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"bioavailability = ratio of mean serum AUC to nutrient content of beverage","value":"3.66 × 10−3","variance":"± 3.61 × 10−3 (SD)","units":"NR (ratio as printed, no units)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"not significantly different from OJ"},{"pmid":"21535602","species":"human","arm":"","form":"100% orange juice, not from concentrate (food source)","forms":["food"],"dose":"AA 68; folate 407 mg AA; ug folate (Table 1)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed: low-AA, low-FA snack (234 kcal) with beverage","n":"12","analyte":"folic acid","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"bioavailability = ratio of mean serum AUC to nutrient content of beverage","value":"1.33 × 10−3","variance":"± 1.84 × 10−3 (SD)","units":"NR (ratio as printed, no units)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"not significantly different from FB"},{"pmid":"21917196","species":"human","arm":"","form":"steamed, mashed potato (cv Toyoshiro), 1% salt","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg VC","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"vitamin C (sum of reduced and oxidised)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximal increase in plasma VC","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.4","quote":"then reached maximal levels at 3 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"authors state potato-derived VC 'reached maximal levels at 3 h'; applies to mashed potatoes and potato chips"},{"pmid":"21917196","species":"human","arm":"","form":"commercial Calbee potato chips","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg VC","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"vitamin C (sum of reduced and oxidised)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximal increase in plasma VC","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.4","quote":"then reached maximal levels at 3 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"authors state potato-derived VC 'reached maximal levels at 3 h'"},{"pmid":"21917196","species":"human","arm":"","form":"steamed, mashed potato (cv Toyoshiro), 1% salt","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg VC","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"vitamin C (sum of reduced and oxidised)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h of baseline-subtracted plasma VC (trapezoidal)","value":"55·1","variance":"± 5·7 (SEM)","units":"µmol × h/l","location":"Results p.4 (right col.); Fig. 3","quote":"The AUC for mashed potatoes (55·1 (SEM 5·7) µmol × h/l)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"units printed as 'µmol × h/l' in Fig. 3"},{"pmid":"21917196","species":"human","arm":"","form":"commercial Calbee potato chips","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg VC","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"vitamin C (sum of reduced and oxidised)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h of baseline-subtracted plasma VC (trapezoidal)","value":"53·6","variance":"± 8·1 (SEM)","units":"µmol × h/l","location":"Results p.4 (right col.); Fig. 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as 'µmol × h/l' in Fig. 3"},{"pmid":"21917196","species":"human","arm":"","form":"VC (DSM Nutrition Japan) dissolved in 100 ml mineral water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg VC","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"vitamin C (sum of reduced and oxidised)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h of baseline-subtracted plasma VC (trapezoidal)","value":"81·5","variance":"± 8·9 (SEM)","units":"µmol × h/l","location":"Results p.4 (right col.); Fig. 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as 'µmol × h/l' in Fig. 3"},{"pmid":"21917196","species":"human","arm":"","form":"100 ml mineral water","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg VC","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"vitamin C (sum of reduced and oxidised)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h of baseline-subtracted plasma VC (trapezoidal)","value":"14·6","variance":"± 3·3 (SEM)","units":"µmol × h/l","location":"Results p.4 (right col.); Fig. 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as 'µmol × h/l' in Fig. 3"},{"pmid":"22040889","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid solution (vitamin C powder from DSM Nutrition Japan)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; controlled diet 3 d before","n":"5 (Fig. 1 legend); 6 (Fig. 3 legend)","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal plasma AA concentration (absolute, not baseline-subtracted per text)","value":"41.1","variance":"± 4.7 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results, Absorption in plasma para 2","quote":"to 41.1±4.7, 53.9±4.8, 55.2±5.8 and 63.1±4.0 µM, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text does not state whether Cmax is baseline-corrected"},{"pmid":"22040889","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid solution (vitamin C powder from DSM Nutrition Japan)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; controlled diet 3 d before","n":"5 (Fig. 1 legend)","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal plasma AA concentration (absolute, not baseline-subtracted per text)","value":"53.9","variance":"± 4.8 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results, Absorption in plasma para 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text does not state whether Cmax is baseline-corrected"},{"pmid":"22040889","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid solution (vitamin C powder from DSM Nutrition Japan)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; controlled diet 3 d before","n":"5 (Fig. 1 legend)","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal plasma AA concentration (absolute, not baseline-subtracted per text)","value":"55.2","variance":"± 5.8 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results, Absorption in plasma para 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text does not state whether Cmax is baseline-corrected"},{"pmid":"22040889","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid solution (vitamin C powder from DSM Nutrition Japan)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; controlled diet 3 d before","n":"5 (Fig. 1 legend)","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal plasma AA concentration (absolute, not baseline-subtracted per text)","value":"63.1","variance":"± 4.0 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results, Absorption in plasma para 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text does not state whether Cmax is baseline-corrected"},{"pmid":"22040889","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to maximal plasma AA, range across 50-500 mg doses","value":"1.5 to 3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results, Absorption in plasma para 2","quote":"interval lengthened from 1.5 to 3 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Tmax lengthened dose-dependently from 1.5 to 3 h; per-dose values not printed"},{"pmid":"22040889","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid solution (vitamin C powder from DSM Nutrition Japan)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; controlled diet 3 d before","n":"5 (Fig. 1 legend); 6 (Fig. 3 legend)","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"ΔAUC of plasma AA over 6 h","value":"40.8","variance":"± 8.9 (SEM)","units":"h·µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Δ = change from initial concentration"},{"pmid":"22040889","species":"human","arm":"","form":"acerola (Malpighia emarginata) juice (acerola juice prepared from frozen fruit (Nichirei do Brazil))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight; controlled diet 3 d before","n":"6 (Fig. 3 legend)","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"ΔAUC of plasma AA over 6 h","value":"43.4","variance":"± 3.6 (SEM)","units":"h·µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Δ = change from initial concentration; text: 'a little greater' than AA alone; abstract: 'tended to be higher'"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"30 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"23","variance":"± 9 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"30 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC from infusion start to extrapolated infinite time","value":"74","variance":"± 3 (SD)","units":"h mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"50 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"33","variance":"± 8 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"50 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC from infusion start to extrapolated infinite time","value":"124","variance":"± 50 (SD)","units":"h mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"70 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"49","variance":"± 8 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"70 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC from infusion start to extrapolated infinite time","value":"219","variance":"± 25 (SD)","units":"h mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"90 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"49","variance":"± 14 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"90 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC from infusion start to extrapolated infinite time","value":"246","variance":"± 40 (SD)","units":"h mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"110 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"37","variance":"± 6 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range); incomplete data for this cohort (Week-4 data missing for two subjects, Week-4 Day-4 for one)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"110 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC from infusion start to extrapolated infinite time","value":"217","variance":"± 40 (SD)","units":"h mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 values are average ± SD (range); incomplete data for this cohort (Week-4 data missing for two subjects, Week-4 Day-4 for one)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"70 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal value reached (abstract)","value":"49","variance":"","units":"mM","location":"Abstract; Results p.142","quote":"appeared to reach maximal values at 70 g/m2 (49 mM and 220 h mM, respectively)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract prints AUC maximum as 220 h mM, rounded from Table 3 219 (70 g/m2) or 246 (90 g/m2)"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"70 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"maximal value reached (abstract)","value":"220","variance":"","units":"h mM","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract value; Table 3 prints 219 ± 25 (70 g/m2) and 246 ± 40 (90 g/m2); inconsistent/rounded; Table 6 prints highest AUC 246 mM h"},{"pmid":"23670640","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid infusion (0.5 g sodium ascorbate/mL stock) (Luitpold Pharmaceuticals/American Regent)","forms":[],"dose":"90 g/m2","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma/blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"highest AUC (Table 6, this study)","value":"246","variance":"","units":"mM h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 'CTCA' column highest Cmax 49 mM, highest AUC 246 mM h"},{"pmid":"23947403","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid, intravenous infusion","forms":[],"dose":"15 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak after start of infusion","value":"30–50 min","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.4","quote":"IVC produces peak plasma ascorbate concentrations (30–50 min after beginning of infusion) on the order of ten millimolars.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Range as printed, general statement"},{"pmid":"24284610","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chewable orange-flavoured ascorbic acid tablets (4 x 49 mg) (Tishcon Corp.)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~196 (abstract: 200) mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"220","variance":"± 23 (SEM)","units":"h × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"One of nine participants did not carry out the tablet arm; n for Table 1 not printed"},{"pmid":"24284610","species":"human","arm":"","form":"1.5 Sungold kiwifruit without skin (Actinidia chinensis var. Sungold) (Zespri International Ltd.)","forms":["food"],"dose":"~194 (abstract: ~200) mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"237","variance":"± 13 (SEM)","units":"h × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24284610","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chewable orange-flavoured ascorbic acid tablets (4 x 49 mg) (Tishcon Corp.)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~196 (abstract: 200) mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"urinary ascorbate","matrix":"urine","parameter":"AUC","detail":"urinary AUC0-8h (creatinine-standardised)","value":"618","variance":"± 133 (SEM)","units":"h × µmol/mmol creatinine","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24284610","species":"human","arm":"","form":"1.5 Sungold kiwifruit without skin (Actinidia chinensis var. Sungold) (Zespri International Ltd.)","forms":["food"],"dose":"~194 (abstract: ~200) mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"urinary ascorbate","matrix":"urine","parameter":"AUC","detail":"urinary AUC0-8h (creatinine-standardised)","value":"856","variance":"± 118 (SEM)","units":"h × µmol/mmol creatinine","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24284610","species":"human","arm":"","form":"chewable orange-flavoured ascorbic acid tablets (4 x 49 mg) (Tishcon Corp.)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~196 (abstract: 200) mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"urinary excretion as % of ingested dose over 8 h (author approximation)","value":"~40%","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Results 3.3 p.6; Abstract","quote":"~40% and ~50% excretion of the ingested dose from the supplement and kiwifruit arms, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate value printed by authors; labelled urinary excretion, not absorption"},{"pmid":"24284610","species":"human","arm":"","form":"1.5 Sungold kiwifruit without skin (Actinidia chinensis var. Sungold) (Zespri International Ltd.)","forms":["food"],"dose":"~194 (abstract: ~200) mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"urinary excretion as % of ingested dose over 8 h (author approximation)","value":"~50%","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Results 3.3 p.6; Abstract","quote":"~40% and ~50% excretion of the ingested dose from the supplement and kiwifruit arms, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate value printed by authors; labelled urinary excretion, not absorption"},{"pmid":"25191543","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Zespri Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. Hort. 16A), whole fruit (Zespri Gold)","forms":["food"],"dose":"0.5 kiwifruit/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting blood samples; fruit eaten in daily diet","n":"NR","analyte":"plasma vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma vitamin C on half kiwifruit/d","value":"50","variance":"","units":"µmol/l","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C p.5","quote":"with a maximum level of 50 µmol/l observed by the fourth week","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"'maximum level' of the mean weekly plasma concentration; not a PK Cmax of a single dose"},{"pmid":"25191543","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"plasma vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum average plasma vitamin C in lower subgroup (two kiwifruit/d, week 6)","value":"67","variance":"","units":"µmol/l","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C p.5","quote":"A maximum average plasma vitamin C concentration of 67 µmol/l was reached in the lower group","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"mean weekly maximum, not single-dose Cmax"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"5 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1852","variance":"± 386 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"30 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12,525","variance":"± 3404 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"60 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"19,456","variance":"± 6745 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"60 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"21,055","variance":"± 5039 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"5 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"3.59","variance":"± 1.05 (SD)","units":"hr mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods: AUC by trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"30 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"24.75","variance":"± 8.29 (SD)","units":"hr mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods: AUC by trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"60 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"48.38","variance":"± 16.7 (SD)","units":"hr mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods: AUC by trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"60 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"49.76","variance":"± 14.8 (SD)","units":"hr mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods: AUC by trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"5 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak, corrected for haemodilution","value":"1.9","variance":"","units":"mmol/L","location":"Results p.3 para 1","quote":"mean peak AA concentration of 1.9, 12.5, 19.5 and 21.0 mmol/L, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 1852, 12,525, 19,456, 21,055 µmol/L (rounds to same values); text states values are haemodilution-corrected"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"30 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak, corrected for haemodilution","value":"12.5","variance":"","units":"mmol/L","location":"Results p.3 para 1","quote":"mean peak AA concentration of 1.9, 12.5, 19.5 and 21.0 mmol/L, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 1852, 12,525, 19,456, 21,055 µmol/L (rounds to same values); text states values are haemodilution-corrected"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"60 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak, corrected for haemodilution","value":"19.5","variance":"","units":"mmol/L","location":"Results p.3 para 1","quote":"mean peak AA concentration of 1.9, 12.5, 19.5 and 21.0 mmol/L, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 1852, 12,525, 19,456, 21,055 µmol/L (rounds to same values); text states values are haemodilution-corrected"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"60 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak, corrected for haemodilution","value":"21.0","variance":"","units":"mmol/L","location":"Results p.3 para 1","quote":"mean peak AA concentration of 1.9, 12.5, 19.5 and 21.0 mmol/L, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 1852, 12,525, 19,456, 21,055 µmol/L (rounds to same values); text states values are haemodilution-corrected"},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"5 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak, without correction for haemodilution","value":"1.8","variance":"","units":"mmol/L","location":"Results p.3 para 1","quote":"Without correction for haemodilution, the mean peak concentrations were 1.8, 11.7, 18.2 and 19.3 mmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"30 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak, without correction for haemodilution","value":"11.7","variance":"","units":"mmol/L","location":"Results p.3 para 1","quote":"Without correction for haemodilution, the mean peak concentrations were 1.8, 11.7, 18.2 and 19.3 mmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"60 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak, without correction for haemodilution","value":"18.2","variance":"","units":"mmol/L","location":"Results p.3 para 1","quote":"Without correction for haemodilution, the mean peak concentrations were 1.8, 11.7, 18.2 and 19.3 mmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid (sodium ascorbate concentrate, 562.4 mg sodium ascorbate = 500 mg ascorbic acid per mL) (Capitol Region Pharmacy (GMP) batch-produced)","forms":[],"dose":"60 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak, without correction for haemodilution","value":"19.3","variance":"","units":"mmol/L","location":"Results p.3 para 1","quote":"Without correction for haemodilution, the mean peak concentrations were 1.8, 11.7, 18.2 and 19.3 mmol/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"25220574","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"60 g target dose peak (abstract)","value":"20.3","variance":"","units":"mM","location":"Abstract","quote":"The target dose of 60 g AA IV produced a peak plasma AA concentration of 20.3 mM.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Not stated whether pooled weeks 3+4; Table 3 week 3 = 19,456 and week 4 = 21,055 µmol/L; also stated in Discussion p.5"},{"pmid":"25848948","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid for injection 500 mg/mL USP, diluted in sterile water (~900 mOsm/L) (Alveda Pharma Canada (gift))","forms":[],"dose":"0.6 g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"plasma vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma concentration at end of infusion","value":"14.0","variance":"± 2.3 (SD)","units":"mmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reported as 'Plasma concentration end of infusion'; not labelled Cmax in paper"},{"pmid":"25848948","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid for injection 500 mg/mL USP, diluted in sterile water (~900 mOsm/L) (Alveda Pharma Canada (gift))","forms":[],"dose":"0.6 g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"plasma vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma concentration at end of infusion","value":"13.5","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"mmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reported as 'Plasma concentration end of infusion'; not labelled Cmax in paper"},{"pmid":"26854847","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Green tea extract tablets (no vitamin C/xylitol)","forms":[],"dose":"3 tablets; total flavanols 2,542.25 µg per tablet tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, with 100 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"total flavanols (EC+ECG+EGC+EGCG)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.25","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text says peak between 1.5 and 2.5 h in almost all subjects after GT"},{"pmid":"26854847","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Green tea extract tablets (no vitamin C/xylitol)","forms":[],"dose":"3 tablets; total flavanols 2,542.25 µg per tablet tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, with 100 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"total flavanols (EC+ECG+EGC+EGCG)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5204.32","variance":"± 0.71 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Magnitude and SD appear implausible but recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"26854847","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Green tea extract tablets (no vitamin C/xylitol)","forms":[],"dose":"3 tablets; total flavanols 2,542.25 µg per tablet tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, with 100 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"total flavanols (EC+ECG+EGC+EGCG)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"13855.43","variance":"± 0.53 (SD)","units":"h·µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints '13,855.43 lg/mL' (units lack h)"},{"pmid":"26854847","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Green tea extract tablets (no vitamin C/xylitol)","forms":[],"dose":"3 tablets; total flavanols 2,542.25 µg per tablet tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, with 100 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"total flavanols (EC+ECG+EGC+EGCG)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"range across subjects","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.4 col 1 (Plasma kinetics of flavanols)","quote":"GT (5204.32 µg/mL), which ranged from 4493.76 to 5914.88 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Range only"},{"pmid":"26854847","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Green tea extract tablets with 100 mg xylitol and 10 mg vitamin C per tablet","forms":[],"dose":"3 tablets; total flavanols 2,542.25 µg per tablet tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, with 100 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"total flavanols (EC+ECG+EGC+EGCG)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.14","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"Cmax, Tmax, and AUC of flavanols in plasma after GTVX were 5980.58 lg/mL, 2.14 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text states GTVX peak 'within 1.5 h' and 'between 1 and 2 h'; inconsistent with tabulated 2.14 h"},{"pmid":"26854847","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Green tea extract tablets with 100 mg xylitol and 10 mg vitamin C per tablet","forms":[],"dose":"3 tablets; total flavanols 2,542.25 µg per tablet tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, with 100 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"total flavanols (EC+ECG+EGC+EGCG)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5980.58","variance":"± 1.47 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Asterisk: significant vs GT at P<.05; magnitude and SD recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"26854847","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Green tea extract tablets with 100 mg xylitol and 10 mg vitamin C per tablet","forms":[],"dose":"3 tablets; total flavanols 2,542.25 µg per tablet tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, with 100 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"total flavanols (EC+ECG+EGC+EGCG)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"range across subjects","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.4 col 1","quote":"the Cmax for intake of GTVX varied from 3929.23 to 8407.21 lg/mL","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Range only"},{"pmid":"26854847","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Green tea extract tablets with 100 mg xylitol and 10 mg vitamin C per tablet","forms":[],"dose":"3 tablets; total flavanols 2,542.25 µg per tablet tablet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, with 100 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"total flavanols (EC+ECG+EGC+EGCG)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"18915.56","variance":"± 3.87 (SD)","units":"h·µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Asterisk: significant vs GT at P<.05"},{"pmid":"27375360","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Liposome-encapsulated sodium ascorbate (136 mg phospholipids and 284 mg USP sodium ascorbate per 1 mL) suspended in 16 mL water (Empirical Labs (provided))","forms":["sodium-ascorbate","liposomal"],"dose":"4 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"11","analyte":"plasma vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC 0-4 h (as printed: area under curve)","value":"10.3","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"mg/dL h","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C concentration","quote":"oral delivery of vitamin C encapsulated in liposomes (10.3 ± 0.9 mg/dL h) evoked a greater (P = 0.002) area under the curve","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"p vs ORAL"},{"pmid":"27375360","species":"human","arm":"","form":"94% sodium ascorbate in 16 mL water","forms":["sodium-ascorbate"],"dose":"4 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"11","analyte":"plasma vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (as printed: area under curve)","value":"7.6","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"mg/dL h","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C concentration","quote":"unencapsulated vitamin C (7.6 ± 0.4 mg/dL h) that in turn was greater (P , 0.001) than placebo","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"p vs placebo"},{"pmid":"27375360","species":"human","arm":"","form":"16 mL water","forms":[],"dose":"16 mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"11","analyte":"plasma vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (as printed: area under curve)","value":"3.1","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"mg/dL h","location":"Results, Plasma vitamin C concentration","quote":"placebo (3.1 ± 0.4 mg/dL h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27375360","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV vitamin C in 100 mL saline over 1 h (67 mg/min) (Bioniche Pharma)","forms":[],"dose":"4 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"11","analyte":"plasma vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Results","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV AUC not printed in text"},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg vitamin C each; calcium ascorbate with vitamin C metabolites (dehydroascorbate, calcium threonate, 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone) (Ester-C (NBTY))","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax corrected for baseline","value":"7.73","variance":"± 3.12 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.5 (Cmax, AUC0-24h, and Tmax in plasma)","quote":"Cmax was significantly higher with EC (7.73 ± 3.12 µg/mL) compared to the PL (1.83 ± 2.07 µg/mL, P < 0.001) and AA (6.37 ± 2.26 µg/mL, P = 0.039)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value ± as printed in text; SD vs SE not stated (figures show mean ± SE). EC vs PL P<0.001; EC vs AA P=0.039."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg vitamin C each; calcium ascorbate with vitamin C metabolites (dehydroascorbate, calcium threonate, 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone) (Ester-C (NBTY))","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h corrected for baseline","value":"85.01","variance":"± 42.39 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results p.5","quote":"The AUC0–24h was significantly higher with EC (85.01 ± 42.39 µg h/mL) compared to PL (−5.01 ± 49.47 µg h/mL, P < 0.001) but not when compared to the AA condition (73.15 ± 40.68 µg h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value ± as printed; SD vs SE not stated."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg vitamin C each","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax corrected for baseline","value":"6.37","variance":"± 2.26 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.5 (Cmax, AUC0-24h, and Tmax in plasma)","quote":"Cmax was significantly higher with EC (7.73 ± 3.12 µg/mL) compared to the PL (1.83 ± 2.07 µg/mL, P < 0.001) and AA (6.37 ± 2.26 µg/mL, P = 0.039)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value ± as printed in text; SD vs SE not stated (figures show mean ± SE)."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg vitamin C each","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h corrected for baseline","value":"73.15","variance":"± 40.68 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results p.5","quote":"The AUC0–24h was significantly higher with EC (85.01 ± 42.39 µg h/mL) compared to PL (−5.01 ± 49.47 µg h/mL, P < 0.001) but not when compared to the AA condition (73.15 ± 40.68 µg h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value ± as printed; SD vs SE not stated."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of microcrystalline cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax corrected for baseline","value":"1.83","variance":"± 2.07 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.5 (Cmax, AUC0-24h, and Tmax in plasma)","quote":"Cmax was significantly higher with EC (7.73 ± 3.12 µg/mL) compared to the PL (1.83 ± 2.07 µg/mL, P < 0.001) and AA (6.37 ± 2.26 µg/mL, P = 0.039)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value ± as printed in text; SD vs SE not stated (figures show mean ± SE)."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of microcrystalline cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h corrected for baseline","value":"-5.01","variance":"± 49.47 (NR)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results p.5","quote":"The AUC0–24h was significantly higher with EC (85.01 ± 42.39 µg h/mL) compared to PL (−5.01 ± 49.47 µg h/mL, P < 0.001) but not when compared to the AA condition (73.15 ± 40.68 µg h/mL)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Value ± as printed; SD vs SE not stated. Placebo value printed as negative (−5.01)."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg vitamin C each; calcium ascorbate with vitamin C metabolites (dehydroascorbate, calcium threonate, 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone) (Ester-C (NBTY))","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"leukocytes","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h leukocyte vitamin C (baseline-corrected)","value":"47.32","variance":"± 147.24 (NR)","units":"µg h/108 cells","location":"Results p.6 (Cmax, AUC0-24h, and Tmax in leukocytes)","quote":"highest for EC (47.32 ± 147.24 μg h/108 cells), followed by AA (4.55 ± 102.77 µg h/108 cells) and PL (−4.07 ± 146.86 µg h/108 cells)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Not statistically significant; units printed 'µg h/108 cells' (likely 10^8 cells). Placebo printed negative (−4.07)."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg vitamin C each","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"leukocytes","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h leukocyte vitamin C (baseline-corrected)","value":"4.55","variance":"± 102.77 (NR)","units":"µg h/108 cells","location":"Results p.6 (Cmax, AUC0-24h, and Tmax in leukocytes)","quote":"highest for EC (47.32 ± 147.24 μg h/108 cells), followed by AA (4.55 ± 102.77 µg h/108 cells) and PL (−4.07 ± 146.86 µg h/108 cells)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Not statistically significant; units printed 'µg h/108 cells' (likely 10^8 cells). Placebo printed negative (−4.07)."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of microcrystalline cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"leukocytes","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h leukocyte vitamin C (baseline-corrected)","value":"−4.07","variance":"± 146.86 (NR)","units":"µg h/108 cells","location":"Results p.6 (Cmax, AUC0-24h, and Tmax in leukocytes)","quote":"highest for EC (47.32 ± 147.24 μg h/108 cells), followed by AA (4.55 ± 102.77 µg h/108 cells) and PL (−4.07 ± 146.86 µg h/108 cells)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Not statistically significant; units printed 'µg h/108 cells' (likely 10^8 cells). Placebo printed negative (−4.07)."},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg vitamin C each; calcium ascorbate with vitamin C metabolites (dehydroascorbate, calcium threonate, 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone) (Ester-C (NBTY))","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"leukocytes","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"µg/108 cells","location":"Results p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No numeric Cmax/Tmax in leukocytes printed; text: no statistical differences in Cmax or Tmax among groups"},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg vitamin C each","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"leukocytes","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"µg/108 cells","location":"Results p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No numeric Cmax/Tmax in leukocytes printed; text: no statistical differences in Cmax or Tmax among groups"},{"pmid":"27512620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of microcrystalline cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg vitamin C","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Fasting blood drawn, then dose just before standardized low-vitamin C breakfast","n":"30","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"leukocytes","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"µg/108 cells","location":"Results p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No numeric Cmax/Tmax in leukocytes printed; text: no statistical differences in Cmax or Tmax among groups"},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 1","value":"2.47","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units not printed in Table 3 or its footnote; Cmax of about 2.4-3.3 is on the Fig. 1 plasma axis (units cut off in figure), Discussion cites AA above 20 mmol/L at end of infusion."},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 1","value":"41.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1.2 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 1","value":"2.81","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1.2 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 1","value":"57.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 1","value":"3.11","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 1","value":"89.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 1","value":"2.43","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 1","value":"42.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1.2 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 1","value":"2.83","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1.2 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 1","value":"57.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 2","value":"2.46","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 2","value":"45.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1.2 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 2","value":"2.81","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 2","value":"78.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 2","value":"2.48","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 2","value":"45.50","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 2","value":"3.03","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"patient 2","value":"80.50","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28847527","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate injection, IV infusion (Biological Therapies (Australia) Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"patient 3","value":"2.51","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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(mononuclear)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"23.38","variance":"± 14.49 (SD)","units":"nmol/10^8 leukocytes","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31747355","species":"human","arm":"","form":"gummy (ascorbic acid, plus rose hips) (vitafusion Power C (Church & Dwight))","forms":["ascorbic-acid","food"],"dose":"6.75 gummies (149.21 mg vitamin C per gummy); total 1007.2 mg ascorbic acid mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted until 2 h post-dose","n":"30","analyte":"Leukocyte L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"leukocytes (mononuclear)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.88","variance":"± 3.57 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31747355","species":"human","arm":"","form":"caplet (ascorbic acid, plus rose hips) (Nature Made)","forms":["ascorbic-acid","food"],"dose":"2 caplets (513.95 mg vitamin C per caplet); total 1027.9 mg ascorbic acid mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted until 2 h post-dose","n":"30","analyte":"Leukocyte L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"leukocytes (mononuclear)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.95","variance":"± 3.83 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid 150 mg plus 350 mg food-grade starch (500 mg total)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"150 mg AA (in 500 mg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"9.38","variance":"± 4.91 (SD)","units":"mg·h/dL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints AUC0-t units as (mg/dL)"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid 150 mg plus 350 mg food-grade starch (500 mg total)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"150 mg AA (in 500 mg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"9.66","variance":"± 5.02 (SD)","units":"mg·h/dL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid 150 mg plus 350 mg food-grade starch (500 mg total)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"150 mg AA (in 500 mg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.23","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid 150 mg plus 350 mg food-grade starch (500 mg total)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"150 mg AA (in 500 mg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.56","variance":"± 0.62 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; single p-value 0.388 printed in Zeal-AA vs AA comparison"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"AA loaded in sunflower-lecithin vesicles with turmeric nanofiber (Zeal-AA)","forms":[],"dose":"500 (formulation); 150 mg AA stated mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"55.23","variance":"± 9.39 (SD)","units":"mg·h/dL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints AUC0-t units as (mg/dL)"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"AA loaded in sunflower-lecithin vesicles with turmeric nanofiber (Zeal-AA)","forms":[],"dose":"500 (formulation); 150 mg AA stated mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"55.61","variance":"± 9.31 (SD)","units":"mg·h/dL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"AA loaded in sunflower-lecithin vesicles with turmeric nanofiber (Zeal-AA)","forms":[],"dose":"500 (formulation); 150 mg AA stated mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.69","variance":"± 1.00 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"AA loaded in sunflower-lecithin vesicles with turmeric nanofiber (Zeal-AA)","forms":[],"dose":"500 (formulation); 150 mg AA stated mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.06","variance":"± 1.15 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; single p-value 0.388 printed in Zeal-AA vs AA comparison"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold difference in bioavailability based on AUC, Zeal-AA vs AA","value":"5.9","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Conclusions","quote":"fold difference of bioavailability in terms of AUC found to be 5.9 fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-stated ratio"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"AA loaded in sunflower-lecithin vesicles with turmeric nanofiber (Zeal-AA)","forms":[],"dose":"500 (formulation); 150 mg AA stated mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight >=10 h","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text value","value":"6.69","variance":"","units":"mg/dL","location":"Results 2.8","quote":"The maximum plasma AA (Cmax) and the AUC for Zeal-AA were roughly 6.69 and 55.6 mg/dL, respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text gives AUC 55.6 mg/dL without time unit; Table 3 AUC0-inf 55.61 mg·h/dL"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"text statement","value":"3−3.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 2.8","quote":"time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 3−3.5 h for both AA and Zeal-AA","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"range as printed in text; Table 3 prints Tmax 3.56 (AA) and 3.06 (Zeal-AA)"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"in silico: AA","matrix":"in silico (pkCSM prediction)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"predicted intestinal absorption (human, % absorbed) - in silico","value":"39.154","variance":"","units":"% absorbed (predicted)","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in silico pkCSM prediction, not measured in vivo"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"in silico: phospholipid vesicle","matrix":"in silico (pkCSM prediction)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"predicted intestinal absorption (human, % absorbed) - in silico","value":"34.698","variance":"","units":"% absorbed (predicted)","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in silico pkCSM prediction, not measured in vivo"},{"pmid":"33681596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"in silico: TNF (turmeric nanofiber)","matrix":"in silico (pkCSM prediction)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"predicted intestinal absorption (human, % absorbed) - in silico","value":"6.412","variance":"","units":"% absorbed (predicted)","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in silico pkCSM prediction, not measured in vivo"},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"unformulated calcium ascorbate (>=98% purity) tablet","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 ± 25 mg tablet weight (calcium ascorbate content 394.5 ± 10 mg, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"51.7","variance":"± 21 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"FC+ (surface-engineered liposomal CAAS with fenugreek galactomannan) tablet (hybrid-FENUMAT (Akay))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"1000 ± 25 mg tablet weight (calcium ascorbate content 397.2 ± 10 mg, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"282.4","variance":"± 43.86 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 4","quote":"Cmax was 282.4 and 273 mM for the FC+ tablets and capsules respectively, as compared to 51.7 mM for UF-CAAS","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"FC+ hard-shell hypromellose capsules (hybrid-FENUMAT (Akay))","forms":[],"dose":"500 ± 25 x 2 mg per capsule (calcium ascorbate 202.1 ± 5 mg per capsule, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"273","variance":"± 59.88 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"unformulated calcium ascorbate (>=98% purity) tablet","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 ± 25 mg tablet weight (calcium ascorbate content 394.5 ± 10 mg, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"FC+ (surface-engineered liposomal CAAS with fenugreek galactomannan) tablet (hybrid-FENUMAT (Akay))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"1000 ± 25 mg tablet weight (calcium ascorbate content 397.2 ± 10 mg, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; text says Tmax for FC+ can be considered 1 to 5 h, precisely about 3 h"},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"FC+ hard-shell hypromellose capsules (hybrid-FENUMAT (Akay))","forms":[],"dose":"500 ± 25 x 2 mg per capsule (calcium ascorbate 202.1 ± 5 mg per capsule, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"unformulated calcium ascorbate (>=98% purity) tablet","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 ± 25 mg tablet weight (calcium ascorbate content 394.5 ± 10 mg, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"311.4","variance":"± 63.87 (SD)","units":"µM h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 4 header; Table 5 gives AUC column in mg h mL-1"},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"FC+ (surface-engineered liposomal CAAS with fenugreek galactomannan) tablet (hybrid-FENUMAT (Akay))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"1000 ± 25 mg tablet weight (calcium ascorbate content 397.2 ± 10 mg, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"2232","variance":"± 447.50 (SD)","units":"µM h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"AUC0-12h for both tablets and capsules of FC+ were 2232 and 2119 respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"FC+ hard-shell hypromellose capsules (hybrid-FENUMAT (Akay))","forms":[],"dose":"500 ± 25 x 2 mg per capsule (calcium ascorbate 202.1 ± 5 mg per capsule, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"2119","variance":"± 465.19 (SD)","units":"µM h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"FC+ (surface-engineered liposomal CAAS with fenugreek galactomannan) tablet (hybrid-FENUMAT (Akay))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"1000 ± 25 mg tablet weight (calcium ascorbate content 397.2 ± 10 mg, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel, FC+ tablet vs UF-CAAS tablet","value":"716.76","variance":"± 291.01 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 4","quote":"relative bioavailability (Frel) for the tablet was found to be 716.76 ± 291.01","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"units not stated in Table 4 or text; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"35498071","species":"human","arm":"","form":"FC+ hard-shell hypromellose capsules (hybrid-FENUMAT (Akay))","forms":[],"dose":"500 ± 25 x 2 mg per capsule (calcium ascorbate 202.1 ± 5 mg per capsule, Table 1)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"14","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel, FC+ capsule vs UF-CAAS","value":"680.47","variance":"± 288.95 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 4","quote":"that for capsule was 680.47 ± 288.95","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"units not stated; statistic type not stated; comparator stated as corresponding form of UF-CAAS"},{"pmid":"35712877","species":"human","arm":"","form":"LD 100 mg/CD 10 mg every 2 h + MgO 250 mg every 4 h","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"1","analyte":"levodopa","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h, regular administration (LD/CD + MgO)","value":"53.00","variance":"","units":"µmol⋅h/L","location":"Abstract; Results p.2","quote":"The area under the plasma concentration‒time curve values from hour 0 to 8 ... were 53.00 µmol⋅h/L with regular administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35712877","species":"human","arm":"","form":"LD/CD + MgO + AsA 200 mg","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"1","analyte":"levodopa","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h, with co-administration of 200 mg AsA","value":"67.27","variance":"","units":"µmol⋅h/L","location":"Abstract; Results p.2","quote":"and 67.27 µmol⋅h/L with co-administration of 200 mg of AsA","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"single patient; linear trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.8","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"33","variance":"± 6 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"37","variance":"± 8 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"5 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"20.8","variance":"± 0.9 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"5 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"101","variance":"± 12 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"5 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"105","variance":"± 12 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"42.0","variance":"± 8.7 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"176","variance":"± 26 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"181","variance":"± 26 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"25 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-4","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"103","variance":"± 26 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"25 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-4","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"412","variance":"± 30 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"25 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3-4","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"419","variance":"± 30 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"50 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"307","variance":"± 82 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"50 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"979","variance":"± 217 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"50 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"984","variance":"± 217 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"75 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"439","variance":"± 43 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"75 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1576","variance":"± 326 (SD)","units":"h*mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 N is number of determinations (two PK infusions at some doses)"},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"75 g","doseBasis":"active 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(Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"75 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"dose-normalized AUC0-24h/D","value":"1709","variance":"± 633 (SD)","units":"(h*mg/dL)/(g/kg)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"100 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"dose-normalized Cmax/D","value":"359","variance":"± 54 (SD)","units":"(mg/dL)/(g/kg)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid injection USP 500 mg/mL (Mylan/Bioniche), buffered to neutral pH, in 1000 mL carrier fluid, 2 h infusion (Mylan (Bioniche) Ascorbic Acid Injection)","forms":[],"dose":"100 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"dose-normalized AUC0-24h/D","value":"1563","variance":"± 437 (SD)","units":"(h*mg/dL)/(g/kg)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid","forms":[],"dose":"25-100 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"dose-normalized Cmax/D","value":"391","variance":"± 163 (SD)","units":"(mg/dL)/(g/kg)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35750958","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV ascorbic acid","forms":[],"dose":"25-100 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"plasma ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"dose-normalized AUC0-24h/D","value":"1742","variance":"± 654 (SD)","units":"(h*mg/dL)/(g/kg)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-tocopheryl acetate and d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule","forms":[],"dose":"~50 mg each mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (600 kcal breakfast, 30% fat, with pancrelipase)","n":"6","analyte":"d6-α-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.27","variance":"± 0.15 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-/d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule after vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~50 mg each tocopheryl acetate; vitamin C 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (same standardized breakfast)","n":"6","analyte":"d6-α-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.32","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-tocopheryl acetate and d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule","forms":[],"dose":"~50 mg each mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (600 kcal breakfast, 30% fat, with pancrelipase)","n":"6","analyte":"d6-α-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"19.5","variance":"± 7.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-/d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule after vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~50 mg each tocopheryl acetate; vitamin C 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (same standardized breakfast)","n":"6","analyte":"d6-α-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"17.5","variance":"± 7.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-tocopheryl acetate and d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule","forms":[],"dose":"~50 mg each mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (600 kcal breakfast, 30% fat, with pancrelipase)","n":"6","analyte":"d6-α-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"9.78","variance":"± 5.57 (SD)","units":"NR (units not printed in table)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-/d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule after vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~50 mg each tocopheryl acetate; vitamin C 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (same standardized breakfast)","n":"6","analyte":"d6-α-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"12.04","variance":"± 4.38 (SD)","units":"NR (units not printed in table)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-tocopheryl acetate and d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule","forms":[],"dose":"~50 mg each mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (600 kcal breakfast, 30% fat, with pancrelipase)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.20","variance":"± 0.10 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-/d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule after vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~50 mg each tocopheryl acetate; vitamin C 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (same standardized breakfast)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.30","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-tocopheryl acetate and d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule","forms":[],"dose":"~50 mg each mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (600 kcal breakfast, 30% fat, with pancrelipase)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15.5","variance":"± 6.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-/d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule after vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~50 mg each tocopheryl acetate; vitamin C 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (same standardized breakfast)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"11.5","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-tocopheryl acetate and d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule","forms":[],"dose":"~50 mg each mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (600 kcal breakfast, 30% fat, with pancrelipase)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"4.59","variance":"± 3.14 (SD)","units":"NR (units not printed in table)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-/d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule after vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~50 mg each tocopheryl acetate; vitamin C 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (same standardized breakfast)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"5.66","variance":"± 2.77 (SD)","units":"NR (units not printed in table)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-tocopheryl acetate and d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule","forms":[],"dose":"~50 mg each mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (600 kcal breakfast, 30% fat, with pancrelipase)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-CEHC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.20","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Baseline d2-γ-CEHC n=5 (subject 1 had no detectable d2-γ-CEHC at baseline). Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-/d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule after vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~50 mg each tocopheryl acetate; vitamin C 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (same standardized breakfast)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-CEHC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.22","variance":"± 0.10 (SD)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Baseline d2-γ-CEHC n=5 (subject 1 had no detectable d2-γ-CEHC at baseline). Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-tocopheryl acetate and d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule","forms":[],"dose":"~50 mg each mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (600 kcal breakfast, 30% fat, with pancrelipase)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-CEHC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"16.2","variance":"± 7.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Baseline d2-γ-CEHC n=5 (subject 1 had no detectable d2-γ-CEHC at baseline). Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"d6-α-/d2-γ-tocopheryl acetate capsule after vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"~50 mg each tocopheryl acetate; vitamin C 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed (same standardized breakfast)","n":"6","analyte":"d2-γ-CEHC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"12.0","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Baseline d2-γ-CEHC n=5 (subject 1 had no detectable d2-γ-CEHC at baseline). Paired t-test NS."},{"pmid":"36145092","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"d6-α-tocopherol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Discussion statement","value":"~0.5","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Discussion p.7","quote":"their maximum d6-α-tocopherol concentration was 10-times lower—approximately 0.5 µmol/L","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Authors' approximate maximum in Discussion ('approximately 0.5 µmol/L'); Table 3 mean Cmax is 0.27 (baseline) and 0.32 (vit C)"},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"liposomal ascorbic acid capsule (sunflower lecithin, gum arabic, alginate) (LipoVantage (Specnova))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8,610","variance":"± 182 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"LV-VIT C 8,610 ± 182 ng/mL, VIT C 6,271 ± 444, PLA 379 ± 59","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Cohen's d and eta2G also reported"},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C capsule","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6,271","variance":"± 444 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"LV-VIT C 8,610 ± 182 ng/mL, VIT C 6,271 ± 444, PLA 379 ± 59","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Cohen's d and eta2G also reported"},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"maltodextrin capsule","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"379","variance":"± 59 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"LV-VIT C 8,610 ± 182 ng/mL, VIT C 6,271 ± 444, PLA 379 ± 59","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Cohen's d and eta2G also reported"},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"liposomal ascorbic acid capsule (sunflower lecithin, gum arabic, alginate) (LipoVantage (Specnova))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"72,358","variance":"± 4,044 (SD)","units":"ng/mL * 24 h","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"LV-VIT C 72,358 ± 4,044 ng/mL * 24 h, VIT C 57,152 ± 4,846, PLA 4,242 ± 486","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C capsule","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"57,152","variance":"± 4,846 (SD)","units":"ng/mL * 24 h","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"LV-VIT C 72,358 ± 4,044 ng/mL * 24 h, VIT C 57,152 ± 4,846, PLA 4,242 ± 486","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"maltodextrin capsule","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"4,242","variance":"± 486 (SD)","units":"ng/mL * 24 h","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"LV-VIT C 72,358 ± 4,044 ng/mL * 24 h, VIT C 57,152 ± 4,846, PLA 4,242 ± 486","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"liposomal ascorbic acid capsule (sunflower lecithin, gum arabic, alginate) (LipoVantage (Specnova))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"For LV-VIT C and VIT C, all participants demonstrated a Tmax value of 4 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"all participants 4 h"},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"vitamin C capsule","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"For LV-VIT C and VIT C, all participants demonstrated a Tmax value of 4 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"all participants 4 h"},{"pmid":"39237620","species":"human","arm":"","form":"maltodextrin capsule","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (12-h overnight fast)","n":"27","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"± 1 (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Results p.6 (Plasma)","quote":"For PLA, Tmax values were 3 ± 1 h (median ± IQR)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41228404","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid powder, food-grade >=99% (Sigma A92902) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"101.7 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standardized vitamin C-free meals provided (Table 2)","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC over 0–24 h (period inferred from sampling; not stated explicitly)","value":"11.9","variance":"± 2.1 (SEM)","units":"mg/dL·h","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC interval not explicitly stated in text"},{"pmid":"41228404","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tangerine 74.7 g, cherry tomato 37.4 g, orange bell pepper 74.7 g","forms":[],"dose":"101.7 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standardized vitamin C-free meals provided (Table 2)","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC over 0–24 h (period inferred from sampling; not stated explicitly)","value":"16.1","variance":"± 2.0 (SEM)","units":"mg/dL·h","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC interval not explicitly stated in text"},{"pmid":"41228404","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freshly juiced mandarin orange/cherry tomato/orange bell pepper 1.0:0.5:1.0","forms":[],"dose":"101.7 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standardized vitamin C-free meals provided (Table 2)","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC over 0–24 h (period inferred from sampling; not stated explicitly)","value":"23.5","variance":"± 3.2 (SEM)","units":"mg/dL·h","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints 25.3 ± 3.2 mg/dL·h for juice, inconsistent with text 23.5 ± 3.2"},{"pmid":"41228404","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freshly juiced mandarin orange/cherry tomato/orange bell pepper 1.0:0.5:1.0","forms":[],"dose":"101.7 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standardized vitamin C-free meals provided (Table 2)","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, juice, as printed in Abstract","value":"25.3","variance":"± 3.2 (SEM)","units":"mg/dL·h","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Results 3.3 text (23.5 ± 3.2)"},{"pmid":"41228404","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid powder, food-grade >=99% (Sigma A92902) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"101.7 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standardized vitamin C-free meals provided (Table 2)","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak plasma level time","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","quote":"plasma vitamin C levels began to increase at 1 h and reached peak levels 2 h post-intake","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Stated for all groups collectively, no variance"},{"pmid":"41228404","species":"human","arm":"","form":"tangerine 74.7 g, cherry tomato 37.4 g, orange bell pepper 74.7 g","forms":[],"dose":"101.7 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standardized vitamin C-free meals provided (Table 2)","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak plasma level time","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","quote":"plasma vitamin C levels began to increase at 1 h and reached peak levels 2 h post-intake","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Stated for all groups collectively, no variance"},{"pmid":"41228404","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freshly juiced mandarin orange/cherry tomato/orange bell pepper 1.0:0.5:1.0","forms":[],"dose":"101.7 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standardized vitamin C-free meals provided (Table 2)","n":"12","analyte":"vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak plasma level time","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","quote":"plasma vitamin C levels began to increase at 1 h and reached peak levels 2 h post-intake","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Stated for all groups collectively, no variance"},{"pmid":"42329551","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous ascorbic acid","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"161","analyte":"total vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCT (AUC over a dosing interval after 8 doses), non-survivors (dead within 28 d)","value":"1900.5","variance":"± 1191.8–2548.2 (IQR)","units":"mg·h/L","location":"Table 3; Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42329551","species":"human","arm":"","form":"intravenous ascorbic acid","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"161","analyte":"total vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCT (AUC over a dosing interval after 8 doses), survivors (alive at 28 d)","value":"1017.8","variance":"± 630–1836.7 (IQR)","units":"mg·h/L","location":"Table 3; Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42378816","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV vitamin C injection (0.5 g/mL) diluted in 250 mL saline, infused 60–90 min (commercial injection (NR))","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"baseline fasting","n":"6","analyte":"plasma ascorbate (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"concentration 1 h after completion of the first infusion (approximating peak per authors)","value":"116.34","variance":"± 33.70 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Authors describe as approximating peak; infusion 60–90 min"},{"pmid":"42378816","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV vitamin C injection","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"baseline fasting","n":"6","analyte":"plasma ascorbate (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"concentration 1 h after completion of the first infusion (approximating peak per authors)","value":"105.66","variance":"± 7.94 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Authors describe as approximating peak; infusion 60–90 min"},{"pmid":"42378816","species":"human","arm":"","form":"IV vitamin C injection","forms":[],"dose":"0.75 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"baseline fasting","n":"6","analyte":"plasma ascorbate (vitamin C)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"concentration 1 h after completion of the first infusion (approximating peak per authors)","value":"152.58","variance":"± 7.79 (SD)","units":"mg/dL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Authors describe as approximating peak; infusion 60–90 min"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 subjects (15 determinations)","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"buccal absorption, individual male subject (columns left to right)","value":"15.1","variance":"± 2.2 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"subject T1-M1"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 subjects (9 determinations)","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"buccal absorption, individual female subject (columns left to right)","value":"11.9","variance":"± 0.66 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"subject T1-F1"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 subjects (15 determinations)","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"buccal absorption, all male determinations","value":"12.5","variance":"± 0.98 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SEM of pooled determinations"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 subjects (9 determinations)","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"buccal absorption, all female determinations","value":"13.8","variance":"± 0.71 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SEM of pooled determinations; male vs female NS"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"average absorption at 10 mM initial concentration","value":"13.1","variance":"","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Results p.16","quote":"Absorption averaged 13.1 pmol/5 min at 10 mM initial concentration.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text layer prints 'pmol' (µmol); averaged across subjects per authors"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"control","value":"13.8","variance":"± 1.1 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"dehydroascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 determinations","analyte":"dehydroascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"buccal absorption","value":"12.9","variance":"± 1.0 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"8 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"control","value":"13.0","variance":"± 1.4 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"D-isoascorbic acid (Na salt)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12 determinations","analyte":"D-isoascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"buccal absorption","value":"13.0","variance":"± 0.74 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"control (no addition)","value":"3.6","variance":"± 0.26 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid + glucose 20 mM","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption in presence of glucose 20 mM","value":"8.4","variance":"± 0.87 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"control (no addition)","value":"4.8","variance":"± 0.47 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid + 3-O-methyl-D-glucose 20 mM","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption in presence of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose 20 mM","value":"7.4","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"control (no addition)","value":"4.6","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid + D-fructose 20 mM","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption in presence of D-fructose 20 mM","value":"5.8","variance":"± 0.14 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"control (no addition)","value":"4.4","variance":"± 0.36 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid + D-mannitol 20 mM","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption in presence of D-mannitol 20 mM","value":"4.5","variance":"± 0.41 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"control (no addition)","value":"4.06","variance":"± 0.25 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid + dehydroascorbic acid 20 mM","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 determinations","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 4 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"absorption in presence of dehydroascorbic acid 20 mM","value":"4.8","variance":"± 0.46 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"control","value":"16.6","variance":"± 3.5 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Results p.17","quote":"control 16.6 ± 3.5 (n 6) pmol/5 min; with Amytal 10.5 ± 3.1 (n 6)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid + Amytal 2 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image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"486391","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM solution (25 ml circulated in mouth 5 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"22","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid 10 mM","matrix":"buccal cavity (loss from solution)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"presence of 133 mM Na+","value":"12.8","variance":"± 1.3 (SEM)","units":"µmol/5 min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"5048660","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"1 g x4","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"calculated total absorbed","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of dose absorbed, 4 g as four 1-g doses","value":"55.3","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Results p.142","quote":"(i.e. 55.3% of dose absorbed)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"model-calculated"},{"pmid":"5048660","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"4 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"calculated total absorbed","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of dose absorbed, single 4-g dose","value":"32.5","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Results p.142","quote":"(i.e. 32.5% of dose absorbed)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"model-calculated"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 1 for this dose","value":"44.7","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 50 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 2 for this dose","value":"45.1","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 50 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 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uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"2,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 5 for this dose","value":"351.4","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 2,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"2,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 6 for this dose","value":"564.4","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 2,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 1 for this dose","value":"518.4","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 3,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 2 for this dose","value":"581.8","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 3,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 3 for this dose","value":"574.1","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 3,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 4 for this dose","value":"482.1","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 3,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 5 for this dose","value":"569.9","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 3,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 6 for this dose","value":"569.0","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 3,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"5870366","species":"human","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3,000 mg oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"urine + extracellular fluid (estimated)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated absorption in 6 h, row 7 for this dose","value":"540.7","variance":"","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"oral dose administered 3,000 mg; estimated from urinary excretion plus extracellular increase; excludes tissue uptake/metabolism"},{"pmid":"7253837","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid in 200 ml water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed: standard high-fat meal immediately before","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid (AA+DHA+DKA in urine)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum AA excretion rate, after fatty meal","value":"3.3","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Results p.2508","quote":"The values of Tmax were significantly greater after the meal compared to control experiments (P<0.05; 3.3 vs 2.4 hr).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"7253837","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid solution","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid (AA+DHA+DKA in urine)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum AA excretion rate, control","value":"2.4","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Results p.2508","quote":"(P<0.05; 3.3 vs 2.4 hr)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type not stated; 'control experiments'"},{"pmid":"7253837","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid in about 25 ml water per dose","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"0.125 x 8 (1 g total) g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid (AA+DHA+DKA in urine)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"% increase in extent of absorption vs mean of corresponding control experiments, average","value":"72","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1 text, p.2509","quote":"increases the extent of absorption in each subject by an average of 72% (range, 44-112%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author-stated average percent increase; Discussion elsewhere says 44-112% and later 47-112% (inconsistent)"},{"pmid":"7253837","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid in 200 ml water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed: standard high-fat meal immediately before","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid (AA+DHA+DKA in urine)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"% increase in extent of absorption vs mean of corresponding control experiments, average","value":"69","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1 text, p.2509","quote":"average increase, 69%; range, 37-111%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7253837","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid solution","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid (AA+DHA+DKA in urine)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of single 1 g solution dose absorbed relative to i.v. dose (range across subjects)","value":"25-51","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.2508","quote":"25-51% of a single 1 g solution dose is absorbed relative to the I.V. dose","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Range printed; no point estimate. Authors' conclusion from % recovered relative to i.v. recovery"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"plain ascorbic acid tablet","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"19 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"reduced ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"183","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1; Results p.159","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.023, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.347; range in Results text p.159"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"slow release ascorbic acid tablet, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"reduced ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"96","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1; Results p.159","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.023, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.347; range in Results text p.159"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo tablet","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"reduced ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"131","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.023, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.347; placebo AUC printed positive although Fig. 3 total AA change for placebo is negative (not resolved)"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"plain ascorbic acid tablet","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"19 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"dehydroascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"40","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.651, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"slow release ascorbic acid tablet, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"dehydroascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"1","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.651, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo tablet","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"dehydroascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"11","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.651, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"plain ascorbic acid tablet","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"19 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"222","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1; Results p.159","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.006, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.175; range in Results text p.159"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"slow release ascorbic acid tablet, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"97","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1; Results p.159","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.006, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.175; range in Results text p.159"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo tablet","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, first dose (baseline visit)","value":"120","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.006, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.175; placebo AUC printed positive although Fig. 3 total AA change for placebo is negative (not resolved)"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"plain ascorbic acid tablet","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"19 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"reduced ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"360","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.026, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"slow release ascorbic acid tablet, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"reduced ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"381","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.026, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo tablet","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"reduced ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"123","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.026, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754; placebo AUC printed positive although Fig. 3 total AA change for placebo is negative (not resolved)"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"plain ascorbic acid tablet","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"19 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"dehydroascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"39","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.357, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"slow release ascorbic acid tablet, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"dehydroascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"4","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.357, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo tablet","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"dehydroascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"11","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.357, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.754"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"plain ascorbic acid tablet","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"19 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"400","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.027, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.917"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"slow release ascorbic acid tablet, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"377","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.027, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.917"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"placebo tablet","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h, after two months of supplementation (steady state), PK substudy","value":"112","variance":"","units":"umol x h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC0-12h of change from pre-dose baseline (baseline value subtracted); n=5 per group; variance not given in table ('Means of five subjects'); P (Kruskal-Wallis, 3 groups)=0.027, P (Wilcoxon plain vs slow release)=0.917; placebo AUC printed positive although Fig. 3 total AA change for placebo is negative (not resolved)"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"plain ascorbic acid tablet","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"19 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximal concentration, two month visit","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.159","quote":"Maximal ascorbic acid concentration during the two month visit was achieved in 2 h after the plain ascorbic acid","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"stated without variance; reported as time of maximal AA concentration"},{"pmid":"9076405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"slow release ascorbic acid tablet, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix","forms":["slow-release"],"dose":"250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"20 (Table 2); PK substudy 5","analyte":"total ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximal concentration, two month visit","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.159","quote":"and 4 h after the slow release ascorbic acid dose","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"stated without variance"},{"pmid":"9868185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"coconut drink","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, then breakfast drink (coconut drink, Table 1)","n":"8","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC 0-4 h, plasma vitamin C","value":"173","variance":"± 24 (SEM)","units":"µmol·h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test vs control: reference"},{"pmid":"9868185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, then breakfast drink (coconut drink, Table 1)","n":"8","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC 0-4 h, plasma vitamin C","value":"367","variance":"± 30 (SEM)","units":"µmol·h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test vs control: † P < 0.01; one subject did not finish VC and SP experiments"},{"pmid":"9868185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"strawberries","forms":[],"dose":"240 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, then breakfast drink (coconut drink, Table 1)","n":"8","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC 0-4 h, plasma vitamin C","value":"217","variance":"± 23 (SEM)","units":"µmol·h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test vs control: * P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"9868185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"spinach","forms":[],"dose":"294 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, then breakfast drink (coconut drink, Table 1)","n":"8","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC 0-4 h, plasma vitamin C","value":"197","variance":"± 33 (SEM)","units":"µmol·h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test vs control: not marked (n=7); one subject did not finish VC and SP experiments"},{"pmid":"9868185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red wine","forms":[],"dose":"300 mL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, then breakfast drink (coconut drink, Table 1)","n":"8","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC 0-4 h, plasma vitamin C","value":"177","variance":"± 19 (SEM)","units":"µmol·h/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Paired t-test vs control: not marked"},{"pmid":"9868185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1250 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, then breakfast drink (coconut drink, Table 1)","n":"8","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma vitamin C","value":"118","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2386 para (Fig. 2)","quote":"plasma vitamin C concentrations reached a maximum of 118 µmol/L by 4 h following the vitamin C treatment","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Described as almost two-fold increase relative to baseline 41.6 µmol/L; variance not given; Fig. 2 spans 24 h"},{"pmid":"9868185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"strawberries","forms":[],"dose":"240 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, then breakfast drink (coconut drink, Table 1)","n":"8","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma vitamin C","value":"58","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2386","quote":"the vitamin C concentration reached a maximum of 58 µmol/L (40% increase) at 4 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints '(40% increase)'; variance not given"},{"pmid":"9237946","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (Hoffmann-La Roche) none added; basal diet analysed 116 mg AA/kg","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed equal amounts of basal diet","n":"7","analyte":"Calcium (off-target effect of vitamin C)","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (14-d balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Calcium Absorbed","value":"8.1","variance":"± 0.5 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mineral (Ca/P) apparent absorption/balance as effect of AA supplementation; not absorption of ascorbic acid"},{"pmid":"9237946","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (Hoffmann-La Roche) none added; basal diet analysed 116 mg AA/kg","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed equal amounts of basal diet","n":"7","analyte":"Calcium (off-target effect of vitamin C)","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (14-d balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Calcium Absorption","value":"32","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mineral (Ca/P) apparent absorption/balance as effect of AA supplementation; not absorption of ascorbic acid; % is percent of intake, rounded values"},{"pmid":"9237946","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in pelleted diet (Hoffmann-La Roche (supplier of L-ascorbic acid))","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed equal amounts of basal diet","n":"7","analyte":"Calcium (off-target effect of vitamin C)","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (14-d balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Calcium Absorbed","value":"8.5","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mineral (Ca/P) apparent absorption/balance as effect of AA supplementation; not absorption of ascorbic acid"},{"pmid":"9237946","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in pelleted diet (Hoffmann-La Roche (supplier of L-ascorbic acid))","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed equal amounts of basal diet","n":"7","analyte":"Calcium (off-target effect of vitamin C)","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (14-d balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Calcium Absorption","value":"33","variance":"± 4 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mineral (Ca/P) apparent absorption/balance as effect of AA supplementation; not absorption of ascorbic acid; % is percent of intake, rounded values"},{"pmid":"9237946","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (Hoffmann-La Roche) none added; basal diet analysed 116 mg AA/kg","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed equal amounts of basal diet","n":"7","analyte":"Phosphorus (off-target effect of vitamin C)","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (14-d balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Phosphorus Absorbed","value":"6.7","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mineral (Ca/P) apparent absorption/balance as effect of AA supplementation; not absorption of ascorbic acid"},{"pmid":"9237946","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (Hoffmann-La Roche) none added; basal diet analysed 116 mg AA/kg","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed equal amounts of basal diet","n":"7","analyte":"Phosphorus (off-target effect of vitamin C)","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (14-d balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Phosphorus Absorption","value":"42","variance":"± 1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mineral (Ca/P) apparent absorption/balance as effect of AA supplementation; not absorption of ascorbic acid; % is percent of intake, rounded values"},{"pmid":"9237946","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in pelleted diet (Hoffmann-La Roche (supplier of L-ascorbic acid))","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed equal amounts of basal diet","n":"7","analyte":"Phosphorus (off-target effect of vitamin C)","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (14-d balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Phosphorus Absorbed","value":"6.8","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mineral (Ca/P) apparent absorption/balance as effect of AA supplementation; not absorption of ascorbic acid"},{"pmid":"9237946","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in pelleted diet (Hoffmann-La Roche (supplier of L-ascorbic acid))","forms":[],"dose":"1000 mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed equal amounts of basal diet","n":"7","analyte":"Phosphorus (off-target effect of vitamin C)","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (14-d balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Phosphorus Absorption","value":"42","variance":"± 3 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mineral (Ca/P) apparent absorption/balance as effect of AA supplementation; not absorption of ascorbic acid; % is percent of intake, rounded values"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca ascorbate (Ca-AsA), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax did not differ among groups"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca ascorbate (Ca-AsA), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma 45Ca radioactivity at Tmax","value":"1088.2","variance":"± 108.5 (SEM)","units":"cpm/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: a** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different)"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca ascorbate (Ca-AsA), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC∞ (34 h sampling)","value":"13909","variance":"± 1542 (SEM)","units":"cpm·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: b***,c** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different); trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca carbonate (CaCO3), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax did not differ among groups"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca carbonate (CaCO3), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma 45Ca radioactivity at Tmax","value":"520.2","variance":"± 166.4 (SEM)","units":"cpm/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: a**,b* (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different)"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca carbonate (CaCO3), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC∞ (34 h sampling)","value":"6179","variance":"± 971 (SEM)","units":"cpm·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: b*** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different); trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca chloride (CaCl2), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax did not differ among groups"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca chloride (CaCl2), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma 45Ca radioactivity at Tmax","value":"902.2","variance":"± 83.0 (SEM)","units":"cpm/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: b* (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different)"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca chloride (CaCl2), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC∞ (34 h sampling)","value":"7183","variance":"± 731 (SEM)","units":"cpm·h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: c** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different); trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca ascorbate (Ca-AsA), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax did not differ among groups"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca ascorbate (Ca-AsA), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma 45Ca radioactivity at Tmax","value":"663.3","variance":"± 42.0 (SEM)","units":"cpm/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: a***,b** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different)"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca ascorbate (Ca-AsA), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC∞ (34 h sampling)","value":"8654","variance":"± 854 (SEM)","units":"cpm·h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: c**,d** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different); trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca carbonate (CaCO3), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax did not differ among groups"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca carbonate (CaCO3), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma 45Ca radioactivity at Tmax","value":"280.5","variance":"± 50.9 (SEM)","units":"cpm/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: a*** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different)"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca carbonate (CaCO3), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC∞ (34 h sampling)","value":"3209","variance":"± 781 (SEM)","units":"cpm·h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: c** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different); trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca chloride (CaCl2), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax did not differ among groups"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca chloride (CaCl2), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma 45Ca radioactivity at Tmax","value":"354.2","variance":"± 74.6 (SEM)","units":"cpm/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: b** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different)"},{"pmid":"10084399","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ca chloride (CaCl2), intrinsically labeled with 45Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted 17 h (food), water withheld 2 h; food resumed 3 h post-dose","n":"5","analyte":"45Ca radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC∞ (34 h sampling)","value":"4216","variance":"± 686 (SEM)","units":"cpm·h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance superscripts printed: d** (values sharing the same superscript are significantly different); trapezoidal rule"},{"pmid":"12353620","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"6-octanoyl-AA-2G IV","forms":[],"dose":"56.8 µmol/animal","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed","n":"3-4","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal plasma AA after IV 6-Octa-AA-2G","value":"138.3","variance":"± 21.9 (SD)","units":"nmol/ml","location":"Results p.1630","quote":"The maximal value was 138.3+/-21.9 nmol/ml at 1 h.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance type SD from Fig. 3 legend"},{"pmid":"12353620","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"AA-2G IV","forms":[],"dose":"56.8 µmol/animal","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fed","n":"3-4","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal plasma AA after IV AA-2G","value":"99.8","variance":"± 11.4 (SD)","units":"nmol/ml","location":"Results p.1631","quote":"reached a maximum (99.8+/-11.4 nmol/ml) at 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"variance type SD from Fig. 3 legend"},{"pmid":"14507447","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[14C]ascorbic acid solution on swab (Aqua Puff iontophoresis apparatus (Toshiba))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"0.5 ml of 1 mg/ml solution (approx. 17 uCi)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 rats (per Statistics); legend n = 6","analyte":"[14C]ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"dermis","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dermal radioactivity","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.219; Abstract","quote":"iontophoresis greatly induced the percutaneous absorption of ascorbic acid with the maximum radioactivity at 1 h after iontophoresis","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text cites 'Fig. 2b, left' but legend assigns dermis data to Fig. 1b; dermal values figure-only"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tap water, no vitamin C","forms":[],"dose":"1.0-1.2 mg Cd/kg b.w./day (as 10 mg Cd/kg diet equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"carcass","parameter":"AUC","detail":"carcass cadmium content AUC (trapezoidal, mean concentrations)","value":"1336","variance":"","units":"NR (as printed: none)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed; derived by authors from mean values"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid in drinking water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1.5 g/l (Methods) / mg/l (Abstract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"carcass","parameter":"AUC","detail":"carcass cadmium content AUC (trapezoidal, mean concentrations)","value":"876","variance":"","units":"NR (as printed: none)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed; derived by authors from mean values"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tap water, no vitamin C","forms":[],"dose":"1.0-1.2 mg Cd/kg b.w./day (as 10 mg Cd/kg diet equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"liver cadmium AUC (trapezoidal rule)","value":"21870","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid in drinking water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1.5 g/l (Methods) / mg/l (Abstract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"liver cadmium AUC (trapezoidal rule)","value":"7880","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tap water, no vitamin C","forms":[],"dose":"1.0-1.2 mg Cd/kg b.w./day (as 10 mg Cd/kg diet equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"kidneys","parameter":"AUC","detail":"kidneys cadmium AUC (trapezoidal rule)","value":"4929","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid in drinking water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1.5 g/l (Methods) / mg/l (Abstract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"kidneys","parameter":"AUC","detail":"kidneys cadmium AUC (trapezoidal rule)","value":"1704","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tap water, no vitamin C","forms":[],"dose":"1.0-1.2 mg Cd/kg b.w./day (as 10 mg Cd/kg diet equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"testicles","parameter":"AUC","detail":"testicles cadmium AUC (trapezoidal rule)","value":"474","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid in drinking water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1.5 g/l (Methods) / mg/l (Abstract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"testicles","parameter":"AUC","detail":"testicles cadmium AUC (trapezoidal rule)","value":"130","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"tap water, no vitamin C","forms":[],"dose":"1.0-1.2 mg Cd/kg b.w./day (as 10 mg Cd/kg diet equivalent)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"muscles","parameter":"AUC","detail":"muscles cadmium AUC (trapezoidal rule)","value":"487","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"15646266","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid in drinking water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1.5 g/l (Methods) / mg/l (Abstract)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"45","analyte":"cadmium-109","matrix":"muscles","parameter":"AUC","detail":"muscles cadmium AUC (trapezoidal rule)","value":"289","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"15976862","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid conjugate of a DAPT analog","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"compound 2 (total drug incl. metabolites 8 and 9)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"optimal brain concentration reached within 2 hours","value":"280","variance":"","units":"ng g−1 of brain","location":"Discussion p.4","quote":"Optimal concentration of 2 in the brain was reached within 2 hours (280 ng g−1 of brain)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text value; Fig. 2a graph"},{"pmid":"16153662","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"azosemide","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg azosemide","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"azosemide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"316","variance":"± 152 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml (printed 'Ag min/ml')","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16153662","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg ascorbic acid per rat","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"azosemide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"437","variance":"± 128 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml (printed 'Ag min/ml')","location":"Table 2; Results p.4","quote":"a considerable increase in AUC (38.3% increase; p < 0.133)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"p printed as '<0.133' (not significant)"},{"pmid":"16153662","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"sodium bicarbonate","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"azosemide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"225","variance":"± 103 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml (printed 'Ag min/ml')","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16153662","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"azosemide","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg azosemide","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"azosemide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (%) vs control","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"reference value"},{"pmid":"16153662","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg ascorbic acid per rat","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"azosemide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (%) vs control","value":"138","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2; Abstract","quote":"the F value (138% vs. 100%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16153662","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"sodium bicarbonate","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"azosemide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (%) vs control","value":"71.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"1304.1","variance":"± 405.3 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.6","variance":"± 0.7 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"796.6","variance":"± 266.5 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"2569.3","variance":"± 518.2 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a,b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.1","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"786.7","variance":"± 140.6 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"2775.1","variance":"± 438.1 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a,b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1104.8","variance":"± 152.3 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"3237.0","variance":"± 466.1 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.7","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EGC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1100.3","variance":"± 218.7 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"2051.4","variance":"± 327.8 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1023.2","variance":"± 201.9 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"1389.1","variance":"± 134.8 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.9","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: b. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"459.7","variance":"± 69.8 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"1980.4","variance":"± 256.9 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"860.4","variance":"± 105.9 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"1365.7","variance":"± 181.6 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.5 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: b. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EC","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"433.6","variance":"± 50.8 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"61.0","variance":"± 26.6 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.6","variance":"± 1.0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"19.8","variance":"± 5.9 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"155.0","variance":"± 58.2 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a,b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.9","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"58.3","variance":"± 24.8 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a,b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"92.2","variance":"± 14.9 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a,b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"34.7","variance":"± 4.4 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a,b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"181.8","variance":"± 17.1 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.9","variance":"± 0.5 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"69.4","variance":"± 8.2 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"31.8","variance":"± 14.3 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a,b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.6","variance":"± 0.6 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.8","variance":"± 4.1 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"20.2","variance":"± 4.6 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a,b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.3","variance":"± 0.8 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1250.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.3","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"8.4","variance":"± 3.6 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): b"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.5 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"7","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.4","variance":"± 4.3 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-6h","value":"43.6","variance":"± 13.3 (SEM)","units":"pmol h/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters in Table 2 (different letters = P<0.05 among formulations for this catechin): a"},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.6","variance":"± 0.5 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a. Tmax obtained from individual plots; summary statistic shown as mean ± SEM."},{"pmid":"20161530","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"green tea extract + sucrose 1240.0 mg + ascorbic acid 10.0 mg (Green tea water extract (Nestlé Product Technology Center, gift))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg green tea extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"food restricted 6 h before gavage; fed 2 h after","n":"6","analyte":"ECG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.3","variance":"± 4.1 (SEM)","units":"pmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter: a"},{"pmid":"2054871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"INAH 100 mg/kg + glucose 656.8 mg/kg p.o.","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg INAH (+656.8 mg/kg Glu, fivefold molar of INAH)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"INAH","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-300min with Glu as % of INAH alone","value":"50.31","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.446","quote":"AUC ... from 0 to 300 min after administration with Glu or AA were 50.31% and 84.48%, respectively, of that in the case of single administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as % of single administration; SE/n not given; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"2054871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"INAH 100 mg/kg + ascorbic acid 642 mg/kg p.o.","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg/kg INAH (+642 mg/kg AA, fivefold molar of INAH)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"INAH","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-300min with AA as % of INAH alone","value":"84.48","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.446","quote":"AUC ... from 0 to 300 min after administration with Glu or AA were 50.31% and 84.48%, respectively, of that in the case of single administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as % of single administration; SE/n not given; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"20708381","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"VC dissolved in 250 µL water by stomach probe","forms":[],"dose":"3.5 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"vitamin C (reduced form)","matrix":"liver","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak VC content after oral 3.5 mg","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Abstract; Results p.473","quote":"VC content in the liver and kidney peaked at 3 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Peak time as described in text (not from a table); urine 'most VC 3 h after administration'; plasma peaked at 3 h"},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in normal saline, intravenous bolus via jugular vein (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid (As-Ac)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (mean of 6 rats)","value":"268.4","variance":"± 51.1 (SD)","units":"mg*hr/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus 100 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in normal saline, intravenous bolus via jugular vein (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid (As-Ac)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (rat 1)","value":"247.4","variance":"","units":"mg*hr/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus 100 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in normal saline, intravenous bolus via jugular vein (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid (As-Ac)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (rat 2)","value":"188.4","variance":"","units":"mg*hr/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus 100 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in normal saline, intravenous bolus via jugular vein (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid (As-Ac)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (rat 3)","value":"326.3","variance":"","units":"mg*hr/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus 100 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in normal saline, intravenous bolus via jugular vein (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid (As-Ac)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (rat 4)","value":"313.3","variance":"","units":"mg*hr/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus 100 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in normal saline, intravenous bolus via jugular vein (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid (As-Ac)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (rat 5)","value":"287.8","variance":"","units":"mg*hr/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus 100 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in normal saline, intravenous bolus via jugular vein (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid (As-Ac)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (rat 6)","value":"247.0","variance":"","units":"mg*hr/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus 100 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Lead acetate 1 mg/kg IV bolus (tail vein), no exogenous As-Ac (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"lead","matrix":"femur","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf lead, lead alone","value":"3683.9","variance":"","units":"µg·hr/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"2748544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"As-Ac intravenous 25 mg/kg every 6 hr (steady state) plus lead acetate 1 mg/kg IV bolus at 35 hr after first As-Ac dose (Sigma (As-Ac))","forms":[],"dose":"25 (As-Ac); 1 (lead acetate) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"15","analyte":"lead","matrix":"femur","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf lead, in presence of As-Ac","value":"1613.6","variance":"","units":"µg·hr/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27567539","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sodium L-ascorbate in 0.1 mL PBS, intraperitoneal (Sigma-Aldrich (sodium L-ascorbate))","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point (45 total)","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.70","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis, single IP 1 g/kg, n=5 per time point. Text prints plasma Cmax as 4.7 mM"},{"pmid":"27567539","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sodium L-ascorbate in 0.1 mL PBS, intraperitoneal (Sigma-Aldrich (sodium L-ascorbate))","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point (45 total)","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis, single IP 1 g/kg, n=5 per time point"},{"pmid":"27567539","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sodium L-ascorbate in 0.1 mL PBS, intraperitoneal (Sigma-Aldrich (sodium L-ascorbate))","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point (45 total)","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4 h","value":"4.80","variance":"","units":"mM*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental analysis, single IP 1 g/kg, n=5 per time point"},{"pmid":"27567539","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sodium L-ascorbate in 0.1 mL PBS, intraperitoneal (Sigma-Aldrich (sodium L-ascorbate))","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point (45 total)","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma (simulated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"simulation model","value":"8.46","variance":"","units":"mM","location":"Table 1; Results 3.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Simulation model (2-compartment with first-order IP absorption); Cmax/Tmax by interpolation of model; derived, not measured"},{"pmid":"27567539","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sodium L-ascorbate in 0.1 mL PBS, intraperitoneal (Sigma-Aldrich (sodium L-ascorbate))","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point (45 total)","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma (simulated)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"simulation model","value":"10.2","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1; Results 3.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Simulation model (2-compartment with first-order IP absorption); Cmax/Tmax by interpolation of model; derived, not measured"},{"pmid":"27567539","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sodium L-ascorbate in 0.1 mL PBS, intraperitoneal (Sigma-Aldrich (sodium L-ascorbate))","forms":[],"dose":"1 g/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point (45 total)","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma (simulated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-4 h, simulation model","value":"7.36","variance":"","units":"mM*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Simulation model (2-compartment with first-order IP absorption); Cmax/Tmax by interpolation of model; derived, not measured"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"0 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"91.75","variance":"± 0.59 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript c"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"0 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"93.70","variance":"± 0.32 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript c; table footnote: control group b was given the radioactive 75Se i/p (intraperitoneal), yet a percentage 'absorbed dose' is printed; Methods say each diet group had an oral and an i.p. sub-group"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"0 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"12.48","variance":"± 0.61 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript a"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"0 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"11.79","variance":"± 1.12 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript a"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"5 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"12.37","variance":"± 2.23 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript a"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"5 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"13.15","variance":"± 2.14 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript a"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"20.76","variance":"± 4.34 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript b"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"21.48","variance":"± 5.36 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript b"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"20 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"25.29","variance":"± 2.58 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript b; text of the PDF layer shows 2.5@ for this SE, page image prints 2.58"},{"pmid":"2861038","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dietary L-ascorbic acid (modifier); absorbed analyte is Na2 75SeO3","forms":[],"dose":"20 g/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"meal-trained, 1-h radioactive meal","n":"3","analyte":"75Se (from Na2 75SeO3)","matrix":"whole body (whole-body counter)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage absorbed dose of oral 75Se","value":"26.29","variance":"± 1.30 (SEM)","units":"% of dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I superscript b"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"15.0","variance":"± 13.0 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"57.5","variance":"± 48.2 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus ultrasound to whole brain (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"122.5","variance":"± 86.6 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) plus ultrasound to whole brain (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"22.5","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD printed as 0.0"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"219.4","variance":"± 174.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 prints ng/mL; Results text prints the D-arm peak as 2.01 ± 0.71 µg/mL"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"128.4","variance":"± 113.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 prints ng/mL; Results text prints the D-arm peak as 2.01 ± 0.71 µg/mL"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus ultrasound to whole brain (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"132.5","variance":"± 114.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 prints ng/mL; Results text prints the D-arm peak as 2.01 ± 0.71 µg/mL"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) plus ultrasound to whole brain (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"2014.3","variance":"± 712.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 prints ng/mL; Results text prints the D-arm peak as 2.01 ± 0.71 µg/mL"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"17.0","variance":"± 16.0 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"11.1","variance":"± 5.2 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Results text prints 11.0 ± 5.18 µg min/mL (p.687); Table 2 prints 11.1 ± 5.2"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus ultrasound to whole brain (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"9.50","variance":"± 2.25 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) plus ultrasound to whole brain (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"brain dialysate concentration-time profile, 0-300 min after end of ultrasound","value":"151.7","variance":"± 43.1 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Results text prints 152 ± 43.1 µg min/mL (p.687); Table 2 prints 151.7 ± 43.1"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) plus ultrasound to whole brain (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak dialysate concentration, text","value":"2.01","variance":"± 0.71 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.687, Time-course evaluation with ascorbic acid","quote":"the peak concentration of ascorbic acid (2.01 ± 0.71 µg/mL) was observed from 15–30 min after ultrasound irradiation","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same quantity as Table 2 Cmax 2014.3 ± 712.6 ng/mL (unit as printed differs)"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text value","value":"11.0","variance":"± 5.18 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Results p.687","quote":"the group with BLs administration, 11.0 ± 5.18 µg min/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 (11.1 ± 5.2)"},{"pmid":"29251518","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid in water (10 mg/mL), i.p. plus bubble liposomes (BLs, i.v.) plus ultrasound to whole brain (Wako Pure Chemical (L-ascorbic acid))","forms":["liposomal"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (animals had free access to food and water; anaesthetised)","n":"3","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"rat brain microdialysate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text value","value":"152","variance":"± 43.1 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Results p.687","quote":"The AUC in the group with BLs administration and ultrasound irradiation (152 ± 43.1 µg min/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2 prints 151.7 ± 43.1"},{"pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid (drug content 97%) (PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"105.96 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"705.7","variance":"± 238.5 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"calcium ascorbate (drug content 76%) (PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd)","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"135.24 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1277.0","variance":"± 210.4 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC0-24h value from calcium ascorbate (1277.0 ng/ml) was 1.5-fold higher than that from ascorbic acid (705.7 ng/ml)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints unit as ng/ml; table prints ng/ml · h"},{"pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid (drug content 97%) (PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"105.96 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"2024.7","variance":"± 1362.7 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"calcium ascorbate (drug content 76%) (PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd)","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"135.24 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"5769.6","variance":"± 2867.4 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUCinf value from calcium ascorbate (5769.6 ng/ml) was 2.8-fold higher than that from ascorbic acid (2024.7 ng/ml)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No significance mark in Table 2; Discussion p.41 says AUCinf values were not significantly different"},{"pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid (drug content 97%) (PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"105.96 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"74.8","variance":"± 12.8 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"calcium ascorbate (drug content 76%) (PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd)","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"135.24 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"91.0","variance":"± 13.30 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax value of calcium ascorbate (91.0 ng/ml) was also higher than that of ascorbic acid (74.8 ng/ml)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No significance mark"},{"pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid (drug content 97%) (PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"105.96 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29302210","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"calcium ascorbate (drug content 76%) (PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd)","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"135.24 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"However, the Tmax values were similar","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin suspension in water (Sami Laboratories (CUR))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.512","variance":"± 0.020 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.378 (Pharmacokinetic parameters)","quote":"Cmax values for pure CUR, coated MS without AA (G), and with AA (G2) were 0.512 ± 0.020, 0.655 ± 0.028, and 1.139 ± 0.118 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Page image confirms µg/mL (text layer shows mg/mL)"},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CUR chitosan microspheres, Eudragit S100 coat, no ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.655","variance":"± 0.028 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.378","quote":"0.655 ± 0.028","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CUR chitosan microspheres with ascorbic acid (CUR:AA 1:1 molar), Eudragit S100 coat, core:coat 1:2","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.139","variance":"± 0.118 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.378","quote":"1.139 ± 0.118 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text states Cmax of suspension and G significantly lower than G2"},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin suspension in water (Sami Laboratories (CUR))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"2.128","variance":"","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results p.378","quote":"pure CUR 2.128 µg. h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CUR chitosan microspheres, Eudragit S100 coat, no ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"8.867","variance":"","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results p.378","quote":"MS without AA (G) 8.867 µg h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CUR chitosan microspheres with ascorbic acid (CUR:AA 1:1 molar), Eudragit S100 coat, core:coat 1:2","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"15.597","variance":"","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results p.378","quote":"AUC0–24 of coated MS with AA (G2) 15.597 µg h/mL was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of pure CUR 2.128","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CUR chitosan microspheres with ascorbic acid (CUR:AA 1:1 molar), Eudragit S100 coat, core:coat 1:2","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in blood concentration vs CUR suspension","value":"7.33","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results p.378","quote":"Formulation G2 showed 7.33-fold increase in the blood concentration than CUR suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author-stated ratio"},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin suspension in water (Sami Laboratories (CUR))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.378","quote":"low tmax value (1 h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Pure CUR"},{"pmid":"30010458","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"CUR chitosan microspheres with ascorbic acid (CUR:AA 1:1 molar), Eudragit S100 coat, core:coat 1:2","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.378","quote":"CSMS exhibited delayed absorption as indicated by the high tmax (6 h) values","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says 'CSMS' collectively; G (arm III) tmax also appears ~6 h in Fig. 4 but not separately stated"},{"pmid":"32095454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vitamin C gel, transdermal on shaved rat dorsal skin (Samchun vitamin C)","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 g gel (27.5 mg/kg vitamin C) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to standard diet and water","n":"3","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"66.9","variance":"± 19.0 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32095454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vitamin C gel, transdermal on shaved rat dorsal skin (Samchun vitamin C)","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 g gel (27.5 mg/kg vitamin C) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to standard diet and water","n":"3","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"96.2","variance":"± 34.1 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32095454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vitamin C gel, transdermal on shaved rat dorsal skin (Samchun vitamin C)","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 g gel (27.5 mg/kg vitamin C) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to standard diet and water","n":"3","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32095454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vitamin C gel, transdermal on shaved rat dorsal skin (Samchun vitamin C)","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 g gel (27.5 mg/kg vitamin C) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to standard diet and water","n":"3","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32095454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vitamin C gel, transdermal on shaved rat dorsal skin (Samchun vitamin C)","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 g gel (27.5 mg/kg vitamin C) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to standard diet and water","n":"3","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"843.4","variance":"± 218.6 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32095454","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vitamin C gel, transdermal on shaved rat dorsal skin (Samchun vitamin C)","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 g gel (27.5 mg/kg vitamin C) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"free access to standard diet and water","n":"3","analyte":"vitamin C","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1136.5","variance":"± 340.0 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY in water","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"48 105.37","variance":"± 15 724.94 (SD)","units":"ug mL-1 (as printed in table header)","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed unit ug mL-1; text (Results) gives the same values in ng mL-1 (e.g. 'maximum of 48 105 ng mL-1')"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY in water","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"29 403.84","variance":"± 9880.36 (SD)","units":"mg L-1 h-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in table"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY in water","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"29 411.99","variance":"± 9876.087 (SD)","units":"mg L-1 h-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in table; SD larger than mean for oral with AA"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY in water","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.17","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; reported as mean +/- SD"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY dissolved in hot water","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"52.71","variance":"± 20.56 (SD)","units":"ug mL-1 (as printed in table header)","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed unit ug mL-1; text (Results) gives the same values in ng mL-1 (e.g. 'maximum of 48 105 ng mL-1')"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY dissolved in hot water","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"209.51","variance":"± 82.71 (SD)","units":"mg L-1 h-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in table"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY dissolved in hot water","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"359.09","variance":"± 192.49 (SD)","units":"mg L-1 h-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in table; SD larger than mean for oral with AA"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY dissolved in hot water","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.85","variance":"± 1.06 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; reported as mean +/- SD"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY + ascorbic acid in water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"20 (DMY) and 2 (AA) mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"74.55","variance":"± 18.85 (SD)","units":"ug mL-1 (as printed in table header)","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed unit ug mL-1; text (Results) gives the same values in ng mL-1 (e.g. 'maximum of 48 105 ng mL-1')"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY + ascorbic acid in water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"20 (DMY) and 2 (AA) mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"336.82","variance":"± 86.85 (SD)","units":"mg L-1 h-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in table"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY + ascorbic acid in water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"20 (DMY) and 2 (AA) mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"1002.04","variance":"± 1504.3 (SD)","units":"mg L-1 h-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in table; SD larger than mean for oral with AA"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY + ascorbic acid in water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"20 (DMY) and 2 (AA) mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.92","variance":"± 0.75 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; reported as mean +/- SD"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY dissolved in hot water","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text value","value":"53","variance":"","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Results p.3867","quote":"Cmax of only 53 ng mL-1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"rounded in text; Table 1 prints 52.71 (header unit ug mL-1)"},{"pmid":"33336364","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"DMY + ascorbic acid in water","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"20 (DMY) and 2 (AA) mg/kg bwt","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"dihydromyricetin (DMY)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text value","value":"75","variance":"","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Results p.3867","quote":"the Cmax was 75 ng mL-1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"rounded in text; Table 1 prints 74.55"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"5.28 mg/kg nimodipine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane anesthesia","n":"NR","analyte":"nimodipine (off-target; vitamin C is the co-administered modifier)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"36.21","variance":"± 4.28 (SD)","units":"(ng/ml) h","location":"Table 9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD assumed from '±' (type not stated in table); table notes no n; Table 9 header: 'AUC0–t (ng/ml) h'"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) with vitamin C (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"5.28 mg/kg nimodipine plus vitamin C 8.79 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane anesthesia","n":"NR","analyte":"nimodipine (off-target; vitamin C is the co-administered modifier)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"50.12","variance":"± 1.13 (SD)","units":"(ng/ml) h","location":"Table 9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD assumed from '±' (type not stated in table); table notes no n; Table 9 header: 'AUC0–t (ng/ml) h'"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"10.55 mg/kg nimodipine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane anesthesia","n":"NR","analyte":"nimodipine (off-target; vitamin C is the co-administered modifier)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"90.86","variance":"± 4.71 (SD)","units":"(ng/ml) h","location":"Table 9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD assumed from '±' (type not stated in table); table notes no n; Table 9 header: 'AUC0–t (ng/ml) h'"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) with vitamin C (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"10.55 mg/kg nimodipine plus vitamin C 8.79 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane anesthesia","n":"NR","analyte":"nimodipine (off-target; vitamin C is the co-administered modifier)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"142.73","variance":"± 2.5 (SD)","units":"(ng/ml) h","location":"Table 9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD assumed from '±' (type not stated in table); table notes no n; Table 9 header: 'AUC0–t (ng/ml) h'"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"21.10 mg/kg nimodipine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane anesthesia","n":"NR","analyte":"nimodipine (off-target; vitamin C is the co-administered modifier)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"159.82","variance":"± 11.48 (SD)","units":"(ng/ml) h","location":"Table 9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD assumed from '±' (type not stated in table); table notes no n; Table 9 header: 'AUC0–t (ng/ml) h'"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) with vitamin C (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"21.10 mg/kg nimodipine plus vitamin C 8.79 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane anesthesia","n":"NR","analyte":"nimodipine (off-target; vitamin C is the co-administered modifier)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"229.98","variance":"± 8.97 (SD)","units":"(ng/ml) h","location":"Table 9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD assumed from '±' (type not stated in table); table notes no n; Table 9 header: 'AUC0–t (ng/ml) h'"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"5.28 mg/kg nimodipine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane 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±)"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"10.55 mg/kg nimodipine","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane anesthesia","n":"NR","analyte":"nimodipine (off-target; vitamin C is the co-administered modifier)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"95.96","variance":"± 6.78 (SD)","units":"(ng/ml) h","location":"Table 9","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table (printed as ±)"},{"pmid":"38287211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nimodipine oral solution (PEG400/water) with vitamin C (NR (J&K Scientific reagents))","forms":[],"dose":"10.55 mg/kg nimodipine plus vitamin C 8.79 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted about 12 h (without water), urethane anesthesia","n":"NR","analyte":"nimodipine (off-target; vitamin C is the co-administered 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Results text p.30 gives pooled high-dose AUC as 330 and Cmax 43.9; Table 2 gives 329.; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"11666144","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"crystalline ascorbic acid (cAA) in gelatine capsule (Sigma (crystalline AA))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"15 mg/kg (AA equivalents)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, no feed during study","n":"8","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC above pre-administration level","value":"215","variance":"± 98 (SD)","units":"µmol hours l−1","location":"Table 2 (p.29)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Page prints decimal as middle dot (e.g. 46·3); recorded with period. n = number of experiments.; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"11666144","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Ester-C in gelatine capsule (Ester-C (Inter-Cal Corp.))","forms":["calcium-ascorbate"],"dose":"15 mg/kg (AA equivalents)","doseBasis":"active 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QA)"},{"pmid":"11666144","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"Pooled AUC low dose (text)","value":"191","variance":"","units":"µmol h−1 l−1","location":"Results p.31","quote":"from 191 µmol h−1 l−1 to 330","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"11666144","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Pooled Cmax high dose (text)","value":"43.9","variance":"","units":"µmol l−1","location":"Results p.31","quote":"mean 23.9 versus 43.9 µmol l−1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"11666144","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"plasma ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Pooled Cmax low dose (text)","value":"23.9","variance":"","units":"µmol l−1","location":"Results p.31","quote":"mean 23.9 versus 43.9 µmol l−1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"basal","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Dry matter","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"62.5","variance":"± 1.1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CrPic (Chromax)","forms":[],"dose":"400 µg Cr/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Dry matter","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"63.4","variance":"± 1.1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35 (Roche))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg L-ascorbic acid/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Dry matter","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"63.8","variance":"± 1.1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CrPic + L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"400 µg Cr + 250 mg /kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Dry matter","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"64.8","variance":"± 1.1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"basal","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Organic matter","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"65.2","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CrPic (Chromax)","forms":[],"dose":"400 µg Cr/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Organic matter","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"66.3","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35 (Roche))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg L-ascorbic acid/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Organic matter","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"66.5","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CrPic + L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"400 µg Cr + 250 mg /kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Organic matter","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"67.9","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"basal","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Crude protein","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"67.5","variance":"± 1.8 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CrPic (Chromax)","forms":[],"dose":"400 µg Cr/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Crude protein","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"68.6","variance":"± 1.8 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35 (Roche))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg L-ascorbic acid/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Crude protein","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"68.9","variance":"± 1.8 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CrPic + L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"400 µg Cr + 250 mg /kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Crude protein","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"70.3","variance":"± 1.8 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"basal","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Ether extract","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"67.3","variance":"± 0.6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CrPic (Chromax)","forms":[],"dose":"400 µg Cr/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Ether extract","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"68.7","variance":"± 0.6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35 (Roche))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"250 mg L-ascorbic acid/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Ether extract","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"69.1","variance":"± 0.6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12117221","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CrPic + L-ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"400 µg Cr + 250 mg /kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum","n":"30","analyte":"Ether extract","matrix":"excreta","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"nutrient digestibility (Cr2O3 marker)","value":"70.2","variance":"± 0.6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"15379908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"4 ml of 250 mg sodium ascorbate/ml, right cephalic vein (Butler Company (Columbus, OH))","forms":["sodium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 (884 mg ascorbate) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak mean concentration","value":"6.1","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"mg/dl","location":"Summary; Results p.225","quote":"Peak mean concentrations were 6.1 ± 1.2 mg/dl after intravenous administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"15379908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg ascorbic acid (Major Pharmaceuticals (Livonia, MI))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1000 (994 mg ascorbate) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h; fed again after 12, 24, 48 h samples","n":"4","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak mean concentration","value":"0.54","variance":"± 0.23 (SD)","units":"mg/dl","location":"Summary; Results p.225","quote":"0.54 ± 0.23 mg/dl after oral administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"15379908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"4 ml of 250 mg sodium ascorbate/ml, right cephalic vein (Butler Company (Columbus, OH))","forms":["sodium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 (884 mg ascorbate) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to peak","value":"6","variance":"± 3–12 (range)","units":"min","location":"Results p.225","quote":"Median time to peak concentration was 6 min (range 3–12 min) after intravenous administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"15379908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg ascorbic acid (Major Pharmaceuticals (Livonia, MI))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1000 (994 mg ascorbate) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h; fed again after 12, 24, 48 h samples","n":"4","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to peak","value":"90","variance":"± 60–120 (range)","units":"min","location":"Results p.225","quote":"90 min (range 60–120 min) after oral administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"15379908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"4 ml of 250 mg sodium ascorbate/ml, right cephalic vein (Butler Company (Columbus, OH))","forms":["sodium-ascorbate"],"dose":"1000 (884 mg ascorbate) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"non-compartmental, biexponential fit per dog","value":"407","variance":"± 95 (SD)","units":"mg min/dl","location":"Results p.225","quote":"Following intravenous administration, AUC was 407 ± 95 mg min/dl","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"15379908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"2 tablets of 500 mg ascorbic acid (Major Pharmaceuticals (Livonia, MI))","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1000 (994 mg ascorbate) mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h; fed again after 12, 24, 48 h samples","n":"4","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"oral AUC from model fitted to all four dogs combined","value":"98","variance":"","units":"mg min/dl","location":"Results p.225","quote":"After oral administration, the AUC was 98 mg min/dl","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Pooled model for all dogs together; no SD."},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"33.7","variance":"± 22.4 (SD)","units":"mM*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote in Table 3 calls AUCINF 'median area under curve' although the column is under Mean PK parameters"},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.74","variance":"± 3.73 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.5","variance":"± 1.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 lists Tmax and T1/2 under 'Median PK parameters ± SD'"},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"2,200 (approx. 15-21 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"54.5","variance":"± 8.8 (SD)","units":"mM*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote in Table 3 calls AUCINF 'median area under curve' although the column is under Mean PK parameters"},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"2,200 (approx. 15-21 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.23","variance":"± 1.33 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"2,200 (approx. 15-21 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.00","variance":"± 1.36 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 lists Tmax and T1/2 under 'Median PK parameters ± SD'"},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"550 (approx. 4 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"12.8","variance":"± 3.1 (SD)","units":"mM*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote in Table 3 calls AUCINF 'median area under curve' although the column is under Mean PK parameters"},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"550 (approx. 4 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.26","variance":"± 0.61 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"550 (approx. 4 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.00","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 lists Tmax and T1/2 under 'Median PK parameters ± SD'"},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"550 (approx. 4 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak mean concentration over 6-h infusion (text)","value":"2.14","variance":"± 0.54 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Results p.5 para 1","quote":"this peaked to 2.14 mM (± 0.54 mM)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text value; NCA Cmax in Table 3 is 2.26 ± 0.61 mM (also in text)"},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"2,200 (approx. 15-21 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak mean concentration over 6-h infusion (text)","value":"8.6","variance":"± 2.1 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Results p.5 para 1","quote":"this peaked to 8.6 ± 2.1 mM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text value; NCA Cmax in Table 3 is 9.23 ± 1.33 mM"},{"pmid":"31788483","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"injectable L-ascorbic acid (ascorbate), 500 mg/mL (Mylan Institutional)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"2,200 (approx. 15-21 g) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"ascorbate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"approximate peak (Abstract)","value":"10","variance":"","units":"mM","location":"Abstract","quote":"Plasma ascorbate levels in the dogs peaked at approximately 10 mM following 2,200 mg/kg","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract says 'approximately 10 mM'"},{"pmid":"31819875","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid IV","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 gm/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.44","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic is mean ± SD per table title; Mann-Whitney U between groups; Cmax SD of 0.18 as printed"},{"pmid":"31819875","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid IV","forms":[],"dose":"3 gm/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"26.86","variance":"± 9.33 (SD)","units":"mM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic is mean ± SD per table title; Mann-Whitney U between groups"},{"pmid":"31819875","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid IV","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 gm/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.58","variance":"± 1.02 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic is mean ± SD per table title; Mann-Whitney U between groups"},{"pmid":"31819875","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid IV","forms":[],"dose":"3 gm/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.50","variance":"± 0.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic is mean ± SD per table title; Mann-Whitney U between groups"},{"pmid":"31819875","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid IV","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 gm/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"48.98","variance":"± 7.61 (SD)","units":"mM·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic is mean ± SD per table title; Mann-Whitney U between groups; Methods define AUC as AUC0-inf (table says AUC)"},{"pmid":"31819875","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid IV","forms":[],"dose":"3 gm/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"L-ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"93.49","variance":"± 18.00 (SD)","units":"mM·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic is mean ± SD per table title; Mann-Whitney U between groups; Methods define AUC as AUC0-inf (table says AUC)"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (equation A/alpha + B/beta)","value":"47.8","variance":"± 3.40 (NR)","units":"mcg*h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract (English) prints 39.7 (1 g) and 127.9 (3 g); Discussion also prints 39.7 and 127.9; inconsistent with Table I"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf trapezoidal method (to infinity)","value":"47.7","variance":"± 3.35 (NR)","units":"mcg*h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (equation A/alpha + B/beta)","value":"146.2","variance":"± 21.4 (NR)","units":"mcg*h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract (English) prints 39.7 (1 g) and 127.9 (3 g); Discussion also prints 39.7 and 127.9; inconsistent with Table I ; significantly different from 1 g dose, Student's t test, 0.05 level"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf trapezoidal method (to infinity)","value":"139.3","variance":"± 19.1 (NR)","units":"mcg*h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significantly different from 1 g dose, Student's t test, 0.05 level"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intramuscular (gluteal)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.6","variance":"± 0.01 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intramuscular (gluteal)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"19.9","variance":"± 1.99 (NR)","units":"mcg/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text layer showed 11.99 for 1 g; page image prints 1.99"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intramuscular (gluteal)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf trapezoidal method (extrapolated to infinity)","value":"290.3","variance":"± 46.1 (NR)","units":"mcg*h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Discussion prints 421.1 for 3 g IM (inconsistent with Table II 412.1)"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intramuscular (gluteal)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.24 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significantly different from 1 g IM dose, Student's t test, 0.05 level"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intramuscular (gluteal)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"58.9","variance":"± 4.4 (NR)","units":"mcg/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text layer showed 11.99 for 1 g; page image prints 1.99; significantly different from 1 g IM dose, Student's t test, 0.05 level"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intramuscular (gluteal)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf trapezoidal method (extrapolated to infinity)","value":"412.1","variance":"± 39.6 (NR)","units":"mcg*h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Discussion prints 421.1 for 3 g IM (inconsistent with Table II 412.1); significantly different from 1 g IM dose, Student's t test, 0.05 level"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intramuscular (gluteal)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"1 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC IM/AUC IV x 100, 1 g dose","value":"608.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.218","quote":"The low dose was 608.6% and the high dose was 295.8%.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calculated by authors using trapezoidal AUC to infinity; comparator 1 g IV"},{"pmid":"8809386","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbic acid, intramuscular (gluteal)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"3 g","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC IM/AUC IV x 100, 3 g dose","value":"295.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.218","quote":"The low dose was 608.6% and the high dose was 295.8%.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calculated by authors; comparator 3 g IV"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid fine powder (min 99% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum diet","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC over 28 days (multiple dosing); unit printed in table title as ug/d/mL","value":"233","variance":"± 28 (SD)","units":"ug/d/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid fine powder (min 99% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum diet","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCabove (area under curve above basal concentration) over 28 days","value":"34.1","variance":"± 13.7 (SD)","units":"ug/d/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid coated with ethyl cellulose, Type EC (min 97.5% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum diet","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC over 28 days (multiple dosing); unit printed in table title as ug/d/mL","value":"195","variance":"± 31 (SD)","units":"ug/d/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid coated with ethyl cellulose, Type EC (min 97.5% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad 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ug/d/mL","value":"222","variance":"± 23 (SD)","units":"ug/d/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["sodium-ascorbate"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum diet","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCabove (area under curve above basal concentration) over 28 days","value":"23.7","variance":"± 13.9 (SD)","units":"ug/d/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Rovimix C, silicone-coated ascorbic acid (96% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum diet","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC over 28 days (multiple dosing); unit printed in table title as ug/d/mL","value":"304","variance":"± 61 (SD)","units":"ug/d/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'b'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Rovimix C, silicone-coated ascorbic acid (96% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"ad libitum diet","n":"NR","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCabove (area under curve above basal concentration) over 28 days","value":"47.2","variance":"± 25.2 (SD)","units":"ug/d/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager 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fine powder (min 99% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent (single dose, capsule)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; sampling from 8.00 am","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-7h single dose","value":"2.46","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"µg/h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid fine powder (min 99% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent (single dose, capsule)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; sampling from 8.00 am","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCabove 0-7h single dose","value":"0.35","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"µg/h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"sodium ascorbate (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["sodium-ascorbate"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent (single dose, capsule)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; sampling from 8.00 am","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCabove 0-7h single dose","value":"0.09","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"µg/h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Rovimix C, silicone-coated ascorbic acid (96% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent (single dose, capsule)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; sampling from 8.00 am","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-7h single dose","value":"2.28","variance":"± 0.46 (SD)","units":"µg/h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Rovimix C, silicone-coated ascorbic acid (96% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent (single dose, capsule)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; sampling from 8.00 am","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCabove 0-7h single dose","value":"0.38","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"µg/h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'a'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid fine powder (min 99% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent (single dose, capsule)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; sampling from 8.00 am","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-7h single dose","value":"4.60","variance":"± 1.37 (SD)","units":"µg/h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'b'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"9342793","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid fine powder (min 99% AA) (Hoffmann-La Roche)","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"4 g ascorbic acid equivalent (single dose, capsule)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed ad libitum; sampling from 8.00 am","n":"5","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCabove 0-7h single dose","value":"2.58","variance":"± 1.31 (SD)","units":"µg/h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript 'b'; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 0.47 mM (corrected for MG)","value":"80.0","variance":"± 18.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 0.47 mM; number of runs not given in table"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 0.41 mM, with 10 mM AA","value":"56.1","variance":"± 21.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 0.41 mM"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 0.72 mM (corrected for MG)","value":"79.4","variance":"± 10.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 0.72 mM; number of runs not given in table"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 0.57 mM, with 10 mM AA","value":"39.0","variance":"± 7.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 0.57 mM"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 0.80 mM (corrected for MG)","value":"75.3","variance":"± 15.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 0.80 mM; number of runs not given in table"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 0.67 mM, with 10 mM AA","value":"56.2","variance":"± 14.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 0.67 mM"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 2.02 mM (corrected for MG)","value":"69.9","variance":"± 10.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 2.02 mM; number of runs not given in table"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 1.84 mM, with 10 mM AA","value":"50.8","variance":"± 12.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 1.84 mM"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 4.15 mM (corrected for MG)","value":"47.7","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 4.15 mM; number of runs not given in table"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 3.16 mM, with 10 mM AA","value":"50.6","variance":"± 3.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 3.16 mM"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 5.67 mM (corrected for MG)","value":"32.6","variance":"± 10.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 5.67 mM; number of runs not given in table"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% STCDC absorbed in 2 h, initial STCDC conc 5.14 mM, with 10 mM AA","value":"37.6","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Initial concentration printed in parentheses 5.14 mM"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% absorbed in 2 h, ileum, initial 1 mM, no pretreatment","value":"74.3","variance":"± 5.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote: runs in parentheses (2)"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"ascorbic acid","forms":["ascorbic-acid"],"dose":"10 mM","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% absorbed in 2 h, ileum, initial 1 mM, after 1 h pretreatment with 10 mM AA","value":"78.5","variance":"± 4.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Pretreatment did not significantly change absorption"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"approx. absorption ratio ileum, 2 h perfusion, 1 mM","value":"90","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.2017 (Fig. 2)","quote":"absorption ratios were approximately 30% and 90% for 2 hr perfusion through duodenum-jejunum and ileum","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Approximate value as stated in text; duodenum-jejunum ~30%"},{"pmid":"991356","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phosphate buffer/STCDC","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM STCDC","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"STCDC (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate)","matrix":"Intestinal perfusion (in situ ileum, guinea pig)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"approx. absorption ratio duodenum-jejunum, 2 h perfusion, 1 mM","value":"30","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.2017 (Fig. 2)","quote":"approximately 30% and 90% for 2 hr perfusion through duodenum-jejunum and ileum","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"991357","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"AA in HCl solution pH 1.0","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"stomach (in situ recirculation)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"C0 0.42 mM; absorption ratio obtained in 1 h recirculation","value":"29","variance":"± 5 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance as printed (±), type not stated"},{"pmid":"991357","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"AA in HCl solution pH 1.0","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"stomach (in situ recirculation)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"C0 0.78 mM; absorption ratio obtained in 1 h recirculation","value":"30","variance":"± 5 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance as printed (±), type not stated"},{"pmid":"991357","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"AA in HCl solution pH 1.0","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"stomach (in situ recirculation)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"C0 2.5 mM; absorption ratio obtained in 1 h recirculation","value":"17","variance":"± 3 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance as printed (±), type not stated"},{"pmid":"991357","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"AA in HCl solution pH 1.0","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"stomach (in situ recirculation)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"C0 5.2 mM; absorption ratio obtained in 1 h recirculation","value":"14","variance":"± 2 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance as printed (±), type not stated"},{"pmid":"991357","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"AA in phosphate buffer pH 7.4","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"small intestine (in situ recirculation)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"C0 0.42 mM; absorption ratio obtained in 1 h recirculation","value":"33","variance":"± 6 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance as printed (±), type not stated"},{"pmid":"991357","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"AA in phosphate buffer pH 7.4","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"small intestine (in situ recirculation)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"C0 0.75 mM; absorption ratio obtained in 1 h recirculation","value":"33","variance":"± 4 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance as printed (±), type not stated"},{"pmid":"991357","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"AA in phosphate buffer pH 7.4","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"small intestine (in situ recirculation)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"C0 2.4 mM; absorption ratio obtained in 1 h recirculation","value":"18","variance":"± 4 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance as printed (±), type not stated"},{"pmid":"991357","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"AA in phosphate buffer pH 7.4","forms":[],"dose":"0.5-5 mM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"","analyte":"ascorbic acid","matrix":"small intestine (in situ recirculation)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"C0 5.3 mM; absorption ratio obtained in 1 h recirculation","value":"15","variance":"± 4 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance as printed (±), type not stated"},{"pmid":"17268411","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"α-tocopherol in sunflower oil; free lutein from marigold (Holland & Barrett (lutein))","forms":[],"dose":"24 (α-tocopherol); 18 (lutein) mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed test meal after overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"α-tocopherol","matrix":"chylomicrons (plasma)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"chylomicron α-tocopherol response, 0-8 h (Δ from fasting)","value":"1001","variance":"± 287 (SEM)","units":"nmol h/l","location":"Results p.1171 (Fig. 3a inset text)","quote":"616±280 vs 1001±287 nmol h/l, P = 0.0687","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text layer printed 6167280 vs 10017287; confirmed from page image. Text lists meal #2 value first; 1001 belongs to meal #1 (18 mg lutein)."},{"pmid":"17268411","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"α-tocopherol in sunflower oil; free lutein from marigold (Holland & Barrett (lutein))","forms":[],"dose":"24 (α-tocopherol); 36 (lutein) mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed test meal after overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"α-tocopherol","matrix":"chylomicrons (plasma)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"chylomicron α-tocopherol response, 0-8 h (Δ from fasting)","value":"616","variance":"± 280 (SEM)","units":"nmol h/l","location":"Results p.1171 (Fig. 3a inset text)","quote":"616±280 vs 1001±287 nmol h/l, P = 0.0687","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract gives P = 0.069; text gives 0.0687."},{"pmid":"17268411","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"α-tocopherol in sunflower oil; free lutein from marigold (Holland & Barrett (lutein))","forms":[],"dose":"24 (α-tocopherol); 18 (lutein) mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed test meal after overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"γ-tocopherol","matrix":"chylomicrons (plasma)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"chylomicron γ-tocopherol response, 0-8 h (Δ from fasting)","value":"54","variance":"± 12 (SEM)","units":"nmol h/l","location":"Results p.1171 (Fig. 3b inset text)","quote":"48±14 vs 54±12 nmol h/l P = 0.4008","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text lists meal #2 value first."},{"pmid":"17268411","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"α-tocopherol in sunflower oil; free lutein from marigold (Holland & Barrett (lutein))","forms":[],"dose":"24 (α-tocopherol); 36 (lutein) mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed test meal after overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"γ-tocopherol","matrix":"chylomicrons (plasma)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"chylomicron γ-tocopherol response, 0-8 h (Δ from fasting)","value":"48","variance":"± 14 (SEM)","units":"nmol h/l","location":"Results p.1171 (Fig. 3b inset text)","quote":"48±14 vs 54±12 nmol h/l P = 0.4008","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, 329 kHz ultrasound 20 mW/cm2 + 36°C heat for 2 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Total absorption/penetration (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"22.2","variance":"± 3.8 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device placed unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Total absorption/penetration (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"22.9","variance":"± 2.8 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Total absorption/penetration (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"31.7","variance":"± 2.1 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'b' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Total absorption/penetration (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"22.3","variance":"± 3.8 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Total absorption/penetration (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"42.2","variance":"± 8.8 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'b' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Total absorption/penetration (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"26.8","variance":"± 3.2 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'b' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, 329 kHz ultrasound 20 mW/cm2 + 36°C heat for 2 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"TS-SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"18.4","variance":"± 3.8 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device placed unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"TS-SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"19.0","variance":"± 2.3 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"TS-SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"23.3","variance":"± 1.6 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"TS-SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"17.8","variance":"± 4.6 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"TS-SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"18.8","variance":"± 5.7 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"TS-SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"19.5","variance":"± 4.4 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, 329 kHz ultrasound 20 mW/cm2 + 36°C heat for 2 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Epidermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"2.4","variance":"± 0.7 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device placed unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Epidermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"2.1","variance":"± 1.0 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Epidermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"5.0","variance":"± 2.1 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Epidermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"3.3","variance":"± 2.2 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Epidermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"19.8","variance":"± 8.1 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'b' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Epidermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"6.9","variance":"± 3.8 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, 329 kHz ultrasound 20 mW/cm2 + 36°C heat for 2 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Dermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device placed unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Dermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.6 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Dermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"3.2","variance":"± 1.1 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Dermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.7 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Dermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"3.2","variance":"± 1.4 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Dermis (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"0.3","variance":"± 0.1 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'b' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, 329 kHz ultrasound 20 mW/cm2 + 36°C heat for 2 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Receptor fluid (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"0.1","variance":"± 0.0 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device placed unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Receptor fluid (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"0.1","variance":"± 0.0 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Receptor fluid (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"0.2","variance":"± 0.2 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'ab' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Receptor fluid (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"0.1","variance":"± 0.1 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'ab' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Receptor fluid (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"0.4","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'b' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Receptor fluid (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"0.1","variance":"± 0.0 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, 329 kHz ultrasound 20 mW/cm2 + 36°C heat for 2 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Penetrated through SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"3.8","variance":"± 1.0 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device placed unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Penetrated through SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"3.9","variance":"± 1.2 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Penetrated through SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"8.4","variance":"± 1.6 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'b' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Penetrated through SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"4.6","variance":"± 1.0 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'a' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, ultrasound/heat 5 min","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Penetrated through SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"23.4","variance":"± 9.5 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'c' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"27380114","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Topical aqueous LAA, device unpowered","forms":[],"dose":"15 µL of 10 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid with 0.5 µCi/mL 14C-LAA NR","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"14C-L-ascorbic acid radioactivity","matrix":"human cadaver skin (dermatomed 500 µm) / receptor fluid","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Penetrated through SC (% dose recovered), 15 min post-exposure","value":"7.3","variance":"± 2.7 (NR)","units":"% dose","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in paper. Superscript letter 'ab' (different letters in same row = significant difference at P<0.01)."},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"dasatinib (dasatinib free base powder (AmBeed))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"dasatinib","matrix":"SSD stomach compartment","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"276","variance":"± 8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro; Table 1 prints 276 for FaSGF stomach Cmax, text p.3 prints 277 ± 8"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"dasatinib (dasatinib free base powder (AmBeed))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"dasatinib","matrix":"SSD stomach compartment","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"13623","variance":"± 1343 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"dasatinib (dasatinib free base powder (AmBeed))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"dasatinib","matrix":"SSD stomach compartment","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15","variance":"± 1 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"dasatinib (dasatinib free base powder (AmBeed))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"dasatinib","matrix":"SSD stomach compartment","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"2381","variance":"± 133 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"dasatinib (dasatinib free base powder (AmBeed))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"dasatinib","matrix":"SSD stomach compartment","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"283","variance":"± 2 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"dasatinib (dasatinib free base powder (AmBeed))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"dasatinib","matrix":"SSD stomach compartment","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"13674","variance":"± 210 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"lamotrigine (lamotrigine IR 200 mg tablets (Unichem))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"lamotrigine","matrix":"SSD stomach compartment","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf, stomach compartment","value":"19,284","variance":"± 997 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA); corrected"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"lamotrigine (lamotrigine IR 200 mg tablets (Unichem))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"lamotrigine","matrix":"SSD stomach compartment","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf, stomach compartment","value":"26,973","variance":"± 3365 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Higher AUC∞ was observed in the stomach compartment of FaSGFhypo compared to FaSGF (p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA); corrected"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"lamotrigine (lamotrigine IR 200 mg tablets (Unichem))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"lamotrigine","matrix":"SSD duodenum compartment","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf, duodenum compartment","value":"18,534","variance":"± 892 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"similar AUC∞ ... under FaSGF and FaSGFhypo (p > 0.05)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA); corrected"},{"pmid":"35778632","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"lamotrigine (lamotrigine IR 200 mg tablets (Unichem))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"simulated fasted gastric fluid","n":"3","analyte":"lamotrigine","matrix":"SSD duodenum compartment","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf, duodenum compartment","value":"20,563","variance":"± 1549 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"verified on page image (manager QA); corrected"},{"pmid":"40583899","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"vitamin C (ascorbic acid)","matrix":"mixed micelle phase","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in in vitro bioavailability, microcapsule vs free VC","value":"2.51","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.5.3 p.11","quote":"representing 2.51-fold and 2.28-fold increases compared to their free forms","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author-stated fold change; in vitro"},{"pmid":"7503781","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"L-ascorbate + isoascorbate (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"200 µM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"intracellular reduced ascorbate (AA)","matrix":"HUVE cell lysate (intracellular)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AA uptake as % of control with 1 mM isoascorbate co-incubation","value":"22","variance":"± 4 (NR)","units":"% of control","location":"Results p.1342","quote":"significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited to 22 ± 4% (n = 3) of control by coincubation with isoAA (1 mM)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Percent of control accumulation; parameter slot is closest fit"}],"studies":{"209065":{"pmid":"209065","title":"Demonstration of saturation kinetics in the intestinal absorption of vitamin C in man and the guinea pig.","authors":"Nelson EW, Lane H, Fabri PJ, Scott B","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"1978","volume":"18","issue":"7","pages":"325-35","doi":"10.1002/j.1552-4604.1978.tb01601.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/209065/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (in vivo triple-lumen intestinal perfusion, within-subject tandem random order); guinea pig isolated-loop perfusion","n":"7 humans; 6 guinea pigs per experiment (plus 6 additional for 0.28 and 56.8 mM; 3 additional for jejunal)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This study suggests that \"megavitamin\" doses of vitamin C (greater than 1 Gm) are probably not as efficiently absorbed as smaller multiple doses of the vitamin.","limitations":"small n (7 humans); perfusion model, not oral dosing; 11.36 mM scatter and net secretion in 4 subjects, excluded from Km/Vmax analysis; scanned old paper with OCR-quality text; key tables verified from page images; guinea pig model limited per authors"},"454083":{"pmid":"454083","title":"Vitamin C absorption.","authors":"Linaker B","journal":"Archives of internal medicine","year":"1979","volume":"139","issue":"7","pages":"832","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/454083/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Letter to the editor and reply discussing mechanism of vitamin C absorption (active transport vs passive diffusion); no original PK data.","conclusion":"Thus, it appears very likely that vitamin C can be absorbed throughout the small bowel by simple diffusion (at a rate related to the concentration of the vitamin) and by a proven active process in the ileum","limitations":"letter, no original data"},"479184":{"pmid":"479184","title":"Enzymic memory. Steady state kinetic and physical studies with ascorbate oxidase and aspartate aminotransferase.","authors":"Katz M, Westley J","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","year":"1979","volume":"254","issue":"18","pages":"9142-7","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/479184/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Enzyme kinetics study (ascorbate oxidase and aspartate aminotransferase, 'enzymic memory'); ascorbate used as an enzyme substrate in vitro; no absorption/PK data. Read pages 1-4; pages 5-6 are discussion/references of the same enzymology.","conclusion":"The results are consistent with a conformational basis for the memory phenomenon.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"486391":{"pmid":"486391","title":"Absorption of vitamin C from the human buccal cavity.","authors":"Sadoogh-Abasian F, Evered DF","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"1979","volume":"42","issue":"1","pages":"15-20","doi":"10.1079/bjn19790085","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/486391/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (in vivo buccal absorption, repeated determinations)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Human in vivo buccal absorption of ascorbic acid (loss from 25 ml solution held in mouth); not oral/GI systemic PK.","conclusion":"Ascorbic acid was absorbed across the mucosa of the human mouth. Omission of sodium ions from the medium decreased the absorption of ascorbic acid. The presence of D-glucose, or 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, increased the absorption of ascorbic acid but D-fructose had little effect and D-mannitol had no effect. Calcium ions also increased ascorbic acid absorption probably by a secondary effect on Na+ fluxes. Buccal mucosa was also permeable to dehydroascorbic acid and D-isoascorbic acid.","limitations":"one subject for most experiments; small n; buccal not oral GI absorption; saliva dilution (5-6 ml) contaminates Na+-free medium; concentration-response figure-only; units printed as µmol/5 min (not a PK parameter)"},"946870":{"pmid":"946870","title":"Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in orange juice.","authors":"Horowitz I, Fabry EM, Gerson CD","journal":"JAMA","year":"1976","volume":"235","issue":"24","pages":"2624-5","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/946870/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Analytical chemistry study of L-ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid and diketogulonic acid content in fresh, frozen and pasteurized orange juice. No human or animal absorption/PK measurements despite 'bioavailability' in the title (refers to biologically active vitamin content).","conclusion":"We conclude that fresh orange juice has considerably more biologically active ascorbic acid than pasteurized orange juice.","limitations":""},"991356":{"pmid":"991356","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on the intestinal absorption of bile salts and metabolism of cholesterol in guinea pigs.","authors":"Iwamoto K, Ozawa N, Ito F, Okamoto N, Watanabe J","journal":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"1976","volume":"24","issue":"9","pages":"2014-20","doi":"10.1248/cpb.24.2014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/991356/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, male Hartley, 300-350 g)","design":"other (animal in situ/in vivo/in vitro experiments)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured compound is the bile salt STCDC (and biliary CDCA, cholesterol); ascorbic acid is the modifier, not the measured analyte. AA/DAA doses given i.p. and 10 mM AA in perfusate; AA concentrations never measured.","conclusion":"Both in situ and in vitro experiments supported the in vivo results, so this metabolic aspect could be also recognized as one of the physiological functions of ascorbic acid which has been reported to lower serum cholesterol, in addition to suppressive effect on the ileal absorption of taurochenodeoxycholate.","limitations":"off-target analyte (bile salt, not AA); no AA concentrations measured; animal/in situ study; n not tabulated; most outcomes figure-only"},"991357":{"pmid":"991357","title":"Gastrointestinal absorption of ascorbic acid in guinea pigs.","authors":"Iwamoto K, Ozawa N, Hayashi Y, Tsukamoto T, Watanabe J","journal":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"1976","volume":"24","issue":"9","pages":"2021-5","doi":"10.1248/cpb.24.2021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/991357/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, male Hartley, 300-350 g)","design":"other (in situ recirculation and i.v. experiments)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Guinea pig in situ gastric/small-intestinal recirculation of ascorbic acid plus i.v. blood curves; animal, non-oral-supplement design (on-target, route noted).","conclusion":"A difference in those inhibitory effects as well as the properties of drug moiety is fully suggestive of that in absorption mechanism between the two sites.","limitations":"animal in situ model; n and runs not tabulated; variance type not stated; doses in mM not mg; blood curves figure-only"},"1262536":{"pmid":"1262536","title":"Failure of vitamin C to affect the pharmacokinetic profile of antipyrine in man.","authors":"Wilson JT, Boxtel CJ, Alvan G, Sjoqvist F","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"1976","volume":"16","issue":"5-6","pages":"265-70","doi":"10.1002/j.1552-4604.1976.tb02403.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1262536/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (within-subject before/after control vs vitamin C)","n":"14 (antipyrine); 2 (DPH)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Vitamin C used as interacting agent; PK measured is for antipyrine (single oral dose) and diphenylhydantoin (steady state). No vitamin C absorption/PK reported. Table II group averages recorded for reference.","conclusion":"It is concluded that vitamin C, in commonly used megadoses, has no effect on the metabolism of antipyrine or diphenylhydantoin in man.","limitations":"off-target analyte: no vitamin C PK; small n; vitamin C dose varied across subjects; scanned/OCR source; DPH in only two patients"},"1297731":{"pmid":"1297731","title":"Bioavailability and biological activity of L-ascorbic acid 2-O-alpha-glucoside.","authors":"Yamamoto I, Muto N","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","year":"1992","volume":"Spec No","issue":"","pages":"161-4","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.38.special_161","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1297731/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"4-page symposium review (Yamamoto and Muto) summarising the authors' prior rat and guinea pig work on L-ascorbic acid 2-O-alpha-glucoside (AA-2G); no new primary data tables; values cited from ref. 9, 10. Primary data not extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"1297786":{"pmid":"1297786","title":"Vitamin C bioavailability.","authors":"Mayersohn M","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","year":"1992","volume":"Spec No","issue":"","pages":"446-9","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.38.special_446","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1297786/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"4-page symposium review (Mayersohn) of vitamin C GI absorption and bioavailability in humans; data shown only in figures (Figs. 1-6) and cited from earlier studies. Primary data not extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"1444054":{"pmid":"1444054","title":"Ascorbic acid bioavailability in humans. Ascorbic acid in plasma, serum, and urine.","authors":"Wang YH, Dhariwal KR, Levine M","journal":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","year":"1992","volume":"669","issue":"","pages":"383-6","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb17130.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1444054/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Methods/prerequisite study in 5 normal women: ascorbic acid vs dehydroascorbic acid in plasma/serum, protein binding (ultrafiltration), and sample stability in blood, plasma and urine. No dosing or absorption/PK data; authors state PK studies 'can now be undertaken'.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"1633869":{"pmid":"1633869","title":"Transmembrane electron transport in ascorbate-loaded plasma membrane vesicles from higher plants involves a b-type cytochrome.","authors":"Asard H, Horemans N, Caubergs RJ","journal":"FEBS letters","year":"1992","volume":"306","issue":"2-3","pages":"143-6","doi":"10.1016/0014-5793(92)80986-q","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1633869/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Plant biochemistry: transmembrane electron transport and b-type cytochrome in ascorbate-loaded bean plasma membrane vesicles. No supplement absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"These observations suggest that the b-type cytochrome mediates transmembrane electron transfer.","limitations":""},"1683458":{"pmid":"1683458","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on gastrointestinal aluminium absorption.","authors":"Domingo JL, Gomez M, Llobet JM, Richart C","journal":"Lancet (London, England)","year":"1991","volume":"338","issue":"8780","pages":"1467","doi":"10.1016/0140-6736(91)92776-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1683458/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (two-period within-subject, 10-day drug-free interval; randomization not stated)","n":"13","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Short Lancet letter: effect of ascorbic acid (2 g) on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium from Al(OH)3, measured as urinary Al; vitamin C absorption itself not measured.","conclusion":"Ascorbic acid administration to patients with renal failure who are taking Al-containing compounds may be harmful.","limitations":"letter format, minimal methods; n=13; order/randomization and blinding not stated; urinary Al only, no baseline or blood Al; off-target analyte (aluminium)"},"1802972":{"pmid":"1802972","title":"Comparison of absorption of erythorbic acid and ascorbic acid in guinea pig small intestine.","authors":"Suzuki E, Kurata T, Arakawa N","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","year":"1991","volume":"37","issue":"5","pages":"453-9","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.37.453","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1802972/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig; Hartley male)","design":"other (in situ small-intestine perfusion, comparative)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"in situ intestinal perfusion absorption study in guinea pigs of erythorbic acid (epimer of vitamin C) vs ascorbic acid","conclusion":"Based on the results, the net amount of the absorbed ErA in the small intestine may be lower than that of AsA, and ErA absorption mechanism seemed to be similar to that of AsA.","limitations":"animal study (guinea pig), anesthetized in situ perfusion; small n (3-6); no p-values stated; key values partly from graphs (Figs 1-3); Ki of AsA from unpublished data; absorption rate is disappearance from perfusate corrected for degradation, not blood PK"},"1880267":{"pmid":"1880267","title":"Effect of calf housing on plasma ascorbate and endocrine and immune function.","authors":"Cummins KA, Brunner CJ","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"1991","volume":"74","issue":"5","pages":"1582-8","doi":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78320-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1880267/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Calf housing (hutch vs metal pen) effects on plasma ascorbate, cortisol, IgG, IgM and KLH antibody titers in colostrum-deprived Holstein calves; no vitamin C supplement given and no absorption/PK of a dose measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"2054871":{"pmid":"2054871","title":"Effects of glucose and ascorbic acid on absorption and first pass metabolism of isoniazid in rats.","authors":"Matsuki Y, Katakuse Y, Matsuura H, Kiwada H, Goromaru T","journal":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"1991","volume":"39","issue":"2","pages":"445-8","doi":"10.1248/cpb.39.445","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2054871/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel/within-experiment animal PK)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat study of isoniazid (INAH) absorption/first-pass metabolism; ascorbic acid and glucose are co-administered modifiers, ascorbate itself not measured.","conclusion":"Comparing the oral case with the results of i.v. administration, Glu and AA only affect the absorption process containing the first pass metabolism of INAH.","limitations":"off-target analyte: ascorbate not measured; rat study; small n (3-7); figure-only urinary and plasma data; n not printed for some values"},"2337201":{"pmid":"2337201","title":"Intestinal absorption and metabolism of ascorbic acid in rainbow trout.","authors":"Rose RC, Choi JL","journal":"The American journal of physiology","year":"1990","volume":"258","issue":"5 Pt 2","pages":"R1238-41","doi":"10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.5.R1238","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2337201/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rainbow trout)","design":"other (in vitro intestinal transport)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro/ex vivo trout intestinal transport study (not a supplement dosing study); radiolabelled ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA).","conclusion":"It is concluded that transport and metabolic capabilities are present in the trout intestine to absorb oxidized and reduced forms of vitamin C and to help regulate the redox potential of circulating ascorbic acid by recycling dehydro-L-ascorbic acid.","limitations":"in vitro fish intestine, not a human or dosing study; small n (3-7); several n not stated; key kinetic curves figure-only"},"2748544":{"pmid":"2748544","title":"Interaction of L-ascorbic acid on the disposition of lead in rats.","authors":"Dalley JW, Gupta PK, Lam FC, Hung CT","journal":"Pharmacology & toxicology","year":"1989","volume":"64","issue":"4","pages":"360-4","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0773.1989.tb00665.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2748544/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (PK sub-study, plus lead disposition sub-study with treatment groups A, B and control C)","n":"35 in lead study (A 15, B 15, C 5) plus 6 in As-Ac PK study","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat pharmacokinetics of intravenous ascorbic acid plus effect of ascorbic acid on lead tissue disposition (no oral absorption; IV administration).","conclusion":"As-Ac appears to possess the properties of a prophylatic agent for the treatment of lead poisoning. However, in view of the toxicities associated with the megadose therapy of As-Ac, further work is required to quantitatively assess the efficacy of this drug in the prophylaxis of plumbism.","limitations":"rats; IV administration only, no oral absorption; small n (3 per time point for lead); variance type for lead tables not stated; no statistical tests reported"},"2771960":{"pmid":"2771960","title":"Intestinal absorption of L-ascorbic acid in rats with renal failure.","authors":"Pahl MV, Vaziri ND, Barbari A, Saadai B, Oveisi F, Seo M","journal":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)","year":"1989","volume":"191","issue":"4","pages":"332-6","doi":"10.3181/00379727-191-42928","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2771960/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal experiment: in vivo recirculating jejunal perfusion + in vitro everted sac)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, in vivo jejunal absorption of L-ascorbic acid is impaired in rats with RF despite evidence of increased in vitro permeability.","limitations":"animal study (rat), not human; perfusion/everted sac models, no systemic PK; n given only as minimum per group; SE only, no individual data"},"2861038":{"pmid":"2861038","title":"The effects of dietary L-ascorbic acid on the absorption and utilization of Na75SeO3 of silver-treated rats.","authors":"Abdel Rahim AG","journal":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology","year":"1985","volume":"81","issue":"1","pages":"131-2","doi":"10.1016/0742-8413(85)90103-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2861038/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (animal diet experiment)","n":"30","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat study of dietary L-ascorbic acid effect on absorption of 75Se (as sodium selenite) in silver-treated rats; the absorbed analyte is selenium, not vitamin C. Data recorded as printed.","conclusion":"To conclude, when formulating diets one has to put in mind nutrients that may interfere with Se utilization; for example high levels of Ag may probably reduce the availability of Se to body tissues for the synthesis of GSH-Px.","limitations":"animal study; very small n (3 per subgroup); analyte is selenium not vitamin C; inconsistencies in silver dose and route description"},"3304068":{"pmid":"3304068","title":"Measurement of vitamin C in blood components by high-performance liquid chromatography. Implication in assessing vitamin C status.","authors":"Omaye ST, Schaus EE, Kutnink MA, Hawkes WC","journal":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","year":"1987","volume":"498","issue":"","pages":"389-401","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23776.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3304068/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Methods/status paper (Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987): HPLC measurement of ascorbic acid in plasma, platelets and leukocytes of six healthy males, no supplementation or absorption/PK data (baseline cell/plasma content only).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"3476004":{"pmid":"3476004","title":"Ascorbic acid intakes and plasma levels in healthy elderly.","authors":"Garry PJ, Vanderjagt DJ, Hunt WC","journal":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","year":"1987","volume":"498","issue":"","pages":"90-9","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23753.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3476004/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (observational longitudinal study plus graded-intake dose-response trial)","n":"270 (longitudinal); 17 (trial)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Conference chapter summarising an observational longitudinal study (270 elderly, 3-day food records vs plasma AA) and a small graded-intake trial (8 men, 9 women). Plasma AA by intake is mostly figure-only; Table 3 (no supplement) extracted; intake Tables 1-2 not extracted as exposure data.","conclusion":"The data presented show that elderly men have significantly lower plasma ascorbic acid concentrations than elderly women at similar intakes of ascorbic acid. We hypothesize that this difference is due to lower renal tubular reabsorption of ascorbic acid in elderly men.","limitations":"figure-only dose-response data; self-selected health-conscious cohort with high supplement use; food-record intake estimates; small trial (n=17); different assay methods between studies; scanned OCR source"},"3628833":{"pmid":"3628833","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on brain amphetamine concentrations in the rat.","authors":"Kiely ME, Lal S, Nair NP","journal":"Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry","year":"1987","volume":"11","issue":"2-3","pages":"287-90","doi":"10.1016/0278-5846(87)90072-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3628833/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, saline vs ascorbic acid pretreatment)","n":"20","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK study of 3H-amphetamine in brain; ascorbic acid (1 g/kg ip) was a pretreatment modifier. Absorption/PK of ascorbic acid itself not measured.","conclusion":"Ascorbic acid has no effect on amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour or on the disappearance half-life of amphetamine in rat brain.","limitations":"rat only; 2-3 animals per time point; ascorbic acid own PK not measured; no statistics printed for half-life beyond slope comparison; urinary pH not measured"},"3767105":{"pmid":"3767105","title":"Evaluation of plasma and buffy coat ascorbic acid concentrations in dogs before and after a 24-hour fast.","authors":"Lee AH, Spano JS, Swaim SF, McGuire JA, Hughes KS","journal":"American journal of veterinary research","year":"1986","volume":"47","issue":"9","pages":"2000-3","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3767105/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, Beagle)","design":"other (before/after within-animal comparison)","n":"30","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Endogenous plasma and buffy coat ascorbic acid in Beagles before and after a 24-hour fast; no ascorbic acid was administered, so no absorption/PK of a supplement. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"a 24-hour fast does affect plasma and buffy coat concentrations of ascorbic acid.","limitations":"no supplementation"},"3806257":{"pmid":"3806257","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on calcium elimination in humans.","authors":"Tsao CS, Miyashita K, Leung PY","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","year":"1986","volume":"32","issue":"4","pages":"437-46","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.32.437","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3806257/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (before/after within-subject; basal period vs test period)","n":"22 (long-term); 46 (short-term)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Study of the effect of oral ascorbic acid on urinary calcium; vitamin C urinary excretion (24-h and 8-h) is recorded as the only absorption-related vitamin C measure. Calcium outcomes recorded from Table 2 summary and text; per-subject calcium values in Table 1 not extracted. Phosphorus rows not extracted.","conclusion":"The results suggest that ascorbic acid has a short-term effect on the regulation of the absorption and metabolism of calcium in humans.","limitations":"scanned article, OCR/image tables; no control group; basal vs test within subject; calcium absorption not measured directly; urinary ascorbic acid used, no plasma; subjects not randomized"},"4712187":{"pmid":"4712187","title":"Site of intestinal absorption of ascorbic acid in guinea pigs and rats.","authors":"Hornig D, Weber F, Wiss O","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","year":"1973","volume":"52","issue":"1","pages":"168-72","doi":"10.1016/0006-291x(73)90969-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4712187/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, rat)","design":"other (animal, in vivo site-of-absorption)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Radiotracer site-of-absorption study (intestinal wall radioactivity); only a few numbers in text, site distributions are figure-only. Oral 14C-ascorbic acid in animals.","conclusion":"A species-specific difference was revealed. The site of absorption in the guinea pig was located in the duodenal and proximal small intestinal wall, whereas the rat showed highest absorption in the ileum. Hypophysectomy in rats caused a shift of the absorption site from the ileum to the jejunum.","limitations":"animal study; n=2 per time point; values figure-only; no blood PK; radioactivity not specific to ascorbic acid (metabolites possible)"},"5048660":{"pmid":"5048660","title":"Ascorbic acid absorption in man--pharmacokinetic implications.","authors":"Mayersohn M","journal":"European journal of pharmacology","year":"1972","volume":"19","issue":"1","pages":"140-2","doi":"10.1016/0014-2999(72)90092-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5048660/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (literature evaluation / pharmacokinetic modelling)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Short communication: literature re-analysis (Michaelis-Menten treatment of Kubler & Gehler 1970 urinary excretion data) with model-calculated values; no new experimental data. Could be considered non-primary.","conclusion":"As a result the efficiency of absorption of ascorbic acid upon oral ingestion decreases as the dose is increased. A clinically useful and practical means of improving absorption efficiency is to divide the desired total daily dose into smaller doses.","limitations":"secondary analysis of another study's data; model-derived values not measured; no n or subject details; unweighted regression"},"5870366":{"pmid":"5870366","title":"The L-ascorbic acid absorption.","authors":"Kim JH, Song CS","journal":"Yonsei medical journal","year":"1965","volume":"6","issue":"","pages":"7-10","doi":"10.3349/ymj.1965.6.1.7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5870366/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-group crossover-type experiments in saturated subjects)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Scanned paper read from page images. Human study with IV and oral L-ascorbic acid in vitamin C-saturated adults; absorption estimated from urinary excretion plus estimated extracellular increase.","conclusion":"When large amounts (3.0 gm) of the vitamin were given, the absorption rate reached the maximum. The maximum absorption in 6 hours was estimated as 681 mg of the vitamin.","limitations":"scanned older paper; n not stated; absorption estimated indirectly (urine + estimated extracellular increase); inconsistent dose figures between text and tables; no variance reported; oral dosing absorption excludes tissue uptake/metabolism until author correction"},"6402459":{"pmid":"6402459","title":"Long-term ocular effects of osmotic modification of the blood-brain barrier in monkeys. I. Clinical examinations; aqueous ascorbate and protein.","authors":"Gaasterland DE, Barranger JA, Rapoport SI, Girton ME, Doppman JL","journal":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","year":"1983","volume":"24","issue":"2","pages":"153-8","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6402459/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rhesus monkey ocular toxicology study after intracarotid mannitol blood-brain barrier opening; endogenous aqueous humor ascorbate/protein concentrations measured (ocular active transport). No supplement dosing or absorption/PK.","conclusion":"Posterior and anterior aqueous ascorbate concentrations in treated eyes were slightly below normal, but far greater than plasma concentration, indicating that ascorbate active transport by the ciliary epithelium was essentially intact despite the widespread, permanent structural alteration that had been caused by the mannitol treatment.","limitations":"not an absorption study; endogenous ascorbate only"},"6416442":{"pmid":"6416442","title":"Relation between intake and plasma concentration of vitamin C in elderly women.","authors":"Newton HM, Morgan DB, Schorah CJ, Hullin RP","journal":"British medical journal (Clinical research ed.)","year":"1983","volume":"287","issue":"6403","pages":"1429","doi":"10.1136/bmj.287.6403.1429","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6416442/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"101","status":"partial","statusNote":"Short observational letter: habitual dietary vitamin C intake vs plasma concentration (sigmoidal relation shown only in figure); few printed numbers.","conclusion":"The results presented here suggest that this may be achieved, even in the elderly, if intake of vitamin C is kept above 60 mg a day.","limitations":"observational; short letter; key relation figure-only; no variance reported; intake calculated from food tables"},"6621254":{"pmid":"6621254","title":"The effect of ascorbic acid on plasma sulfate conjugated catecholamines after eating bananas.","authors":"Dunne JW, Davidson L, Vandongen R, Beilin LJ, Rogers P","journal":"Life sciences","year":"1983","volume":"33","issue":"15","pages":"1511-7","doi":"10.1016/0024-3205(83)90855-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6621254/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary outcomes are plasma free and sulfate-conjugated catecholamines (not the listed supplement; not extracted; sulfate-conjugate time courses figure-only). Only urinary ascorbic acid (compliance check after 7 days of 2 g/day) is on-target and extracted.","conclusion":"Concomitant ingestion of bananas and ascorbic acid reduces the rise in NE sulfate, presumably by competitive inhibition of conjugation, and causes an exaggerated rise in DA sulfate by mechanisms which remain to be elucidated.","limitations":"small n=6; male only; vitamin C absorption not the study aim; urinary ascorbic acid only reported as compliance check; catecholamine data figure-only"},"6704506":{"pmid":"6704506","title":"The influence of vitamin C on antipyrine pharmacokinetics in elderly men.","authors":"Blanchard J, Achari R, Harrison GG, Conrad KA","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","year":"1984","volume":"5","issue":"1","pages":"43-54","doi":"10.1002/bdd.2510050107","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6704506/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-group sequential: baseline, restriction, supplementation)","n":"11","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary outcome is IV antipyrine pharmacokinetics (not the listed supplement; not extracted except as noted). Extracted only the vitamin C plasma/leucocyte responses to dietary restriction and 500 mg twice daily supplementation.","conclusion":"No significant changes in the clearance, volume of distribution, or half-life of antipyrine occurred during the study, indicating that short-term alterations in vitamin C intake do not affect the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in elderly males.","limitations":"absorption not the study aim; vitamin C status response only; small n; vitamin C data for n=6 subjects only for intake and leucocytes; weekly vitamin C levels not reported; no baseline-corrected PK for vitamin C"},"6742856":{"pmid":"6742856","title":"The capacity of chondrocytes to respond to serum is enhanced by organ culture in the absence of serum, stimulated by serum, and modified by ascorbate.","authors":"Benya PD, Jaffe S, Raffo A","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","year":"1984","volume":"232","issue":"1","pages":"323-36","doi":"10.1016/0003-9861(84)90548-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6742856/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro rabbit cartilage organ culture study of chondrocyte response to serum (PG and DNA synthesis) with ascorbate added as a culture supplement; no absorption/PK/uptake data for ascorbate.","conclusion":"The possibility that ascorbate may function as a cofactor during the progression phase of cell proliferation is discussed.","limitations":""},"6825387":{"pmid":"6825387","title":"Effects of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and ascorbic acid on misonidazole elimination.","authors":"Williams K, Begg E, Wade D, O'Shea K","journal":"Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","year":"1983","volume":"33","issue":"3","pages":"314-21","doi":"10.1038/clpt.1983.39","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6825387/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Human PK study of misonidazole (2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizer) and its metabolite O-desmethylmisonidazole before/after 1 wk of phenytoin, phenobarbital or ascorbic acid (2 g/day by mouth). Ascorbic acid was the interacting drug; ascorbate absorption/plasma levels were not measured.","conclusion":"The potentiation of the cytotoxic effects of misonidazole by ascorbic acid is unlikely to be related to a direct effect on the oxidative metabolism of misonidazole.","limitations":"ascorbic acid not measured; off-target analyte"},"6831833":{"pmid":"6831833","title":"Serum concentration and renal excretion by normal adults of inorganic sulfate after acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, or sodium sulfate.","authors":"Morris ME, Levy G","journal":"Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","year":"1983","volume":"33","issue":"4","pages":"529-36","doi":"10.1038/clpt.1983.72","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6831833/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Human study measuring serum and urinary inorganic sulfate (and creatinine clearance) after oral acetaminophen, ascorbic acid (6 g) or sodium sulfate (9 g). Measured analyte is inorganic sulfate, not ascorbic acid; ascorbate levels were not measured.","conclusion":"The renal tubular reabsorption of inorganic sulfate is capacity limited, as evidenced by the decrease of the reabsorbed fraction with increasing glomerular filtration rate of the anion (r = 0.54, P <0.005).","limitations":"ascorbic acid not measured; off-target analyte"},"7082619":{"pmid":"7082619","title":"The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration.","authors":"Evans RM, Currie L, Campbell A","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"1982","volume":"47","issue":"3","pages":"473-82","doi":"10.1079/bjn19820059","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7082619/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (cross-sectional baseline measurement plus before/after supplementation in a subset)","n":"41","status":"complete","statusNote":"Ascorbic acid distribution among blood cell fractions and plasma; unsupplemented n=41 and 16 supplemented 2 g/d for 5 d.","conclusion":"The ability of the mononuclear leucocytes to maintain the highest levels of ascorbic acid in the cell types studied, despite variation in plasma availability, warrants further study, particularly in view of the importance of these cells in immunocompetence.","limitations":"supplementation subset n=16 with no control or washout described; time between last dose and sampling not stated; intracellular concentrations calculated from published cell volumes; cell fractions contaminated by other cell types; dose form/brand not stated; regression gradient/intercept units not printed; Figures 1-4 (cell content vs plasma) are figure-only"},"7195436":{"pmid":"7195436","title":"Effect of retrograde electrical pacing on jejunal absorption of xylose and vitamin C.","authors":"Layzell T, Collin J, Johnston ID","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1981","volume":"5","issue":"2","pages":"103-5","doi":"10.1177/0148607181005002103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7195436/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog)","design":"other (within-animal paired periods: before pacing, during pacing, after pacing)","n":"5 dogs","status":"complete","statusNote":"Canine in vivo perfused jejunal loop; vitamin C perfusate output (absorption proxy) with and without retrograde electrical pacing. Xylose and water outputs also measured but not extracted (not the listed supplement).","conclusion":"We have shown that retrograde electrical pacing increases absorption of a relatively poorly absorbed sugar and a water soluble vitamin.","limitations":"animal (dog) surgical model, not oral dosing; absorption inferred from effluent output, not directly measured disappearance or plasma levels; vitamin C form and assay method not stated; n of observations not clarified; figure-only time course; no fractional absorption reported"},"7253837":{"pmid":"7253837","title":"Ascorbic acid absorption in man: influence of divided dose and food.","authors":"Yung S, Mayersohn M, Robinson JB","journal":"Life sciences","year":"1981","volume":"28","issue":"22","pages":"2505-11","doi":"10.1016/0024-3205(81)90592-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7253837/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (within-subject repeated sessions: 4 control, 1 divided dose, 1 after-meal, plus i.v.; fixed order as listed)","n":"3","status":"complete","statusNote":"Urinary-recovery absorption study of ascorbic acid in 3 saturated subjects: single 1 g control vs divided doses vs 1 g after a high-fat meal, with an i.v. 1 g reference.","conclusion":"These results are consistent with the suggestion that the vitamin is absorbed by a specialized process at sites high in the small intestine.","limitations":"n=3; fixed (non-randomized) session order as listed; absorption inferred from urinary recovery relative to dose and i.v.; subjects saturated with vitamin C before testing; Ka, K, Tlag fits mentioned in Methods but values not reported; Figs 1 and 2 are single-subject figure-only"},"7306442":{"pmid":"7306442","title":"Vitamin C-status and pharmacokinetic profile of antipyrine in man.","authors":"Ginter E, Vejmolova J","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"1981","volume":"12","issue":"2","pages":"256-8","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01213.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7306442/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12 months)","n":"17","status":"partial","statusNote":"Letter. Primary outcome is antipyrine pharmacokinetics (off-target, not extracted). Vitamin C serum levels under 500 mg/day vs placebo are reported only in Fig. 1 and a text ratio.","conclusion":"Marginal vitamin C deficency provokes both a slowing down of the rate of drug biotransformation, and also depression of the activity of microsomal cholesterol 7 a-hydroxylase in the liver of guinea pigs.","limitations":"letter, brief report; small n; serum vitamin C values only in a figure; antipyrine outcome unrelated to absorption; time of blood draw relative to dose NR"},"7343966":{"pmid":"7343966","title":"Influence of dietary selenium on performance, tissue selenium content, and plasma concentrations of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid in ducklings.","authors":"Dean WF, Combs GF Jr","journal":"Poultry science","year":"1981","volume":"60","issue":"12","pages":"2655-63","doi":"10.3382/ps.0602655","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7343966/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Duckling dietary selenium/vitamin E study; plasma ascorbic acid measured only as an endogenous status outcome (no ascorbic acid administered; no effect of dietary treatment). No absorption or PK of vitamin C.","conclusion":"Dietary treatment had no significant effect on the concentration of ascorbic acid in plasma.","limitations":""},"7503781":{"pmid":"7503781","title":"The uptake of ascorbic acid into human umbilical vein endothelial cells and its effect on oxidant insult.","authors":"Ek A, Ström K, Cotgreave IA","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","year":"1995","volume":"50","issue":"9","pages":"1339-46","doi":"10.1016/0006-2952(95)02024-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7503781/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro uptake kinetics)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro study of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate uptake into cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE); H2O2 cytotoxicity/protection findings not extracted.","conclusion":"HUVE cells possess transport mechanisms for both AA and DHAA, with the activity of the former transporter optimised to normal plasma levels of the antioxidant. This transport mechanism probably does not involve the cellular glucose carrier.","limitations":"in vitro endothelial cell model, not an absorption study; large inter-individual variability (20-100%) between cell batches; variance type not stated (text prints ±); error bars omitted from Fig. 2; several experiments use one cell batch with n=3; H2O2 toxicity results not extracted"},"7562119":{"pmid":"7562119","title":"In situ intestinal absorption of 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid in guinea pigs.","authors":"Wakamiya H, Suzuki E, Yamamoto I, Akiba M, Arakawa N","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","year":"1995","volume":"41","issue":"2","pages":"265-72","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.41.265","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7562119/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, Hartley male, about 250 g)","design":"other (in situ intestinal perfusion, two experiments)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In situ perfused guinea pig small intestine: absorption of the vitamin C derivative AA-2G (hydrolysed to ascorbic acid by brush border alpha-glucosidase). Form of vitamin C; analytes are AA-2G loss from perfusate and AsA release.","conclusion":"AsA, but not AA-2G, was found in the plasma of the portal vein at 2h after the perfusion. These results suggest that AA-2G in perfusate might be absorbed as AsA (vitamin C) after hydrolysis by alpha-glucosidase on intestinal brush border membranes.","limitations":"animal in situ model; n=5 per group; no plasma AsA values shown (data not shown); AsA time course figure-only; Km/Vmax are for disappearance, derived by Lineweaver-Burk; AA-2G not ascorbic acid itself"},"7750288":{"pmid":"7750288","title":"Influence of high doses of vitamin C on the bioavailability and the serum protein binding of levonorgestrel in women using a combination oral contraceptive.","authors":"Kuhnz W, Louton T, Hümpel M, Back DJ, Zamah NM","journal":"Contraception","year":"1995","volume":"51","issue":"2","pages":"111-6","doi":"10.1016/0010-7824(94)00016-p","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7750288/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two sequences, two cycles; open)","n":"37","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Vitamin C (1 g/day) was a co-administered interacting agent; the only measured analytes were levonorgestrel (LNG), SHBG, CBG and testosterone. No vitamin C absorption/PK measured. LNG results not extracted.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the present study revealed that there is no interaction of vitamin C with the pharmacokinetics of LNG.","limitations":"vitamin C absorption not measured; off-target analyte (levonorgestrel)"},"7891365":{"pmid":"7891365","title":"Urinary ascorbic acid--HPLC determination and application as a noninvasive biomarker of hepatic response.","authors":"Poon R, Chu I, Lecavalier P, Bergman A, Villeneuve DC","journal":"Journal of biochemical toxicology","year":"1994","volume":"9","issue":"6","pages":"297-304","doi":"10.1002/jbt.2570090604","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7891365/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (assay development and PCB dosing experiment)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat study: HPLC assay for endogenous urinary ascorbic acid used as a biomarker of hepatic response to PCB 105/126. No ascorbic acid supplement was administered; no absorption/PK of a supplement.","conclusion":"The sensitivity and specificity, the ease in obtaining timed specimens, and the noninvasive nature make this assay a useful biomarker of hepatic response in dose-finding and various acute and chronic studies.","limitations":"not a supplement absorption study"},"7951783":{"pmid":"7951783","title":"Investigation of the relative contributions of cigarette smoking and mineral dust exposure to activation of circulating phagocytes, alterations in plasma concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene, and pulmonary dysfunction in South African gold miners.","authors":"Theron AJ, Richards GA, Myer MS, van Antwerpen VL, Sluis-Cremer GK, Wolmarans L, van der Merwe CA, Anderson R","journal":"Occupational and environmental medicine","year":"1994","volume":"51","issue":"8","pages":"564-7","doi":"10.1136/oem.51.8.564","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7951783/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional observational study of gold miners (smoking vs dust exposure); plasma vitamin C compared between groups. No supplement administered, no absorption/PK.","conclusion":"In conclusion, occupational exposure to mineral dust has not, in this study group, been shown to promote increases in the numbers or reactivity of circulating phagocytes or to be a significant cause of pulmonary dysfunction, most of the changes found being due primarily to cigarette smoking.","limitations":"not a supplement absorption study"},"7952068":{"pmid":"7952068","title":"Determination of ascorbic acid and uric acid in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.","authors":"Ross MA","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications","year":"1994","volume":"657","issue":"1","pages":"197-200","doi":"10.1016/0378-4347(94)80087-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7952068/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (analytical method validation)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Analytical HPLC method paper for plasma ascorbic acid and uric acid; no supplement administration, no absorption/PK.","conclusion":"This method has advantages over other procedures in that it is uncomplicated, inexpensive, requires only a simple reversed-phase C18 column and UV detector and gives highly reproducible results.","limitations":"analytical method paper"},"8041179":{"pmid":"8041179","title":"Depletion of plasma vitamin C but not of vitamin E in response to cardiac operations.","authors":"Ballmer PE, Reinhart WH, Jordan P, Bühler E, Moser UK, Gey KF","journal":"The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery","year":"1994","volume":"108","issue":"2","pages":"311-20","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8041179/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"18","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Vitamin C was not administered; study measures change in plasma vitamin C (and vitamin E, carotenoids) in cardiac surgery patients. Only vitamin E (300 mg dl-alpha-acetyl-tocopherol 3x daily, 4 weeks) was supplemented vs placebo. No vitamin C absorption/PK.","conclusion":"In contrast, the serious depletion of vitamin C may deteriorate the defense against reactive oxygen species-induced injury during cardiac operations.","limitations":"not a vitamin C supplementation study"},"8120658":{"pmid":"8120658","title":"Copper-amino acid complexes are partially protected against inhibitory effects of L-cysteine and L-ascorbic acid on copper absorption in chicks.","authors":"Aoyagi S, Baker DH","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"1994","volume":"124","issue":"3","pages":"388-95","doi":"10.1093/jn/124.3.388","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8120658/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (chick)","design":"other (erratum)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"One-page erratum (J Nutr 1994) correcting units and tibia zinc values in Tables 3 and 5 of Aoyagi & Baker 1994; not the original paper.","conclusion":"NR (erratum)","limitations":"erratum only"},"8222665":{"pmid":"8222665","title":"Absence of an effect of high vitamin C dosage on the systemic availability of ethinyl estradiol in women using a combination oral contraceptive.","authors":"Zamah NM, Hümpel M, Kuhnz W, Louton T, Rafferty J, Back DJ","journal":"Contraception","year":"1993","volume":"48","issue":"4","pages":"377-91","doi":"10.1016/0010-7824(93)90083-j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8222665/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two sequences, two OC cycles; open)","n":"37","status":"partial","statusNote":"Vitamin C (1 g ascorbic acid daily) was given as interacting agent; the only vitamin C measurement is plasma AA at 6 h post dose (Table 1). Main PK analytes (ethinyl estradiol, EE2-sulfate) are off-target and were not extracted.","conclusion":"Ascorbic acid can, therefore, be removed from the list of drugs interfering with the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol.","limitations":"AA measured only once (6 h post dose); no baseline or no-AA cycle AA levels reported; primary PK analytes are off-target (EE2) and not extracted"},"8261625":{"pmid":"8261625","title":"Ascorbate concentration in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. Intrathecal accumulation and CSF flow rate.","authors":"Reiber H, Ruff M, Uhr M","journal":"Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry","year":"1993","volume":"217","issue":"2","pages":"163-73","doi":"10.1016/0009-8981(93)90162-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8261625/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational measurement of endogenous ascorbate in CSF and serum of controls and neurological patients (CSF/serum distribution, blood-CSF barrier). No vitamin C administered; no absorption/PK.","conclusion":"NR (summary reports endogenous CSF/serum ascorbate relationship and efficient ascorbate homeostasis in human brain)","limitations":"not a supplement absorption study"},"8347682":{"pmid":"8347682","title":"Redox metabolism of vitamin C in blood of normal and malaria-infected mice.","authors":"Iheanacho EN, Stocker R, Hunt NH","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","year":"1993","volume":"1182","issue":"1","pages":"15-21","doi":"10.1016/0925-4439(93)90147-s","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8347682/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro / ex vivo blood experiments)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mouse malaria study of vitamin C redox metabolism in blood: endogenous plasma ascorbate/DHA and in vitro uptake/reduction of added DHA by blood cells. No oral/systemic supplement dosing, no absorption or bioavailability measures; key kinetic data are figure-only. Reviewer may reclassify as partial if in vitro cellular uptake is wanted.","conclusion":"The increased propensity of erythrocytes from infected animals to release AH- could in part explain the higher levels of AH- observed in P. vinckei infection.","limitations":"not an absorption study; kinetic data figure-only"},"8479954":{"pmid":"8479954","title":"Influence of large doses of ascorbic acid on performance, plasma calcium, bone characteristics, and eggshell quality in broilers and Leghorn hens.","authors":"Orban JI, Roland DA Sr, Cummins K, Lovell RT","journal":"Poultry science","year":"1993","volume":"72","issue":"4","pages":"691-700","doi":"10.3382/ps.0720691","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8479954/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chickens, White Leghorn hens)","design":"other (four randomized dietary experiments)","n":"564 broilers; 484 hens (Abstract)","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Dietary ascorbic acid (0-3,000 ppm) effects on performance, plasma calcium, bone and eggshell quality in broilers and hens. No ascorbic acid concentration, absorption or PK measured.","conclusion":"Results suggest that large doses of ascorbic acid in the diet influence calcium metabolism, affecting bone and eggshell mineralization in chickens.","limitations":"no vitamin C absorption/PK outcome"},"8491813":{"pmid":"8491813","title":"High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of plasma ascorbic acid in relationship to health care.","authors":"Tanishima K, Kita M","journal":"Journal of chromatography","year":"1993","volume":"613","issue":"2","pages":"275-80","doi":"10.1016/0378-4347(93)80142-q","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8491813/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"HPLC method-development paper measuring baseline plasma ascorbic acid in healthy students and correlating with dietary fruit/vegetable score and DBH activity; no supplement dosing or absorption/PK. Reported baseline mean plasma ascorbic acid: males 0.86 +/- 0.36 mg/dl (n=20), females 1.01 +/- 0.30 mg/dl (n=20) (Table I); HPLC vs DCIP correlation r=0.714.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"8542656":{"pmid":"8542656","title":"The effect of ascorbic acid on the measurement of total cholesterol and triglycerides: possible artefactual lowering in individuals with high plasma concentration of ascorbic acid.","authors":"Benzie IF, Strain JJ","journal":"Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry","year":"1995","volume":"239","issue":"2","pages":"185-90","doi":"10.1016/0009-8981(95)06116-u","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8542656/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro assay-interference study: ascorbic acid spiked into control and plasma samples (0-1000 umol/l added) to test artefactual lowering of measured cholesterol/triglycerides. No absorption or PK data; ascorbic acid concentrations were not measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"8558291":{"pmid":"8558291","title":"Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations are related to cardiovascular risk factors in African-Americans.","authors":"Toohey L, Harris MA, Allen KG, Melby CL","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"1996","volume":"126","issue":"1","pages":"121-8","doi":"10.1093/jn/126.1.121","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8558291/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional correlational study in African-American adults (Seventh-Day Adventists) relating fasting plasma ascorbic acid and MDA to blood pressure and lipids; no supplement dosing or PK. Only plasma AA (n=102, Dallas) and dietary AA intake from FFQ reported; plasma AA unrelated to dietary AA intake in women and marginally in men (r = 0.36, P < 0.10).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"8615361":{"pmid":"8615361","title":"Total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid concentrations in plasma of critically ill patients.","authors":"Schorah CJ, Downing C, Piripitsi A, Gallivan L, Al-Hazaa AH, Sanderson MJ, Bodenham A","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1996","volume":"63","issue":"5","pages":"760-5","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/63.5.760","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8615361/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational/cross-sectional comparison of plasma total vitamin C, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in ICU patients vs healthy, gastritis and diabetes groups (HPLC); no controlled supplement dosing or PK. Medians (umol/L): ICU ascorbic acid 9.0, healthy 61.4. Patients on TPN (200 mg/d AA for avg 13 d) had plasma not significantly different from other ICU patients (Table 3, Discussion).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"8800495":{"pmid":"8800495","title":"Increased levels of autoantibodies to cardiolipin and oxidised low density lipoprotein are inversely associated with plasma vitamin C status in cigarette smokers.","authors":"Fickl H, Van Antwerpen VL, Richards GA, Van der Westhuyzen DR, Davies N, Van der Walt R, Van der Merwe CA, Anderson R","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":"1996","volume":"124","issue":"1","pages":"75-81","doi":"10.1016/0021-9150(96)05820-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8800495/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional study of autoantibodies to cardiolipin and ox-LDL in smokers vs non-smokers, correlated with plasma vitamin C; no supplement dosing or absorption/PK (participants took no vitamin supplements). Plasma vitamin C (ug/ml, mean +/- SEM) smokers 9.3 +/- 0.4 vs non-smokers 11.3 +/- 0.4, P = 0.0012 (Table 1, text layer).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"8809386":{"pmid":"8809386","title":"Pharmacokinetic study of ascorbic acid in sheep.","authors":"Black WD, Hidiroglou M","journal":"Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire","year":"1996","volume":"60","issue":"3","pages":"216-21","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8809386/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep, yearling crossbred wethers, 50-55 kg)","design":"parallel (4 groups of 5, single dose, by dose and route)","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target: ascorbic acid given IV or IM (not oral) to adult sheep; ruminants cited as unable to use oral AA.","conclusion":"The above findings indicate that the administration of AA to sheep by injection, to prevent scurvy or to supplement anti-scorbutic levels during periods of stress or low AA availability, will cause an increase in plasma AA concentrations (Figure 1-3). The AUC parameters suggest that if AA supplementation is justified, the use of the IM route could be of greater benefit than the IV route and would thus appear to be preferred.","limitations":"small n (5 per group); IV/IM only, no oral arm; background plasma AA not subtracted; standard IM PK parameters (absorption) not determined; flip-flop kinetics possible; fixed dose (not per kg), volumes of distribution are estimates; variance type not stated in tables; several internal inconsistencies between abstract, text and tables; AUC IM > IV (bioavailability > 100%) attributed by authors to slow disappearance, endogenous synthesis or conservation"},"9076405":{"pmid":"9076405","title":"Effect of supplementation of smoking men with plain or slow release ascorbic acid on lipoprotein oxidation.","authors":"Nyyssönen K, Poulsen HE, Hayn M, Agerbo P, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Kaikkonen J, Salonen R, Salonen JT","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1997","volume":"51","issue":"3","pages":"154-63","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600376","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9076405/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT, single blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel; PK substudy of 5 subjects per group","n":"62 randomized; 59 completed","status":"complete","statusNote":"Randomized trial in smoking men: 12 h PK of single 250 mg plain vs slow-release ascorbic acid (n=5 per group) at baseline and after 2 months of 250 mg BID, plus 2-month plasma AA changes. alpha-tocopherol, lipoprotein oxidation, MDA and other non-absorption outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"The bioavailability of plain ascorbic acid and slow release ascorbic acid with hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose appeared to be similar. The AUC values of ascorbic acid plasma concentration during the 12 h pharmacokinetic study did not differ significantly.","limitations":"PK substudy n=5 per group; great interindividual variation in AUC (ranges printed); no variance reported for Table 1 AUC means; industry sponsor (Ferrosan); single blinded; pre-dose baseline subtracted so placebo AUC sign inconsistent with figure; Table 2 n differs from n completed for several rows; Fig 3 values figure-only"},"9174475":{"pmid":"9174475","title":"Serum beta-carotene and vitamin C as biomarkers of vegetable and fruit intakes in a community-based sample of French adults.","authors":"Drewnowski A, Rock CL, Henderson SA, Shore AB, Fischler C, Galan P, Preziosi P, Hercberg S","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1997","volume":"65","issue":"6","pages":"1796-802","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1796","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9174475/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional dietary-history study (837 French adults) relating serum beta-carotene and vitamin C to vegetable/fruit intake, age, BMI, alcohol, tobacco; no supplement dosing or absorption/PK. Serum vitamin C (umol/L): women 53.0 vs men 40.8 (text); correlations with fruit intake r=0.36 (Table 3).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"9179545":{"pmid":"9179545","title":"The effect of vitamin C in high doses on plasma and biliary lipid composition in patients with cholesterol gallstones: prolongation of the nucleation time.","authors":"Gustafsson U, Wang FH, Axelson M, Kallner A, Sahlin S, Einarsson K","journal":"European journal of clinical investigation","year":"1997","volume":"27","issue":"5","pages":"387-91","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1240670.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9179545/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, non-randomized, before/after (treated) with separate untreated comparison group","n":"32","status":"partial","statusNote":"Only plasma vitamin C before/after 2 weeks of 2 g/day oral supplementation (steady-state concentration, not a time course) is absorption-related; lipid, bile and nucleation-time outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"vitamin C supplementation to healthy gallstone patients for 2 weeks did not affect the plasma lipids or biliary cholesterol concentration and saturation. The nucleation time was prolonged.","limitations":"non-randomized, open-label; no plasma vitamin C in untreated group; plasma vitamin C n=13 of 16 treated; single trough steady-state measurement, no PK time course; dose basis (salt vs ascorbic acid) not stated"},"9183328":{"pmid":"9183328","title":"Dietary intake and plasma concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta carotene in patients with coronary artery disease.","authors":"Mandel CH, Mosca L, Maimon E, Sievers J, Tsai A, Rock CL","journal":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association","year":"1997","volume":"97","issue":"6","pages":"655-7","doi":"10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00164-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9183328/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional descriptive study of dietary intake (7-day food records) and plasma vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene in 42 non-smoking coronary artery disease patients; no controlled dosing or PK. Dietary vitamin C intake correlated with plasma vitamin C (r=0.57, P<.0001, all subjects n=42; r=0.52, P=.002, multivitamin non-users n=33). Mean dietary vitamin C 89.1 +/- 12.4 mg/d per 1000 kcal (Table 1).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"9234031":{"pmid":"9234031","title":"The effect of ascorbic acid on plasma lipids and oxidisability of LDL in male smokers.","authors":"Samman S, Brown AJ, Beltran C, Singh S","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1997","volume":"51","issue":"7","pages":"472-7","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600431","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9234031/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single-blind)","n":"8 completed (10 recruited)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary outcome is plasma lipids/LDL oxidisability; only plasma ascorbic acid concentrations before/after 1 g/d supplementation (compliance marker) are PK-relevant. No Cmax/AUC/Tmax; repeated dosing 2 weeks.","conclusion":"AA supplementation at this dose did not alter plasma lipids of LDL oxidisability in male smokers.","limitations":"small n (8); absorption/PK not a study aim; only pre/post plasma AA concentrations; no timecourse or PK parameters; plasma AA during placebo period not numerically reported; exact P for AA increase not printed; 2-week duration"},"9237946":{"pmid":"9237946","title":"Vitamin C supplementation does not modify bone mineral content or mineral absorption in growing pigs.","authors":"Pointillart A, Denis I, Colin C, Lacroix H","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"1997","volume":"127","issue":"8","pages":"1514-8","doi":"10.1093/jn/127.8.1514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9237946/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"parallel","n":"21","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary aim is bone metabolism. Plasma AA over time is figure-only (Fig. 1); Ca/P balance (Table 2) is mineral absorption affected by AA, recorded as secondary.","conclusion":"Thus, high intakes of ascorbic acid have no positive influence on bone metabolism and bone characteristics in pigs. The in vivo long-term effects do not correlate with the short-term in vitro effects previously reported.","limitations":"plasma AA values figure-only; animal (pig) study; pigs synthesize vitamin C; balance study only in control and 1000 AA, n=6; dietary AA absorption not directly measured; some pigs had diarrhea early; rice added to diets"},"9327438":{"pmid":"9327438","title":"Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion.","authors":"Graumlich JF, Ludden TM, Conry-Cantilena C, Cantilena LR Jr, Wang Y, Levine M","journal":"Pharmaceutical research","year":"1997","volume":"14","issue":"9","pages":"1133-9","doi":"10.1023/a:1012186203165","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9327438/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label","n":"7","status":"complete","statusNote":"Population PK model paper (NONMEM) from depletion/repletion dose-escalation study; most time-course data figure-only.","conclusion":"The model was useful for obtaining a new understanding of the likely causes for the complex concentration-time profile observed during gradual repletion. At doses of 200 to 2500 mg per day, the plateau in pre-dose concentrations is largely due to apparent saturation of tissue uptake and less a function of oral bioavailability and renal excretion than previously thought.","limitations":"n=7 young men; figure-only time courses; bioavailability and many parameters are model-derived; not all subjects completed dose escalation; imprecise KM-ren and K45 estimates; units micromolar as printed"},"9342793":{"pmid":"9342793","title":"Comparison of vitamin C bioavailability after multiple or single oral dosing of different formulations in sheep.","authors":"Hidiroglou M, Batra TR, Zhao X","journal":"Reproduction, nutrition, development","year":"1997","volume":"37","issue":"4","pages":"443-8","doi":"10.1051/rnd:19970405","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9342793/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep)","design":"parallel (Exp 1 multiple dosing vs control; Exp 2 single dose, formulation and route comparison)","n":"Exp 1: 50; Exp 2: 30","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Single oral supplementation of five different formulations of vitamin C did not result in a significant increase in plasma vitamin C concentration. Comparison between single oral and duodenal supplementation supports the notion that vitamin C is quickly destroyed in the rumen. Multiple oral supplementation of five formulations of vitamin C increased AUCabove values suggesting that gastrointestinal absorption of ascorbic acid in sheep is efficient, if ascorbic acid can reach the duodenum.","limitations":"per-group n not stated for Exp 1; ruminant model; rumen destruction limits relevance to humans; no Cmax/Tmax reported; no individual time-course values in text (not extracted); Table I AUC unit printed 'ug/d/mL'"},"9356519":{"pmid":"9356519","title":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: it's déjà vu all over again.","authors":"Shane B","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1997","volume":"66","issue":"5","pages":"1061-2","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1061","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356519/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Editorial (Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:1061-2) commenting on Blanchard et al. and Levine et al. vitamin C pharmacokinetic analyses; no primary data.","conclusion":"The recent studies on ascorbate kinetics have provided good evidence for a practical upper limit for ascorbate intake but arguments about what the recommended allowance should be are likely to continue for the foreseeable future.","limitations":""},"9356534":{"pmid":"9356534","title":"Pharmacokinetic perspectives on megadoses of ascorbic acid.","authors":"Blanchard J, Tozer TN, Rowland M","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1997","volume":"66","issue":"5","pages":"1165-71","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1165","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356534/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (pharmacokinetic modeling re-analysis of published data)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Secondary pharmacokinetic modeling re-analysis (PubMed type Review) of previously published vitamin C data. No new primary measurements; Tables 1-2 values are model-derived by the authors from published data (plus reference-reported values), extracted as printed.","conclusion":"As a consequence of this ceiling effect, there is no pharmacokinetic justification for the use of megadoses of ascorbic acid.","limitations":"secondary model-based re-analysis, no new primary data; values are authors approximations; reference column values are from other studies (n and design NR); no variance reported"},"9665447":{"pmid":"9665447","title":"Effect of ascorbic acid administration on serum concentration of transferrin receptors.","authors":"Khumalo H, Gomo ZA, Gangaidzo IT, Moyo VM, Mandishona E, Saungweme T, Rouault TA, Gordeuk VR, MacPhail AP","journal":"Clinical chemistry","year":"1998","volume":"44","issue":"7","pages":"1573-5","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665447/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"178","status":"partial","statusNote":"Study aim is serum transferrin receptor/ferritin/iron response to ascorbic acid; only leukocyte ascorbic acid concentrations (day 1-3) are absorption-related and were extracted. Iron-status outcomes skipped.","conclusion":"Nevertheless, our results indicate that ascorbic acid status may influence serum transferrin receptor concentrations, probably through changes in intracellular iron metabolism.","limitations":"no control group; dose given as 1-2 g range, not individually specified; population with iron overload from traditional beer; not representative; leukocyte AA only; no plasma AA or PK parameters; vitamin C dose not sufficient to normalize leukocyte AA in all iron-loaded subjects"},"9670346":{"pmid":"9670346","title":"Low levels of serum ascorbic acid in elderly patients with hip fracture.","authors":"Falch JA, Mowé M, Bøhmer T","journal":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation","year":"1998","volume":"58","issue":"3","pages":"225-8","doi":"10.1080/00365519850186616","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9670346/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational case-control comparison of serum ascorbic acid status (hip fracture patients vs home-living elderly controls); no supplementation or absorption/PK measurement.","conclusion":"As previous studies have found decreased concentrations of several nutritional factors in hip fracture patients, our findings might indicate that a reduced serum concentration of ascorbic acid could be a part of a general nutritional insufficiency in several patients with hip fracture.","limitations":""},"9683399":{"pmid":"9683399","title":"Plasma ascorbate and vitamin E levels in Hong Kong Chinese.","authors":"Benzie IF, Janus ED, Strain JJ","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1998","volume":"52","issue":"6","pages":"447-51","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600586","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9683399/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational cross-sectional survey of fasting plasma ascorbate and vitamin E concentrations in 150 Hong Kong Chinese; no supplementation, dosing or absorption/PK measurement.","conclusion":"Results also suggest that the age- and sex- differences in plasma ascorbate seen in Western populations can be avoided by increased vitamin C intake.","limitations":""},"9807036":{"pmid":"9807036","title":"Administration of ascorbic acid and an aldose reductase inhibitor (tolrestat) in diabetes: effect on urinary albumin excretion.","authors":"McAuliffe AV, Brooks BA, Fisher EJ, Molyneaux LM, Yue DK","journal":"Nephron","year":"1998","volume":"80","issue":"3","pages":"277-84","doi":"10.1159/000045187","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9807036/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"20 (AA study); 16 (tolrestat study)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Efficacy trial (urinary albumin excretion) of ascorbic acid in diabetes; only plasma AA response is absorption-related and the time course is figure-only. Tolrestat arm measures endogenous AA without AA supplementation.","conclusion":"Dietary supplementation of AA in diabetic subjects may have long-term benefits in attenuating the progression of diabetic complications.","limitations":"small n; efficacy study; PK data limited; plasma AA time-course values figure-only; time point of 84.3 µmol/l not specified; dose basis not stated; no dose-response or PK sampling"},"9868185":{"pmid":"9868185","title":"Serum antioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawberries, spinach, red wine or vitamin C in elderly women.","authors":"Cao G, Russell RM, Lischner N, Prior RL","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"1998","volume":"128","issue":"12","pages":"2383-90","doi":"10.1093/jn/128.12.2383","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9868185/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"Food/antioxidant capacity study; vitamin C is a specific analyte (plasma vitamin C after 1250 mg ascorbic acid vs strawberries, spinach, red wine). Only vitamin C rows extracted; antioxidant capacity (ORAC, FRAP, TEAC), urate, bilirubin and urinary ORAC not extracted.","conclusion":"We conclude that the consumption of strawberries, spinach or red wine, which are rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds, can increase the serum antioxidant capacity in humans.","limitations":"small n (8); single-dose; vitamin C is secondary analyte; main outcome antioxidant capacity; vitamin C time course figure-only; variance not given for Cmax values; dose of vitamin C in strawberry is author approximation; no baseline-corrected PK parameters"},"10084399":{"pmid":"10084399","title":"Intestinal absorption of calcium from calcium ascorbate in rats.","authors":"Tsugawa N, Yamabe T, Takeuchi A, Kamao M, Nakagawa K, Nishijima K, Okano T","journal":"Journal of bone and mineral metabolism","year":"1999","volume":"17","issue":"1","pages":"30-6","doi":"10.1007/s007740050060","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10084399/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (six groups; two doses x three Ca salts)","n":"NR (see extraction notes)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"We therefore conclude that Ca ascorbate would be a useful Ca-l-ascorbic acid supplement with relatively high absorbability from intestine.","limitations":"rodent study, plasma radioactivity only (cpm), not absolute absorption; tracer-based; figure-only data for time course, retention and tissue; Tmax sampling resolution coarse (first sample 1 h); n = 5 per group"},"10204833":{"pmid":"10204833","title":"The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead levels of smokers.","authors":"Dawson EB, Evans DR, Harris WA, Teter MC, McGanity WJ","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","year":"1999","volume":"18","issue":"2","pages":"166-70","doi":"10.1080/07315724.1999.10718845","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10204833/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (randomized, three parallel groups)","n":"75","status":"complete","statusNote":"Supplementation study with serum and urine ascorbic acid reported as exposure confirmation; primary outcome (blood lead) not an absorption outcome. Only ascorbic acid data extracted.","conclusion":"Daily supplementation with 1000 mg of ascorbic acid results in a significant decrease of blood-lead levels associated with the general population. Ascorbic acid supplementation may provide an economical and convenient method of reducing blood-lead levels, possibly by reducing the intestinal absorption of lead.","limitations":"no control for dietary vitamin C intake; baseline serum ascorbate differed between groups (placebo higher); group SDs identical (5.6) across timepoints, suggesting pooled SD; analysed n per time point not stated; not a PK study; weekly sampling only"},"10655967":{"pmid":"10655967","title":"Influence of feeding different vegetables on plasma levels of carotenoids, folate and vitamin C. Effect of disruption of the vegetable matrix.","authors":"van het Hof KH, Tijburg LB, Pietrzik K, Weststrate JA","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"1999","volume":"82","issue":"3","pages":"203-12","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10655967/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (incomplete block, 4 periods, individuals as blocks)","n":"69 analysed (72 selected, 3 dropped out)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Vegetable-matrix bioavailability study of carotenoids, folate and vitamin C; only vitamin C plasma data extracted (carotenoid and folate data not extracted). Vitamin C analyte is dietary (vegetables), not a supplement.","conclusion":"All vegetable meals increased the plasma concentrations of lutein and vitamin C significantly.","limitations":"4-day steady-state not reached; plasma changes are sum of vitamin C depletion on control diet and increase from vegetables; vitamin C intake differed 3.5-fold among vegetables; not extrapolable to absorbed amounts (authors); industry affiliated"},"10726851":{"pmid":"10726851","title":"Characterization of the activity of L-ascorbic acid 2-[3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-be nzopyran-6-yl-hydrogen phosphate] potassium salt in hydroxyl radical elimination.","authors":"Tomita T, Kashima M, Tsujimoto Y","journal":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"2000","volume":"48","issue":"3","pages":"330-3","doi":"10.1248/cpb.48.330","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10726851/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro chemistry)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro ESR and spectrophotometric chemistry study of hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal chelation by EPC-K1 (ascorbic acid-tocopherol phosphate potassium salt); no absorption or pharmacokinetic data. Scanned PDF read from page images.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"10733873":{"pmid":"10733873","title":"Kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of S-nitrosoglutathione by l-ascorbic acid and copper ions in aqueous solution to produce nitric oxide.","authors":"Smith JN, Dasgupta TP","journal":"Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry","year":"2000","volume":"4","issue":"1","pages":"57-66","doi":"10.1006/niox.2000.0272","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10733873/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro chemical kinetics)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro chemical kinetics of S-nitrosoglutathione decomposition by L-ascorbic acid and Cu2+ producing nitric oxide in aqueous solution; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"(NR)","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study"},"10818270":{"pmid":"10818270","title":"A comparison of plasma vitamin C and E levels in two Antarctic and two temperate water fish species.","authors":"Gieseg SP, Cuddihy S, Hill JV, Davison W","journal":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology","year":"2000","volume":"125","issue":"3","pages":"371-8","doi":"10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00186-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10818270/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (fish: Antarctic Pagothenia borchgrevinki, Trematomus bernacchii; NZ Parapercis colias, Notolabrus fucicola)","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional comparison of endogenous plasma vitamin C and E concentrations in four wild-caught fish species (plus a temperature-stress experiment); no supplementation, dosing or absorption/PK.","conclusion":"(NR)","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study"},"10835489":{"pmid":"10835489","title":"Effects of three-month oral supplementation of beta-carotene and vitamin C on serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins in middle-aged subjects: a pilot study for a randomized controlled trial to prevent gastric cancer in high-risk Japanese population.","authors":"Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Kakizoe T, Tsugane S","journal":"Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann","year":"2000","volume":"91","issue":"5","pages":"464-70","doi":"10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00968.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10835489/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (3x3 factorial, pilot)","n":"55 participated; 54 completed","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This study confirmed that a significant increase in serum concentrations of β-carotene and ascorbic acid could be obtained by oral 30 mg/day β-carotene and 1000 mg/day vitamin C supplementation, respectively, without any interaction effect or apparent side effect on serum concentrations of other carotenoids and α-tocopherol in middle-aged Japanese subjects.","limitations":"small n (54); pilot study; only marginal group data for factorial design; dose basis not stated; ascorbic acid units printed as mmol/liter (likely µmol/L); only high-dose groups showed significant increase; participants had atrophic gastritis"},"10924732":{"pmid":"10924732","title":"Ascorbic acid supplementation does not lower plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations.","authors":"Jenner JL, Jacques PF, Seman LJ, Schaefer EJ","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":"2000","volume":"151","issue":"2","pages":"541-4","doi":"10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00424-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10924732/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"101","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"RCT of 1 g/day ascorbic acid for 8 months on plasma lipoprotein(a); no plasma ascorbic acid concentrations or other absorption/PK values are reported (PAA used only for compliance/exclusion).","conclusion":"Our data indicate that plasma Lp(a) concentrations are not significantly affected by ascorbic acid supplementation in healthy human subjects.","limitations":"outcome is Lp(a), not ascorbate absorption"},"11019356":{"pmid":"11019356","title":"Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of vitamin C are lowered in healthy people with chronic, nonprogressive physical disabilities.","authors":"Cahill KM, Burri BJ, Sucher K","journal":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association","year":"2000","volume":"100","issue":"9","pages":"1065-7","doi":"10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00310-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11019356/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"73 analysed (78 collected)","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational comparison of habitual dietary vitamin C intake and fasting plasma vitamin C status in adults with and without chronic physical disabilities; no supplement dosing or absorption/PK. Scanned PDF, read as page images (3 pages).","conclusion":"(NR)","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study; observational"},"11068703":{"pmid":"11068703","title":"Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","year":"2000","volume":"70","issue":"5","pages":"226-37","doi":"10.1024/0300-9831.70.5.226","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11068703/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (meta-analysis)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Meta-analysis of 36 published studies modelling the vitamin C intake vs plasma concentration relationship (e.g. 42.4 umol/L at 60 mg/day, 50th percentile); no primary absorption/PK data. Pages 1-4 read; modelled estimates not extracted per rule 10.","conclusion":"In the general population the assumed optimal plasma concentration of 50 µmol/L, as proposed by a consensus conference, can be achieved by the intake of 100 mg per day","limitations":"meta-analysis, not primary data"},"11207686":{"pmid":"11207686","title":"Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies.","authors":"Pinnell SR, Yang H, Omar M, Monteiro-Riviere N, DeBuys HV, Walker LC, Wang Y, Levine M","journal":"Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]","year":"2001","volume":"27","issue":"2","pages":"137-42","doi":"10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00264.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11207686/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"other (in vivo animal percutaneous absorption experiments)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Most results are shown only in figures (Figs 1-5); only dehydroascorbic acid skin levels, ~20-fold saturation and ~4 day tissue half-life are printed in text.","conclusion":"Delivery of topical L-ascorbic acid into the skin is critically dependent on formulation characteristics.","limitations":"most values figure-only; topical skin absorption in pigs, not oral absorption; n = 3 per group; commercial product content not confirmed; industry-affiliated authors; MAP strength inconsistent (13% vs 12%)"},"11379390":{"pmid":"11379390","title":"Vitamin C plasma concentrations and leg weakness in the forelegs of growing pigs.","authors":"Armocida A, Beskow P, Amcoff P, Kallner A, Ekman S","journal":"Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine","year":"2001","volume":"48","issue":"3","pages":"165-78","doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00340.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11379390/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"observational","n":"41","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational study of endogenous plasma vitamin C concentrations at 6, 13, 21 and 26 weeks in commercially fed growing pigs and their association with foreleg deformities; no vitamin C supplementation, dosing or absorption/PK.","conclusion":"We could not find a vitamin C deficiency during the study and no association between low levels of vitamin C in plasma and the presence of deformed forelegs of these 40 pigs.","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study"},"11666144":{"pmid":"11666144","title":"Pharmacokinetics in dogs after oral administration of two different forms of ascorbic acid.","authors":"Wang S, Berge GE, Hoem NO, Sund RB","journal":"Research in veterinary science","year":"2001","volume":"71","issue":"1","pages":"27-32","doi":"10.1053/rvsc.2001.0480","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666144/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog)","design":"randomized crossover (partial; some groups parallel)","n":"20 dogs; 32 experiments (28 supplement + 4 blank)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The comparison of crystalline AA and Ester-C did not indicate any significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the two preparations of the vitamin.","limitations":"small n (6-8 experiments per group); endogenous AA subtracted; second peak complicates elimination modelling; variance type not stated for text values; dose basis expressed as AA equivalents"},"11666145":{"pmid":"11666145","title":"Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in healthy dogs.","authors":"Wang S, Berge GE, Sund RB","journal":"Research in veterinary science","year":"2001","volume":"71","issue":"1","pages":"33-5","doi":"10.1053/rvsc.2001.0481","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666145/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog)","design":"observational","n":"99","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Survey of endogenous (baseline) plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in 99 healthy, unsupplemented dogs of three breeds; no dosing or absorption/PK.","conclusion":"(NR)","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study"},"11699462":{"pmid":"11699462","title":"Effect of dietary vitamin C on concentrations of ascorbic acid in plasma and milk.","authors":"Weiss WP","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2001","volume":"84","issue":"10","pages":"2302-7","doi":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74677-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11699462/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Holstein dairy cows)","design":"randomized block, parallel (4 dietary treatments, 28 d)","n":"32","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, supplemental dietary vitamin C increased plasma concentrations of AA, but this did not correspond to increased concentration of AA in milk.","limitations":"Urine volume not measured so urine concentrations equivocal; spot urine samples; n=8/treatment; industry support; no PK time-course within day"},"11738270":{"pmid":"11738270","title":"Effect of vitamin C on plasma total antioxidant status in patients with paraquat intoxication.","authors":"Hong SY, Hwang KY, Lee EY, Eun SW, Cho SR, Han CS, Park YH, Chang SK","journal":"Toxicology letters","year":"2002","volume":"126","issue":"1","pages":"51-9","doi":"10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00431-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11738270/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (4 experiments: baseline survey, in vitro spiking, single-dose IV PK, non-randomized escalating-dose patient series)","n":"56 healthy / 7 PK / 10 patients","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, vitamin C is a useful and effective antioxidant in humans; thus, vitamin C can be used as a free radical scavenger in acute stage of lipid peroxidation by paraquat.","limitations":"intravenous dosing, no oral absorption data; small PK n (7); patients not randomized, no control; abstract inconsistent with results for Vd and t1/2; dose ambiguity (50 mg/kg vs 3000 mg); values figure-only for time course"},"11881797":{"pmid":"11881797","title":"Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation, blood serum metabolites, and mineral concentrations of laying hens reared at high ambient temperature.","authors":"Sahin K, Sahin N, Yaralioglu S","journal":"Biological trace element research","year":"2002","volume":"85","issue":"1","pages":"35-45","doi":"10.1385/BTER:85:1:35","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11881797/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (laying hens, Hy-Line)","design":"parallel, randomized to 4 groups (2x2 factorial-type)","n":"120","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"dietary vitamin C and vitamin E have synergistic effects and that supplementing a combination of these two vitamins offers a good management practice to reduce heat stress-related problems in laying hens.","limitations":"single end-of-study blood sample (no PK); heat-stress model; industry-supplied vitamins; only 10 of 30 hens per group analysed; no baseline values"},"11944200":{"pmid":"11944200","title":"Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation status, serum hormone, metabolite, and mineral concentrations of Japanese quails reared under heat stress (34 degrees C).","authors":"Sahin K, Kucuk O, Sahin N, Sari M","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","year":"2002","volume":"72","issue":"2","pages":"91-100","doi":"10.1024/0300-9831.72.2.91","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11944200/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica)","design":"parallel, 2 x 3 factorial (vitamin C 100/200 x vitamin E 125/250/500 mg/kg diet), 3 replicates of 10 birds per group","n":"180","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Results of the present study conclude that supplementing a combination of dietary vitamin C (200 mg) and vitamin E (250-500 mg) offers a good management practice to reduce heat stress-related decreases in performance of Japanese quails.","limitations":"single terminal sample (no PK); heat-stress model; no unsupplemented control group; industry-supplied vitamins; caption/text inconsistency for Table 7"},"12065172":{"pmid":"12065172","title":"Oral ascorbic acid increases plasma oestradiol during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.","authors":"Vihtamäki T, Parantainen J, Koivisto AM, Metsä-Ketelä T, Tuimala R","journal":"Maturitas","year":"2002","volume":"42","issue":"2","pages":"129-35","doi":"10.1016/s0378-5122(02)00005-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12065172/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (before/after)","n":"25","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Our results support early findings that AA may interact with oestrogen therapy.","limitations":"single-arm, no placebo; small subgroups (n=9); only 1000 mg/day dose; no PK sampling beyond 3 time points, trough-like 12 h samples; dose basis NR"},"12117221":{"pmid":"12117221","title":"Effects of dietary chromium and ascorbic acid supplementation on digestion of nutrients, serum antioxidant status, and mineral concentrations in laying hens reared at a low ambient temperature.","authors":"Sahin K, Sahin N, Kucuk O","journal":"Biological trace element research","year":"2002","volume":"87","issue":"1-3","pages":"113-24","doi":"10.1385/BTER:87:1-3:113","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12117221/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (laying hens, Hy-Line)","design":"parallel, randomized to 4 groups (2x2 factorial-type)","n":"120","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"supplementing a combination of vitamin C (250 mg/kg of diet) and chromium (400 µg Cr/kg diet) may offer a potential protective management practice in preventing cold-stress-related depression in the performance of laying hens.","limitations":"single terminal sample (no PK); cold-stress model; industry-supplied vitamin; no baseline values; factorial with chromium confounds vitamin C effect description"},"12182914":{"pmid":"12182914","title":"Resveratrol and vitamin C as antioxidants in blood platelets.","authors":"Olas B, Wachowicz B","journal":"Thrombosis research","year":"2002","volume":"106","issue":"2","pages":"143-8","doi":"10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00101-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12182914/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro (pig blood platelets)","design":"in vitro experiments","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro antioxidant study of vitamin C and resveratrol on pig blood platelets (ROS, TBARS, conjugate dienes); no absorption, bioavailability or PK data.","conclusion":"Resveratrol as an antioxidant reduced oxidative stress in blood platelets caused by vitamin C at prooxidative dose (100 µM).","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption data"},"12353620":{"pmid":"12353620","title":"Bioavailability of a series of novel acylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids, as an ascorbic acid supplement in rats and guinea pigs.","authors":"Tai A, Fujinami Y, Matsumoto K, Kawasaki D, Yamamoto I","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2002","volume":"66","issue":"8","pages":"1628-34","doi":"10.1271/bbb.66.1628","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12353620/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rats; Hartley guinea pigs)","design":"other (animal PK and antiscorbutic experiments; tissue homogenate hydrolysis in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"These results indicate that 6-Acyl-AA-2G is a readily available source of AA activity in vivo, and may be useful as an effective pharmacological agent and as a promising food additive.","limitations":"animal study; key time-course data figure-only; derivative not the standard vitamin C supplement form; n small (3-5); no non-derivative AA oral control in the PK arm"},"12378045":{"pmid":"12378045","title":"Single preoperative oral application of ascorbic acid does not affect postoperative plasma levels of ascorbic acid.","authors":"Rümelin A, Dörr S, Fauth U","journal":"Annals of nutrition & metabolism","year":"2002","volume":"46","issue":"5","pages":"211-4","doi":"10.1159/000065409","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12378045/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (randomized, control vs single oral dose)","n":"59 analysed samples, 54 analysed (27 + 27)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"A preoperative substitution of 1,000 mg AA is not sufficient to prevent postoperative lowered plasma concentration.","limitations":"single postoperative timepoint approx. 33 h post-dose; no PK sampling after dose; surgical stress and possible hemodilution confound; no p-value printed for between-group comparison; no baseline-corrected values"},"12452976":{"pmid":"12452976","title":"Vitamin C concentrations in blood plasma, tissues and urine of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sudanese herds.","authors":"Mohamed HE, Beynen AC","journal":"Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition","year":"2002","volume":"86","issue":"9-10","pages":"342-6","doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0396.2002.00392.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12452976/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dromedary camels, Camelus dromedarius)","design":"observational (descriptive survey of plasma, tissue and urine ascorbic acid by breed, sex, season, sexual activity)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Descriptive observational survey of endogenous ascorbic acid concentrations in camel plasma, tissues and urine; no supplement dose or absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"It is suggested that especially Bishari camels during the breeding season might be sensitive to disease.","limitations":"no supplementation; observational"},"12532378":{"pmid":"12532378","title":"Influence of phytostanol phosphoryl ascorbate (FM-VP4) on insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, plasma lipid levels, and gastrointestinal absorption of exogenous cholesterol in Zucker (fa/fa) fatty and lean rats.","authors":"Wasan KM, Zamfir C, Pritchard PH, Pederson RA","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2003","volume":"92","issue":"2","pages":"281-8","doi":"10.1002/jps.10297","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12532378/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal study; 30-day treatment study plus single-dose [3H]cholesterol absorption study)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Study of phytostanol phosphoryl ascorbate (FM-VP4) effects on glycemia/lipids and on GI absorption of exogenous [3H]cholesterol in Zucker rats. No ascorbate/vitamin C absorption or PK measured; the absorption analyte is [3H]cholesterol (reduced by FM-VP4). Cholesterol plasma data recorded for reference.","conclusion":"coadministration of FM-VP4 with exogenous cholesterol resulted in decreased cholesterol absorption in both lean and fatty Zucker rats.","limitations":"off-target analyte: cholesterol absorption, no vitamin C/ascorbate PK; small n; single time point (10 h); n inconsistent between abstract and Table 1; industry funded; glucose/lipid outcomes not absorption data"},"12589972":{"pmid":"12589972","title":"Serum alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid concentrations in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients with and without angiopathy.","authors":"Skrha J, Prázný M, Hilgertová J, Weiserová H","journal":"Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry","year":"2003","volume":"329","issue":"1-2","pages":"103-8","doi":"10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00007-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12589972/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional comparison of fasting serum alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid concentrations in Type 1/Type 2 diabetic patients with/without angiopathy vs healthy controls. No supplement dosing, absorption or pharmacokinetics.","conclusion":"We conclude that Type 2 diabetic patients with macroangiopathy have decreased serum a-tocopherol/cholesterol-triglyceride ratio and ascorbic acid concentrations, whereas no significant changes in both analytes were found in Type 1 diabetic patients as compared with healthy persons.","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study; observational serum status only"},"12697276":{"pmid":"12697276","title":"Plasma vitamin C, cholesterol and homocysteine are associated with grey matter volume determined by MRI in non-demented old people.","authors":"Whalley LJ, Staff RT, Murray AD, Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Lemmon HA, Starr JM, Deary IJ","journal":"Neuroscience letters","year":"2003","volume":"341","issue":"3","pages":"173-6","doi":"10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01452-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12697276/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"82","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional observational study relating plasma vitamin C, homocysteine, cholesterol etc. to MRI grey matter volume in 82 non-demented elderly people. No supplementation, absorption or PK.","conclusion":"We found that lower grey matter volume was associated with lower plasma vitamin C and higher homocysteine, cholesterol and LDL.","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study; cross-sectional correlational"},"12733644":{"pmid":"12733644","title":"Topically applied vitamin C and cysteine derivatives protect against UVA-induced photodegradation of suprofen in ex vivo pigskin.","authors":"Moison RM, Rijnkels JM, Podda E, Righele F, Tomasello F, Caffieri S, Beijersbergen van Henegouwen GM","journal":"Photochemistry and photobiology","year":"2003","volume":"77","issue":"4","pages":"343-8","doi":"10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0343:tavcac>2.0.co;2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12733644/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"other (ex vivo/in vitro skin explant experiment)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Ex vivo pigskin model of topical coapplication of ASC, NAC or CYSET with suprofen; skin (stratum corneum/epidermis) ASC levels recorded from Table 3. NAC/CYSET and suprofen photodegradation data not extracted (not vitamin C absorption).","conclusion":"topical application of the water-soluble antioxidants ASC, NAC and CYSET increased the bioavailability of SUP in pigskin epidermis and offered protection against UVA-induced decomposition of SUP.","limitations":"ex vivo pig skin not living human; topical not oral supplementation; SD only, n per row not stated; no funding statement found; primarily a photoprotection study"},"12792612":{"pmid":"12792612","title":"Bioavailability of oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid).","authors":"Murphy PA","journal":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association","year":"2002","volume":"102","issue":"9","pages":"1222-4; author reply 1224-5","doi":"10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90443-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12792612/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (letter/commentary)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Letter to the editor (J.X. Wilson) arguing dehydroascorbic acid is bioavailable; same PDF also includes a second letter (P.A. Murphy) on orange juice vitamin C stability and the start of the authors' response. No original absorption data.","conclusion":"These facts indicate that dehydroascorbic acid is a dietary source of vitamin C.","limitations":"letter/commentary, no primary data"},"12792613":{"pmid":"12792613","title":"Bioavailability of oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid).","authors":"Wilson JX","journal":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association","year":"2002","volume":"102","issue":"9","pages":"1222; author reply 1224-5","doi":"10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90268-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12792613/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (letter/commentary)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Letter to the editor (J.X. Wilson) arguing dehydroascorbic acid is bioavailable, followed by the start of a second letter (P.A. Murphy) on orange juice vitamin C stability. One-page PDF (journal p.1222). No original absorption data.","conclusion":"These facts indicate that dehydroascorbic acid is a dietary source of vitamin C.","limitations":"letter/commentary, no primary data"},"12805247":{"pmid":"12805247","title":"Effect of five-year supplementation of vitamin C on serum vitamin C concentration and consumption of vegetables and fruits in middle-aged Japanese: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Kim MK, Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"22","issue":"3","pages":"208-16","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2003.10719295","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805247/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"439 initially participated; 120 low-dose + 124 high-dose analysed after 5 years; 134 dropout (referent group)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Long-term supplementation RCT (serum vitamin C response, not a single-dose PK study); Table 2/3 serum values recorded.","conclusion":"Five-year vitamin C supplementation induces a remarkable increase in serum vitamin C concentration, and our intervention program appears to have no effect on dietary vitamin C intake.","limitations":"participants had atrophic gastritis; no vitamin C measured at intervals between 1 and 5 years; regression to the mean (authors); not a classical PK study; no Cmax/AUC; dropout group not randomized comparator; FFQ dietary intake"},"12840179":{"pmid":"12840179","title":"High-pressurized orange juice consumption affects plasma vitamin C, antioxidative status and inflammatory markers in healthy humans.","authors":"Sánchez-Moreno C, Cano MP, de Ancos B, Plaza L, Olmedilla B, Granado F, Martín A","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"133","issue":"7","pages":"2204-9","doi":"10.1093/jn/133.7.2204","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12840179/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Single 500 mL dose then 14-day repeated intake of high-pressure-processed orange juice; plasma vitamin C only recorded (isoprostane, uric acid, CRP, PGE2 not extracted).","conclusion":"Drinking orange juice increases plasma vitamin C, and decreases 8-epiPGF2α and PGE2 levels in humans, which may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases.","limitations":"small n (6 per sex); no control/placebo group; juice matrix contains other nutrients; hourly kinetics figure-only; no AUC or Cmax computed by authors"},"12869370":{"pmid":"12869370","title":"Oxidative stress-induced dysregulation of arteriolar wall shear stress and blood pressure in hyperhomocysteinemia is prevented by chronic vitamin C treatment.","authors":"Bagi Z, Cseko C, Tóth E, Koller A","journal":"American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology","year":"2003","volume":"285","issue":"6","pages":"H2277-83","doi":"10.1152/ajpheart.00448.2003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12869370/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"60","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat study of chronic oral vitamin C (150 mg/kg/day gavage, 4 wk) effects on arteriolar shear-stress responses, blood pressure and serum 8-isoprostane in methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia. Pharmacodynamic outcomes only; vitamin C concentrations were not measured.","conclusion":"Taken together, our data show that in chronic HHcy long-term vitamin C treatment, by decreasing oxidative stress in vivo, enhanced NO bioavailability, restored the regulation of shear stress in arterioles, and normalized systemic blood pressure.","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study; no vitamin C concentrations measured"},"12897045":{"pmid":"12897045","title":"Changes in serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, carotenoids, xinc and selenium after micronutrient supplementation during alcohol rehabilitation.","authors":"Gueguen S, Pirollet P, Leroy P, Guilland JC, Arnaud J, Paille F, Siest G, Visvikis S, Hercberg S, Herbeth B","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"22","issue":"4","pages":"303-10","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2003.10719308","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12897045/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"106 analysed (118 enrolled)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Multi-nutrient supplementation study in alcohol-dependent inpatients; only serum vitamin C status change (not a PK/absorption study) is extracted. Other micronutrients skipped.","conclusion":"Our results indicate that a short-term supplementation with physiological doses of antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids and trace elements during alcohol rehabilitation clearly improves micronutrient status indicators. Heavy smokers in particular seem to respond to vitamin C supplementation.","limitations":"multi-nutrient supplement, vitamin C effect not isolated from other components; no dietary intake data; vitamin C missing values (n=50 and n=43); no single-dose PK; only pre/post serum status; smoking status not measured at end; subgroup values figure-only"},"12957426":{"pmid":"12957426","title":"Coronary vasoregulation in patients with various risk factors in response to cold pressor testing: contrasting myocardial blood flow responses to short- and long-term vitamin C administration.","authors":"Schindler TH, Nitzsche EU, Munzel T, Olschewski M, Brink I, Jeserich M, Mix M, Buser PT, Pfisterer M, Solzbach U, Just H","journal":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology","year":"2003","volume":"42","issue":"5","pages":"814-22","doi":"10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00851-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12957426/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (hypertensives randomized placebo vs vitamin C; smokers, hypercholesterolemic and controls open-label vitamin C)","n":"50","status":"partial","statusNote":"Vasoreactivity/myocardial blood flow study of vitamin C; only plasma vitamin C levels (Table 1) extracted. No PK/absorption analysis. MBF outcomes skipped.","conclusion":"The present study revealed marked heterogeneous responses in MBF changes to short- and long-term vitamin C treatment in patients with various risk factors, which highlights the quite complex nature underlying abnormal coronary vasomotion.","limitations":"not an absorption study; no dose-response or PK sampling; vitamin C plasma values only pre/post long-term; small n, attrition at 2 years; open-label for 3 of 5 groups"},"14507447":{"pmid":"14507447","title":"Iontophoresis promotes percutaneous absorption of L-ascorbic acid in rat skin.","authors":"Ebihara M, Akiyama M, Ohnishi Y, Tajima S, Komata K, Mitsui Y","journal":"Journal of dermatological science","year":"2003","volume":"32","issue":"3","pages":"217-22","doi":"10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00105-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14507447/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, iontophoresis vs topical)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat skin percutaneous absorption of [14C]ascorbic acid with vs without iontophoresis; nearly all time-course data are figure-only (Fig. 1); only a few numbers printed in text.","conclusion":"Iontophoretic delivery system of ascorbic acid may provide a more efficient tool for its percutaneous absorption than a simple topical application.","limitations":"values figure-only; small n (3 rats); different application times between arms (20 s vs 10 min); radioactivity not specific to intact ascorbic acid; animal skin, non-oral route"},"14747678":{"pmid":"14747678","title":"The mechanisms for regulating absorption of Fe bis-glycine chelate and Fe-ascorbate in caco-2 cells are similar.","authors":"Mazariegos DI, Pizarro F, Olivares M, Nuñez MT, Arredondo M","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"134","issue":"2","pages":"395-8","doi":"10.1093/jn/134.2.395","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14747678/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake and competition)","n":"n = 3 independent measures","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"In vitro Caco-2 study of iron absorption: 59Fe bis-glycine chelate vs 59Fe-ascorbate (Fe:AA 1:2). Analyte is iron, not vitamin C absorption; ascorbate is the iron ligand.","conclusion":"These results suggest that Fe derived from Fe bis-glycine chelate and Fe-AA have similar regulatory absorption mechanisms.","limitations":"in vitro cell model, not extrapolable to in vivo; iron absorption not vitamin C; uptake/transport curves figure-only; n=3 independent measures"},"14748940":{"pmid":"14748940","title":"Long-term vitamin C supplementation has no markedly favourable effect on serum lipids in middle-aged Japanese subjects.","authors":"Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"91","issue":"1","pages":"81-90","doi":"10.1079/bjn20031024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14748940/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"305 (ITT); 244 per-protocol; 439 initially accepted","status":"partial","statusNote":"Long-term vitamin C supplementation trial with serum lipid outcomes; only serum vitamin C response (Table 2) extracted. Lipid outcomes skipped.","conclusion":"The 5-year vitamin C supplementation had no markedly favourable effects on the serum lipid and lipoprotein profile. However, our present results do not preclude the possibility that vitamin C supplementation may decrease triacylglycerol concentrations among women with hypertriacylglycerolaemia.","limitations":"primary outcome lipids, not absorption; no zero-dose group; large dropout (134 of 439); serum vitamin C unit printed as mmol/l; small smoker subgroups"},"14871474":{"pmid":"14871474","title":"Short-term and long-term vitamin C supplementation in humans dose-dependently increases the resistance of plasma to ex vivo lipid peroxidation.","authors":"Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Levine M, Frei B","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","year":"2004","volume":"423","issue":"1","pages":"109-15","doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2003.12.019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14871474/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (group A single-arm before/after; group B sequential-dose depletion-repletion)","n":"20 (A) and 8 (B)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Plasma ascorbate response after single 2 g dose (group A) and depletion-repletion study (group B); primary outcome ex vivo lipid peroxidation resistance (skipped). Group B ascorbate values figure-only.","conclusion":"We conclude that vitamin C supplementation in humans dose-dependently increases plasma ascorbate concentrations and, thus, the resistance of plasma to lipid peroxidation ex vivo.","limitations":"small n; group B values figure-only; primary outcome is ex vivo oxidation, not PK; single timepoint (2 h) in group A; no control group"},"14987276":{"pmid":"14987276","title":"The role of ascorbic acid on collagen structure and levels of serum interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in experimental lathyrism.","authors":"Senturk N, Keles GC, Kaymaz FF, Yildiz L, Acikgoz G, Turanli AY","journal":"Clinical and experimental dermatology","year":"2004","volume":"29","issue":"2","pages":"168-75","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01473.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14987276/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat experimental lathyrism model (beta-APN); ascorbic acid 100 mg/kg i.p. daily for 15 days assessed for effects on dermal collagen ultrastructure, epidermal thickness and serum IL-6/TNF-alpha. No ascorbic acid concentrations, absorption or PK data reported.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"15054415":{"pmid":"15054415","title":"Lycopene and vitamin C concentrations increase in plasma and lymphocytes after tomato intake. Effects on cellular antioxidant protection.","authors":"Riso P, Visioli F, Erba D, Testolin G, Porrini M","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"58","issue":"10","pages":"1350-8","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601974","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15054415/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (before/after dietary intervention)","n":"12","status":"partial","statusNote":"Dietary tomato-product intervention (11 mg/day vitamin C from food); only plasma and lymphocyte vitamin C concentration changes reported, no PK parameters. Carotenoid/vitamin E/DNA damage data skipped (lycopene is off-target).","conclusion":"Our results suggest that tomato products are not only good sources of lycopene but also sources of bioavailable vitamin C.","limitations":"small n (12), women only; single-arm, no control group; no PK parameters; steady concentrations only; vitamin C intake from tomato only ~11 mg/day; dose basis NR"},"15068981":{"pmid":"15068981","title":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use.","authors":"Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, Riordan HD, Hewitt SM, Katz A, Wesley RA, Levine M","journal":"Annals of internal medicine","year":"2004","volume":"140","issue":"7","pages":"533-7","doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15068981/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (depletion-repletion inpatient dose-concentration study, oral vs IV, plus PK modeling)","n":"17","status":"complete","statusNote":"Brief communication; measured data only partly tabulated (key values in Abstract/Results, rest in figures); includes model-predicted values, flagged as such.","conclusion":"Oral vitamin C produces plasma concentrations that are tightly controlled. Only intravenous administration of vitamin C produces high plasma and urine concentrations that might have antitumor activity.","limitations":"Patient data not available to confirm modeling at high doses or in patients with cancer (authors); most measured values figure-only; model predictions from only 7 men; oral/IV peak at 1.25 g n=12 (3 men, 9 women); urine data not shown"},"15137921":{"pmid":"15137921","title":"Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C as a probe for vitamin C absorption by human subjects.","authors":"Bates CJ, Jones KS, Bluck LJ","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"91","issue":"5","pages":"699-705","doi":"10.1079/BJN20041103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137921/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"15 (abstract); Table 1 sums to 16","status":"complete","statusNote":"Methods paper; tracer PK values mostly shown in Fig. 1 only.","conclusion":"Stable isotope-labelled ascorbate is potentially useful for measurement of vitamin C absorption by human subjects.","limitations":"small n (8 and 7 per comparison); no % absorbed or numeric kinetic values tabulated (Fig. 1 only); single 30 mg dose; isotope dilution pool paradox unresolved; n inconsistency 15 vs 16"},"15173412":{"pmid":"15173412","title":"Avenanthramides and phenolic acids from oats are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamin C to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation.","authors":"Chen CY, Milbury PE, Kwak HK, Collins FW, Samuel P, Blumberg JB","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"134","issue":"6","pages":"1459-66","doi":"10.1093/jn/134.6.1459","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173412/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose hamster time course; in vitro LDL oxidation)","n":"30 hamsters","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption/PK study of oat phenolics (avenanthramides, phenolic acids) in hamsters after gavage. Vitamin C was only added in vitro to LDL oxidation assays; no vitamin C absorption/PK data. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"Thus, oat phenolics, including avenanthramides, are bioavailable in hamsters and interact synergistically with vitamin C to protect LDL during oxidation.","limitations":"hamster study of non-vitamin C analytes; vitamin C used in vitro only"},"15255454":{"pmid":"15255454","title":"Effects of 6-month multivitamin supplementation on serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and vitamin C in healthy elderly women.","authors":"Wolters M, Hermann S, Hahn A","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"74","issue":"2","pages":"161-8","doi":"10.1024/0300-9831.74.2.161","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15255454/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel)","n":"220 analysed (241 recruited, 21 dropouts)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Supplementation trial reporting serum concentrations (no PK parameters).","conclusion":"A six-month supplementation with physiological doses of antioxidant vitamins improves the blood concentration of these nutrients even in relatively well-nourished elderly women or, as seen for vitamin C, prevents reduction of serum concentrations.","limitations":"multi-nutrient capsule, vitamin C not isolated; non-representative, well-educated population; no PK sampling, 2 time points; seasonal confound (Nov to May); medians with 5–95 percentiles only"},"15309877":{"pmid":"15309877","title":"Plasma and esophageal mucosal levels of vitamin C: role in the pathogenesis and neoplastic progression of Barrett's esophagus.","authors":"Fountoulakis A, Martin IG, White KL, Dixon MF, Cade JE, Sue-Ling HM, Wild CP","journal":"Digestive diseases and sciences","year":"2004","volume":"49","issue":"6","pages":"914-9","doi":"10.1023/b:ddas.0000034548.89117.d6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15309877/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"96","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational case-control study of plasma and esophageal mucosal vitamin C status in Barrett's esophagus patients vs matched controls; no supplement dose, absorption or PK measurement. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"The lower levels of vitamin C in plasma of BE patients and in Barrett's mucosa compared with squamous mucosa are consistent with oxidative stress being of importance in the pathogenesis and neoplastic progression of BE.","limitations":"observational, no absorption data"},"15379908":{"pmid":"15379908","title":"Serum ascorbic acid concentrations in previously unsupplemented greyhounds after administration of a single dose of ascorbic acid intravenously or per os.","authors":"Scott KC, Hill RC, Lewis DD, Gronwall R, Sundstrom DA, Jones GL, Harper J","journal":"Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition","year":"2002","volume":"86","issue":"7-8","pages":"222-8","doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0396.2002.00378.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15379908/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, greyhound)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"4","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This suggests that vitamin C must be administered many times daily to maintain plasma concentrations above normal.","limitations":"n=4 dogs, 3 female; oral AUC from pooled model of all dogs only; testosterone given to females; low baseline concentrations; oral values figure/pooled only"},"15380894":{"pmid":"15380894","title":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics of plain and slow release formulations in smokers.","authors":"Viscovich M, Lykkesfeldt J, Poulsen HE","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","year":"2004","volume":"23","issue":"5","pages":"1043-50","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2004.01.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15380894/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (single-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled; parallel groups with PK at study start and after 4 weeks)","n":"48 completed second visit; Table 1 n=19+19+10","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This study shows that there were pharmacokinetic differences between plain and slow release formulations of ascorbic acid. However, these effects are small and unlikely to be of significant clinical importance.","limitations":"small n per group; smokers only, men only; single-blind; 12-h sampling; AUC to last observation; missing observations imputed (4); t1/2 highly variable (SD 128.2 h slow release at start)"},"15528960":{"pmid":"15528960","title":"Ex vivo cutaneous absorption assessmentof a stabilized ascorbic acid formulation using a microdialysis system.","authors":"Leveque N, Muret P, Makki S, Mac-Mary S, Kantelip JP, Humbert P","journal":"Skin pharmacology and physiology","year":"2004","volume":"17","issue":"6","pages":"298-303","doi":"10.1159/000081115","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15528960/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (ex vivo microdialysis)","n":"3 skin samples","status":"partial","statusNote":"Ex vivo human skin cutaneous absorption of topical 8% ascorbic acid by microdialysis; main absorption results are in figures (values figure-only); only Table 1 metabolite concentrations and a few text values are numeric.","conclusion":"Ascorbic acid penetrates rapidly after its topical application. The persistent reservoir of ascorbic acid provides an important and attractive photoprotection strategy.","limitations":"ex vivo skin, n=3 samples; absolute dermal concentrations only in figures; probe recovery 25-32%; skin degrades Asc after about 20 h; no in vivo blood flow"},"15542351":{"pmid":"15542351","title":"Pulsed electric fields-processed orange juice consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2-isoprostanes in healthy humans.","authors":"Sánchez-Moreno C, Cano MP, de Ancos B, Plaza L, Olmedilla B, Granado F, Elez-Martínez P, Martín-Belloso O, Martín A","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry","year":"2004","volume":"15","issue":"10","pages":"601-7","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.04.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15542351/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"parallel (two groups of 6, single-dose then 2-week multiple dose)","n":"12","status":"partial","statusNote":"Food (orange juice) vitamin C bioavailability; main plasma time-course results limited to peak and day 7/14 values. Isoprostane and uric acid outcomes skipped.","conclusion":"Pulsed electric fields-preservation of orange juice retains the vitamin C bioavailability and antioxidant properties of fresh juice with a longer shelf-life.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); no control/placebo group; hourly time-course not tabulated; dietary vitamin C not controlled; industry/academic mixed"},"15558527":{"pmid":"15558527","title":"Oxalate absorption and endogenous oxalate synthesis from ascorbate in calcium oxalate stone formers and non-stone formers.","authors":"Chai W, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales S, Massey L","journal":"American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation","year":"2004","volume":"44","issue":"6","pages":"1060-9","doi":"10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.08.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15558527/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2 g/d ascorbate vs no supplement, two 6-day periods)","n":"48 (29 SFs, 19 NSFs)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption analyte is oxalate (13C2-oxalic acid load); vitamin C (ascorbate 2 g/d) is the intervention, and its own absorption/plasma PK was not measured (urinary ascorbate used only as compliance check, data not shown).","conclusion":"The finding that ascorbate supplementation increased urinary total and endogenous oxalate levels suggested that this practice is a risk factor for individuals predisposed to kidney stones.","limitations":"analyte is oxalate, not ascorbate; ascorbate PK not reported; urinary ascorbate (compliance) data not shown; indirect-method endogenous oxalate overestimated by 5-7 mg per authors; ascorbate dose basis and form NR"},"15646266":{"pmid":"15646266","title":"Influence of vitamin C on cadmium absorption and distribution in rats.","authors":"Grosicki A","journal":"Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)","year":"2004","volume":"18","issue":"2","pages":"183-7","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2004.06.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15646266/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2 groups of 45) with additional untreated reference group","n":"90 (+45 reference rats)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption/distribution of cadmium-109 (CdCl2 by gavage) in rats with vitamin C in drinking water as the intervention; vitamin C's own absorption/PK not measured.","conclusion":"The presented results support the assumption that vitamin C plays a beneficial role in reducing the toxicity and absorption of cadmium.","limitations":"analyte is cadmium, not vitamin C; vitamin C dose inconsistent (1.5 mg/l Abstract vs 1.5 g/l Methods); n=5 per time point; AUC units not printed; asterisk footnote in Table 3 ambiguous (refers to LSM groups); no vitamin C concentrations measured"},"15767232":{"pmid":"15767232","title":"Effect of high-dose vitamin C on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in healthy volunteers.","authors":"Slain D, Amsden JR, Khakoo RA, Fisher MA, Lalka D, Hobbs GR","journal":"Pharmacotherapy","year":"2005","volume":"25","issue":"2","pages":"165-70","doi":"10.1592/phco.25.2.165.56945","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15767232/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, prospective, longitudinal two-period time series (fixed order, not crossover)","n":"7 completed (9 consented)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK of indinavir (800 mg q8h) with and without 1000 mg/day vitamin C; vitamin C absorption/plasma levels not measured.","conclusion":"Concomitant administration of high doses of vitamin C can reduce steady-state indinavir plasma concentrations.","limitations":"analyte is indinavir, not vitamin C; n=7, fixed-order design with no crossover; open-label; vitamin C form not stated; bioequivalence CIs: Cmax 0.65-0.88 outside 80-125%"},"15798814":{"pmid":"15798814","title":"Serum ascorbic acid concentration in patients with acute Falciparum malaria infection: possible significance.","authors":"Hassan GI, Gregory U, Maryam H","journal":"The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases","year":"2004","volume":"8","issue":"5","pages":"378-81","doi":"10.1590/s1413-86702004000500007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15798814/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"194","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational cross-sectional comparison of serum ascorbate in falciparum malaria patients vs healthy controls; no supplementation (none within one week prior) and no absorption/PK measurement. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"It is evident therefore that ascorbic acid plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of acute falciparum malaria in adults.","limitations":"not an absorption study; cross-sectional"},"15910173":{"pmid":"15910173","title":"Products of DNA, protein and lipid oxidative damage in relation to vitamin C plasma concentration.","authors":"Krajcovicová-Kudlácková M, Dusinská M, Valachovicová M, Blazícek P, Pauková V","journal":"Physiological research","year":"2006","volume":"55","issue":"2","pages":"227-231","doi":"10.33549/physiolres.930761","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15910173/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"48","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional comparison of oxidative damage markers (DNA, protein, lipid) between groups with plasma vitamin C below vs above 50 µmol/l; no supplementation, dose, or absorption/PK measurement. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"A significantly lower incidence of oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids was recorded in the population group with protective plasma concentrations of vitamin C over 50 µmol/l in comparison to the group with vitamin C concentration < 50 µmol/l.","limitations":"not an absorption study; cross-sectional"},"15919072":{"pmid":"15919072","title":"Plasmatic antioxidant capacity due to ascorbate using TEMPO scavenging and electron spin resonance.","authors":"Piehl LL, Facorro GB, Huarte MG, Desimone MF, Copello GJ, Díaz LE, de Celis ER","journal":"Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry","year":"2005","volume":"359","issue":"1-2","pages":"78-88","doi":"10.1016/j.cccn.2005.03.035","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15919072/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (method development with before/after supplementation)","n":"43 (20 supplemented)","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Analytical method-development paper (TEMPO scavenging/ESR index of plasma antioxidant capacity due to ascorbate). Includes a small 1 g/day ascorbate supplementation experiment (8 days) but reports only the PR-T method index and ascorbyl radical, not ascorbate absorption/PK; data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"PR-T could be considered as a measure of the plasmatic antioxidant capacity due to the plasma ascorbate levels and could be useful to investigate different antioxidant situations.","limitations":"method-development paper; no ascorbate PK parameters"},"15925292":{"pmid":"15925292","title":"Prediagnostic plasma vitamin C levels and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer.","authors":"Berndt SI, Carter HB, Landis PK, Hallfrisch J, Rohrmann S, Metter EJ, Platz EA","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2005","volume":"21","issue":"6","pages":"686-90","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2004.11.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15925292/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"498","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Prospective cohort (Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging) of prediagnostic plasma vitamin C and prostate cancer risk; no intervention, absorption or PK measurement. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"This small but prospective study suggests that higher plasma vitamin C concentrations within the normal physiologic range are not associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer in well-nourished men.","limitations":"not an absorption study; cohort/epidemiology"},"15934094":{"pmid":"15934094","title":"The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Huang HY, Appel LJ, Choi MJ, Gelber AC, Charleston J, Norkus EP, Miller ER 3rd","journal":"Arthritis and rheumatism","year":"2005","volume":"52","issue":"6","pages":"1843-7","doi":"10.1002/art.21105","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15934094/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"184 randomized (92 placebo, 92 vitamin C, analysis pooled across vitamin E/placebo arms of a 2x2 factorial trial)","status":"partial","statusNote":"RCT whose primary outcome is serum uric acid; only serum ascorbic acid (baseline and change from baseline, Table 2) extracted. No absorption/PK parameters (no time course).","conclusion":"Supplementation with 500 mg/day of vitamin C for 2 months reduces serum uric acid, suggesting that vitamin C might be beneficial in the prevention and management of gout and other urate-related diseases.","limitations":"primary outcome is uric acid, not absorption; single dose level, single post-dose time point; ascorbate form NR; some baseline imbalance in race"},"15975161":{"pmid":"15975161","title":"The 'anomalous' absorption of labelled and unlabelled vitamin C in man.","authors":"Bluck LJ, Jones KS, Coward WA, Bates CJ","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2005","volume":"93","issue":"5","pages":"627-32","doi":"10.1079/bjn20051369","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15975161/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (two consecutive doses, labelled then unlabelled, 90 min apart)","n":"4","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The model that best agrees with experimental observation requires that a high flux of endogenous material flows through the pool from which absorption takes place.","limitations":"n=4 men; fluorometric total vitamin C too imprecise for individual time courses; kinetic parameters k12 and k02 taken from a previous study; 100% bioavailability assumed in modelling; origin of proposed endogenous flux not identified"},"15976862":{"pmid":"15976862","title":"Enhanced delivery of gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT into the brain via an ascorbic acid mediated strategy.","authors":"Quéléver G, Kachidian P, Melon C, Garino C, Laras Y, Pietrancosta N, Sheha M, Louis Kraus J","journal":"Organic & biomolecular chemistry","year":"2005","volume":"3","issue":"13","pages":"2450-7","doi":"10.1039/b504988a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15976862/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (compounds 2, 8 and DAPT 1 each injected)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Synthesis and brain delivery of a DAPT (gamma-secretase inhibitor)-ascorbic acid conjugate (compound 2) in rats after intravenous injection; analytes are the conjugate, its metabolites 8 and 9, and DAPT; not oral vitamin C absorption.","conclusion":"In conclusion, we report herein the synthesis of a new DAPT-like pseudopeptide c-secretase inhibitor whose design includes an ascorbic acid moiety as delivery system, which allows an efficient BBB permeation.","limitations":"analyte is a drug conjugate, not vitamin C; intravenous administration in anaesthetized rats, no oral absorption; n not reported; numeric PK data mostly only in Fig. 2; no statistics reported for PK"},"16153662":{"pmid":"16153662","title":"Mechanism of enhanced bioavailability and diuretic effect of azosemide by ascorbic acid in rats.","authors":"Choi KY, Kim YC, Lee MG","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2006","volume":"78","issue":"10","pages":"1057-62","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16153662/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (oral PK groups); preliminary study crossover; in vitro tissue/microsome experiments","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK study of the drug azosemide (oral, rats) with vitamin C as a coadministered enhancer; vitamin C absorption itself not measured.","conclusion":"The increase in F value and diuretic and natriuretic effects of azosemide with coadministration of ascorbic acid seemed to be due to reduced intestinal first-pass metabolism of azosemide, increased urinary excretion of azosemide, and increased unionized fraction of azosemide at the renal tubular receptor sites.","limitations":"rat study; vitamin C absorption not measured; small n; sampled values figure-only (Fig. 2)"},"16167970":{"pmid":"16167970","title":"Proton pump inhibitors reduce the bioavailability of dietary vitamin C.","authors":"Henry EB, Carswell A, Wirz A, Fyffe V, McColl KE","journal":"Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics","year":"2005","volume":"22","issue":"6","pages":"539-45","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02568.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16167970/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (before/after study of omeprazole 40 mg/day for 28 days; H. pylori subgroups)","n":"30 recruited; 29 completed","status":"complete","statusNote":"Plasma vitamin C concentrations used as indirect index of bioavailability of dietary vitamin C before/during omeprazole; no controlled dose.","conclusion":"We have shown that a short course of omeprazole will cause a reduction in the plasma vitamin C level of healthy volunteers. This decrease in plasma vitamin C is independent of dietary intake of the vitamin and indicates reduced bioavailability.","limitations":"no controlled vitamin C dose; bioavailability inferred from plasma concentration only; diet records incomplete for some subjects; data did not allow analysis of H. pylori subgroups for plasma change; values inconsistent between Abstract and text"},"16169205":{"pmid":"16169205","title":"Mediterranean vegetable soup consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2-isoprostanes, prostaglandin E2 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in healthy humans.","authors":"Sánchez-Moreno C, Cano MP, de Ancos B, Plaza L, Olmedilla B, Granado F, Martín A","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry","year":"2006","volume":"17","issue":"3","pages":"183-9","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.07.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16169205/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (dose-response day followed by 14-day multiple-dose intervention)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Food-matrix (commercial gazpacho) vitamin C; plasma concentrations before/after, no AUC reported.","conclusion":"Drinking gazpacho (500 ml/day) significantly increases plasma concentrations of vitamin C and significantly decreases 8-epi-PGF2a, PGE2 and MCP-1 concentrations in healthy humans.","limitations":"n=12 (6 per sex); single food product, no control/comparator arm; no AUC or Tmax reported; time course figure-only (Fig. 1); other nutrients in soup could contribute"},"16365924":{"pmid":"16365924","title":"Study on NO(2) absorption by ascorbic acid and various chemicals.","authors":"Li W, Wu CZ, Fang HL, Shi Y, Lei LC","journal":"Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B","year":"2006","volume":"7","issue":"1","pages":"38-42","doi":"10.1631/jzus.2006.B0038","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16365924/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Environmental engineering: chemical absorption of NO2 gas by ascorbic acid and other reagents in a stirred reactor for flue gas desulfurization. Not supplement/nutrient absorption.","conclusion":"The results from the double-stirred reactor indicated that ascorbic acid has very high absorption rate at the wet limestone/lime FGD pH 5.0~7.0.","limitations":""},"16391586":{"pmid":"16391586","title":"Factors influencing blood concentration of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, and beta-carotene in the French participants of the SU.VI.MAX trial.","authors":"Faure H, Preziosi P, Roussel AM, Bertrais S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Favier A","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2006","volume":"60","issue":"6","pages":"706-17","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602372","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16391586/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional observational analysis of determinants (age, sex, smoking, season, region, dietary intake) of baseline serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C and beta-carotene in 12,741 SU.VI.MAX volunteers before supplementation. No dosing, absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"Serum vitamin C concentrations depend on gender, age, smoking status, seasons, dietary intake, and location of residence.","limitations":""},"16432551":{"pmid":"16432551","title":"Plant stanol ascorbate esters reduce body weight gain through decreased energy absorption in hamsters.","authors":"Ebine N, Demonty I, Jia X, Jones PJ","journal":"International journal of obesity (2005)","year":"2006","volume":"30","issue":"5","pages":"751-7","doi":"10.1038/sj.ijo.0803191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16432551/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Hamster study of disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphate (DAPP, a phytostanol-ascorbate ester) on body weight, fecal energy output (intestinal energy absorption) and plasma triglycerides. Ascorbate or stanol absorption/PK not measured.","conclusion":"Stanol-ascorbate decreases body weight gain in hamsters, likely due to lower energy absorption at the intestinal level.","limitations":""},"16503229":{"pmid":"16503229","title":"Nonsupplemented children of Latino immigrants have low vitamin E intakes and plasma concentrations and normal vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoid intakes and plasma concentrations.","authors":"Kim YN, Lora KR, Giraud DW, Driskell JA","journal":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association","year":"2006","volume":"106","issue":"3","pages":"385-91","doi":"10.1016/j.jada.2005.12.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16503229/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional nutritional status survey (dietary intake and fasting plasma concentrations of vitamins E, C, selenium, carotenoids) in 29 nonsupplemented children of Latino immigrants; no dosing, absorption or PK component.","conclusion":"These children of Latino immigrants who did not take supplements had low plasma vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) concentrations but normal plasma vitamin C and selenium concentrations.","limitations":""},"16694704":{"pmid":"16694704","title":"THE VITAMIN C REQUIREMENT OF MAN. ESTIMATED AFTER PROLONGED STUDIES OF THE PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND DAILY EXCRETION OF VITAMIN C IN 3 ADULTS ON CONTROLLED DIETS.","authors":"Ralli EP, Friedman GJ, Sherry S","journal":"The Journal of clinical investigation","year":"1939","volume":"18","issue":"6","pages":"705-14","doi":"10.1172/JCI101086","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16694704/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (sequential dose-period balance study, each subject own control)","n":"3","status":"complete","statusNote":"1939 controlled-diet balance study in 3 adults; plasma concentration and 24-h urinary excretion of vitamin C at graded daily doses. Table II read from page image.","conclusion":"As a plasma concentration of 1.0 mgm. per cent can only be obtained and maintained on a daily intake of at least 100 mgm. of vitamin C, it is suggested that this be considered the optimum daily intake.","limitations":"n=3 men; no statistics beyond mean±SD; 1939 assay methods (titration then colorimeter; urine titration corrected by subtracting 10 mgm. in Case 1); retention = fed minus urinary excretion; fecal loss assumed negligible; figure-only summary (Fig. 4)"},"16694939":{"pmid":"16694939","title":"INTUBATION STUDIES OF THE HUMAN SMALL INTESTINE. XXII. AN IMPROVED TECHNIC FOR THE STUDY OF ABSORPTION; ITS APPLICATION TO ASCORBIC ACID.","authors":"Nicholson JT, Chornock FW","journal":"The Journal of clinical investigation","year":"1942","volume":"21","issue":"4","pages":"505-9","doi":"10.1172/JCI101327","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16694939/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (repeated intestinal perfusion experiments in the same subjects, 19 experiments)","n":"4","status":"complete","statusNote":"Methods paper (improved intubation/perfusion technic) applied to ascorbic acid absorption from human duodenum/upper jejunum; Table II read from page image.","conclusion":"The application of the method to ascorbic acid indicates that the capacity of a short segment of the upper small intestine for the absorption of that vitamin within one hour is far in excess of the optimal daily requirement.","limitations":"4 subjects, 19 experiments; no statistics; absorption varied within same subject under similar conditions; 1942 assay methods; per sq. m. values printed in mgm. column with no further detail"},"16807125":{"pmid":"16807125","title":"Effects of ascorbic acid on impaired vascular reactivity in aortas isolated from age-matched hypertensive and diabetic rats.","authors":"Ajay M, Mustafa MR","journal":"Vascular pharmacology","year":"2006","volume":"45","issue":"2","pages":"127-33","doi":"10.1016/j.vph.2006.05.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807125/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Ex vivo rat aortic ring vascular reactivity study with 10 uM ascorbic acid added to bath; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data (bioavailability mentioned only for endothelium-derived nitric oxide).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"16870019":{"pmid":"16870019","title":"Association of carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C in plasma with allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitisation in adults.","authors":"Kompauer I, Heinrich J, Wolfram G, Linseisen J","journal":"Public health nutrition","year":"2006","volume":"9","issue":"4","pages":"472-9","doi":"10.1079/phn2005868","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16870019/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional epidemiological study (n=547 adults, Bavaria) relating plasma carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C levels to allergic rhinitis and sensitisation; plasma levels used as intake/absorption biomarkers only, no absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"16923215":{"pmid":"16923215","title":"Skin bioavailability of dietary vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, zinc and selenium.","authors":"Richelle M, Sabatier M, Steiling H, Williamson G","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2006","volume":"96","issue":"2","pages":"227-38","doi":"10.1079/bjn20061817","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16923215/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Br J Nutr 96:227-238) of skin bioavailability of dietary vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, zinc and selenium; no primary data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"16925857":{"pmid":"16925857","title":"Plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid and C-reactive protein, and risk of future coronary artery disease, in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study.","authors":"Boekholdt SM, Meuwese MC, Day NE, Luben R, Welch A, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2006","volume":"96","issue":"3","pages":"516-22","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16925857/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"EPIC-Norfolk nested case-control study (979 cases, 1794 controls) relating plasma ascorbic acid and CRP to coronary artery disease risk; no absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"17042385":{"pmid":"17042385","title":"Plasma concentration of vitamin C in dogs with a portosystemic shunt.","authors":"Hishiyama N, Kayanuma H, Matsui T, Yano H, Suganuma T, Funaba M, Fujise H","journal":"Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire","year":"2006","volume":"70","issue":"4","pages":"305-7","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17042385/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Survey of plasma vitamin C status in 15 dogs with portosystemic shunt; no supplementation, absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"17268411":{"pmid":"17268411","title":"Effect of the main dietary antioxidants (carotenoids, gamma-tocopherol, polyphenols, and vitamin C) on alpha-tocopherol absorption.","authors":"Reboul E, Thap S, Perrot E, Amiot MJ, Lairon D, Borel P","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2007","volume":"61","issue":"10","pages":"1167-73","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602635","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17268411/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (Caco-2 full factorial experiments; human randomized crossover)","n":"8 (human study)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption study of α-tocopherol (vitamin E); vitamin C only tested as a co-administered modulator in Caco-2 cells (no significant effect). Human study tested lutein dose effect on α-tocopherol absorption.","conclusion":"Naringenin, carotenoids and probably γ-tocopherol can impair α-tocopherol absorption whereas vitamin C and phenolic acids have no effect.","limitations":"off-target analyte (α-tocopherol); human study n=8, underpowered (authors estimate 25 needed); Caco-2 effect sizes mostly not given numerically; vitamin C not tested in humans"},"17270164":{"pmid":"17270164","title":"Kinetics of the reaction by which natural vitamin E is regenerated by vitamin C.","authors":"Nagaoka S, Kakiuchi T, Ohara K, Mukai K","journal":"Chemistry and physics of lipids","year":"2007","volume":"146","issue":"1","pages":"26-32","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.12.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17270164/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Physical chemistry study (stopped-flow spectrophotometry) of rate constants and activation energy for regeneration of vitamin E radical by ascorbate; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"17408529":{"pmid":"17408529","title":"Plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin C are better correlated with dietary intake in normal weight than overweight and obese elderly subjects.","authors":"Vioque J, Weinbrenner T, Asensio L, Castelló A, Young IS, Fletcher A","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2007","volume":"97","issue":"5","pages":"977-86","doi":"10.1017/S0007114507659017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17408529/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional study (252 men, 293 women aged 65+) of correlations between FFQ-assessed dietary intake and plasma carotenoids/vitamin C by BMI category; observational diet-biomarker correlation, no absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"17519294":{"pmid":"17519294","title":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics after continuous infusion in a patient with prostate cancer.","authors":"Duconge J, Miranda-Massari JR, González MJ, Taylor PR, Riordan HD, Riordan NH, Casciari JJ, Alliston K","journal":"The Annals of pharmacotherapy","year":"2007","volume":"41","issue":"6","pages":"1082-3","doi":"10.1345/aph.1H654","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17519294/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (mini-pilot, case report)","n":"1","status":"complete","statusNote":"Letter/case report: single prostate cancer patient, IV ascorbate PK; not oral absorption.","conclusion":"The information obtained from this preliminary pharmacokinetic assessment of ascorbate at megadoses allows a better understanding of its disposition in cancer patients.","limitations":"single patient; intravenous administration, no absorption data; no variance reported; no sampling or assay details; Table 1 titled 'average over 5 cycles' but 8 rows given"},"17622258":{"pmid":"17622258","title":"L-ascorbic acid improves the serum folate response to an oral dose of [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in healthy men.","authors":"Verlinde PH, Oey I, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey AM, Temme EH","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2008","volume":"62","issue":"10","pages":"1224-30","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602840","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17622258/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 (20 recruited)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Administration of a physiological dose of [6S]-5-CH3H4PteGlu with L-AA significantly improved the measured serum folate response in folate saturated healthy men.","limitations":"small n (9 men); indirect measure: unlabeled folate cannot distinguish dose-derived response from endogenous displacement (authors); folate-saturated subjects; industry-supplied folate / partly industry-funded; short-term 8 h study; authors call it a preliminary investigation; only the vitamin C effect on folate absorption is studied; vitamin C itself not measured in blood"},"17785598":{"pmid":"17785598","title":"The effect of vitamin C supplementation on plasma concentration and urinary excretion of vitamin C in cattle.","authors":"Padilla L, Matsui T, Ikeda S, Kitagawa M, Yano H","journal":"Journal of animal science","year":"2007","volume":"85","issue":"12","pages":"3367-70","doi":"10.2527/jas.2007-0060","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17785598/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (cattle: Japanese Black x Holstein cows)","design":"randomized Latin square (5x5) crossover","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, plasma concentration and urinary excretion of VC increased with increasing dietary VC. Urinary excretion of VC was shown to be affected by plasma VC concentration.","limitations":"small n (5 cows); no absorption fraction or PK parameters (AUC, Cmax) measured; single plasma sample timepoint (d 7); daily urinary excretion estimated from assumed literature creatinine excretion (17.5 mg/kg BW/day), not measured; no funding statement in extracted text; rumen-protected coated product; results specific to ruminants"},"17901843":{"pmid":"17901843","title":"Absorption rates and free radical scavenging values of vitamin C-lipid metabolites in human lymphoblastic cells.","authors":"Weeks BS, Perez PP","journal":"Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research","year":"2007","volume":"13","issue":"10","pages":"BR205-10","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17901843/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"in vitro human H9 lymphoblastic T-cell uptake study (not a human in vivo PK study)","conclusion":"These data demonstrate that the vitamin C-lipid metabolites (PureWay-C) are more rapidly taken-up and absorbed by cells than other forms of vitamin C, including Ester-C.","limitations":"in vitro cell line, not in vivo absorption; industry funded; second author at sponsor company; no p-values or n for most values; ± type not stated; most data figure-only (Fig. 1); dose basis of preparations NR (50 µM stated)"},"17972538":{"pmid":"17972538","title":"Vitamin C protective plasma value.","authors":"Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Babinska K, Valachovicova M, Paukova V, Dusinska M, Blazicek P","journal":"Bratislavske lekarske listy","year":"2007","volume":"108","issue":"6","pages":"265-8","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17972538/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"368","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional observational study of habitual dietary vitamin C intake (questionnaire) versus fasting plasma vitamin C status and oxidative damage markers in 368 adults (mixed diet vs vegetarians); no dosing, no absorption/PK measurement. Intake-plasma relationship only (Tables 1-2).","conclusion":"The relationship of vitamin C intake and its plasma concentration in the general population group showed that in order to attain the protective plasma concentration it is necessary to increase the vitamin C intake over the recommended dietary allowance","limitations":"observational, habitual intake by questionnaire; no absorption or PK data"},"17997863":{"pmid":"17997863","title":"Is plasma vitamin C an appropriate biomarker of vitamin C intake? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, McMillan CR, Thabane L","journal":"Nutrition journal","year":"2007","volume":"6","issue":"","pages":"41","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-6-41","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17997863/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (systematic review / meta-analysis)","n":"26631 participants pooled (as printed in text)","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic review and meta-analysis (26 observational studies) of correlations between dietary vitamin C intake (FFQ, dietary recall, weight record) and plasma vitamin C; no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Our findings show that FFQ and DR/diary have a moderate relationship with plasma vitamin C.","limitations":"review / non-primary"},"18194676":{"pmid":"18194676","title":"Vitamin C improves the effect of a new nitric oxide donor on the vascular smooth muscle from renal hypertensive rats.","authors":"Rodrigues GJ, Lunardi CN, Lima RG, Santos CX, Laurindo FR, da Silva RS, Bendhack LM","journal":"Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry","year":"2008","volume":"18","issue":"3","pages":"176-83","doi":"10.1016/j.niox.2007.12.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18194676/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (ex vivo pharmacology)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Ex vivo vascular pharmacology in renal hypertensive (2K-1C) vs normotensive rats: effect of vitamin C (100 µM added to bath) on relaxation to a ruthenium nitric oxide donor (TERPY), cytosolic Ca2+, NO and superoxide. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data for vitamin C.","conclusion":"Taken together, these results show that in the aortas of renal hypertensive 2K-1C rats, released NO from the new NO donor is not available to produce a similar effect in 2K aorta due to increased [O2-].","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"18234398":{"pmid":"18234398","title":"Plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid in parturients from a hospital in Southeast Brazil.","authors":"Madruga de Oliveira A, Rondó PH, Mastroeni SS, Oliveira JM","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","year":"2008","volume":"27","issue":"2","pages":"228-32","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2007.11.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18234398/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"117","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional vitamin C status survey: plasma ascorbic acid in 117 parturients in Sao Paulo versus socioeconomic factors and a food-frequency score; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK.","conclusion":"The high prevalence of hypovitaminosis C detected in this study is probably due to an inadequate intake of foods rich in vitamin C and low income.","limitations":"observational status survey, no absorption data"},"18417304":{"pmid":"18417304","title":"Activity of a sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) in MDCK-MDR1 cells and mechanism of ascorbate uptake.","authors":"Luo S, Wang Z, Kansara V, Pal D, Mitra AK","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2008","volume":"358","issue":"1-2","pages":"168-76","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18417304/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake and transwell transport)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"in vitro transporter-mechanism study (MDCK-MDR1 cells, [14C]ascorbic acid uptake and transport); no human/in vivo absorption","conclusion":"In conclusion, SVCT has been functionally characterized in MDCK-MDR1 cells.","limitations":"in vitro canine kidney cell line, not intestinal and not human in vivo; many results figure-only; sample sizes given as ranges (3-6); concentration discrepancy: 25.3 µM (Results 3.9) vs 23.5 µM (Methods, Fig. 11); initial uptake rates for nominally identical condition differ across Sections 3.1-3.3 (9.82, 19.6, 15.2 pmol/min/mg protein)"},"18663288":{"pmid":"18663288","title":"Association of serum alpha-tocopherol, retinol and ascorbic acid with the risk of cataract development.","authors":"Nourmohammadi I, Modarress M, Khanaki K, Shaabani M","journal":"Annals of nutrition & metabolism","year":"2008","volume":"52","issue":"4","pages":"296-8","doi":"10.1159/000148189","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18663288/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"88","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Case-control study of serum alpha-tocopherol, retinol and ascorbic acid concentrations in 57 cataract patients vs 31 controls; status/association only, no supplement dosing, absorption or PK.","conclusion":"While this is a small-scale study it can nonetheless be viewed as presenting support to help narrow the possibility that antioxidative agents may play a role in delaying cataract formation.","limitations":"observational status study, no absorption data"},"18827476":{"pmid":"18827476","title":"Serum homocysteine: relationship with circulating levels of cortisol and ascorbate.","authors":"Cascalheira JF, Parreira MC, Viegas AN, Faria MC, Domingues FC","journal":"Annals of nutrition & metabolism","year":"2008","volume":"53","issue":"1","pages":"67-74","doi":"10.1159/000158636","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18827476/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional correlation study in 60 healthy older adults (20 men, 40 women) relating fasting serum homocysteine, cortisol, ascorbate and folate; no supplement administered and no absorption/PK measured. Participants excluded if on vitamin supplements within 2 months.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"18885539":{"pmid":"18885539","title":"Clinical experimental investigations on the absorption of ascorbic acid with simultaneous administration of cod-liver oil or concentrations of A- or D-vitamine.","authors":"RUSTUNG E","journal":"Acta paediatrica","year":"1948","volume":"35","issue":"Suppl 1","pages":"265-9; Disc., 275-8","doi":"10.1111/j.1651-2227.1948.tb06824.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18885539/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (non-randomized interventional experiments with single-dose challenge; each arm a separate experiment)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"1948 supplement-issue paper, essentially a table and figures with brief text. Dose of ascorbic acid in rose hip powder not stated in the pages provided.","conclusion":"From these investigations it must be permitted to conclude that with respect to the absorption of ascorbic acid no antagonism of practical importance is evinced by cod-liver oil or by the A- or D-vitamine.","limitations":"no statistics or variance; small and unequal n, one arm n=1; non-randomized, separate experiments; ascorbic acid content of rose hip powder not stated; values at 9 and 11 o'clock missing for under-1-year arm; figure curves not extracted"},"19148586":{"pmid":"19148586","title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress, antioxidant status and serum vitamin C levels in cancer patients.","authors":"Mahdavi R, Faramarzi E, Seyedrezazadeh E, Mohammad-Zadeh M, Pourmoghaddam M","journal":"Biological trace element research","year":"2009","volume":"130","issue":"1","pages":"1-6","doi":"10.1007/s12011-008-8309-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19148586/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional comparison of fasting serum MDA, total antioxidant status and vitamin C in 57 cancer patients vs 22 healthy controls; no supplement administered and no absorption/PK measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"19230615":{"pmid":"19230615","title":"Bioavailability of 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid as ascorbic acid in healthy humans.","authors":"Nakamura S, Oku T","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2009","volume":"25","issue":"6","pages":"686-91","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2008.11.031","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19230615/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label crossover (sequential, at least 1 wk apart)","n":"8 humans, 6 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"It was clarified that AA2G that is orally administered in humans and rats is hydrolyzed by small intestinal maltase, and AsA and glucose are produced. After the administration of AA2G, AsA was absorbed spontaneously in humans.","limitations":"small n (8 females); non-blinded sequential crossover, order not randomized; most serum time-course values figure-only; no AUC/Cmax/Tmax reported; single high dose (2 g AsA equivalent); only young healthy women"},"19675106":{"pmid":"19675106","title":"Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).","authors":"Schleicher RL, Carroll MD, Ford ES, Lacher DA","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2009","volume":"90","issue":"5","pages":"1252-63","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.2008.27016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19675106/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"NHANES 2003-2004 cross-sectional survey of serum total vitamin C distribution and deficiency prevalence (n=7277); no supplement administered and no absorption/PK measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"19692796":{"pmid":"19692796","title":"Plasma vitamin C is lower in postherpetic neuralgia patients and administration of vitamin C reduces spontaneous pain but not brush-evoked pain.","authors":"Chen JY, Chang CY, Feng PH, Chu CC, So EC, Hu ML","journal":"The Clinical journal of pain","year":"2009","volume":"25","issue":"7","pages":"562-9","doi":"10.1097/AJP.0b013e318193cf32","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19692796/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Study 1: cross-sectional plasma vitamin C in PHN patients vs healthy controls (mean 4.6 vs 13.5 mg/L). Study 2: RCT of intravenous sodium ascorbate (50 mg/kg, days 1, 3, 5) for pain; plasma vitamin C only used as a status check (about 6.6 to 12.8 mg/L in ascorbate group). Intravenous route, so no absorption; efficacy outcome is pain scores.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"19744948":{"pmid":"19744948","title":"Ascorbic acid and tetrahydrobiopterin: looking beyond nitric oxide bioavailability.","authors":"Muller-Delp JM","journal":"Cardiovascular research","year":"2009","volume":"84","issue":"2","pages":"178-9","doi":"10.1093/cvr/cvp307","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19744948/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Editorial (Cardiovasc Res 2009;84:178-179) commenting on Garry et al. on ascorbic acid and tetrahydrobiopterin potentiating EDHF vasodilation via hydrogen peroxide in arterial rings; no absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"20161530":{"pmid":"20161530","title":"Formulation with ascorbic acid and sucrose modulates catechin bioavailability from green tea.","authors":"Peters CM, Green RJ, Janle EM, Ferruzzi MG","journal":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","year":"2010","volume":"43","issue":"1","pages":"95-102","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2009.08.016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20161530/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 formulation groups) plus in vitro digestion/Caco-2 experiments","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption/PK study of green tea catechins (EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG) in rats; ascorbic acid (10 mg) is a formulation ingredient modifying catechin absorption, vitamin C itself not measured. Relevant as an ascorbic acid interaction.","conclusion":"Combined these results suggest that the common practice of co-formulating ready-to-drink GT beverages with sucrose and ascorbic acid may enhance bioavailability of catechins through both pre-absorptive and absorptive mechanisms.","limitations":"rodent model; ascorbic acid effect confounded with ascorbic acid added to plasma collection per authors; single ascorbic acid dose; no GT+AA vs GT significance for most parameters; figure-only time courses; in vitro text values only partially reported"},"20200446":{"pmid":"20200446","title":"Vitamin C transporter Slc23a1 links renal reabsorption, vitamin C tissue accumulation, and perinatal survival in mice.","authors":"Corpe CP, Tu H, Eck P, Wang J, Faulhaber-Walter R, Schnermann J, Margolis S, Padayatty S, Sun H, Wang Y, Nussbaum RL, Espey MG, Levine M","journal":"The Journal of clinical investigation","year":"2010","volume":"120","issue":"4","pages":"1069-83","doi":"10.1172/JCI39191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20200446/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (genetic knockout comparison with supplementation sub-experiments)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Slc23a1 knockout mouse study of renal reabsorption, tissue accumulation and perinatal survival; absorption is secondary (intestinal absorption of an ascorbate analog by gavage and ascorbate via drinking water assessed qualitatively). Most numeric data are in figures; only values printed in text are recorded.","conclusion":"These findings indicate a key role for Slc23a1 in renal ascorbate absorption and perinatal survival and reveal regulation of vitamin C biosynthesis in mice.","limitations":"mouse knockout, not a supplement bioavailability study; most values figure-only; bioavailability result 'data not shown'; analog absorption qualitative only; mice synthesize ascorbate"},"20400647":{"pmid":"20400647","title":"Increased oral bioavailability of itraconazole and its active metabolite, 7-hydroxyitraconazole, when coadministered with a vitamin C beverage in healthy participants.","authors":"Bae SK, Park SJ, Shim EJ, Mun JH, Kim EY, Shin JG, Shon JH","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2011","volume":"51","issue":"3","pages":"444-51","doi":"10.1177/0091270010365557","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400647/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (open-label, 3-phase)","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Human PK study of itraconazole and 7-hydroxyitraconazole (drug) when co-administered with a vitamin C beverage (Vita500, 500 mg ascorbate) or cola; vitamin C itself was not measured.","conclusion":"the coadministration of a vitamin C beverage and itraconazole capsules may be useful for achieving maximum absorption of itraconazole in patients with drug- or disease-related gastric hypochlorhydria (pH > 4).","limitations":"off-target analyte: vitamin C not measured; small n (12); open-label; single dose; fasting state, healthy volunteers only"},"20588054":{"pmid":"20588054","title":"Vitamin C transporter gene polymorphisms, dietary vitamin C and serum ascorbic acid.","authors":"Cahill LE, El-Sohemy A","journal":"Journal of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics","year":"2009","volume":"2","issue":"6","pages":"292-301","doi":"10.1159/000314597","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20588054/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational (cross-sectional)","n":"1,046","status":"partial","statusNote":"Cross-sectional observational genotype association study (no vitamin C dose administered); serum AA and diet-serum correlations by SVCT1/SVCT2 genotype extracted as status/biomarker data, not formal absorption PK.","conclusion":"Our findings demonstrate that genetic variation in SVCT1 can influence serum ascorbic acid concentrations and that SVCT1 and SVCT2 genotypes modify the strength of the correlation between dietary vitamin C and serum ascorbic acid.","limitations":"observational, no controlled dose; FFQ dietary measurement error; single serum measurement; young healthy sample; no absorption/PK parameters"},"20619666":{"pmid":"20619666","title":"Purification and kinetic characterization of the liverwort Pallavicinia lyelli (Hook.) S. Gray. cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase.","authors":"Sajitha Rajan S, Murugan K","journal":"Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB","year":"2010","volume":"48","issue":"9","pages":"758-63","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.06.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20619666/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro enzymology)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Purification and kinetic characterization of a plant (liverwort Pallavicinia lyelli) cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase enzyme; ascorbate is an enzyme substrate. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"20689595":{"pmid":"20689595","title":"Treatment of CoQ(10) deficient fibroblasts with ubiquinone, CoQ analogs, and vitamin C: time- and compound-dependent effects.","authors":"López LC, Quinzii CM, Area E, Naini A, Rahman S, Schuelke M, Salviati L, Dimauro S, Hirano M","journal":"PloS one","year":"2010","volume":"5","issue":"7","pages":"e11897","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0011897","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20689595/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro study of CoQ10-deficient human fibroblasts treated with CoQ10, CoQ2, idebenone and vitamin C (5 uM); outcomes are bioenergetics (ATP), superoxide and cell death. Vitamin C uptake/absorption not measured; cellular CoQ10 levels after treatment shown in Fig. 2 only.","conclusion":"The results of our in vitro experiments suggest that primary CoQ10 deficiencies should be treated with CoQ10 supplementation but not with short-tail ubiquinone analogs, such as idebenone or CoQ2.","limitations":"in vitro cell study; not an absorption/PK study of vitamin C; values figure-only"},"20708381":{"pmid":"20708381","title":"Time course of vitamin C distribution and absorption after oral administration in SMP30/GNL knockout mice.","authors":"Iwama M, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2011","volume":"27","issue":"4","pages":"471-8","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20708381/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK/tissue distribution, parallel groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"exogenous VC administered orally in VC-deficient SMP30/GNL KO mice was distributed at distinctly different rates within individual tissues.","limitations":"mouse model; only reduced VC measured (not dehydroascorbic acid); small n per time point; key tissue and time-course values figure-only; no PK parameters (AUC, Cmax) reported"},"20958954":{"pmid":"20958954","title":"Melatonin and vitamin C increase umbilical blood flow via nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms.","authors":"Thakor AS, Herrera EA, Serón-Ferré M, Giussani DA","journal":"Journal of pineal research","year":"2010","volume":"49","issue":"4","pages":"399-406","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-079X.2010.00813.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20958954/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep)","design":"other (in vivo animal physiology)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Fetal sheep study of i.v. melatonin or vitamin C effects on umbilical blood flow and NO dependence; outcomes are haemodynamic, no absorption or plasma/tissue vitamin C PK reported in the portions read.","conclusion":"Antioxidant treatment could be a useful clinical tool to increase or maintain umbilical blood flow in complicated pregnancy.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"21123463":{"pmid":"21123463","title":"Dietary ascorbate intake affects steady state tissue concentrations in vitamin C-deficient mice: tissue deficiency after suboptimal intake and superior bioavailability from a food source (kiwifruit).","authors":"Vissers MC, Bozonet SM, Pearson JF, Braithwaite LJ","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2011","volume":"93","issue":"2","pages":"292-301","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.110.004853","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21123463/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal dose-response, parallel groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"It is possible that the bioavailability of ascorbate is superior from some foods, such as kiwifruit.","limitations":"mouse model; small n per group (4-5); doses are mg/d estimated from assumed 5 mL/d water intake; kiwifruit stability lower than water (stability data); kiwifruit company funding (Zespri); dose-response and time-course data largely figure-only; not compared across other vitamin C-rich foods"},"21174467":{"pmid":"21174467","title":"Kinetin increases chromium absorption, modulates its distribution, and changes the activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in Mexican Palo Verde.","authors":"Zhao Y, Peralta-Videa JR, Lopez-Moreno ML, Ren M, Saupe G, Gardea-Torresdey JL","journal":"Environmental science & technology","year":"2011","volume":"45","issue":"3","pages":"1082-7","doi":"10.1021/es102647w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21174467/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (plant experiment)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Plant (Mexican Palo Verde) study of kinetin effects on chromium uptake/translocation and catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity; vitamin C not administered or absorbed.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"not an absorption study of vitamin C; plant species (species field set to other because plant is not in list)"},"21344791":{"pmid":"21344791","title":"Responses of serum electrolytes of goats to twelve hours of road transportation during the hot-dry season in Nigeria, and the effect of pretreatment with ascorbic acid.","authors":"Ayo JO, Minka NS, Sackey AK, Adelaiye AB","journal":"The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research","year":"2009","volume":"76","issue":"4","pages":"409-18","doi":"10.4102/ojvr.v76i4.25","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21344791/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (goat, Red Sokoto)","design":"parallel","n":"40","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Goat road-transport stress study; oral ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) used as a stress-mitigating pretreatment and outcomes are serum electrolytes (Cl, K, Na, Ca, P, Mg). No vitamin C absorption/PK measured. Text layer garbled; read from page images/OCR.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"21437178":{"pmid":"21437178","title":"Lifestyle Behaviours and Plasma Vitamin C and β-Carotene Levels from the ELAN Population (Liège, Belgium).","authors":"Pincemail J, Vanbelle S, Degrune F, Cheramy-Bien JP, Charlier C, Chapelle JP, Giet D, Collette G, Albert A, Defraigne JO","journal":"Journal of nutrition and metabolism","year":"2011","volume":"2011","issue":"","pages":"494370","doi":"10.1155/2011/494370","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21437178/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"897","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional epidemiological study (ELAN, Liege) relating lifestyle factors to plasma vitamin C and beta-carotene deficiency; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK measured.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"21535602":{"pmid":"21535602","title":"Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages.","authors":"Carter B, Monsivais P, Drewnowski A","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2010","volume":"75","issue":"9","pages":"H289-93","doi":"10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01844.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21535602/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (within-subject, Latin square)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The results indicate that beverages fortified with AA and FA can provide the same nutrient bioavailability as OJ, but with fewer calories and sugars per serving.","limitations":"small n (12 men); industry funded (Glaceau); AUC units and bioavailability ratio units not defined; no variance for AUC; short 4.5 h sampling window; fed state with snack; AA/FA doses differ between beverages (284 vs 68 mg AA); several values figure-only or approximate"},"21571053":{"pmid":"21571053","title":"Targeting SVCT for enhanced drug absorption: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel vitamin C conjugated prodrug of saquinavir.","authors":"Luo S, Wang Z, Patel M, Khurana V, Zhu X, Pal D, Mitra AK","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2011","volume":"414","issue":"1-2","pages":"77-85","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21571053/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"In vitro (MDCK-MDR1, Caco-2, rat liver microsomes) permeability/uptake/metabolism of ascorbyl-succinic-saquinavir (vitamin C conjugated prodrug of the drug saquinavir) targeting SVCT; not vitamin C supplement absorption in a living subject.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"in vitro only; off-target analyte"},"21622825":{"pmid":"21622825","title":"Ascorbate improves circulation in postural tachycardia syndrome.","authors":"Stewart JM, Ocon AJ, Medow MS","journal":"American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology","year":"2011","volume":"301","issue":"3","pages":"H1033-42","doi":"10.1152/ajpheart.00018.2011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21622825/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"controlled clinical trial","n":"19","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Physiological/pharmacodynamic study of intradermal sodium ascorbate and systemic ascorbic acid infusion on cutaneous blood flow and hemodynamics in postural tachycardia syndrome; authors state plasma ascorbate was not measured. No absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"21825929":{"pmid":"21825929","title":"Lyophilized plasma with ascorbic acid decreases inflammation in hemorrhagic shock.","authors":"Hamilton GJ, Van PY, Differding JA, Kremenevskiy IV, Spoerke NJ, Sambasivan C, Watters JM, Schreiber MA","journal":"The Journal of trauma","year":"2011","volume":"71","issue":"2","pages":"292-7; discussion 297-8","doi":"10.1097/TA.0b013e31821f4234","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21825929/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"parallel","n":"30","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Swine hemorrhagic shock model; lyophilized plasma reconstituted with ascorbic acid vs citric acid vs HCl; outcomes are cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF). No ascorbic acid absorption/PK measured.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"21917196":{"pmid":"21917196","title":"Bioavailability of vitamin C from mashed potatoes and potato chips after oral administration in healthy Japanese men.","authors":"Kondo Y, Higashi C, Iwama M, Ishihara K, Handa S, Mugita H, Maruyama N, Koga H, Ishigami A","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2012","volume":"107","issue":"6","pages":"885-92","doi":"10.1017/S0007114511003643","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21917196/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (4 food groups at 4-week intervals; randomization not explicitly stated)","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Upon human consumption, mashed potatoes and potato chips provide VC content that is effectively absorbed in the intestine and transferred to the blood.","limitations":"n=5 men only; sampling limited to 8 h; fasting 17 h may have raised baseline/water-group VC; two authors from potato chip manufacturer; dose basis not applicable (food VC); several results figure-only"},"22040889":{"pmid":"22040889","title":"Absorption and excretion of ascorbic acid alone and in acerola (Malpighia emarginata) juice: comparison in healthy Japanese subjects.","authors":"Uchida E, Kondo Y, Amano A, Aizawa S, Hanamura T, Aoki H, Nagamine K, Koizumi T, Maruyama N, Ishigami A","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"2011","volume":"34","issue":"11","pages":"1744-7","doi":"10.1248/bpb.34.1744","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22040889/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (randomization not stated; crossover with 14 d or longer intervals; acerola juice arm done in a second study with same and additional volunteers)","n":"5 (dose-response, Fig. 1 legend); 6 (acerola comparison, Fig. 3 legend)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, the data in this study indicate that some component(s) of acerola juice affects the absorption of ascorbic acid into plasma and minimizes its excretion via urine.","limitations":"small n (5-6 men); n differs between figures; n for Table 2 not stated; urinary and dose-response AUCs figure-only; acerola vs AA plasma AUC difference not significant; industry-affiliated authors; single-sex, young subjects"},"22127588":{"pmid":"22127588","title":"Ascorbic acid protects against the nephrotoxicity and apoptosis caused by colistin and affects its pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Yousef JM, Chen G, Hill PA, Nation RL, Li J","journal":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy","year":"2012","volume":"67","issue":"2","pages":"452-9","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkr483","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22127588/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat study of intravenous ascorbic acid (50 or 200 mg/kg) as nephroprotectant against colistin; the PK measured is that of colistin (clearance altered by AA), not ascorbic acid; also in vitro NRK-52E apoptosis. No ascorbic acid absorption/PK reported.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"intravenous AA; PK of colistin not AA"},"22171153":{"pmid":"22171153","title":"Association between a SLC23A2 gene variation, plasma vitamin C levels, and risk of glaucoma in a Mediterranean population.","authors":"Zanon-Moreno V, Ciancotti-Olivares L, Asencio J, Sanz P, Ortega-Azorin C, Pinazo-Duran MD, Corella D","journal":"Molecular vision","year":"2011","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"2997-3004","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22171153/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Case-control genetic association study (SLC23A2 variant, plasma vitamin C levels and glaucoma risk) in a Mediterranean population; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"22371305":{"pmid":"22371305","title":"Tetrahydrobiopterin, L-arginine and vitamin C actsynergistically to decrease oxidative stress, increase nitricoxide and improve blood flow after induction of hindlimbischemia in the rat.","authors":"Yan J, Tie G, Messina LM","journal":"Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)","year":"2012","volume":"18","issue":"1","pages":"676-84","doi":"10.2119/molmed.2011.00103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371305/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (randomized animal efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat hindlimb-ischemia efficacy study of dietary BH4 + L-arginine + vitamin C (88.5 mg/kg/d); outcomes are eNOS, NOS activity, NOx, nitrotyrosine, GSH:GSSG, perfusion, angioscore and necrosis. No vitamin C absorption/PK/concentration data reported in text or tables (results largely in figures).","conclusion":"In conclusion, cosupplementation with BH4 + L-arginine + vitamin C resulted in increased eNOS activity and NO concentration as well as greater foot blood flow recovery than rats receiving normal chow or either agent separately.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"22522059":{"pmid":"22522059","title":"Vitamin C in mouse and human red blood cells: an HPLC assay.","authors":"Li H, Tu H, Wang Y, Levine M","journal":"Analytical biochemistry","year":"2012","volume":"426","issue":"2","pages":"109-17","doi":"10.1016/j.ab.2012.04.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22522059/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (analytical method validation)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"HPLC assay-development paper for ascorbate in red blood cells (mouse, gulo-/- mouse, healthy humans, stored RBCs). No supplement dosing or absorption/PK; RBC vs plasma ascorbate relationship and storage loss are shown only in figures (Fig. 5, Fig. 6). Tables 1-5 are assay validation (precision, recovery).","conclusion":"With this assay, it becomes possible for the first time to characterize ascorbate function in relation to endogenous concentrations in RBCs.","limitations":"assay validation paper, no absorption data; key relationships figure-only"},"23209991":{"pmid":"23209991","title":"Plasma concentration of ascorbic Acid and some hematological parameters in tobacco snuffers among the igbos of southeastern Nigeria.","authors":"Ureme S, Njoku O, Ejezie F, Ibeh B, Ikekpazu E, Mba M","journal":"Annals of medical and health sciences research","year":"2012","volume":"2","issue":"1","pages":"46-8","doi":"10.4103/2141-9248.96937","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209991/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"100","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional comparison of plasma ascorbic acid and haematology in tobacco snuffers vs controls (Nigeria). No supplement dosing, absorption or PK. Table 1 plasma AA 1.7 vs 1.6 mg/100 ml (P=0.08) is a status measure only.","conclusion":"The results of the study suggest that tobacco snuff inhalation may not adversely affect plasma ascorbic acid concentration, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, reticulocyte and platelet count, and total white blood cell count.","limitations":"no absorption data; observational status study"},"23212846":{"pmid":"23212846","title":"Tetrahydrobiopterin, L-arginine and vitamin C act synergistically to decrease oxidant stress and increase nitric oxide that increases blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia in the rat.","authors":"Yan J, Tie G, Messina LM","journal":"Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)","year":"2012","volume":"18","issue":"1","pages":"1221-30","doi":"10.2119/molmed.2011.00103.revised","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23212846/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (randomized animal efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Revised version of the rat hindlimb-ischemia efficacy study of dietary BH4 + L-arginine + vitamin C (88.5 mg/kg/d). Outcomes are eNOS, NOS activity, NO, oxidant stress, perfusion, collaterals, necrosis. No vitamin C absorption/PK/concentration data.","conclusion":"Cosupplementation with BH4 + L-arginine + vitamin C resulted in increased eNOS activity and NO concentration as well as greater foot blood flow recovery than rats receiving normal chow or either agent separately.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"23401652":{"pmid":"23401652","title":"Effects of polymorphisms in vitamin E-, vitamin C-, and glutathione peroxidase-related genes on serum biomarkers and associations with glaucoma.","authors":"Zanon-Moreno V, Asensio-Marquez EM, Ciancotti-Oliver L, Garcia-Medina JJ, Sanz P, Ortega-Azorin C, Pinazo-Duran MD, Ordovás JM, Corella D","journal":"Molecular vision","year":"2013","volume":"19","issue":"","pages":"231-42","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23401652/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"500","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Case-control genetic association study (SLC23A2, TTPA, SEC14L2/TAP, GPX4 polymorphisms) in primary open-angle glaucoma. Plasma vitamin C/E and GPx activity are fasting status biomarkers by genotype and case/control; no supplement dose, absorption or PK. SLC23A2 rs1279683 vs plasma vitamin C reported in Table 3 (status only, not extracted).","conclusion":"We have described a novel association between the rs737723 polymorphism (SEC14L2/TAP) and higher POAG risk and confirmed the association between rs1279683 (SLC23A2) and POAG.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data; observational genetic association study"},"23446899":{"pmid":"23446899","title":"Human skeletal muscle ascorbate is highly responsive to changes in vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations.","authors":"Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Pullar JM, Simcock JW, Vissers MC","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2013","volume":"97","issue":"4","pages":"800-7","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.112.053207","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23446899/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (parallel-arm, randomized, 5-wk lead-in, 6-wk intervention, 4-wk washout)","n":"36 enrolled (35 analysed)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Dietary (gold kiwifruit) vitamin C intervention; plasma, urine, leukocyte and skeletal muscle ascorbate responses. Not a classic PK study (weekly fasting plasma, figure-only time course).","conclusion":"Human skeletal muscle is highly responsive to vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations and exhibits a greater relative uptake of ascorbate than leukocytes. Thus, muscle appears to comprise a relatively labile pool of ascorbate and is likely to be prone to ascorbate depletion with inadequate dietary intake.","limitations":"food-source vitamin C (kiwifruit), not isolated supplement; men only, young, below-average baseline plasma; funded partly by kiwifruit supplier (Zespri); weekly plasma time course figure-only; n per Table 3 cell varies"},"23525455":{"pmid":"23525455","title":"Vitamin C and Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A: Pharmacokinetic considerations.","authors":"Visioli F, Reilly MM, Rimoldi M, Solari A, Pareyson D","journal":"PharmaNutrition","year":"2013","volume":"1","issue":"1","pages":"10-12","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2012.10.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23525455/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative commentary)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Commentary/discussion article on vitamin C pharmacokinetic considerations for CMT1A trials; no new primary data. It quotes plasma values from other trials (about 100 uM; 106 uM) and Levine et al. PK conclusions secondhand.","conclusion":"The randomized clinical trial carried out thus far confirmed the tight control of ascorbic acid's pharmacokinetics and proved its tolerability at one and two years. The pharmacokinetic considerations discussed above might largely explain the disappointing results of the recent CMT1A trials.","limitations":"narrative commentary, no primary data; values quoted secondhand from other trials"},"23621620":{"pmid":"23621620","title":"Parenteral ascorbate as a cancer therapeutic: a reassessment based on pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Parrow NL, Leshin JA, Levine M","journal":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","year":"2013","volume":"19","issue":"17","pages":"2141-56","doi":"10.1089/ars.2013.5372","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23621620/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Forum review article on parenteral ascorbate as a cancer therapeutic, summarising earlier PK work (Levine, Padayatty) and preclinical data. No new primary absorption data; values quoted are secondhand (oral vs IV plasma concentrations).","conclusion":"Tissue and plasma concentrations are tightly controlled in response to oral administration, but this can be bypassed by intravenous administration. These data provide a plausible scientific rationale for the absence of a response to orally administered ascorbate in the Mayo clinic trials and indicate the need to reassess ascorbate as a cancer therapeutic.","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"23670640":{"pmid":"23670640","title":"Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer.","authors":"Stephenson CM, Levin RD, Spector T, Lis CG","journal":"Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology","year":"2013","volume":"72","issue":"1","pages":"139-46","doi":"10.1007/s00280-013-2179-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23670640/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label (phase I dose-escalation, non-comparative, single-centre)","n":"17","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intravenous administration (not oral absorption); PK of IV ascorbic acid in cancer patients, recorded for completeness.","conclusion":"In conclusion, ascorbic acid dosed i.v. at 1 g/min for 4 consecutive days/week for 4 weeks resulted in a peak concentration of approximately 49 mM and was generally well tolerated. The recommended dose for future studies is 70–80 g/m2.","limitations":"intravenous route, not oral absorption; small cohorts (3-5); incomplete PK data in 110 g/m2 cohort; assay method not described; Cmax of 110 g/m2 cohort lower than 70/90 g/m2 (authors note fewer data); dose basis (ascorbic acid vs sodium ascorbate) not stated"},"23708151":{"pmid":"23708151","title":"Liver metabolic/oxidative stress induces hepatic and extrahepatic changes in the expression of the vitamin C transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2.","authors":"Hierro C, Monte MJ, Lozano E, Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Marin JJ, Macias RI","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2014","volume":"53","issue":"2","pages":"401-12","doi":"10.1007/s00394-013-0536-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23708151/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat/cell-line study of Svct1/Svct2 mRNA expression under liver metabolic/oxidative stress (steatosis, diabetes, cholestasis); oral ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg/day for 1 week only used to test mRNA expression. No absorption/PK measurements (no plasma/serum AA, Cmax, AUC, bioavailability).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"23947403":{"pmid":"23947403","title":"Clinical experience with intravenous administration of ascorbic acid: achievable levels in blood for different states of inflammation and disease in cancer patients.","authors":"Mikirova N, Casciari J, Riordan N, Hunninghake R","journal":"Journal of translational medicine","year":"2013","volume":"11","issue":"","pages":"191","doi":"10.1186/1479-5876-11-191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23947403/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Retrospective clinic-record analysis of plasma ascorbate after intravenous (not oral) ascorbic acid in cancer patients; PK is limited to pre/post concentrations by cancer type plus figure-only dose and inflammation relationships. No Cmax/AUC tables. Prostate PSA and CRP/tumor-marker outcomes (Tables 2-3) skipped as unrelated.","conclusion":"In summary, the data detailed in the present manuscript indicate that, while potentially therapeutic plasma ascorbate concentrations can be achieved with IVC, levels attained will vary based on tumor burden and degree of inflammation.","limitations":"retrospective clinic records; IV route, not oral absorption; type of ± not stated; key relationships figure-only; no AUC/half-life reported; no comparator group in the extracted data"},"24067392":{"pmid":"24067392","title":"A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C.","authors":"Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Pullar JM, Simcock JW, Vissers MC","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","volume":"5","issue":"9","pages":"3684-95","doi":"10.3390/nu5093684","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24067392/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (parallel arms)","n":"36 randomized (134 screened)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Our current human study showed no difference in bioavailability to plasma, semen, peripheral blood leukocytes and skeletal muscle of kiwifruit-derived vitamin C compared with a chewable vitamin C tablet of equivalent dosage.","limitations":"males only, young, low-ascorbate status; single low dose (~50 mg/day); steady-state concentrations only, no Cmax/AUC; plasma time course figure-only; industry support (Zespri); unblinded status NR"},"24074744":{"pmid":"24074744","title":"Guinea pig ascorbate status predicts tetrahydrobiopterin plasma concentration and oxidation ratio in vivo.","authors":"Mortensen A, Hasselholt S, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)","year":"2013","volume":"33","issue":"10","pages":"859-67","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24074744/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Guinea pig dietary vitamin C dose-status study (100-1500 ppm, n=10/group) relating plasma ascorbate/DHA to plasma BH4 and BH2/BH4 ratio. Plasma vitamin C vs diet shown only in Fig. 2; no absorption/PK parameters. Outcome is biopterin redox status.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"24101870":{"pmid":"24101870","title":"Vitamin C-driven epirubicin loading into liposomes.","authors":"Lipka D, Gubernator J, Filipczak N, Barnert S, Süss R, Legut M, Kozubek A","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2013","volume":"8","issue":"","pages":"3573-85","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S47745","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24101870/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Mouse plasma pharmacokinetics of liposomal epirubicin (IV; AUC, t1/2, etc. of the anticancer drug epirubicin). Vitamin C (ascorbic acid/ammonium ascorbate) is only the liposome loading gradient, not an administered or measured supplement. No vitamin C absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"24140914":{"pmid":"24140914","title":"Study of interaction between human serum albumin and three antioxidants: ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and proanthocyanidins.","authors":"Li X, Chen D, Wang G, Lu Y","journal":"European journal of medicinal chemistry","year":"2013","volume":"70","issue":"","pages":"22-36","doi":"10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24140914/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro spectroscopic study (fluorescence, UV-vis, FT-IR) of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and proanthocyanidin binding to human serum albumin (quenching constants, binding sites, thermodynamics). No absorption or in vivo PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"24169506":{"pmid":"24169506","title":"Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable?","authors":"Carr AC, Vissers MC","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","volume":"5","issue":"11","pages":"4284-304","doi":"10.3390/nu5114284","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24169506/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Carr and Vissers, Nutrients 2013) of animal and human studies comparing synthetic vs food-derived vitamin C bioavailability; summarises other studies in tables, no new primary data. Primary human study by same group is PMID 24067392.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"24284610":{"pmid":"24284610","title":"A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C.","authors":"Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Vissers MC","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2013","volume":"5","issue":"11","pages":"4451-61","doi":"10.3390/nu5114451","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24284610/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 enrolled","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Our pharmacokinetic study has shown comparable plasma uptake of synthetic and kiwifruit-derived vitamin C and enhanced urinary excretion of kiwifruit-derived vitamin C, although the ~10% increase in total excretion is unlikely to be physiologically significant.","limitations":"small n (9); young healthy males with high baseline plasma ascorbate; single 200 mg dose; no Cmax/Tmax reported; plasma and urine time courses figure-only; industry co-funding (Zespri); no blinding stated"},"24310979":{"pmid":"24310979","title":"Binding of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol to bovine serum albumin: a comparative study.","authors":"Li X, Wang G, Chen D, Lu Y","journal":"Molecular bioSystems","year":"2014","volume":"10","issue":"2","pages":"326-37","doi":"10.1039/c3mb70373h","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310979/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro biophysical study (isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence, UV-vis, FT-IR) of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol binding to bovine serum albumin. No absorption or in vivo PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"24333161":{"pmid":"24333161","title":"Does vitamin C enhance nitric oxide bioavailability in a tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent manner? In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.","authors":"Mortensen A, Lykkesfeldt J","journal":"Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry","year":"2014","volume":"36","issue":"","pages":"51-7","doi":"10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24333161/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Mortensen and Lykkesfeldt, Nitric Oxide 2014) of ascorbate, tetrahydrobiopterin and eNOS/nitric oxide bioavailability; mechanistic, not an absorption/PK study. No primary absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"24347228":{"pmid":"24347228","title":"Performance, egg quality traits, and serum metabolite concentrations of laying hens affected by dietary supplemental chromium picolinate and vitamin C under a heat-stress condition.","authors":"Torki M, Zangeneh S, Habibian M","journal":"Biological trace element research","year":"2014","volume":"157","issue":"2","pages":"120-9","doi":"10.1007/s12011-013-9872-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24347228/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (laying hens, Lohmann LSL-Lite, 66-74 weeks of age, heat stress 32 C)","design":"other (3x2 factorial, completely randomized design, 4 replicates per diet)","n":"144","status":"partial","statusNote":"Heat-stress laying hen performance/egg quality trial; not an absorption/PK study. Only serum chromium (a Cr status marker, effect of vitamin C co-supplementation) is extracted. Vitamin C absorption/serum vitamin C was not measured. Serum Ca, P, glucose, lipids, protein, performance and egg quality outcomes skipped.","conclusion":"The birds given with dietary chromium and vitamin C supplement in a combined form did have significantly higher serum concentrations of chromium, calcium, and total phosphorus compared to those given with chromium or vitamin C alone, suggesting that the effects of chromium and vitamin C on egg quality traits are probably mediated by changes in calcium and/or phosphorus homeostasis.","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study; only a single serum Cr time point; vitamin C absorption not measured; dose basis and vitamin C form not stated; SD values only, n per group for blood not matched to table; hens, heat stress model"},"24428184":{"pmid":"24428184","title":"Association between higher plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin C concentrations and longer telomere length: results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study.","authors":"Sen A, Marsche G, Freudenberger P, Schallert M, Toeglhofer AM, Nagl C, Schmidt R, Launer LJ, Schmidt H","journal":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","year":"2014","volume":"62","issue":"2","pages":"222-9","doi":"10.1111/jgs.12644","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24428184/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional cohort association of fasting plasma antioxidant concentrations (incl. vitamin C) with leukocyte telomere length; no supplementation, absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"This study provides first evidence that higher lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin C concentrations in plasma are associated with longer LTL in normal elderly persons and suggest a protective role of these vitamins in telomere maintenance.","limitations":"observational, cross-sectional; no intake or absorption data"},"24512733":{"pmid":"24512733","title":"Effect of systemic high dose vitamin C therapy on forearm blood flow reactivity during endotoxemia in healthy human subjects.","authors":"Aschauer S, Gouya G, Klickovic U, Storka A, Weisshaar S, Vollbracht C, Krick B, Weiss G, Wolzt M","journal":"Vascular pharmacology","year":"2014","volume":"61","issue":"1","pages":"25-9","doi":"10.1016/j.vph.2014.01.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24512733/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (balanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3 treatment blocks, 2 trial days, washout at least 10 days)","n":"36","status":"partial","statusNote":"Intravenous high-dose vitamin C in LPS endotoxemia pharmacodynamic study (forearm blood flow); only plasma and leukocyte vitamin C concentrations (Table 1) extracted. No oral absorption; no formal PK parameters. FBF, TNF-a, hsCRP, vitals skipped.","conclusion":"High dose systemic vitamin C recovers LPS-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the forearm resistance vasculature. This provides a rationale for a further clinical study of the systemic vitamin C effect under inflammatory conditions.","limitations":"IV administration, not oral absorption; no formal PK parameters or time course; single post-dose sampling; industry sponsored; n=24 per group vs 36 enrolled (crossover blocks)"},"24604612":{"pmid":"24604612","title":"Vitamin C supplementation modulates gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells specifically upon an inflammatory stimulus: a pilot study in healthy subjects.","authors":"Canali R, Natarelli L, Leoni G, Azzini E, Comitato R, Sancak O, Barella L, Virgili F","journal":"Genes & nutrition","year":"2014","volume":"9","issue":"3","pages":"390","doi":"10.1007/s12263-014-0390-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24604612/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"5","status":"partial","statusNote":"Gene-expression pilot study; only plasma total ascorbic acid before and after 5 days of 1 g/day supplementation is an absorption-relevant outcome. Gene expression and cytokine outcomes skipped.","conclusion":"Under this satisfactory micronutrient status, supplementation of vitamin C is 'buffered' within a homeostatic physiological equilibrium. Differently, following a second 'hit' constituted of an inflammatory stimulus such as LPS, the higher availability of ascorbic acid emerges, and results in a significant modulation of cell response.","limitations":"n=5 pilot, no control group; industry funded (Bayer); only two plasma time points; variance type not stated; dose basis (ascorbate vs ascorbic acid) unclear"},"24631388":{"pmid":"24631388","title":"Massive and long-lasting decrease in vitamin C plasma levels as a consequence of extracorporeal circulation.","authors":"Rodemeister S, Duquesne M, Adolph M, Nohr D, Biesalski HK, Unertl K","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2014","volume":"30","issue":"6","pages":"673-8","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.026","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24631388/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational study of plasma vitamin C, ascorbyl free radical, MDA and vitamin E changes in 29 cardiac surgery patients on cardiopulmonary bypass; no supplementation given, no absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Because the main antioxidant substance, vitamin C, did not increase again over the entire observation period, supplementation should be given consideration.","limitations":"observational, no intervention; no supplementation or absorption measured"},"24704973":{"pmid":"24704973","title":"Mechanism and regulation of peroxidase-catalyzed nitric oxide consumption in physiological fluids: critical protective actions of ascorbate and thiocyanate.","authors":"Rees MD, Maiocchi SL, Kettle AJ, Thomas SR","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"2014","volume":"72","issue":"","pages":"91-103","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.037","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24704973/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro enzymology/kinetic modelling of peroxidase-catalyzed nitric oxide consumption with ascorbate and thiocyanate in buffer and human plasma fractions; no supplementation, absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"We conclude that the local depletion of ascorbate and thiocyanate in inflammatory microenvironments (e.g., due to increased metabolism or dysregulated transport) will impair NO bioavailability by exacerbating peroxidase-catalyzed NO consumption.","limitations":"in vitro biochemistry; not an absorption study"},"25104819":{"pmid":"25104819","title":"The impact of high-dose vitamin C on blood glucose testing in ¹⁸F-FDG PET imaging.","authors":"Bahr RL, Wilson DC","journal":"Journal of nuclear medicine technology","year":"2015","volume":"43","issue":"1","pages":"70-1","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.114.140335","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25104819/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Single case report of glucometer interference after a 25 g IV ascorbic acid infusion before FDG PET/CT; no vitamin C concentrations measured in the patient. A literature-based statement (cited ref 3) on plasma concentrations after IV dosing is not an original measurement.","conclusion":"The inability to measure this patient's blood glucose level with the glucometer test strip was most likely caused by interference from a high dose of vitamin C infused just before her PET/CT appointment.","limitations":"single case report; no vitamin C concentration measured"},"25151231":{"pmid":"25151231","title":"Ascorbic acid improves stability and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the presence of isoniazid.","authors":"Rajaram S, Vemuri VD, Natham R","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2014","volume":"100","issue":"","pages":"103-108","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.027","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25151231/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (New Zealand male white rabbits) and in vitro dissolution","design":"parallel (3 groups) plus in vitro dissolution stability study","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rifampicin (not ascorbic acid) pharmacokinetics in rabbits and in vitro RIF degradation; ascorbic acid is the co-administered stabilizer. Ascorbate concentrations were not measured. Rabbit PK values are only in Fig. 4 (figure-only rows).","conclusion":"The results of the study reveal that ASC can significantly protect RIF from decomposition under the influence of INH in the stomach acid environment and ensure improved bioavailability of the drug.","limitations":"off-target analyte (rifampicin); rabbit n not reported; PK values figure-only; doses for animals not stated; ascorbate levels not measured; abstract mentions t1/2 increase; no value given in text for in vivo"},"25175624":{"pmid":"25175624","title":"Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, retinol and tocopherols levels and pancreatic cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: a nested case-control study: plasma micronutrients and pancreatic cancer risk.","authors":"Jeurnink SM, Ros MM, Leenders M, van Duijnhoven FJ, Siersema PD, Jansen EH, van Gils CH, Bakker MF, Overvad K, Roswall N, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Racine A, Cadeau C, Grote V, Kaaks R, Aleksandrova K, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Valanou E, Palli D, Krogh V, Vineis P, Tumino R, Mattiello A, Weiderpass E, Skeie G, Castaño JM, Duell EJ, Barricarte A, Molina-Montes E, Argüelles M, Dorronsoro M, Johansen D, Lindkvist B, Sund M, Crowe FL, Khaw KT, Jenab M, Fedirko V, Riboli E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB","journal":"International journal of cancer","year":"2015","volume":"136","issue":"6","pages":"E665-76","doi":"10.1002/ijc.29175","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25175624/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Nested case-control study (EPIC) of prediagnostic plasma micronutrients (incl. vitamin C) and pancreatic cancer risk; no supplementation, absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"In conclusion, our results show that higher plasma concentrations of beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and alpha-tocopherol may be inversely associated with risk of pancreatic cancer, but further studies are warranted.","limitations":"observational case-control design; no intervention or absorption measures"},"25191543":{"pmid":"25191543","title":"Bioavailability of vitamin C from kiwifruit in non-smoking males: determination of 'healthy' and 'optimal' intakes.","authors":"Carr AC, Pullar JM, Moran S, Vissers MC","journal":"Journal of nutritional science","year":"2012","volume":"1","issue":"","pages":"e14","doi":"10.1017/jns.2012.15","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25191543/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (sequential dose-escalation, single group, with 4-week lead-in and 4-week washout)","n":"15 enrolled; 14 in baseline calculations; 4 withdrew before end of intervention and 3 did not complete washout","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Our data confirm the pharmacokinetic data of Levine et al. and indicate that plasma vitamin C levels in humans saturate at an intake of about 200 mg/d (equivalent to approximately two kiwifruit per d), whereas leucocytes saturate at an intake of about 100 mg/d (equivalent to about one kiwifruit per d).","limitations":"single group, sequential non-randomized doses (order confounded with time); small n with dropouts (4 before end of intervention, 3 before end of washout); most values figure-only (Figs. 3-5); food source with other constituents; possible non-compliance at 3 kiwifruit/d; industry co-funded (Zespri); dose basis (vitamin C content) not directly given per arm except about 80 mg per kiwifruit"},"25220574":{"pmid":"25220574","title":"Elimination of ascorbic acid after high-dose infusion in prostate cancer patients: a pharmacokinetic evaluation.","authors":"Nielsen TK, Højgaard M, Andersen JT, Poulsen HE, Lykkesfeldt J, Mikines KJ","journal":"Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology","year":"2015","volume":"116","issue":"4","pages":"343-8","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.12323","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220574/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (dose-escalation within patient, 4 weekly infusions; sub-study of non-comparative phase II trial)","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"IV (not oral) ascorbic acid pharmacokinetics in prostate cancer patients; elimination kinetics, no absorption parameters.","conclusion":"A relatively fast first-order elimination with half-life of about 2 hr makes it impossible to maintain AA concentrations in the potential cytotoxic range after infusion stop in prostate cancer patients with normal kidney function. We propose a regimen with a bolus loading followed by a maintenance infusion based on the calculated clearance.","limitations":"n = 10, single arm; IV route only, no oral absorption data; urine not collected so excretion not assessed; one outlier with very high Cmax; Cmax week 1 n = 9 (samples lost)"},"25277418":{"pmid":"25277418","title":"Pharmacokinetic modeling of ascorbate diffusion through normal and tumor tissue.","authors":"Kuiper C, Vissers MC, Hicks KO","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"2014","volume":"77","issue":"","pages":"340-52","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25277418/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro HT29 multicellular-layer diffusion experiments and computer simulations of ascorbate tissue penetration/cellular uptake in tumor vs normal tissue; no in vivo absorption or supplement bioavailability data. Diffusion coefficients and cell-uptake model parameters (Table 1) not recorded as absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"25336108":{"pmid":"25336108","title":"Single and combined effects of vitamin C and oregano essential oil in diet, on growth performance, and blood parameters of broiler chicks reared under heat stress condition.","authors":"Ghazi S, Amjadian T, Norouzi S","journal":"International journal of biometeorology","year":"2015","volume":"59","issue":"8","pages":"1019-24","doi":"10.1007/s00484-014-0915-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25336108/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Ross 308 male broiler chicks)","design":"parallel (completely randomized, 2x2 factorial-type)","n":"240","status":"partial","statusNote":"Broiler chick growth/antioxidant study under heat stress; only end-point serum ascorbic acid after dietary vitamin C is relevant (no PK/absorption parameters). Growth, triglycerides, glucose, corticosterone and MDA not extracted.","conclusion":"the results presented in this paper show an increase in the antioxidative capacity of the poultry serum as a result of dietary combined oregano oil and/or vitamin C supplementation.","limitations":"animal study (chickens synthesize vitamin C); single end-point serum measurement, no PK; units mg/mL implausible, as printed; no baseline ascorbate; n for blood samples not stated; text inconsistencies in P values (abstract says P>0.05 for ADG)"},"25592017":{"pmid":"25592017","title":"Ascorbic acid deficiency increases endotoxin influx to portal blood and liver inflammatory gene expressions in ODS rats.","authors":"Tokuda Y, Miura N, Kobayashi M, Hoshinaga Y, Murai A, Aoyama H, Ito H, Morita T, Horio F","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2015","volume":"31","issue":"2","pages":"373-9","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2014.07.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25592017/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rat (ODS) ascorbic acid deficiency model of endotoxin influx and liver inflammation; control diet 300 mg AsA/kg vs AsA-free diet. Only incidental tissue AsA status (Table 3: liver, spleen, ileum mg/g tissue) reported; no absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"25650433":{"pmid":"25650433","title":"Effects of dietary organic chromium and vitamin C supplementation on performance, immune responses, blood metabolites, and stress status of laying hens subjected to high stocking density.","authors":"Mirfendereski E, Jahanian R","journal":"Poultry science","year":"2015","volume":"94","issue":"2","pages":"281-8","doi":"10.3382/ps/peu074","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25650433/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Laying-hen performance/stress/immune study of chromium-methionine and vitamin C (500 ppm) under high stocking density; outcomes are egg production, plasma metabolites, corticosterone, NDV antibody titers. No vitamin C or Cr absorption/PK/concentration data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"25735881":{"pmid":"25735881","title":"The lower vitamin C plasma concentrations in elderly men compared with elderly women can partly be attributed to a volumetric dilution effect due to differences in fat-free mass.","authors":"Jungert A, Neuhäuser-Berthold M","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2015","volume":"113","issue":"5","pages":"859-64","doi":"10.1017/S0007114515000240","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25735881/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional observational study (GISELA) of fasting plasma vitamin C vs sex, fat-free mass and lifestyle in elderly (181 women, 89 men); no supplement dosing, absorption or PK data (status/determinants only).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"25848948":{"pmid":"25848948","title":"High-dose intravenous vitamin C combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer: a phase I-II clinical trial.","authors":"Hoffer LJ, Robitaille L, Zakarian R, Melnychuk D, Kavan P, Agulnik J, Cohen V, Small D, Miller WH Jr","journal":"PloS one","year":"2015","volume":"10","issue":"4","pages":"e0120228","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0120228","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25848948/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (phase I-II, pre/post chemotherapy PK within patient)","n":"14","status":"complete","statusNote":"IV vitamin C PK pre- vs post-chemotherapy (12 of 14 patients); mostly safety/efficacy trial. Clinical response data not extracted.","conclusion":"The pre- and post-chemotherapy pharmacokinetic profiles suggested that tissue uptake of vitamin C increases after chemotherapy, with no increase in urinary oxalic acid excretion.","limitations":"n = 12 for PK; IV route only, no oral absorption; heterogeneous cancers and chemotherapy regimens; tissue retention inferred from urinary excretion, not measured; baseline plasma values very variable (SD > mean before chemotherapy); AUC values not printed"},"26164552":{"pmid":"26164552","title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials testing the effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood lipids.","authors":"Ashor AW, Siervo M, van der Velde F, Willis ND, Mathers JC","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","year":"2016","volume":"35","issue":"3","pages":"626-37","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2015.05.021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26164552/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs of vitamin C supplementation on blood lipids (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG); not an absorption/PK study. Plasma vitamin C only appears as study baseline covariate.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"26537939":{"pmid":"26537939","title":"Cross-sectional and prospective associations between dietary and plasma vitamin C, heel bone ultrasound, and fracture risk in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk cohort.","authors":"Finck H, Hart AR, Lentjes MA, Jennings A, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Welch AA","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2015","volume":"102","issue":"6","pages":"1416-24","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.115.111971","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26537939/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"EPIC-Norfolk observational cohort: dietary intake (7-d diary) and plasma vitamin C vs heel ultrasound (BUA/VOS) and hip/spine fracture risk; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"26779027":{"pmid":"26779027","title":"Vitamin C in Health and Disease: Its Role in the Metabolism of Cells and Redox State in the Brain.","authors":"Figueroa-Méndez R, Rivas-Arancibia S","journal":"Frontiers in physiology","year":"2015","volume":"6","issue":"","pages":"397","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2015.00397","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26779027/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of vitamin C pharmacokinetics (transporters, enterocyte uptake), neurophysiology and redox state in the brain; no original absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"26854847":{"pmid":"26854847","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Plasma Cellular Antioxidative Effects of Flavanols After Oral Intake of Green Tea Formulated with Vitamin C and Xylitol in Healthy Subjects.","authors":"Son YR, Park TS, Shim SM","journal":"Journal of medicinal food","year":"2016","volume":"19","issue":"2","pages":"211-7","doi":"10.1089/jmf.2015.3514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26854847/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2-week washout; randomization not described in text)","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption/PK study of green tea flavanols (EC, ECG, EGC, EGCG) given in a tablet formulated with 10 mg vitamin C and 100 mg xylitol versus green tea only. Vitamin C absorption/plasma vitamin C was not measured; vitamin C is a formulation additive affecting flavanol absorption.","conclusion":"We confirmed via determination of pharmacokinetics that greater absorption of total flavanols and cellular antioxidative activity of plasma can be achieved by formulating green tea with vitamin C and xylitol.","limitations":"small n (12 healthy women); vitamin C and xylitol effects not separated; plasma vitamin C not measured; Cmax/AUC magnitudes and SDs appear implausible as printed; text and table inconsistent on GTVX Tmax; no blinding/randomization described; flavanol analyte not the listed supplement"},"26895453":{"pmid":"26895453","title":"Serum Albumin Concentrations Predict hypovolaemia Caused by Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid Prior to Colonoscopy in Elderly Patients.","authors":"Ogino N, Aridome G, Oshima J, Shibata M, Watanabe T, Kume K, Yoshikawa I, Harada M","journal":"Drugs & aging","year":"2016","volume":"33","issue":"5","pages":"355-63","doi":"10.1007/s40266-016-0355-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26895453/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"74","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Prospective before-and-after study of hypovolaemia/dehydration (haemoglobin, haematocrit, albumin) after PEG plus ascorbic acid bowel preparation in elderly patients before colonoscopy; no ascorbic acid absorption or pharmacokinetic data reported.","conclusion":"The serum concentration of albumin before bowel preparation predicted hypovolaemia caused by polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid in elderly patients.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"27363679":{"pmid":"27363679","title":"Dairy cheese consumption ameliorates single-meal sodium-induced cutaneous microvascular dysfunction by reducing ascorbate-sensitive oxidants in healthy older adults.","authors":"Stanhewicz AE, Alba BK, Kenney WL, Alexander LM","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2016","volume":"116","issue":"4","pages":"658-65","doi":"10.1017/S0007114516002579","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27363679/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"14","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Acute cheese/sodium microvascular function study; ascorbate was perfused locally by intradermal microdialysis as an antioxidant probe. No ascorbate absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"Na ingestion via dairy products was associated with greater NO-dependent vasodilation compared with non-dairy products, a difference that was ameliorated with ascorbate perfusion.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"27375360":{"pmid":"27375360","title":"Liposomal-encapsulated Ascorbic Acid: Influence on Vitamin C Bioavailability and Capacity to Protect Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.","authors":"Davis JL, Paris HL, Beals JW, Binns SE, Giordano GR, Scalzo RL, Schweder MM, Blair E, Bell C","journal":"Nutrition and metabolic insights","year":"2016","volume":"9","issue":"","pages":"25-30","doi":"10.4137/NMI.S39764","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375360/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (placebo-controlled, 4 randomly ordered visits)","n":"11","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"oral delivery of vitamin C encapsulated in liposomes (1) produced circulating concentrations of vitamin C that are greater than those elicited by oral delivery of unencapsulated vitamin C but less than those following intravenous vitamin C administration","limitations":"small n (11); industry funded with conflicts of interest (liposomal vitamin C owner); no empty-liposome control; single 4 g dose only; Cmax/Tmax and concentration values figure-only; IV AUC not printed; participants overweight/obese older adults"},"27380114":{"pmid":"27380114","title":"Effect of ultrasound and heat on percutaneous absorption of l-ascorbic acid: human in vitro studies on Franz cell and Petri dish systems.","authors":"Jung EC, Zhu H, Zou Y, Elmahdy A, Cao Y, Hui X, Maibach HI","journal":"International journal of cosmetic science","year":"2016","volume":"38","issue":"6","pages":"646-650","doi":"10.1111/ics.12350","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27380114/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Franz diffusion cell and Petri dish models)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro human cadaver skin percutaneous absorption study (not oral).","conclusion":"Five-min ultrasound/heat treatment on dosed skin significantly enhanced LAA skin absorption/penetration on both models; 2-min treatment was not sufficient to result in greater penetration on Franz cell model at the experiment end.","limitations":"in vitro cadaver skin; small n; variance type not stated; heat-only data figure-only; industry supported; 15 min post-exposure only"},"27434504":{"pmid":"27434504","title":"Serum vitamin C and spinal pain: a nationwide study.","authors":"Dionne CE, Laurin D, Desrosiers T, Abdous B, Le Sage N, Frenette J, Mondor M, Pelletier S","journal":"Pain","year":"2016","volume":"157","issue":"11","pages":"2527-2535","doi":"10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000671","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27434504/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"4742","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional NHANES 2003-2004 study of associations between serum vitamin C concentration categories and spinal pain/functional limitations. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"Our study shows associations between vitamin C and spinal pain that warrant further investigation to determine the possible importance of vitamin C in the treatment of back pain patients.","limitations":"not an absorption study; cross-sectional"},"27512620":{"pmid":"27512620","title":"Determination of plasma and leukocyte vitamin C concentrations in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Ester-C(®).","authors":"Mitmesser SH, Ye Q, Evans M, Combs M","journal":"SpringerPlus","year":"2016","volume":"5","issue":"1","pages":"1161","doi":"10.1186/s40064-016-2605-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27512620/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3 test periods)","n":"40 randomized; 30 per-protocol","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, EC significantly increased leukocyte vitamin C levels compared to AA and PL.","limitations":"high between-subject variability in baseline vitamin C; per-protocol analysis only (30 of 40 randomized); outliers imputed with the mean; industry funded; authors employed by sponsor; only post-menopausal women randomized (per authors); single dose only; numeric time-course and Tmax figure-only; several leukocyte comparisons not significant for AUC"},"27567539":{"pmid":"27567539","title":"Pharmacokinetic and anti-cancer properties of high dose ascorbate in solid tumours of ascorbate-dependent mice.","authors":"Campbell EJ, Vissers MCM, Wohlrab C, Hicks KO, Strother RM, Bozonet SM, Robinson BA, Dachs GU","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"2016","volume":"99","issue":"","pages":"451-462","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.027","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27567539/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (single-dose PK time course; repeated-dose intervention study)","n":"45 (PK); 30 (intervention)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Non-oral (intraperitoneal) pharmacokinetic study of high-dose ascorbate in Gulo-/- mice with Lewis lung tumours.","conclusion":"We have shown that ascorbate elimination from solid tumours is markedly slower than from plasma and liver. Furthermore, daily administration of HDVC was required to maintain optimal levels of ascorbate in tumours.","limitations":"mouse study; intraperitoneal route, not oral; single dose level (1 g/kg); small n (5 per time point); one tumour model; Cmax/Tmax at first feasible time point (30 min); time courses figure-only; simulation values are model-derived"},"27621254":{"pmid":"27621254","title":"Acute ascorbic acid infusion increases left ventricular diastolic function in postmenopausal women.","authors":"Ozemek C, Hildreth KL, Groves DW, Moreau KL","journal":"Maturitas","year":"2016","volume":"92","issue":"","pages":"154-161","doi":"10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.08.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27621254/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (within-subject saline-then-ascorbic acid infusion, two groups)","n":"37","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mechanistic study of left ventricular diastolic function and brachial FMD during intravenous ascorbic acid versus saline infusion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Ascorbic acid used as an antioxidant probe; no ascorbate concentration or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"The current study provides evidence that oxidative stress contributes to reduced LV diastolic function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, possibly by reducing the availability of NO.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"27622937":{"pmid":"27622937","title":"Preparation and Self-Assembly Mechanism of Bovine Serum Albumin-Citrus Peel Pectin Conjugated Hydrogel: A Potential Delivery System for Vitamin C.","authors":"Peng H, Chen S, Luo M, Ning F, Zhu X, Xiong H","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2016","volume":"64","issue":"39","pages":"7377-7384","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02966","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27622937/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro formulation/physicochemical study of a BSA-pectin hydrogel as a vitamin C carrier. Reports encapsulation efficiency (65.31 ± 3.42%), in vitro dialysis release (SGF 25.11% at 6 h, 28.05% at 24 h; PBS 61.14% / 90.73%; SIF 80.17% / 95.81%) and storage retention (73.95% at 10 weeks). No human/animal absorption or PK data; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"Vc demonstrated sustained release from BPH with diffusion, swelling, and erosion as the release mechanisms.","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption/PK data"},"28760081":{"pmid":"28760081","title":"Plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid in a cross section of the German population.","authors":"Hagel AF, Albrecht H, Dauth W, Hagel W, Vitali F, Ganzleben I, Schultis HW, Konturek PC, Stein J, Neurath MF, Raithel M","journal":"The Journal of international medical research","year":"2018","volume":"46","issue":"1","pages":"168-174","doi":"10.1177/0300060517714387","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28760081/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional survey of plasma/serum vitamin C status in 188 German seminar attendees (mean 7.98 mg/L, range 0.50-17.40; <5 mg/L in 31 (17.4%); <1.5 mg/L in 6 (3.3%)). No supplement dosing, absorption or PK data; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"Even in developed societies, the risk of vitamin C insufficiency and even deficiency is not uncommon and can be found in every fifth person.","limitations":"cross-sectional status survey; no intake data; self-selected seminar attendees; industry funded"},"28847527":{"pmid":"28847527","title":"The safety and pharmacokinetics of high dose intravenous ascorbic acid synergy with modulated electrohyperthermia in Chinese patients with stage III-IV non-small cell lung cancer.","authors":"Ou J, Zhu X, Lu Y, Zhao C, Zhang H, Wang X, Gui X, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang T, Pang CLK","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2017","volume":"109","issue":"","pages":"412-418","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28847527/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, single-blind, phase I, three-group dose-escalation (each patient received sole IVAA and combined IVAA+mEHT)","n":"35 preparative; 15 phase I","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"An important conclusion is that there was a measured effect in pharmacokinetic data only when the mEHT was administered concomitantly with IVAA.","limitations":"intravenous route, not oral absorption; n = 5 per group; units not printed in PK table; dose-escalation confounded with time/order; advanced cancer patients only; urinary oxalate and supplementary tables not in main text"},"29014744":{"pmid":"29014744","title":"Plasma Concentration of Ascorbic Acid in Health and Pathological Conditions.","authors":"Babbar IJ","journal":"The Indian medical gazette","year":"1948","volume":"83","issue":"4","pages":"174-175","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29014744/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"1948 observational note on plasma ascorbic acid levels in about 110 Indian subjects (healthy and several diseases; healthy mean 0.797 mg/100 c.c.). No supplement, dosing, absorption or PK data; data sections skipped. Table text layer is OCR-garbled (e.g. 124, 054) but irrelevant here.","conclusion":"It shows that there is an increased demand of ascorbic acid in pathological conditions.","limitations":"status survey only; tiny groups; old method (Farmer and Abt)"},"29030247":{"pmid":"29030247","title":"Inhibition of intestinal ascorbic acid uptake by lipopolysaccharide is mediated via transcriptional mechanisms.","authors":"Subramanian VS, Sabui S, Moradi H, Marchant JS, Said HM","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes","year":"2018","volume":"1860","issue":"2","pages":"556-565","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29030247/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture plus in vivo mouse LPS exposure with ex vivo jejunal sheet uptake)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mechanistic uptake study (Caco-2 cells, mouse jejunal sheets, enteroids) of LPS effect on carrier-mediated 14C-ascorbic acid uptake. AA uptake values are shown only in figures (Fig. 1A, 1B, as % of controls); text gives only significance. Transporter protein/mRNA/hnRNA/promoter data not extracted (not absorption/PK values).","conclusion":"Our findings indicate that LPS inhibits intestinal carrier- mediated AA uptake by down regulating the expression of both vitamin C transporters and transcriptional regulation of SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 genes.","limitations":"in vitro/mouse mechanistic study, not human absorption; uptake magnitudes figure-only; n not stated beyond at least three experiments; LPS dose supraphysiological relative to humans"},"29104244":{"pmid":"29104244","title":"A Multi-Locus Genetic Risk Score for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) Variants Is Associated with POAG Risk in a Mediterranean Population: Inverse Correlations with Plasma Vitamin C and E Concentrations.","authors":"Zanon-Moreno V, Ortega-Azorin C, Asensio-Marquez EM, Garcia-Medina JJ, Pinazo-Duran MD, Coltell O, Ordovas JM, Corella D","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2017","volume":"18","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms18112302","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29104244/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Case-control genetic association study (391 POAG cases, 383 controls) of a glaucoma genetic risk score and its correlation with plasma vitamin C and E concentrations. No supplement dosing, absorption or PK data; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"While the additional correlation found between GRS and low levels of vitamins C and E does not indicated a causal relationship, it does suggest the need for new and deeper research into the effects of oxidative stress as a potential mechanism for those associations.","limitations":"observational genetic association; plasma status only, no absorption data"},"29215048":{"pmid":"29215048","title":"High Dose Parenteral Ascorbate Inhibited Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Metastasis: Mechanisms and a Phase I/IIa study.","authors":"Polireddy K, Dong R, Reed G, Yu J, Chen P, Williamson S, Violet PC, Pessetto Z, Godwin AK, Fan F, Levine M, Drisko JA, Chen Q","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2017","volume":"7","issue":"1","pages":"17188","doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-17568-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29215048/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm phase I/IIa, each patient own control (IVC alone, gemcitabine alone, then combined on same day)","n":"14 enrolled; 12 PK-evaluable","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mostly preclinical mechanism paper. Absorption/PK content is a small phase I IV ascorbate (IVC) plus gemcitabine PK-interaction sub-study (12 patients); ascorbate PK values are figure-only (Fig. 6G-I, per-patient lines and box plots; Tables S3-S5 are supplementary, not in the PDF). Only text-stated percent changes recorded. IV route, not oral absorption.","conclusion":"There was no interference to gemcitabine pharmacokinetics by IVC administration.","limitations":"intravenous route, not oral absorption; single-arm, 12 PK-evaluable patients; ascorbate PK values only in figures/supplement; predominantly mechanistic preclinical paper"},"29219785":{"pmid":"29219785","title":"Higher Absorption of Vitamin C from Food than from Supplements by Breastfeeding Mothers at Early Stages of Lactation.","authors":"Martysiak-Żurowska D, Zagierski M, Woś-Wasilewska E, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","year":"2016","volume":"86","issue":"3-4","pages":"81-87","doi":"10.1024/0300-9831/a000436","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29219785/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational (cross-sectional / repeated milk sampling)","n":"42 women, 97 samples","status":"partial","statusNote":"Observational (cross-sectional) study of human milk vitamin C vs maternal dietary and supplement intake in lactating women. No dosed absorption/PK measurement; the 'higher absorption from food than supplements' title/conclusion is an inference from milk-intake correlations. Table values and reported correlations recorded.","conclusion":"Our results suggest that vitamin C occurring in food is much better absorbed by mother's body and passes into breast milk than vitamin C from supplements.","limitations":"observational, no controlled dose or absorption measurement; self-reported 3-day diaries; small n at day 90; correlational inference, milk vitamin C appears regulated/saturable; funding not stated"},"29251518":{"pmid":"29251518","title":"Evaluation of the targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil and ascorbic acid into the brain with ultrasound-responsive nanobubbles.","authors":"Miura Y, Fuchigami Y, Hagimori M, Sato H, Ogawa K, Munakata C, Wada M, Maruyama K, Kawakami S","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","year":"2018","volume":"26","issue":"8","pages":"684-691","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2017.1419354","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29251518/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, 4 parallel groups)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Brain-delivery microdialysis study in rodents (not oral/systemic absorption of a supplement). Ascorbic acid (i.p., rat) arms extracted; the 5-FU mouse experiments (Table 1, Figs 1,4-6) are off-target and not extracted.","conclusion":"We succeeded in clarifying the time-course pharmacokinetics of the two hydrophilic drugs in the brain after the delivery with the ultrasound-responsive BLs and ultrasound irradiation using mice and rats.","limitations":"n=3 per group; anaesthetised rats, i.p. dosing, brain dialysate not plasma; not an oral absorption study; dose basis active compound; Tmax SD of 0.0 in arm D"},"29298528":{"pmid":"29298528","title":"S-Nitrosoglutathione formation at gastric pH is augmented by ascorbic acid and by the antioxidant vitamin complex, Resiston.","authors":"Stsiapura VI, Bederman I, Stepuro II, Morozkina TS, Lewis SJ, Smith L, Gaston B, Marozkina N","journal":"Pharmaceutical biology","year":"2018","volume":"56","issue":"1","pages":"86-93","doi":"10.1080/13880209.2017.1421674","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29298528/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro/ex vivo chemistry study of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) formation with ascorbic acid or Resiston in buffer and human gastric aspirates; plus baseline ascorbate in mouse lung/liver homogenates. No ascorbic acid absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"AA, with or without other antioxidants, did not deplete GSNO formed from physiological levels of GSH and nitrite at pH >3. In fact, it favoured GSNO formation, likely through O-nitrosoascorbate.","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption/PK data"},"29302210":{"pmid":"29302210","title":"Alleviation of ascorbic acid-induced gastric high acidity by calcium ascorbate in vitro and in vivo.","authors":"Lee JK, Jung SH, Lee SE, Han JH, Jo E, Park HS, Heo KS, Kim D, Park JS, Myung CS","journal":"The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology","year":"2018","volume":"22","issue":"1","pages":"35-42","doi":"10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.1.35","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29302210/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"calcium ascorbate could be an appropriate antioxidant substrate, with increased oral bioavailability, for patients with gastrointestinal disorders.","limitations":"rat study; dose given as salt/compound masses (not matched on ascorbate content in the arm table; stated equivalent 102.78 mg/kg as AA for Ca ascorbate); no baseline/endogenous ascorbate correction stated; values very low (ng/ml) for plasma ascorbate, SEM large relative to AUCinf; supplier-funded; time-course figure only"},"29522710":{"pmid":"29522710","title":"Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Trial of Four IV Regimens.","authors":"de Grooth HJ, Manubulu-Choo WP, Zandvliet AS, Spoelstra-de Man AME, Girbes AR, Swart EL, Oudemans-van Straaten HM","journal":"Chest","year":"2018","volume":"153","issue":"6","pages":"1368-1377","doi":"10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29522710/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (four-group randomized factorial PK trial, 2 x 2)","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"IV vitamin C PK in critically ill (not oral absorption).","conclusion":"The 2 g/d dose was associated with normal plasma concentrations, and the 10 g/d dose was associated with supranormal plasma concentrations, increased oxalate excretion, and metabolic alkalosis. Sustained therapy is needed to prevent hypovitaminosis.","limitations":"n=5 per arm; heterogeneous critically ill population; IV route, not oral absorption; unblinded treatment; renal failure cases; Table 1/urine ± symbols dropped in text layer"},"29631379":{"pmid":"29631379","title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha reduces intestinal vitamin C uptake: a role for NF-κB-mediated signaling.","authors":"Subramanian VS, Sabui S, Subramenium GA, Marchant JS, Said HM","journal":"American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology","year":"2018","volume":"315","issue":"2","pages":"G241-G248","doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.00071.2018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631379/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo transport mechanism study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mechanistic intestinal transporter (SVCT-1) study in Caco-2 cells, mouse enteroids and mouse jejunal loops; uptake results given as % of control in figures only, no PK/absorption parameters. Only text-printed numbers extracted.","conclusion":"Together, these findings show that TNF-α inhibits intestinal AA uptake, and this effect is mediated, at least in part, at the level of transcription of the SLC23A1 gene via the NF-κB pathway.","limitations":"mechanistic transport study, not a supplement-absorption PK study; uptake magnitudes figure-only; Caco-2 and mouse models; no dose-absorption data"},"30010458":{"pmid":"30010458","title":"Colon targeted curcumin microspheres laden with ascorbic acid for bioavailability enhancement.","authors":"Karade PG, Jadhav NR","journal":"Journal of microencapsulation","year":"2018","volume":"35","issue":"4","pages":"372-380","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2018.1501111","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30010458/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"24 (4 groups of 6 per Methods)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Oral PK study of curcumin (CUR) in rats; ascorbic acid is a stabilizing co-excipient in chitosan/Eudragit microspheres, not the measured analyte. Curcumin PK recorded; ascorbic acid plasma levels not measured.","conclusion":"A novel approach for delivery of curcumin laden MS to colon has been successfully attempted. CSMS consisting AA as a pH-regulating agent imparts stability to curcumin in alkaline milieu of colon, and exercises a spatial and temporal control over curcumin release.","limitations":"n inconsistent (6 per group in Methods vs n=3 in Fig. 4 caption); analyte is curcumin not ascorbic acid; AUC and Tmax without variance; rat study; no individual-component control for AA alone"},"30098859":{"pmid":"30098859","title":"The Association of Serum Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Ascorbic Acid With Rapid Kidney Function Decline: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.","authors":"Hirahatake KM, Jacobs DR, Gross MD, Bibbins-Domingo KB, Shlipak MG, Mattix-Kramer H, Odegaard AO","journal":"Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation","year":"2019","volume":"29","issue":"1","pages":"65-73","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2018.05.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098859/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"2,152","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Prospective cohort (CARDIA) of serum carotenoids, tocopherols and ascorbic acid as dietary biomarkers and rapid kidney function decline; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"These results demonstrate that higher serum carotenoid levels, reflective of a fruit- and vegetable-rich dietary pattern, inversely associate with rapid kidney function decline in early middle adulthood and provide insight into how diet might play a role in chronic kidney disease prevention.","limitations":"observational; not an absorption study"},"30128076":{"pmid":"30128076","title":"Carbon Dots from Sugars and Ascorbic Acid: Role of the Precursors on Morphology, Properties, Toxicity, and Drug Uptake.","authors":"Cailotto S, Amadio E, Facchin M, Selva M, Pontoglio E, Rizzolio F, Riello P, Toffoli G, Benedetti A, Perosa A","journal":"ACS medicinal chemistry letters","year":"2018","volume":"9","issue":"8","pages":"832-837","doi":"10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00240","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30128076/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro materials study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Materials chemistry: hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dots from glucose, fructose and ascorbic acid, cytotoxicity in HeLa cells and doxorubicin loading; ascorbic acid is only a precursor material. No supplement absorption/PK.","conclusion":"The reproducible and simple synthetic procedure yields luminescent biomass-derived CDs for combined cancer therapy and diagnostics.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"30174242":{"pmid":"30174242","title":"Ascorbic Acid in Cancer Treatment: Let the Phoenix Fly.","authors":"Shenoy N, Creagan E, Witzig T, Levine M","journal":"Cancer cell","year":"2018","volume":"34","issue":"5","pages":"700-706","doi":"10.1016/j.ccell.2018.07.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30174242/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review/perspective)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Perspective/review article in Cancer Cell on ascorbate in cancer treatment, discussing IV ascorbate pharmacokinetics; no primary data.","conclusion":"Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate), despite controversy, has re-emerged as a promising anti-cancer agent.","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"30285481":{"pmid":"30285481","title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin inhibits intestinal ascorbic acid uptake via a cAMP-dependent NF-κB-mediated pathway.","authors":"Subramenium GA, Sabui S, Marchant JS, Said HM, Subramanian VS","journal":"American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology","year":"2019","volume":"316","issue":"1","pages":"G55-G63","doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.00259.2018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30285481/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro/in vivo transport mechanism study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mechanistic intestinal transporter study (Caco-2 cells and Gulo KO mouse jejunal loops); 14C-AA uptake reported as % of control mainly in figures; only approximate percent inhibition values printed in text were extracted.","conclusion":"Together, these data demonstrate that ETEC infection impairs intestinal AA uptake through a cAMP-dependent NF-κB-mediated pathway that regulates both SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 transcription.","limitations":"mechanistic transport study, not supplement PK; uptake values mostly figure-only; approximate percentages in text; Caco-2 and mouse models"},"30350232":{"pmid":"30350232","title":"Conjugation to Ascorbic Acid Enhances Brain Availability of Losartan Carboxylic Acid and Protects Against Parkinsonism in Rats.","authors":"Subudhi BB, Sahu PK, Singh VK, Prusty S","journal":"The AAPS journal","year":"2018","volume":"20","issue":"6","pages":"110","doi":"10.1208/s12248-018-0270-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30350232/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and pharmacodynamic study)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK study of losartan carboxylic acid (LCA, a drug) delivered as an ascorbic acid ester conjugate (FED); ascorbic acid is used as a carrier, vitamin C absorption/bioavailability itself is not measured. Analyte is LCA.","conclusion":"In conclusion, we have developed a novel reversible conjugate of LCA with ascorbic acid. This is able to enhance the bioavailability of LCA.","limitations":"off-target analyte; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"30687475":{"pmid":"30687475","title":"Comparative analysis of dietary pattern, anthropometry and serum ascorbate status of persons living with or without non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.","authors":"Adeoso A, Atinmo T","journal":"Journal of public health in Africa","year":"2018","volume":"9","issue":"2","pages":"768","doi":"10.4081/jphia.2018.768","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30687475/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (case-control)","n":"16","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Case-control comparison of diet, anthropometry and serum ascorbate in 8 NHL patients vs 8 controls; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK. Text gives control mean 0.32 mg/100 mL while Table 5 prints 0.537 (inconsistent).","conclusion":"The study shows that NHL can affect anyone irrespective of age or sex and that the disease causes a depletion of serum Vitamin C.","limitations":"not absorption-related; very small n; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"30847340":{"pmid":"30847340","title":"Cocrystal Formation of Betulinic Acid and Ascorbic Acid: Synthesis, Physico-Chemical Assessment, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Activity.","authors":"Nicolov M, Ghiulai RM, Voicu M, Mioc M, Duse AO, Roman R, Ambrus R, Zupko I, Moaca EA, Coricovac DE, Farcas C, Racoviceanu RM, Danciu C, Dehelean CA, Soica C","journal":"Frontiers in chemistry","year":"2019","volume":"7","issue":"","pages":"92","doi":"10.3389/fchem.2019.00092","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30847340/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro physico-chemical characterisation (SEM, DSC, XRPD, FT-IR), DPPH antioxidant assay and cytotoxicity of betulinic acid + ascorbic acid cocrystals; no absorption or PK measurements. Bioavailability is only presumed.","conclusion":"Results of BA upon the tested tumor cell lines, after co-crystallization with vitamin C, indicated a superior cytotoxic effect with the preservation of a good selectivity index assumably due to an improved BA water solubility and consequently an optimized bioavailability.","limitations":"not absorption-related; in vitro only; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"30876953":{"pmid":"30876953","title":"Dual-drug loaded nanoparticles of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)/Ascorbic acid enhance therapeutic efficacy of EGCG in a APPswe/PS1dE9 Alzheimer's disease mice model.","authors":"Cano A, Ettcheto M, Chang JH, Barroso E, Espina M, Kühne BA, Barenys M, Auladell C, Folch J, Souto EB, Camins A, Turowski P, García ML","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","year":"2019","volume":"301","issue":"","pages":"62-75","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30876953/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK and efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Mouse PK of EGCG (not vitamin C) from PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles co-loaded with ascorbic acid as a stabilising antioxidant; ascorbic acid absorption/PK is not measured. Analyte is EGCG.","conclusion":"EGCG/AA NPs were able to increase drug permanence in blood stream and brain tissue, reduce the Aβ plaques burden, Aβ42 peptide levels and neuroinflammation, and enhance synaptogenesis, memory and learning process.","limitations":"off-target analyte; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"30989610":{"pmid":"30989610","title":"Toxicological effects of toxic metals (cadmium and mercury) on blood and the thyroid gland and pharmacological intervention by vitamin C in rabbits.","authors":"Khan R, Ali S, Mumtaz S, Andleeb S, Ulhaq M, Tahir HM, Khan MKA, Khan MA, Shakir HA","journal":"Environmental science and pollution research international","year":"2019","volume":"26","issue":"16","pages":"16727-16741","doi":"10.1007/s11356-019-04886-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30989610/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"other (animal toxicology study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Rabbit toxicology study of Cd and Hg effects on blood indices and thyroid hormones with vitamin C co-treatment; organ Cd/Hg concentrations measured, but vitamin C absorption/PK is not measured.","conclusion":"It was concluded that Cd and Hg are toxic and tended to bioaccumulate in different organs and their toxic action can be subdued by vitamin C in biological systems.","limitations":"not absorption-related; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"31001107":{"pmid":"31001107","title":"Plasma Vitamin C Concentrations and Cognitive Function: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Travica N, Ried K, Sali A, Hudson I, Scholey A, Pipingas A","journal":"Frontiers in aging neuroscience","year":"2019","volume":"11","issue":"","pages":"72","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2019.00072","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31001107/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational (cross-sectional)","n":"80","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional study of plasma vitamin C status and cognitive performance in 80 adults; no dosing/absorption/PK study design. Self-reported supplement doses only used as covariates.","conclusion":"In summary, using vitamin C plasma levels and validated pen and paper cognitive tests and age-sensitive computerized cognitive tests suitable for comparative analysis in cognitively intact participants, we found a significant association between vitamin C concentrations and performance","limitations":"not absorption-related; cross-sectional; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"31039080":{"pmid":"31039080","title":"Assessment of the Stability of Supraphysiological Ascorbate in Human Blood: Appropriate Handling of Samples from Clinical Trials for Measurements of Pharmacological Ascorbate.","authors":"Petronek MS, Wagner BA, Hollenbeck NJ, Caster JM, Spitz DR, Cullen JJ, Buettner GR, Allen BG","journal":"Radiation research","year":"2019","volume":"191","issue":"6","pages":"491-496","doi":"10.1667/RR15328.1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31039080/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (ex vivo stability study)","n":"12 volunteers; patient samples n=13 plasma, 11 whole blood, 5 frozen plasma","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Ex vivo sample-handling stability study of ascorbate spiked into human blood (20 mM) and patient samples after IV pharmacological ascorbate; measures storage-related ascorbate loss, not absorption or PK.","conclusion":"If a sample must be stored for more than 24 h, it is recommended that the samples be stored as frozen plasma (i.e., -20C or -80C).","limitations":"not absorption-related; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"31295486":{"pmid":"31295486","title":"Conjugation of vitamin C with serum proteins: A potential application for vitamin delivery.","authors":"Chanphai P, Tajmir-Riahi HA","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2019","volume":"137","issue":"","pages":"966-972","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.059","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31295486/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro spectroscopic and modeling study of L-ascorbic acid binding to HSA, BSA and beta-lactoglobulin (binding constants, thermodynamics, loading efficacy 35-60%); no absorption or PK.","conclusion":"Serum proteins can deliver vitamin C in vitro.","limitations":"not absorption-related; in vitro only; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"31330149":{"pmid":"31330149","title":"The acute influence of sucrose consumption with and without vitamin C co-ingestion on microvascular reactivity in healthy young adults.","authors":"West S, Smail O, Bond B","journal":"Microvascular research","year":"2019","volume":"126","issue":"","pages":"103906","doi":"10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103906","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31330149/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"13","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Randomized crossover of sucrose with/without 160 mg vitamin C on microvascular reactivity (NIRS) and plasma glucose/lactate; plasma vitamin C was not measured, so no vitamin C absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Collectively, our data suggest that consuming the type and amount of sugar typically present in SSB does not acutely influence microvascular function in ostensibly healthy young adults, and that the co-ingestion of vitamin C does not modulate this postprandial response.","limitations":"not absorption-related; no vitamin C concentrations measured; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"31601028":{"pmid":"31601028","title":"The Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin C.","authors":"Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2019","volume":"11","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu11102412","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31601028/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of vitamin C pharmacokinetics (SVCT transporters, dose-dependent absorption, distribution, elimination); no original data.","conclusion":"The present review outlines the diverse aspects of vitC pharmacokinetics and examines how they affect vitC homeostasis under a variety of conditions.","limitations":"review; data sections skipped per rule 10"},"31747355":{"pmid":"31747355","title":"Vitamin C Bioequivalence from Gummy and Caplet Sources in Healthy Adults: A Randomized-Controlled Trial.","authors":"Evans M, Guthrie N, Zhang HK, Hooper W, Wong A, Ghassemi A","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","year":"2020","volume":"39","issue":"5","pages":"422-431","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2019.1684398","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31747355/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (examiner-blind, comparator-controlled, two sequences)","n":"35 enrolled/randomized; 30 completed (per-protocol)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, both gummy and caplet exhibited similar absorption and bioavailability profiles with overlapping total AUC0–24h, iAUC0–24h, Cmax, and Tmax and were considered bioequivalent.","limitations":"industry funded (Church & Dwight; employee authors); single 1000 mg dose only; no formal bioequivalence CI analysis; no sample size calculation; several urine n values below 30 for comparator (26-29); urinary change units not printed in Table 4; terminal half-life highly variable (large SDs); no dose-ratio or absolute bioavailability reported"},"31788483":{"pmid":"31788483","title":"In vitro Cytotoxicity and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Pharmacological Ascorbate in Dogs.","authors":"Musser ML, Mahaffey AL, Fath MA, Buettner GR, Wagner BA, Schneider BK, Seo YJ, Mochel JP, Johannes CM","journal":"Frontiers in veterinary science","year":"2019","volume":"6","issue":"","pages":"385","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2019.00385","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31788483/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, Beagle)","design":"other (single group, two ascending IV doses on separate days) plus in vitro clonogenic assays","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenous (not oral) pharmacological ascorbate in healthy Beagle dogs, plus in vitro canine osteosarcoma cytotoxicity. No oral absorption data; PK extracted for completeness. [Manager QA: status changed from off-target analyte to complete; vitamin C (the listed supplement) is the measured analyte, given by a non-oral route.]","conclusion":"Pharmacological ascorbate is preferentially cytotoxic to canine-derived cancer cells. High levels of ascorbate can be safely administered to dogs.","limitations":"IV administration, not oral absorption; healthy Beagles only, n=8; non-randomized fixed dose order (low then high); Cmax values differ between text and Table 3; Table 3 footnote labels AUCINF as median while column is mean"},"31819875":{"pmid":"31819875","title":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenous administered two different high doses of ascorbic acid in healthy beagle dogs.","authors":"Lim S, Oh YI, Jeong JW, Song KH, Koo TS, Seo KW","journal":"Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research","year":"2019","volume":"6","issue":"4","pages":"481-485","doi":"10.5455/javar.2019.f371","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31819875/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, Beagle)","design":"randomized crossover (two-way)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"IV high-dose ascorbic acid PK in healthy Beagle dogs; not oral absorption. Extracted for completeness. [Manager QA: status changed from off-target analyte to complete; vitamin C (the listed supplement) is the measured analyte, given by a non-oral route.]","conclusion":"In conclusion, high-dose (1.5 and 3 gm/kg) IV AA infusion achieved pharmacologic concentration in healthy dogs.","limitations":"IV, not oral; n=6 healthy dogs; only one infusion regimen; short-term single doses"},"31867990":{"pmid":"31867990","title":"Ascorbic Acid Route to the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Function and Role in Disease.","authors":"Pozzer D, Invernizzi RW, Blaauw B, Cantoni O, Zito E","journal":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","year":"2021","volume":"34","issue":"11","pages":"845-855","doi":"10.1089/ars.2019.7912","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31867990/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Forum review article (Antioxid Redox Signal) on ascorbic acid transport and ER function; PubMed type Review. No primary PK/absorption data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"32041092":{"pmid":"32041092","title":"Erythrocyte Ascorbate Is a Potential Indicator of Steady-State Plasma Ascorbate Concentrations in Healthy Non-Fasting Individuals.","authors":"Pullar JM, Dunham S, Dachs GU, Vissers MCM, Carr AC","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2020","volume":"12","issue":"2","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu12020418","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32041092/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (two single-group studies: depletion-supplementation steady-state study and short-term PK study)","n":"7 (E1); 6 (E2)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The data from these two intervention studies indicate that erythrocyte ascorbate concentration provides a stable measure of steady-state plasma ascorbate status and could be used to monitor ascorbate status in healthy non-fasting individuals.","limitations":"small n (7 and 6); most values figure-only; no oral PK parameters (Cmax, AUC) reported; erythrocyte ratio may not hold outside normal range"},"32095454":{"pmid":"32095454","title":"Enhancement of skin permeation of vitamin C using vibrating microneedles.","authors":"Lee CA, Baek JS, Kwag DG, Lee HJ, Park J, Cho CW","journal":"Translational and clinical pharmacology","year":"2017","volume":"25","issue":"1","pages":"15-20","doi":"10.12793/tcp.2017.25.1.15","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32095454/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro permeation optimization plus parallel in vivo rat PK)","n":"in vivo n=3 per group (from 'mean ± SD (n = 3)' in Fig. 4 legend)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Transdermal (microneedle-assisted skin) delivery of vitamin C: in vitro rat skin permeation and rat plasma PK after topical gel. Not oral absorption. [Manager QA: status changed from off-target analyte to complete; vitamin C (the listed supplement) is the measured analyte, given by a non-oral route.]","conclusion":"The present study suggests that vibrating microneedles can be used to facilitate the skin permeability of vitamin C under optimal conditions.","limitations":"n=3 rats; transdermal route not oral; in vitro conditions varied one factor at a time; no variance given for in vitro flux/accumulated amounts in tables"},"32306287":{"pmid":"32306287","title":"Serum CRP, MDA, Vitamin C, and Trace Elements in Bangladeshi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Das DC, Jahan I, Uddin MG, Hossain MM, Chowdhury MAZ, Fardous Z, Rahman MM, Kabir AKMH, Deb SR, Siddique MAB, Das A","journal":"Biological trace element research","year":"2021","volume":"199","issue":"1","pages":"76-84","doi":"10.1007/s12011-020-02142-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32306287/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"40","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Case-control study comparing serum CRP, MDA, vitamin C and trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) in 20 Bangladeshi RA patients vs 20 healthy controls; no supplementation, absorption or PK.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"32325408":{"pmid":"32325408","title":"Interaction between aspirin and vitamin C with human serum albumin as binary and ternary systems.","authors":"Zhang Q, Zhu Z, Ni Y","journal":"Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy","year":"2020","volume":"236","issue":"","pages":"118356","doi":"10.1016/j.saa.2020.118356","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325408/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro binding study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro spectroscopic/voltammetric study of vitamin C and aspirin binding to human serum albumin (binary and ternary systems); no absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements. Authors infer absorption effects from binding constants only.","conclusion":"It could be concluded that taking Vit. C first doesn't affect the absorption of ASP and may be good for health; in contrast, it is not good to take Vit. C immediately as one have just taken ASP, because the existence of ASP reduce the absorption of Vit. C for human body.","limitations":"in vitro protein binding only, no absorption data; absorption conclusion is an inference from binding constants"},"32347274":{"pmid":"32347274","title":"Ascorbic acid, sucrose and olive oil lipids mitigate the inhibitory effects of pectin on the bioaccessibility and Caco-2 cellular uptake of ferulic acid and naringenin.","authors":"Kruger J , Sus N , Frank J","journal":"Food & function","year":"2020","volume":"11","issue":"5","pages":"4138-4145","doi":"10.1039/d0fo00129e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32347274/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"In vitro digestion/Caco-2 study of ferulic acid and naringenin bioaccessibility and uptake; ascorbic acid (0.1%) is only an additive/modulator, vitamin C absorption not measured.","conclusion":"Sucrose and olive oil successfully negated the inhibitory effect of pectin on the overall in vitro availability of ferulic acid as estimated using in vitro digestion and a Caco-2 cell uptake model. Only sucrose negated the inhibitory effect of pectin on the overall in vitro availability of naringenin.","limitations":"in vitro static digestion and Caco-2 model; analyte is not vitamin C; per-condition n only given in Methods (n=4 and n=9)"},"32450129":{"pmid":"32450129","title":"Therapeutic treatment with vitamin C reduces focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain infarction in rats by attenuating disruptions of blood brain barrier and cerebral neuronal apoptosis.","authors":"Chang CY, Chen JY, Wu MH, Hu ML","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"2020","volume":"155","issue":"","pages":"29-36","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.05.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32450129/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study of intraperitoneal vitamin C (500/1000/2000 mg/kg) in a rat tMCAO stroke model (infarct volume, neurological score, BBB, apoptosis). No plasma or tissue vitamin C concentrations or PK reported.","conclusion":"These results suggest that parenteral administration of vitamin C has potential as an adjuvant agent with intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy in acute treatment of ischemic stroke.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"32535545":{"pmid":"32535545","title":"On the effect of vitamin C intake on human health: How to (mis)interprete the clinical evidence.","authors":"Lykkesfeldt J","journal":"Redox biology","year":"2020","volume":"34","issue":"","pages":"101532","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2020.101532","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32535545/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review in Redox Biology (pubtype: Review) on interpretation of vitamin C clinical evidence; no primary absorption/PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32556816":{"pmid":"32556816","title":"Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection Inhibits Intestinal Ascorbic Acid Uptake via Dysregulation of Its Transporter Expression.","authors":"Heskett CW, Teafatiller T, Hennessey C, Gareau MG, Marchant JS, Said HM, Subramanian VS","journal":"Digestive diseases and sciences","year":"2021","volume":"66","issue":"7","pages":"2250-2260","doi":"10.1007/s10620-020-06389-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556816/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro; rodent (mouse)","design":"other (in vitro and animal infection experiments)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mechanistic uptake study (Caco-2 cells and mice) of EPEC infection effect on 14C-ascorbic acid uptake; all quantitative uptake values are in figures only; text gives only p-values.","conclusion":"These findings suggest that EPEC infection causes inhibition in AA uptake through a multifactorial dysregulation of SVCT1 and SVCT2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells.","limitations":"values figure-only; text gives only p-values; in vitro and mouse model, not human PK; no absolute uptake units reported in text"},"32863301":{"pmid":"32863301","title":"Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) Promotes Ascorbic Acid Uptake into Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells via Enhancing the Gene Expression of Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter 1.","authors":"Takino Y, Aoki H, Kondo Y, Ishigami A","journal":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","year":"2020","volume":"66","issue":"4","pages":"296-299","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.66.296","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32863301/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro Caco-2 uptake study; most values figure-only (Fig. 1-3); text gives fold-differences and one absolute intracellular value (107.2 nmol/mg at 24 h, AsA alone).","conclusion":"In conclusion, acerola promoted an AsA uptake into the Caco-2 cells by enhancing the gene expression of SVCT1.","limitations":"in vitro Caco-2 model; values figure-only except 107.2 nmol/mg and fold differences; industry-affiliated author; n per group three to four plates"},"32973470":{"pmid":"32973470","title":"The Contribution of Plasma and Brain Vitamin C on Age and Gender-Related Cognitive Differences: A Mini-Review of the Literature.","authors":"Travica N, Ried K, Hudson I, Sali A, Scholey A, Pipingas A","journal":"Frontiers in integrative neuroscience","year":"2020","volume":"14","issue":"","pages":"47","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2020.00047","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32973470/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Mini-review (Front Integr Neurosci 2020) on plasma/brain vitamin C, age, gender and cognition; no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"33038825":{"pmid":"33038825","title":"Effects of betaine and ascorbic acid supplementation on serum gonadotropin, testicular histological analysis and sperm quality in male Japanese quails during the dry season.","authors":"Egbuniwe IC, Uchendu CN, Obidike IR","journal":"Theriogenology","year":"2020","volume":"158","issue":"","pages":"391-405","doi":"10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.029","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33038825/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Dietary AA (200 mg/kg) and/or betaine (2 g/kg) in heat-stressed male Japanese quails; outcomes are serum MDA, SOD, LH, FSH, testis histology and sperm quality. No ascorbic acid absorption or concentration measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"33143761":{"pmid":"33143761","title":"The effects of surgery on plasma/serum vitamin C concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Travica N, Ried K, Hudson I, Scholey A, Pipingas A, Sali A","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2022","volume":"127","issue":"2","pages":"233-247","doi":"10.1017/S0007114520004353","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33143761/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of surgery effects on plasma/serum vitamin C concentrations; secondary synthesis, not an absorption/PK study.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"33336364":{"pmid":"33336364","title":"Physicochemical properties of dihydromyricetin and the effects of ascorbic acid on its stability and bioavailability.","authors":"Sun CC, Li Y, Yin ZP, Zhang QF","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","year":"2021","volume":"101","issue":"9","pages":"3862-3869","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.11022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336364/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (female Sprague-Dawley rat)","design":"parallel (three groups, randomly divided)","n":"18","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption/PK study of dihydromyricetin (DMY) in rats with and without co-administered ascorbic acid (AA) as stabilizer; AA itself not measured. Analyte is DMY, not vitamin C.","conclusion":"The degradation of DMY is one reason for its poor bioavailability. The presence of AA could significantly improve the stability of DMY, and further improve its bioavailability in rats.","limitations":"off-target analyte (DMY, not AA); rat study; large SD in oral AUC(0-inf) and t1/2 with AA; table units inconsistent with text (Cmax ug/mL vs ng/mL); estimated by DAS 2.0 software; n per oral group not stated clearly"},"33466266":{"pmid":"33466266","title":"Impact of Innovative Technologies on the Content of Vitamin C and Its Bioavailability from Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products.","authors":"Mieszczakowska-Frąc M, Celejewska K, Płocharski W","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2021","volume":"10","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/antiox10010054","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33466266/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Nutrients) of processing technologies effects on vitamin C content and bioavailability in fruit and vegetable products; no primary PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"33681596":{"pmid":"33681596","title":"Fiber-Reinforced-Phospholipid Vehicle-Based Delivery of l-Ascorbic Acid: Development, Characterization, ADMET Profiling, and Efficacy by a Randomized, Single-Dose, Crossover Oral Bioavailability Study.","authors":"Jacob J, Sukumaran NP, Jude S","journal":"ACS omega","year":"2021","volume":"6","issue":"8","pages":"5560-5568","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.0c05963","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33681596/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two-treatment, two-sequence, two-period)","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"the oral delivery of Zeal-AA showed 5.9 times more bioavailability than that of the normal AA.","limitations":"very small n (8, males only); industry-affiliated authors; internal inconsistencies (blinding, dose, 55 mg/dL statement, Table 2 12 h values); dose basis unclear (500 mg product vs 150 mg AA vs 28.3% content); plasma AA only, no urinary data; blinding described inconsistently"},"33804775":{"pmid":"33804775","title":"High-Dose Vitamin C: Preclinical Evidence for Tailoring Treatment in Cancer Patients.","authors":"Giansanti M, Karimi T, Faraoni I, Graziani G","journal":"Cancers","year":"2021","volume":"13","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/cancers13061428","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33804775/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Cancers 2021) of preclinical evidence for high-dose IV vitamin C in cancer; no primary PK/absorption data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"34046404":{"pmid":"34046404","title":"Vitamin C Inhibits Blood-Stage Plasmodium Parasites via Oxidative Stress.","authors":"Shi X, Wei M, Xu Z, Liu Y, Zhang M, Lv L, Wang Q","journal":"Frontiers in cell and developmental biology","year":"2021","volume":"9","issue":"","pages":"639944","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2021.639944","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34046404/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Antimalarial study (P. berghei mice, P. falciparum culture) of high-dose vitamin C; cellular [14C]-Vc uptake by infected RBCs/parasites is shown only in Fig. 2 (figure-only, relative CPM); no PK/absorption values printed in text.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"34340712":{"pmid":"34340712","title":"Exploring the effectiveness of in ovo feeding of vitamin C based on the embryonic vitamin C synthesis and absorption in broiler chickens.","authors":"Zhu Y, Zhao J, Wang C, Zhang F, Huang X, Ren Z, Yang X, Liu Y, Yang X","journal":"Journal of animal science and biotechnology","year":"2021","volume":"12","issue":"1","pages":"86","doi":"10.1186/s40104-021-00607-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34340712/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chicken embryos/chicks)","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, 3 groups)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Broiler embryo in ovo feeding study; mainly gene expression (GLO, SVCT1/2) plus tissue VC content after yolk injection. Only Table 3 tissue/plasma VC concentrations are absorption-relevant; no PK parameters.","conclusion":"VC injected in the yolk could be used by embryo and effectively increased VC content of plasma, brain, kidney and liver, and significantly reduced embryonic morality as well as increased hatchability under heat stress, indicating that IOF of VC at E11 was effective for embryonic VC supplementation.","limitations":"avian embryo model, not human; VC in blood not measured at embryonic stage (authors); no PK parameters; single time point; brain P=0.065 reported by authors as part of the 'significant' group in text but P>0.05 in Table 3"},"34354410":{"pmid":"34354410","title":"Foliar application of ascorbic acid enhances salinity stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through modulation of morpho-physio-biochemical attributes, ions uptake, osmo-protectants and stress response genes expression.","authors":"Hassan A, Fasiha Amjad S, Hamzah Saleem M, Yasmin H, Imran M, Riaz M, Ali Q, Ahmad Joyia F, Mobeen, Ahmed S, Ali S, Abdullah Alsahli A, Nasser Alyemeni M","journal":"Saudi journal of biological sciences","year":"2021","volume":"28","issue":"8","pages":"4276-4290","doi":"10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.045","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34354410/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Plant study: foliar ascorbic acid and salinity stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare); ion uptake by plants, not supplement absorption/PK.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"34368931":{"pmid":"34368931","title":"Rapid screening of critically ill patients for low plasma vitamin C concentrations using a point-of-care oxidation-reduction potential measurement.","authors":"Rozemeijer S, Smit B, Elbers PWG, Girbes ARJ, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, de Man AME","journal":"Intensive care medicine experimental","year":"2021","volume":"9","issue":"1","pages":"40","doi":"10.1186/s40635-021-00403-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368931/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Diagnostic validation study in ICU patients: point-of-care oxidation-reduction potential (sORP) used to estimate plasma vitamin C status; no supplement administration/absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"34679743":{"pmid":"34679743","title":"Neutrophils Isolated from Septic Patients Exhibit Elevated Uptake of Vitamin C and Normal Intracellular Concentrations despite a Low Vitamin C Milieu.","authors":"Carr AC, Bozonet S, Pullar J, Spencer E, Rosengrave P, Shaw G","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2021","volume":"10","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/antiox10101607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34679743/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational comparison of plasma/neutrophil/erythrocyte ascorbate in septic ICU patients (n=18) vs healthy controls (n=20) plus ex vivo neutrophil ascorbate/DHA uptake; no vitamin C supplementation or dosing given to participants, so no supplement absorption/PK.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"34698836":{"pmid":"34698836","title":"The effect of injectable vitamin C and road transit duration on inflammation, muscle fatigue, and performance in pre-conditioned beef steer calves.","authors":"Beenken AM, Deters EL, Hansen SL","journal":"Journal of animal science","year":"2021","volume":"99","issue":"12","pages":"","doi":"10.1093/jas/skab312","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698836/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beef steers, Angus-cross)","design":"other (2 x 2 factorial, randomized by BW stratum; injection x transit duration)","n":"132","status":"partial","statusNote":"Cattle study of intramuscular sodium ascorbate before transport; primary outcomes are performance/inflammation. Only plasma ascorbate (Table 3) and FRAP are absorption-relevant; sparse sampling (days -5,1,2,3), no PK parameters.","conclusion":"In the current study, injectable VC administered pre-transit increased plasma ascorbate concentration and improved total antioxidant capacity for steers transported for 18 h compared to steers receiving SAL; however, injectable VC did not affect overall performance as greatly as in a previous study.","limitations":"non-human (cattle) IM injection; sparse sampling, no PK parameters; values partly figure-only; baseline plasma ascorbate below reference range; text/table inconsistencies on day-1 values"},"34790005":{"pmid":"34790005","title":"Higher doses of ascorbic acid may have the potential to promote nutrient delivery via intestinal paracellular absorption.","authors":"Sequeira IR","journal":"World journal of gastroenterology","year":"2021","volume":"27","issue":"40","pages":"6750-6756","doi":"10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6750","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34790005/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Opinion review (World J Gastroenterol 2021). Table 1 re-presents lactulose urinary recovery (intestinal permeability, n=28 females) from the author's earlier study after 500 mg ascorbic acid and/or aspirin; this is permeability, not ascorbic acid absorption. No primary AA PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"34841076":{"pmid":"34841076","title":"A sensitive method for the simultaneous UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of milrinone and dobutamine in blood plasma using NH(4)F as the eluent additive and ascorbic acid as a stabilizer.","authors":"Takkis K, Veigure R, Metsvaht T, Hallik M, Ilmoja ML, Starkopf J, Kipper K","journal":"Clinical mass spectrometry (Del Mar, Calif.)","year":"2019","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"23-29","doi":"10.1016/j.clinms.2019.03.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34841076/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Bioanalytical UHPLC-MS/MS method validation for milrinone and dobutamine in neonatal plasma; ascorbic acid is used only as a sample stabilizer, not administered as a supplement.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"35057040":{"pmid":"35057040","title":"PLGA/PEG Nanoparticles Loaded with Cyclodextrin-Peganum harmala Alkaloid Complex and Ascorbic Acid with Promising Antimicrobial Activities.","authors":"Fahmy SA, Mahdy NK, Al Mulla H, ElMeshad AN, Issa MY, Azzazy HME","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"14","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14010142","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35057040/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro formulation/characterization paper (PLGA-PEG nanoparticles co-loaded with Peganum harmala alkaloid-HPbetaCD complex and ascorbic acid; antibacterial and antiviral assays). No in vivo or human absorption/PK data. Only an in vitro dialysis release profile of ascorbic acid and HARF complex from nanoparticles (Section 3.2.2, Fig. 4): initial release 66.7 +/- 6.8% (AA) and 29.8 +/- 4.9% (HARF complex) in first 2 h; 76.6 +/- 1.3% (AA) and 64.6 +/- 3% (HARF complex) over 48 h (p.8-9).","conclusion":"()","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption or PK measurement"},"35187020":{"pmid":"35187020","title":"Association of Serum Vitamin C With NAFLD and MAFLD Among Adults in the United States.","authors":"Xie ZQ, Li HX, Tan WL, Yang L, Ma XW, Li WX, Wang QB, Shang CZ, Chen YJ","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition","year":"2021","volume":"8","issue":"","pages":"795391","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.795391","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35187020/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional NHANES 2017-2018 association study of serum vitamin C quartiles with NAFLD/MAFLD, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. No supplement dosing, absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"observational association study, no absorption/PK data"},"35498071":{"pmid":"35498071","title":"Surface-engineered liposomal particles of calcium ascorbate with fenugreek galactomannan enhanced the oral bioavailability of ascorbic acid: a randomized, double-blinded, 3-sequence, crossover study.","authors":"Joseph A, Kumar D, Balakrishnan A, Shanmughan P, Maliakel B, Im K","journal":"RSC advances","year":"2021","volume":"11","issue":"60","pages":"38161-38171","doi":"10.1039/d1ra06483e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35498071/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, double-blinded, 3-sequence, 3-way crossover, single dose","n":"14","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The formulation showed >7-fold enhancement in the bioavailability of vitC, when supplemented as both tablets, and capsules, possessed good stability under accelerated testing conditions.","limitations":"industry funded/patent-holder authors; small n (14); single dose only; sampling timepoints not in text (Fig. 1 only); no variance for Tmax and t1/2; Frel units not stated; baseline plasma ascorbate not reported; dose basis ambiguous (1000 mg product vs ~400 mg CAAS)"},"35534091":{"pmid":"35534091","title":"A pilot study on the effect of formulation and individual muscle mass on vitamin C absorption in randomized clinical study.","authors":"Vu KT, Kim JE, Cho IH, Park NH, Kim JK, Chun YS, Koo YT, Lee SH, Paik DH, Shim SM","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2022","volume":"87","issue":"6","pages":"2757-2765","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.16169","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35534091/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, 3-treatment crossover pilot; 2-week washout","n":"22","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The current study found that the liquid formulation of vitamin C significantly influenced the vitamin C absorption compared to the other formulations. Its effect was significantly higher in the ≥40% muscle mass group.","limitations":"pilot, n=22; only 2 h sampling; fasting status contradictory (Methods vs Discussion); baseline concentrations not reported; single 500 mg dose; industry-affiliated authors; no AUC/Cmax reported; Vita 500 contains HFCS and apple juice, differs from other forms beyond formulation"},"35537862":{"pmid":"35537862","title":"Abnormal urinary loss of vitamin C in diabetes: prevalence and clinical characteristics of a vitamin C renal leak.","authors":"Ebenuwa I, Violet PC, Padayatty S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun H, Adhikari P, Smith S, Tu H, Niyyati M, Wilkins K, Levine M","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2022","volume":"116","issue":"1","pages":"274-284","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqac063","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35537862/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"Nonrandomized interventional depletion-repletion study (renal threshold) and nonrandomized cross-sectional cohort study","n":"17 (depletion-repletion); 162 (cross-sectional)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Renal handling (renal threshold, plasma levels, urinary leak) of vitamin C, not intestinal absorption; healthy depletion-repletion pharmacokinetic data are modelled thresholds only, with underlying PK data in figures and earlier publications.","conclusion":"Increased prevalence of vitamin C renal leak in diabetes is associated with reduced plasma vitamin C concentrations. Glycemic control, microvascular complications, obesity, and proteinuria are predictive of renal leak.","limitations":"renal excretion study, not intestinal absorption; cross-sectional single snapshot; healthy group young (18-35 y), small n=17; no oral dose absorption values reported; PK values for the depletion-repletion participants are figure-only (Fig. 2A, 2B)"},"35541949":{"pmid":"35541949","title":"Toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with vitamin C and casein phosphopeptides on gastric epithelium cells and the intestinal absorption of mice.","authors":"Gu T, Yao C, Zhang K, Li C, Ding L, Huang Y, Wu M, Wang Y","journal":"RSC advances","year":"2018","volume":"8","issue":"46","pages":"26078-26088","doi":"10.1039/c8ra03693d","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35541949/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"ex vivo everted gut sac model plus in vitro cytotoxicity","n":"10 mice","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption study is of Zn2+ dissolved from ZnO nanoparticles in everted mouse gut sacs; vitamin C is an additive that modifies Zn dissolution and uptake, not the absorbed analyte. Most of the paper is GES-1 cytotoxicity work.","conclusion":"VC is more powerful at controlling the synergistic toxic effect induced by ZnO NPs compared to the protective role of CPP in the combined systems.","limitations":"ex vivo mouse gut sac; n and concentrations for gut sac groups not stated in text; most values figure-only; text does not map 13.8 and 57.0 µg to groups; analyte is zinc, not vitamin C"},"35712877":{"pmid":"35712877","title":"Ascorbic acid can alleviate the degradation of levodopa and carbidopa induced by magnesium oxide.","authors":"Miyaue N, Kubo M, Nagai M","journal":"Brain and behavior","year":"2022","volume":"12","issue":"7","pages":"e2672","doi":"10.1002/brb3.2672","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712877/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"case study (single patient, two-condition) plus in vitro experiments","n":"1 patient","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Pharmacokinetics of levodopa (and in vitro stability of levodopa/carbidopa) with ascorbic acid and MgO; vitamin C is an interacting additive, not the absorbed analyte. Single patient plus in vitro.","conclusion":"AsA can mitigate the degradation of carbidopa induced by MgO and may contribute to improving the bioavailability of levodopa in patients with PD.","limitations":"single patient; carbidopa plasma not measured; carbidopa formulation only; mechanism unclear; analyte is levodopa not vitamin C"},"35750958":{"pmid":"35750958","title":"Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Intravenous Vitamin C: A Classic Pharmacokinetic Study.","authors":"Chen P, Reed G, Jiang J, Wang Y, Sunega J, Dong R, Ma Y, Esparham A, Ferrell R, Levine M, Drisko J, Chen Q","journal":"Clinical pharmacokinetics","year":"2022","volume":"61","issue":"9","pages":"1237-1249","doi":"10.1007/s40262-022-01142-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35750958/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, escalating-dose classic PK study (two parts)","n":"21 healthy; 12 oncology","status":"partial","statusNote":"Intravenous vitamin C pharmacokinetics (no oral absorption data); useful as IV reference for bioavailability. Extracted Tables 2-4 and text values.","conclusion":"IVC followed first-order pharmacokinetics up to 75 g and at up to 100 g had complete renal clearance in 24 h. IVC up to 100 g elicited no adverse effects or significant physiological/biochemical changes and appears to be safe.","limitations":"IV only, no oral absorption; small n (3 per dose); healthy and oncology cohorts differ in age; ESM sampling schedule not reviewed"},"35778632":{"pmid":"35778632","title":"Vitamin C Improves Dasatinib Concentrations Under Hypochlorhydric Conditions of the Simulated Stomach Duodenum Model.","authors":"Moghrabi FS, Aburub A, Fadda HM","journal":"Pharmaceutical research","year":"2022","volume":"39","issue":"9","pages":"2217-2226","doi":"10.1007/s11095-022-03321-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35778632/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"in vitro model, triplicate experiments","n":"3 replicates per condition","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"In vitro simulated stomach-duodenum model of dasatinib (and lamotrigine) concentrations; vitamin C (1000 mg) used to lower gastric pH, not the absorbed analyte. No human data.","conclusion":"Vitamin C provides a promising approach for improving bioavailability of poorly soluble, weakly basic drugs in hypochlorhydric patients.","limitations":"in vitro model; no human absorption; dasatinib not vitamin C is the analyte"},"36009299":{"pmid":"36009299","title":"Vitamin C Deficiency in Blood Samples of COVID-19 Patients.","authors":"Sinnberg T, Lichtensteiger C, Hill-Mündel K, Leischner C, Niessner H, Busch C, Renner O, Wyss N, Flatz L, Lauer UM, Hoelzle LE, Nohr D, Burkard M, Marongiu L, Venturelli S","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2022","volume":"11","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/antiox11081580","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009299/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Observational comparison of serum/plasma ascorbate, calcidiol, retinol and alpha-tocopherol in 74 COVID-19 patients vs 8 uninfected volunteers by disease severity; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"observational status study, no absorption/PK data"},"36145092":{"pmid":"36145092","title":"α-Tocopherol Pharmacokinetics in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: Benefits of Supplemental Vitamin C Administration.","authors":"Traber MG, Leonard SW, Vasu VT, Morrissey BM, Lei HJ, Atkinson J, Cross CE","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2022","volume":"14","issue":"18","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu14183717","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36145092/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (single-group, repeated measures before/after vitamin C; participants own controls)","n":"6","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary PK analyte is deuterated α-/γ-tocopherol (vitamin E) in CF patients; vitamin C (500 mg twice daily for 3.5 weeks) is the intervention, and its own plasma level is reported only as figure/approximate values. Absorption/PK data extracted for vitamin E with and without vitamin C.","conclusion":"Our major finding was that vitamin C potentiates the biological availability of vitamin E in the plasma compartment of CF patients with advanced but stable RT inflammatory disease.","limitations":"n = 6, no control group, fixed order (baseline then vitamin C); not randomized or blinded; one-sided paired t-tests; half-lives only in figure; vitamin C own absorption not characterized; participants not on CFTR modulators; plasma compartment only"},"36436457":{"pmid":"36436457","title":"SVCT2-mediated ascorbic acid uptake buffers stress responses via DNA hydroxymethylation reprogramming of S100 calcium-binding protein A4 gene.","authors":"Han QQ, Wu PF, Li YH, Cao Y, Chen JG, Wang F","journal":"Redox biology","year":"2022","volume":"58","issue":"","pages":"102543","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102543","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36436457/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal mechanistic/behavioral study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mouse depression/epigenetics mechanism study (SVCT2, DNA hydroxymethylation, S100A4). Ascorbic acid given IP (10, 100, 1000 mg/kg) as treatment; no PK/absorption study. Only incidental mPFC ascorbic acid level at 24 h after IP dose (Fig. 3B, figure-only; text: 52% ± 0.07% increase).","conclusion":"our results suggest that the deficits in endogenous homeostasis of ascorbic acid may bridge oxidative stress with epigenetic mechanisms underlying nutrition psychiatry.","limitations":"not a PK study; no plasma ascorbic acid measured"},"36615736":{"pmid":"36615736","title":"Effect of Diet and Supplementation on Serum Vitamin C Concentration and Antioxidant Activity in Dialysis Patients.","authors":"Bogacka A, Sobczak-Czynsz A, Balejko E, Heberlej A, Ciechanowski K","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2022","volume":"15","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu15010078","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36615736/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (non-randomized 5-group dietary/supplement intervention, 6 months)","n":"68","status":"partial","statusNote":"Dietary/supplement intervention study in hemodialysis patients; serum vitamin C concentrations by group, month, pre/post-HD (not a PK time-course). FRAP antioxidant activity, BMI, albumin, protein not extracted (not absorption outcomes).","conclusion":"The study shows that a well-chosen diet can slow the build-up of malnutrition and increase antioxidant activity in the blood of hemodialysis patients. Vitamin supplements with antioxidant activity can improve the antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients.","limitations":"small, unbalanced groups (n 6-25); non-randomized; group 4 combined multiple supplements; vitamin C form not stated; no PK time-course; significance tests not tabulated"},"36618066":{"pmid":"36618066","title":"Fortifying jelly foods with microencapsulated anti-anaemic compounds, ferrous gluconate, ascorbic acid and folic acid.","authors":"Handayani NA, Mulia K, Kartohardjono S, Krisanti EA","journal":"Journal of food science and technology","year":"2023","volume":"60","issue":"1","pages":"147-159","doi":"10.1007/s13197-022-05599-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36618066/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro characterisation and digestion model)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro (simulated digestion) study of chitosan-TPP microparticles loaded with ferrous gluconate, ascorbic acid and folic acid, and jelly foods fortified with them. Analyte is soluble ferrous iron; ascorbic acid is an enhancer (not measured itself). Most bioavailability values are figure-only.","conclusion":"The presence of AA, FA and FeG were found to enhance chitosan-TPP microparticles' ferrous bioavailability. Furthermore, fortified jelly foods' ferrous bioavailability increased more than fivefold compared to FeG-AA-FA microparticles.","limitations":"in vitro only; no human data; most values figure-only; no numeric ferrous bioavailability values printed in text or tables; ascorbic acid itself not quantified for absorption"},"36704315":{"pmid":"36704315","title":"Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Reduces the Ascorbic Acid Uptake in the Intestine.","authors":"Teafatiller T, Subramanya SB, Lambrecht N, Subramanian VS","journal":"Mediators of inflammation","year":"2023","volume":"2023","issue":"","pages":"2629262","doi":"10.1155/2023/2629262","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36704315/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal and cell experiments)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mouse in vivo/ex vivo and Caco-2 mechanistic study of intestinal 14C-ascorbic acid uptake (7 min jejunal sheets; 30 min Caco-2). Uptake values are shown only in figures; no numeric uptake values printed. Not a systemic PK study.","conclusion":"our investigations demonstrate that Salmonella infection decreases intestinal AA absorption, and this inhibitory effect is facilitated partially through proinflammatory cytokines which are induced as a result of Salmonella infection in an infected host.","limitations":"uptake values figure-only; small n (at least 3 sets of animals); no systemic PK; tissue uptake in jejunal sheets ex vivo; Caco-2 cell model"},"36786260":{"pmid":"36786260","title":"Baseline serum vitamin A and vitamin C levels and their association with disease severity in COVID-19 patients.","authors":"Yilmaz G, Bulut H, Ozden Omaygenc D, Akca A, Can E, Tuten N, Bestel A, Erdem B, Atmaca UO, Kara Y, Kaya E, Unsel M, Sahin AS, Salihoglu Z","journal":"Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis","year":"2023","volume":"94","issue":"1","pages":"e2023007","doi":"10.23750/abm.v94i1.13655","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36786260/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional observational study of baseline serum vitamin A and C in COVID-19 patients (n=53) vs healthy controls (n=26) and association with CT severity score and length of hospitalization; no supplementation or absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"COVID-19 patients had lower baseline serum Vitamin A and Vitamin C levels as compared to healthy controls. In subjects with COVID-19, Vitamin A and Vitamin C levels were negatively correlated with CT-SS and LOH.","limitations":"observational, no intervention"},"36859418":{"pmid":"36859418","title":"Effect of liposomal formulation of ascorbic acid on corneal permeability.","authors":"Csorba A, Katona G, Budai-Szűcs M, Balogh-Weiser D, Fadda AM, Caddeo C, Takács ÁI, Mátyus P, Balogh GT, Nagy ZZ","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2023","volume":"13","issue":"1","pages":"3448","doi":"10.1038/s41598-023-29290-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36859418/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"other (in vitro/ex vivo formulation comparison)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro (RED, corneal PAMPA) and ex vivo porcine cornea study of topical liposomal ascorbic acid (AA-LLipo) vs free AA (API) solution. Permeation/absorption results are figure-only; only stability numbers are printed. Not a systemic oral/IV PK study.","conclusion":"Both the modified in vitro corneal-PAMPA and ex vivo studies on porcine eyes showed that AA-LLipo can greatly improve the pharmacokinetic properties of ascorbic acid related to the eye, thus significantly increasing the accumulation of AA in the cornea","limitations":"ex vivo/in vitro only; ex vivo n = 3; permeation values figure-only; stat tests on n = 3; topical ocular route, not oral"},"36982151":{"pmid":"36982151","title":"Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on l-Arginine Metabolism in Adults with Long COVID: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Calvani R, Gervasoni J, Picca A, Ciciarello F, Galluzzo V, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Di Mario C, Gremese E, Lomuscio S, Paglionico AM, Santucci L, Tolusso B, Urbani A, Marini F, Marzetti E, Landi F, Tosato M","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2023","volume":"24","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms24065078","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36982151/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT (secondary analysis; placebo-controlled, parallel; NCT04947488)","n":"57 analysed in this report (46 long COVID + 11 controls)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Secondary analysis of RCT of L-arginine 1.66 g + liposomal vitamin C 500 mg twice daily vs placebo for 28 days in long COVID; measured serum L-arginine, citrulline, ornithine, methylarginines (fasting, baseline and day 28). Analyte is mainly L-arginine metabolism; vitamin C concentration not measured. Included for L-arginine circulating change after the combined supplement.","conclusion":"After 28-day supplementation with L-arginine plus vitamin C, serum L-arginine levels and L-arginine/ADMA ratio, a marker of NO biosynthetic capacity, increased relative to placebo.","limitations":"small, single-center; no dose-response or PK sampling (single fasting trough-type sample at day 28); vitamin C not measured; combination product so effect not attributable to vitamin C; diet/physical activity may influence concentrations"},"37003313":{"pmid":"37003313","title":"Elastic cationic liposomes for vitamin C delivery: Development, characterization and skin absorption study.","authors":"Caritá AC, Resende de Azevedo J, Chevalier Y, Arquier D, Buri MV, Riske KA, Ricci Leonardi G, Bolzinger MA","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2023","volume":"638","issue":"","pages":"122897","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122897","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37003313/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"other (in vitro Franz diffusion cell formulation comparison)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro Franz-cell skin absorption study of topical vitamin C in cationic conventional (CL) vs elastic (EL) liposomes vs aqueous control solution on full-thickness porcine skin. Skin layer/acceptor amounts are figure-only (Fig. 7); only encapsulation efficiencies are printed numerically. Species is porcine skin, not human (list said human).","conclusion":"Huge amounts of Vit C were significantly delivered from liposomes in each skin layer and the acceptor fluid compared to the control. The mechanism responsible for the enhanced skin delivery of Vit C seems related to interactions between Vit C and cationic lipids after deposition on skin rather than to liposome elasticity.","limitations":"in vitro porcine skin; skin values figure-only; topical route; n = 6; Fig. 7 legend states p < 0.5 (likely typographical)"},"37008410":{"pmid":"37008410","title":"Effects of acute strawberry consumption on serum levels of vitamin C and folic acid, the antioxidant potential of LDL and blood glucose response: a randomised cross-over controlled trial.","authors":"Kishimoto Y, Taguchi C, Iwashima T, Kobayashi T, Kikoku Y, Nishiyama H, Masuda Y, Kondo K","journal":"Journal of nutritional science","year":"2023","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"e39","doi":"10.1017/jns.2022.117","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37008410/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (placebo-controlled, double-blind)","n":"23","status":"complete","statusNote":"Vitamin C is a food-matrix (strawberry puree beverage) absorption study; time-course values for vitamin C and folate are figure-only except peak values in text.","conclusion":"In conclusion, a single intake of a strawberry beverage increased serum vitamin C and folate levels and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of LDL, and this can be expected to contribute to the health of women of childbearing age.","limitations":"values figure-only except peak; no pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, Cmax formal) reported; sponsor-affiliated authors; healthy young women only; MTHFR genotype not considered; food matrix, not isolated vitamin C"},"37229630":{"pmid":"37229630","title":"Vitamin C Urinary Loss in Fabry Disease: Clinical and Genomic Characteristics of Vitamin C Renal Leak.","authors":"Ebenuwa I, Violet PC, Padayatty SJ, Wang Y, Tu H, Wilkins KJ, Moore DF, Eck P, Schiffmann R, Levine M","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2023","volume":"153","issue":"7","pages":"1994-2003","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37229630/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"67","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional study of vitamin C renal leak (fasting plasma vs urinary vitamin C) in men with Fabry disease vs controls; no vitamin C supplement/food dose given, no absorption or PK of an administered dose. Controls were placed on a low-vitamin C diet (about 60 mg/day) for 3 weeks pre-admission. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"Increased prevalence of renal leak in adult men with Fabry disease may result from dysregulated vitamin C renal physiology and is associated with abnormal clinical outcomes and genomic variation.","limitations":"non-randomized, non-blinded; static single measurement"},"37264998":{"pmid":"37264998","title":"Vitamin C Urinary Loss and Deficiency in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Cross-sectional Study of Vitamin C Renal Leak in Women With HIV.","authors":"Ebenuwa I, Violet PC, Michel K, Padayatty SJ, Wang Y, Tu H, Wilkins KJ, Kassaye S, Levine M","journal":"Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","year":"2023","volume":"77","issue":"8","pages":"1157-1165","doi":"10.1093/cid/ciad333","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37264998/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"96","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional study of vitamin C renal leak (fasting plasma vs urinary vitamin C) in women with and without HIV; no vitamin C dose given, no absorption/PK of an administered dose. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"High prevalence of vitC renal leak in HIV was associated with vitC deficiency, ART use, and race/ethnicity differences.","limitations":"cross-sectional; snapshot measurement"},"37353533":{"pmid":"37353533","title":"Vitamin C injection improves antioxidant stress capacity through regulating blood metabolism in post-transit yak.","authors":"Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Fu L, Zhang L, Xu C, Loor JJ, Wang G, Zhang T, Dong X","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2023","volume":"13","issue":"1","pages":"10233","doi":"10.1038/s41598-023-36779-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37353533/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (yak, Bos grunnien)","design":"single-arm","n":"5","status":"partial","statusNote":"Intramuscular vitamin C injection in yaks; the only absorption-relevant outcome (serum vitamin C, VC_CON vs VC) is reported figure-only (Fig. 1) with P<0.001 in text. Biochemical/antioxidant/metabolomic outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"VC injections are able to modulate antioxidant levels by affecting differential changes in metabolism to resist oxidative stress generated by yaks during transport.","limitations":"n=5; no parallel control group; single post-injection timepoint (day 10); values figure-only; injection route, not oral absorption"},"37371658":{"pmid":"37371658","title":"Topical Application of No-Ozone Cold Plasma in Combination with Vitamin C Reduced Skin Redness and Pigmentation of UV-Irradiated Mice.","authors":"Nam SH, Choi JH, Kim GC","journal":"Biomedicines","year":"2023","volume":"11","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines11061563","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37371658/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mouse study of topical no-ozone cold plasma plus vitamin C on UVB-induced skin pigmentation/erythema (melanin and erythema index, histology). No vitamin C concentration, penetration or absorption was measured; absorption is only speculated in the Discussion. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"NCP does not cause histological damage to skin tissue, and the combinational treatment of NCP with Vt. C effectively reduced the pigmented skin of UVB-irradiated mice.","limitations":"no absorption measurement"},"37875282":{"pmid":"37875282","title":"Serum vitamin C status of people in New South Wales: retrospective analysis of findings at a public referral hospital.","authors":"Bhattacharyya P, Schemann K, Min SS, Sullivan DR, Fuller SJ","journal":"The Medical journal of Australia","year":"2023","volume":"219","issue":"10","pages":"475-481","doi":"10.5694/mja2.52132","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37875282/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"12934","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Retrospective observational analysis of serum vitamin C status (deficiency prevalence by age, sex, socio-economic status, remoteness) in NSW hospital test results; no supplement dose, absorption or PK. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"We found that vitamin C deficiency, particularly among people living in areas of lower socio-economic status and ...","limitations":"retrospective; test indication not recorded"},"38287211":{"pmid":"38287211","title":"Effects of vitamin C on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nimodipine in rats.","authors":"Meng XX, Nan GJ, Hu H, He JY, Li YZ, Yang GD","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2024","volume":"38","issue":"4","pages":"e5827","doi":"10.1002/bmc.5827","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287211/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Pharmacokinetic drug-interaction study in rats: PK of nimodipine (the measured analyte) with and without co-administered vitamin C (8.79 mg/kg). Vitamin C concentrations/absorption were not measured.","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic characteristics and pharmacodynamics of nimodipine were changed by vitamin C administration in rats. Vitamin C does not affect the activity of CYP450 in rat liver.","limitations":"n per PK group not stated; off-target analyte (nimodipine); variance type not stated; units inconsistent in Table 8; rat study, anesthetised animals"},"38344022":{"pmid":"38344022","title":"Higher serum ascorbic acid levels are associated with lower depression prevalence in US adults: a case-control study.","authors":"Chen M, Luo H, Han Y, Li Y, Zhou L, Ren X","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition","year":"2024","volume":"11","issue":"","pages":"1324835","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1324835","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38344022/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"1406","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"NHANES 2017-2018 case-control analysis of serum ascorbic acid vs depression prevalence; no supplement dose, absorption or PK. Data sections skipped per rules.","conclusion":"The results demonstrated a negative correlation between serum ascorbic acid levels and depression, indicating a significant association between higher serum ascorbic acid levels and a lower prevalence of depression.","limitations":"observational association"},"38892605":{"pmid":"38892605","title":"The Relation of Serum Vitamin C Concentrations with Alzheimer's Disease Mortality in a National Cohort of Community-Dwelling Elderly Adults.","authors":"Appiah D, Ingabire-Gasana E, Appiah L, Yang J","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2024","volume":"16","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu16111672","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38892605/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"4504","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Prospective observational NHANES III cohort relating baseline serum vitamin C tertiles to Alzheimer's disease mortality (Cox models). No supplement dosing, no absorption or pharmacokinetic outcomes.","conclusion":"The findings from this national sample of community-dwelling elderly adults suggest that higher levels of serum vitamin C are associated with slower AD disease progression, although levels beyond the normal reference values were associated with a higher risk of AD mortality.","limitations":"observational design; single baseline serum vitamin C measurement; not an absorption/PK study"},"39169551":{"pmid":"39169551","title":"Impact of thermal processing on polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetables and their cardiovascular benefits.","authors":"Narra F, Piragine E, Benedetti G, Ceccanti C, Florio M, Spezzini J, Troisi F, Giovannoni R, Martelli A, Guidi L","journal":"Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety","year":"2024","volume":"23","issue":"6","pages":"e13426","doi":"10.1111/1541-4337.13426","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39169551/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of how thermal processing affects polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates and ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular benefits. Not a primary absorption/PK study.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, not a primary study"},"39237620":{"pmid":"39237620","title":"Liposomal delivery enhances absorption of vitamin C into plasma and leukocytes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.","authors":"Purpura M, Jäger R, Godavarthi A, Bhaskarachar D, Tinsley GM","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2024","volume":"63","issue":"8","pages":"3037-3046","doi":"10.1007/s00394-024-03487-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39237620/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"27","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Liposomal vitamin C formulation (LipoVantage®) significantly increased plasma and leukocyte vitamin C levels compared to standard non-liposomal vitamin C and placebo.","limitations":"industry funded (Specnova); single 500 mg dose only; healthy adults only; Cmax/AUC variances very small relative to means; mean differences reported as percent; some values only in figures; baseline correction not stated; placebo values nonzero"},"39861409":{"pmid":"39861409","title":"Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults.","authors":"Calder PC, Kreider RB, McKay DL","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2025","volume":"17","issue":"2","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu17020279","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39861409/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (systematic review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic literature review of alternative vitamin C supplement forms (liposomal, buffered, slow-release) in healthy adults. Secondary source; primary studies are not extracted here.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, not a primary study"},"40196295":{"pmid":"40196295","title":"Implications of high-dose vitamin D(3) with and without vitamin C on bone mineralization and blood biochemical factors in broiler breeder hens and their offspring.","authors":"Kianfar R, Kanani R, Janmohammadi H, Olyaee M, Besharati M, Lackner M","journal":"PeerJ","year":"2025","volume":"13","issue":"","pages":"e18983","doi":"10.7717/peerj.18983","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40196295/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler breeder hens, Ross 308, and their offspring)","design":"other (completely randomized 2x2 factorial feeding trial, 6 replicates of 10 hens + 1 rooster)","n":"240 hens, 24 roosters","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Dietary efficacy trial in aging broiler breeder hens (vitamin D3 x vitamin C, 2x2) measuring tibia mineralization and serum biochemistry (Ca, PTH, ALP, 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, TAC). No vitamin C concentration or vitamin C absorption/PK outcome was measured.","conclusion":"In conclusion, giving hens 150 mg of vitamin C along with 5,500 IU of vitamin D3 leads to substantial improvements in the calcium content and structural integrity of their bones, and also boosts calcium and ash content in the carcasses of their offspring.","limitations":"animal feeding efficacy study, not PK; no vitamin C levels measured"},"40324687":{"pmid":"40324687","title":"Vitamin C reduces gastric pH in pharmacologically induced hypochlorhydria: A potential approach for mitigating pH-dependent drug-drug interactions of weak-base drugs.","authors":"Fadda HM, Shin A, Waseem MR, Camilleri M","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2025","volume":"114","issue":"12","pages":"103809","doi":"10.1016/j.xphs.2025.103809","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40324687/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pilot pharmacodynamic study of gastric pH after 1000 mg chewable ascorbic acid in omeprazole-treated healthy volunteers (aim: mitigating pH-dependent drug-drug interactions of weak-base drugs). Measured intragastric pH only; no vitamin C concentration or absorption/PK outcome.","conclusion":"Chewable AA tablets provide an effective and safe approach at transiently reducing gastric pH in individuals with PPI-induced hypochlorhydria.","limitations":"n=6; no vitamin C absorption/PK measured; pharmacodynamic gastric pH outcome only"},"40506693":{"pmid":"40506693","title":"Do Liposomal Vitamin C Formulations Have Improved Bioavailability? A Scoping Review Identifying Future Research Directions.","authors":"Carr AC","journal":"Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology","year":"2025","volume":"137","issue":"1","pages":"e70067","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70067","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40506693/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (scoping review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Scoping review of liposomal vitamin C bioavailability. Secondary source; primary studies are not extracted here.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, not a primary study"},"40508019":{"pmid":"40508019","title":"A Plant-Based Dietary Supplement Exhibits Significant Effects on Markers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Immune Response in Subjects Recovering from Respiratory Viral Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Study Using Vitamin C as a Positive Control.","authors":"Fink B, Hunter JM, Pietrzkowski Z, Fink R, Brunssen C, Morawietz H, Nemzer B","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2025","volume":"26","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms26115209","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40508019/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"28","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Randomized double-blind acute pharmacodynamic study of a plant-based blend (50 mg) vs 1000 mg vitamin C as positive control on ROS, NO and inflammatory markers in post-COVID-19 subjects. Vitamin C is a comparator; no vitamin C concentration or absorption/PK outcome was measured.","conclusion":"PB-Blend could be considered an alternative to, or to be used in tandem with Vitamin C in applications that promote immune support and recovery during seasons of heightened respiratory viral risk (e.g., 'flu season').","limitations":"industry funded; vitamin C only a comparator; no vitamin C PK measured"},"40583899":{"pmid":"40583899","title":"Development and characterization of vitamin C- vitamin E co-loaded microcapsules: Storage stability, antioxidant activity and in vitro release properties.","authors":"Hu T, Zhang J, Wu Y, Li X, Song H, An F, Luo P, Huang Q","journal":"Food chemistry: X","year":"2025","volume":"29","issue":"","pages":"102650","doi":"10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102650","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40583899/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison, triplicate experiments)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro study (simulated gastric/intestinal digestion, dialysis release and micellar bioaccessibility) of vitamin C in microcapsules vs free; no human or animal absorption. Storage stability, antioxidant and physicochemical outcomes not extracted as unrelated to absorption.","conclusion":"The co-loaded microcapsules exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity and achieved controlled intestinal release through combined diffusion-erosion mechanisms, resulting in 2.5-fold and 2.3-fold increases in bioavailability for VC and VE, respectively.","limitations":"in vitro only; 'bioavailability' is micellar fraction after simulated digestion; SD values not printed in text for release/bioavailability; release time-course values figure-only (Fig. 8A); dose/amount of vitamin C in digestion test not stated; abstract says bioavailability increased 2.51-fold, equals 85.08/33.89 but fold value recorded as printed"},"40628049":{"pmid":"40628049","title":"Vitamin C prevents nickel accumulation in rat brain through affecting its transport via serum albumin.","authors":"Parveen S, Rizvi A, Naseem I","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","year":"2025","volume":"777","issue":"","pages":"152314","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152314","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40628049/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal dosing study plus in vitro spectroscopy and in silico docking/MD)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat study plus in vitro/in silico work on how vitamin C (90 mg/L in drinking water) alters nickel accumulation in brain (AAS) and Ni2+ binding to human serum albumin. The measured analyte is nickel, not vitamin C; no vitamin C concentration or absorption/PK outcome.","conclusion":"Together, these results suggest that vitamin C modulates Ni2+ transport by altering its binding to HSA, which may partly explain its protective effect against nickel-induced neurotoxicity.","limitations":"measured analyte is nickel, not vitamin C; brain nickel values figure-only (Fig. 1); vitamin C PK not measured"},"40711144":{"pmid":"40711144","title":"Monitoring of Vitamin C Plasma Levels in a Reversible Model of Malabsorption Generated in Mice by Ebulin-f.","authors":"Arranz-Paraiso D, Rojo MA, Martin-Sabroso C, Cordoba-Diaz M, Girbés T, Garrosa M, Cordoba-Diaz D","journal":"Toxins","year":"2025","volume":"17","issue":"7","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/toxins17070333","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40711144/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups: control and ebulin-f at 1, 3, 22 days)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oral vitamin C PK in mice with ebulin-f induced reversible malabsorption model; fitted two-compartment model parameters only in Table 2; concentration-time data figure-only (Fig. 4).","conclusion":"Vitamin C absorption is significantly increased during intestinal damage (up to eightfold higher AUC at day 3), without affecting elimination kinetics, suggesting that changes in absorption are directly related to intestinal epithelial damage and regeneration.","limitations":"animal model; ebulin-f induced intestinal damage, not normal absorption; Units for Table 2 constants and AUC not printed; Fitted-model parameters; concentration-time data figure-only; AUC increase in damaged intestine interpreted as increased absorption; elimination saturation proposed by authors; Dose basis NR; fed/fasted NR"},"41228404":{"pmid":"41228404","title":"Comparative Bioavailability of Vitamin C After Short-Term Consumption of Raw Fruits and Vegetables and Their Juices: A Randomized Crossover Study.","authors":"Choi M, Baek J, Yun JM, Hong YS, Park E","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2025","volume":"17","issue":"21","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu17213331","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41228404/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"vitamin C from supplements, raw fruits and vegetables, or fruit and vegetable juices is efficiently absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations observed 2 h post-intake. Importantly, the juice group exhibited the highest plasma vitamin C levels and area under the curve (AUC), suggesting comparable or slightly enhanced bioavailability relative to the whole food form.","limitations":"small n (12); Cmax and Tmax not reported as numbers; concentrations figure-only; Urine units not printed; vitamin C measured as reduced ascorbic acid only (no DHA); dose of 101.7 mg is a measured/calculated food content; Abstract vs text inconsistency in juice AUC"},"41304796":{"pmid":"41304796","title":"Optimizing Oral Vitamin C Supplementation: Addressing Pharmacokinetic Challenges with Nutraceutical Formulation Approaches-A Mini Review.","authors":"Dhotre T, Thanawala S, Shah R","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2025","volume":"17","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17111458","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41304796/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative mini review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative mini review of vitamin C pharmacokinetics and formulation strategies (liposomal, esterified, nano-emulsion, sustained-release); no original data.","conclusion":"current evidence suggest that advanced formulation approaches, particularly sustained-release delivery, may help overcome these pharmacokinetic limitations, thereby supporting improved clinical utility of vitamin C supplementation.","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"41825658":{"pmid":"41825658","title":"Daily dietary vitamin C intake and chronic kidney disease prevalence in older adults: NHANES 1999-2018 and nomogram development.","authors":"Zeng L, Li X, Wang Y","journal":"Experimental gerontology","year":"2026","volume":"217","issue":"","pages":"113088","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2026.113088","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41825658/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"6540","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"NHANES 1999-2018 cross-sectional study of dietary vitamin C intake (24-h recall, excluding supplements) and CKD prevalence plus nomogram; no absorption, bioavailability or plasma/urine vitamin C measurement.","conclusion":"In this cross-sectional study of older adults, higher dietary vitamin C intake was inversely associated with CKD prevalence; the nomogram performed well and may aid risk assessment.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"41836641":{"pmid":"41836641","title":"Development and kinetic evaluation of vitamin C-loaded contact lenses prepared by a simple soaking technique.","authors":"Lutfhyansyah NR, Butt H","journal":"Frontiers in medical technology","year":"2026","volume":"8","issue":"","pages":"1759039","doi":"10.3389/fmedt.2026.1759039","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41836641/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release study, n=3 per lens type)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro release/stability study of vitamin C from contact lenses (ocular drug delivery); no absorption in a living system. Release data, kinetic fits and stability extracted.","conclusion":"The release kinetics of both lenses followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating a non-Fickian or anomalous transport mechanism governed by diffusion and polymer relaxation. Vitamin C stability was influenced by storage temperature and UV exposure, with refrigeration providing optimal preservation.","limitations":"in vitro only; n=3; not an oral absorption study; text/abstract values inconsistent with Table 3"},"42026670":{"pmid":"42026670","title":"Synthesis and efficacy of tetraacetyl vitamin C ester: a novel alternative to traditional vitamin C and sodium acetate in aquafeeds.","authors":"Li Y, Fu M, Yu L, Zhang Z, Xue Z, Huang L, Olsen RE, Yao Y, Yang Y, Ran C, Wang C, Ding Q, Zhou Z","journal":"Journal of animal science and biotechnology","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1186/s40104-026-01394-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42026670/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion plus animal feeding trials)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Prodrug (tetraacetyl vitamin C ester, TVCE) synthesis/efficacy paper in zebrafish and tilapia; no vitamin C absorption or PK measurement in animals. Only in vitro simulated intestinal digestion (hydrolysis) of TVCE is relevant and is largely figure-only.","conclusion":"TVCE effectively overcomes the stability and bioavailability issues of conventional VC and SA. In vivo studies demonstrated that TVCE significantly enhances growth performance, antioxidant status, and liver-intestine health in fish.","limitations":"no in vivo vitamin C absorption or plasma/tissue vitamin C measured; bioavailability claims are not supported by PK data; in vitro digestion largely figure-only"},"42066640":{"pmid":"42066640","title":"Associations of solute carrier family 23 member 1 (SLC23A1) rs6596473 genetic variant with serum vitamin C status and gut microbial profiles in healthy adults: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Sim M, Hwang GS, Shin DM, Jeong Y","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","year":"2026","volume":"61","issue":"","pages":"106669","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106669","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42066640/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational","n":"257","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional genotype study (SLC23A1 rs6596473) of fasting serum vitamin C status (optimal >=50 µM vs suboptimal <50 µM) and gut microbiota/SCFA in 257 healthy Korean adults; no vitamin C dosing, no PK or absorption measurement (absorption is only inferred by the authors from serum status). Overall mean serum vitamin C 53.5 ± 17.7 µM (Table 1) not extracted as an absorption result.","conclusion":"The SLC23A1 rs6596473 variant was associated with reduced vitamin C absorption into systemic circulation in the overall population; however, among individuals with suboptimal serum vitamin C status, it was associated with beneficial gut microbial profiles.","limitations":"no dosing or PK data; absorption is inferred from fasting serum status"},"42329551":{"pmid":"42329551","title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Vitamin C in Adults with Sepsis: A Sub-study of the LOVIT Trial.","authors":"Kanji S, Hernández-Mitre MP, Blain H, Adhikari NKJ, Lamontagne F, Battista MC, Ménard J, Sprague S, Masse MH, Roberts JA","journal":"Clinical pharmacokinetics","year":"2026","volume":"65","issue":"8","pages":"1205-1216","doi":"10.1007/s40262-026-01648-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42329551/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (population PK sub-study of a randomized placebo-controlled trial; only vitamin C arm sampled)","n":"161","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intravenous vitamin C population PK in septic ICU patients (LOVIT sub-study); IV route, on-target; no oral absorption data.","conclusion":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics are highly variable between individuals. Some of this variability can be explained by changes in glomerular filtration and APACHE II score as a measure of illness severity. Although non-survivors had greater vitamin C exposure than survivors, exposure was not independently associated with mortality.","limitations":"sparse sampling (single samples Days 1, 3, 7), one-compartment model; IV route only, critically ill septic patients; background nutritional vitamin C not modelled, feeding status not collected; mortality analysis underpowered; some authors received LOVIT funding"},"42378816":{"pmid":"42378816","title":"Fractionated high-dose vitamin c sustains higher plasma trough concentrations in advanced solid tumors: a phase I clinical study.","authors":"Yin Q, Wang Y, Wu H, Wang Q, Xu H, Long X, Peng J, Wu J, Zhou F, Yang L","journal":"Translational oncology","year":"2026","volume":"71","issue":"","pages":"102834","doi":"10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102834","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42378816/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label (single-center phase I, sequential cohorts)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intravenous high-dose vitamin C trough/peak concentrations by dosing regimen in cancer patients; IV route; no oral absorption.","conclusion":"In patients with advanced solid tumors, fractionated high-dose vitamin C (0.5 g/kg every 12 h) sustains higher trough plasma concentrations compared to once-daily dosing, with a favorable safety profile. Further dose escalation to 0.75 g/kg twice daily provides no additional benefit in trough concentration maintenance.","limitations":"n=6 per group, non-randomized sequential cohorts; only daily troughs and one post-infusion sample; no PK model, no half-life; no urine samples; multiple comparisons not corrected; IV only; units mg/dL; text contains unfilled placeholders (xxxxxx, NCTxxxxxx)"},"42506369":{"pmid":"42506369","title":"High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C in Critical Illness: A Translational Exposure-Response Framework for Biomarker-Guided Precision Therapy.","authors":"Bajić D, Andrijević L, Todorović N, Lalić-Popović M, Zarić B, Dimić S, Stojčević Maletić J, Lendak D, Milijašević B, Milošević N","journal":"Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"14","issue":"3","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/medsci14030400","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42506369/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of high-dose intravenous vitamin C in critical illness (exposure-response framework); no original data.","conclusion":"This review synthesizes current clinical and mechanistic evidence through an exposure–response conceptual framework, framing HDIVC as a context-dependent pharmacological intervention and advancing a shift toward biomarker-guided, precision-based therapeutic strategies in critical illness.","limitations":"review, no primary data"}},"rejected":[{"pmid":"10726851","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro ESR and spectrophotometric chemistry study of hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal chelation by EPC-K1 (ascorbic acid-tocopherol phosphate potassium salt); no absorption or pharmacokinetic data. Scanned PDF read from page images."},{"pmid":"10733873","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro chemical kinetics of S-nitrosoglutathione decomposition by L-ascorbic acid and Cu2+ producing nitric oxide in aqueous solution; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"10818270","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional comparison of endogenous plasma vitamin C and E concentrations in four wild-caught fish species (plus a temperature-stress experiment); no supplementation, dosing or absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"10924732","status":"not absorption-related","note":"RCT of 1 g/day ascorbic acid for 8 months on plasma lipoprotein(a); no plasma ascorbic acid concentrations or other absorption/PK values are reported (PAA used only for compliance/exclusion)."},{"pmid":"11019356","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational comparison of habitual dietary vitamin C intake and fasting plasma vitamin C status in adults with and without chronic physical disabilities; no supplement dosing or absorption/PK. Scanned PDF, read as page images (3 pages)."},{"pmid":"11068703","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Meta-analysis of 36 published studies modelling the vitamin C intake vs plasma concentration relationship (e.g. 42.4 umol/L at 60 mg/day, 50th percentile); no primary absorption/PK data. Pages 1-4 read; modelled estimates not extracted per rule 10."},{"pmid":"11379390","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational study of endogenous plasma vitamin C concentrations at 6, 13, 21 and 26 weeks in commercially fed growing pigs and their association with foreleg deformities; no vitamin C supplementation, dosing or absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"11666145","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Survey of endogenous (baseline) plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in 99 healthy, unsupplemented dogs of three breeds; no dosing or absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"12182914","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro antioxidant study of vitamin C and resveratrol on pig blood platelets (ROS, TBARS, conjugate dienes); no absorption, bioavailability or PK data."},{"pmid":"12452976","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Descriptive observational survey of endogenous ascorbic acid concentrations in camel plasma, tissues and urine; no supplement dose or absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"12589972","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional comparison of fasting serum alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid concentrations in Type 1/Type 2 diabetic patients with/without angiopathy vs healthy controls. No supplement dosing, absorption or pharmacokinetics."},{"pmid":"12697276","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional observational study relating plasma vitamin C, homocysteine, cholesterol etc. to MRI grey matter volume in 82 non-demented elderly people. No supplementation, absorption or PK."},{"pmid":"12792612","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Letter to the editor (J.X. Wilson) arguing dehydroascorbic acid is bioavailable; same PDF also includes a second letter (P.A. Murphy) on orange juice vitamin C stability and the start of the authors' response. No original absorption data."},{"pmid":"12792613","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Letter to the editor (J.X. Wilson) arguing dehydroascorbic acid is bioavailable, followed by the start of a second letter (P.A. Murphy) on orange juice vitamin C stability. One-page PDF (journal p.1222). No original absorption data."},{"pmid":"12869370","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat study of chronic oral vitamin C (150 mg/kg/day gavage, 4 wk) effects on arteriolar shear-stress responses, blood pressure and serum 8-isoprostane in methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia. Pharmacodynamic outcomes only; vitamin C concentrations were not measured."},{"pmid":"1297731","status":"review/non-primary","note":"4-page symposium review (Yamamoto and Muto) summarising the authors' prior rat and guinea pig work on L-ascorbic acid 2-O-alpha-glucoside (AA-2G); no new primary data tables; values cited from ref. 9, 10. Primary data not extracted."},{"pmid":"1297786","status":"review/non-primary","note":"4-page symposium review (Mayersohn) of vitamin C GI absorption and bioavailability in humans; data shown only in figures (Figs. 1-6) and cited from earlier studies. Primary data not extracted."},{"pmid":"1444054","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Methods/prerequisite study in 5 normal women: ascorbic acid vs dehydroascorbic acid in plasma/serum, protein binding (ultrafiltration), and sample stability in blood, plasma and urine. No dosing or absorption/PK data; authors state PK studies 'can now be undertaken'."},{"pmid":"14987276","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat experimental lathyrism model (beta-APN); ascorbic acid 100 mg/kg i.p. daily for 15 days assessed for effects on dermal collagen ultrastructure, epidermal thickness and serum IL-6/TNF-alpha. No ascorbic acid concentrations, absorption or PK data reported."},{"pmid":"15173412","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Absorption/PK study of oat phenolics (avenanthramides, phenolic acids) in hamsters after gavage. Vitamin C was only added in vitro to LDL oxidation assays; no vitamin C absorption/PK data. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"15309877","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational case-control study of plasma and esophageal mucosal vitamin C status in Barrett's esophagus patients vs matched controls; no supplement dose, absorption or PK measurement. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"15798814","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational cross-sectional comparison of serum ascorbate in falciparum malaria patients vs healthy controls; no supplementation (none within one week prior) and no absorption/PK measurement. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"15910173","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional comparison of oxidative damage markers (DNA, protein, lipid) between groups with plasma vitamin C below vs above 50 µmol/l; no supplementation, dose, or absorption/PK measurement. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"15919072","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Analytical method-development paper (TEMPO scavenging/ESR index of plasma antioxidant capacity due to ascorbate). Includes a small 1 g/day ascorbate supplementation experiment (8 days) but reports only the PR-T method index and ascorbyl radical, not ascorbate absorption/PK; data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"15925292","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Prospective cohort (Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging) of prediagnostic plasma vitamin C and prostate cancer risk; no intervention, absorption or PK measurement. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"1633869","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Plant biochemistry: transmembrane electron transport and b-type cytochrome in ascorbate-loaded bean plasma membrane vesicles. No supplement absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"16365924","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Environmental engineering: chemical absorption of NO2 gas by ascorbic acid and other reagents in a stirred reactor for flue gas desulfurization. Not supplement/nutrient absorption."},{"pmid":"16391586","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional observational analysis of determinants (age, sex, smoking, season, region, dietary intake) of baseline serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C and beta-carotene in 12,741 SU.VI.MAX volunteers before supplementation. No dosing, absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"16432551","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Hamster study of disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphate (DAPP, a phytostanol-ascorbate ester) on body weight, fecal energy output (intestinal energy absorption) and plasma triglycerides. Ascorbate or stanol absorption/PK not measured."},{"pmid":"16503229","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional nutritional status survey (dietary intake and fasting plasma concentrations of vitamins E, C, selenium, carotenoids) in 29 nonsupplemented children of Latino immigrants; no dosing, absorption or PK component."},{"pmid":"16807125","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Ex vivo rat aortic ring vascular reactivity study with 10 uM ascorbic acid added to bath; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data (bioavailability mentioned only for endothelium-derived nitric oxide)."},{"pmid":"16870019","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional epidemiological study (n=547 adults, Bavaria) relating plasma carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C levels to allergic rhinitis and sensitisation; plasma levels used as intake/absorption biomarkers only, no absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"16923215","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Br J Nutr 96:227-238) of skin bioavailability of dietary vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, zinc and selenium; no primary data."},{"pmid":"16925857","status":"not absorption-related","note":"EPIC-Norfolk nested case-control study (979 cases, 1794 controls) relating plasma ascorbic acid and CRP to coronary artery disease risk; no absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"17042385","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Survey of plasma vitamin C status in 15 dogs with portosystemic shunt; no supplementation, absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"17270164","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Physical chemistry study (stopped-flow spectrophotometry) of rate constants and activation energy for regeneration of vitamin E radical by ascorbate; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"17408529","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional study (252 men, 293 women aged 65+) of correlations between FFQ-assessed dietary intake and plasma carotenoids/vitamin C by BMI category; observational diet-biomarker correlation, no absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"17972538","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional observational study of habitual dietary vitamin C intake (questionnaire) versus fasting plasma vitamin C status and oxidative damage markers in 368 adults (mixed diet vs vegetarians); no dosing, no absorption/PK measurement. Intake-plasma relationship only (Tables 1-2)."},{"pmid":"17997863","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic review and meta-analysis (26 observational studies) of correlations between dietary vitamin C intake (FFQ, dietary recall, weight record) and plasma vitamin C; no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"18194676","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Ex vivo vascular pharmacology in renal hypertensive (2K-1C) vs normotensive rats: effect of vitamin C (100 µM added to bath) on relaxation to a ruthenium nitric oxide donor (TERPY), cytosolic Ca2+, NO and superoxide. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data for vitamin C."},{"pmid":"18234398","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional vitamin C status survey: plasma ascorbic acid in 117 parturients in Sao Paulo versus socioeconomic factors and a food-frequency score; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK."},{"pmid":"18663288","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Case-control study of serum alpha-tocopherol, retinol and ascorbic acid concentrations in 57 cataract patients vs 31 controls; status/association only, no supplement dosing, absorption or PK."},{"pmid":"1880267","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Calf housing (hutch vs metal pen) effects on plasma ascorbate, cortisol, IgG, IgM and KLH antibody titers in colostrum-deprived Holstein calves; no vitamin C supplement given and no absorption/PK of a dose measured."},{"pmid":"18827476","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional correlation study in 60 healthy older adults (20 men, 40 women) relating fasting serum homocysteine, cortisol, ascorbate and folate; no supplement administered and no absorption/PK measured. Participants excluded if on vitamin supplements within 2 months."},{"pmid":"19148586","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional comparison of fasting serum MDA, total antioxidant status and vitamin C in 57 cancer patients vs 22 healthy controls; no supplement administered and no absorption/PK measured."},{"pmid":"19675106","status":"not absorption-related","note":"NHANES 2003-2004 cross-sectional survey of serum total vitamin C distribution and deficiency prevalence (n=7277); no supplement administered and no absorption/PK measured."},{"pmid":"19692796","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Study 1: cross-sectional plasma vitamin C in PHN patients vs healthy controls (mean 4.6 vs 13.5 mg/L). Study 2: RCT of intravenous sodium ascorbate (50 mg/kg, days 1, 3, 5) for pain; plasma vitamin C only used as a status check (about 6.6 to 12.8 mg/L in ascorbate group). Intravenous route, so no absorption; efficacy outcome is pain scores."},{"pmid":"19744948","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Editorial (Cardiovasc Res 2009;84:178-179) commenting on Garry et al. on ascorbic acid and tetrahydrobiopterin potentiating EDHF vasodilation via hydrogen peroxide in arterial rings; no absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"20619666","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Purification and kinetic characterization of a plant (liverwort Pallavicinia lyelli) cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase enzyme; ascorbate is an enzyme substrate. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"20689595","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro study of CoQ10-deficient human fibroblasts treated with CoQ10, CoQ2, idebenone and vitamin C (5 uM); outcomes are bioenergetics (ATP), superoxide and cell death. Vitamin C uptake/absorption not measured; cellular CoQ10 levels after treatment shown in Fig. 2 only."},{"pmid":"20958954","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Fetal sheep study of i.v. melatonin or vitamin C effects on umbilical blood flow and NO dependence; outcomes are haemodynamic, no absorption or plasma/tissue vitamin C PK reported in the portions read."},{"pmid":"21174467","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Plant (Mexican Palo Verde) study of kinetin effects on chromium uptake/translocation and catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity; vitamin C not administered or absorbed."},{"pmid":"21344791","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Goat road-transport stress study; oral ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) used as a stress-mitigating pretreatment and outcomes are serum electrolytes (Cl, K, Na, Ca, P, Mg). No vitamin C absorption/PK measured. Text layer garbled; read from page images/OCR."},{"pmid":"21437178","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional epidemiological study (ELAN, Liege) relating lifestyle factors to plasma vitamin C and beta-carotene deficiency; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK measured."},{"pmid":"21571053","status":"off-target analyte","note":"In vitro (MDCK-MDR1, Caco-2, rat liver microsomes) permeability/uptake/metabolism of ascorbyl-succinic-saquinavir (vitamin C conjugated prodrug of the drug saquinavir) targeting SVCT; not vitamin C supplement absorption in a living subject."},{"pmid":"21622825","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Physiological/pharmacodynamic study of intradermal sodium ascorbate and systemic ascorbic acid infusion on cutaneous blood flow and hemodynamics in postural tachycardia syndrome; authors state plasma ascorbate was not measured. No absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"21825929","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Swine hemorrhagic shock model; lyophilized plasma reconstituted with ascorbic acid vs citric acid vs HCl; outcomes are cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF). No ascorbic acid absorption/PK measured."},{"pmid":"22127588","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat study of intravenous ascorbic acid (50 or 200 mg/kg) as nephroprotectant against colistin; the PK measured is that of colistin (clearance altered by AA), not ascorbic acid; also in vitro NRK-52E apoptosis. No ascorbic acid absorption/PK reported."},{"pmid":"22171153","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Case-control genetic association study (SLC23A2 variant, plasma vitamin C levels and glaucoma risk) in a Mediterranean population; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK."},{"pmid":"22371305","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat hindlimb-ischemia efficacy study of dietary BH4 + L-arginine + vitamin C (88.5 mg/kg/d); outcomes are eNOS, NOS activity, NOx, nitrotyrosine, GSH:GSSG, perfusion, angioscore and necrosis. No vitamin C absorption/PK/concentration data reported in text or tables (results largely in figures)."},{"pmid":"22522059","status":"not absorption-related","note":"HPLC assay-development paper for ascorbate in red blood cells (mouse, gulo-/- mouse, healthy humans, stored RBCs). No supplement dosing or absorption/PK; RBC vs plasma ascorbate relationship and storage loss are shown only in figures (Fig. 5, Fig. 6). Tables 1-5 are assay validation (precision, recovery)."},{"pmid":"23209991","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional comparison of plasma ascorbic acid and haematology in tobacco snuffers vs controls (Nigeria). No supplement dosing, absorption or PK. Table 1 plasma AA 1.7 vs 1.6 mg/100 ml (P=0.08) is a status measure only."},{"pmid":"23212846","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Revised version of the rat hindlimb-ischemia efficacy study of dietary BH4 + L-arginine + vitamin C (88.5 mg/kg/d). Outcomes are eNOS, NOS activity, NO, oxidant stress, perfusion, collaterals, necrosis. No vitamin C absorption/PK/concentration data."},{"pmid":"23401652","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Case-control genetic association study (SLC23A2, TTPA, SEC14L2/TAP, GPX4 polymorphisms) in primary open-angle glaucoma. Plasma vitamin C/E and GPx activity are fasting status biomarkers by genotype and case/control; no supplement dose, absorption or PK. SLC23A2 rs1279683 vs plasma vitamin C reported in Table 3 (status only, not extracted)."},{"pmid":"23525455","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Commentary/discussion article on vitamin C pharmacokinetic considerations for CMT1A trials; no new primary data. It quotes plasma values from other trials (about 100 uM; 106 uM) and Levine et al. PK conclusions secondhand."},{"pmid":"23621620","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Forum review article on parenteral ascorbate as a cancer therapeutic, summarising earlier PK work (Levine, Padayatty) and preclinical data. No new primary absorption data; values quoted are secondhand (oral vs IV plasma concentrations)."},{"pmid":"23708151","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat/cell-line study of Svct1/Svct2 mRNA expression under liver metabolic/oxidative stress (steatosis, diabetes, cholestasis); oral ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg/day for 1 week only used to test mRNA expression. No absorption/PK measurements (no plasma/serum AA, Cmax, AUC, bioavailability)."},{"pmid":"24074744","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Guinea pig dietary vitamin C dose-status study (100-1500 ppm, n=10/group) relating plasma ascorbate/DHA to plasma BH4 and BH2/BH4 ratio. Plasma vitamin C vs diet shown only in Fig. 2; no absorption/PK parameters. Outcome is biopterin redox status."},{"pmid":"24101870","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Mouse plasma pharmacokinetics of liposomal epirubicin (IV; AUC, t1/2, etc. of the anticancer drug epirubicin). Vitamin C (ascorbic acid/ammonium ascorbate) is only the liposome loading gradient, not an administered or measured supplement. No vitamin C absorption data."},{"pmid":"24140914","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro spectroscopic study (fluorescence, UV-vis, FT-IR) of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and proanthocyanidin binding to human serum albumin (quenching constants, binding sites, thermodynamics). No absorption or in vivo PK data."},{"pmid":"24169506","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Carr and Vissers, Nutrients 2013) of animal and human studies comparing synthetic vs food-derived vitamin C bioavailability; summarises other studies in tables, no new primary data. Primary human study by same group is PMID 24067392."},{"pmid":"24310979","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro biophysical study (isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence, UV-vis, FT-IR) of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol binding to bovine serum albumin. No absorption or in vivo PK data."},{"pmid":"24333161","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Mortensen and Lykkesfeldt, Nitric Oxide 2014) of ascorbate, tetrahydrobiopterin and eNOS/nitric oxide bioavailability; mechanistic, not an absorption/PK study. No primary absorption data."},{"pmid":"24428184","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional cohort association of fasting plasma antioxidant concentrations (incl. vitamin C) with leukocyte telomere length; no supplementation, absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"24631388","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational study of plasma vitamin C, ascorbyl free radical, MDA and vitamin E changes in 29 cardiac surgery patients on cardiopulmonary bypass; no supplementation given, no absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"24704973","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro enzymology/kinetic modelling of peroxidase-catalyzed nitric oxide consumption with ascorbate and thiocyanate in buffer and human plasma fractions; no supplementation, absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"25104819","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Single case report of glucometer interference after a 25 g IV ascorbic acid infusion before FDG PET/CT; no vitamin C concentrations measured in the patient. A literature-based statement (cited ref 3) on plasma concentrations after IV dosing is not an original measurement."},{"pmid":"25175624","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Nested case-control study (EPIC) of prediagnostic plasma micronutrients (incl. vitamin C) and pancreatic cancer risk; no supplementation, absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"25277418","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro HT29 multicellular-layer diffusion experiments and computer simulations of ascorbate tissue penetration/cellular uptake in tumor vs normal tissue; no in vivo absorption or supplement bioavailability data. Diffusion coefficients and cell-uptake model parameters (Table 1) not recorded as absorption data."},{"pmid":"25592017","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat (ODS) ascorbic acid deficiency model of endotoxin influx and liver inflammation; control diet 300 mg AsA/kg vs AsA-free diet. Only incidental tissue AsA status (Table 3: liver, spleen, ileum mg/g tissue) reported; no absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"25650433","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Laying-hen performance/stress/immune study of chromium-methionine and vitamin C (500 ppm) under high stocking density; outcomes are egg production, plasma metabolites, corticosterone, NDV antibody titers. No vitamin C or Cr absorption/PK/concentration data."},{"pmid":"25735881","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional observational study (GISELA) of fasting plasma vitamin C vs sex, fat-free mass and lifestyle in elderly (181 women, 89 men); no supplement dosing, absorption or PK data (status/determinants only)."},{"pmid":"26164552","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs of vitamin C supplementation on blood lipids (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG); not an absorption/PK study. Plasma vitamin C only appears as study baseline covariate."},{"pmid":"26537939","status":"not absorption-related","note":"EPIC-Norfolk observational cohort: dietary intake (7-d diary) and plasma vitamin C vs heel ultrasound (BUA/VOS) and hip/spine fracture risk; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"26779027","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of vitamin C pharmacokinetics (transporters, enterocyte uptake), neurophysiology and redox state in the brain; no original absorption data."},{"pmid":"26895453","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Prospective before-and-after study of hypovolaemia/dehydration (haemoglobin, haematocrit, albumin) after PEG plus ascorbic acid bowel preparation in elderly patients before colonoscopy; no ascorbic acid absorption or pharmacokinetic data reported."},{"pmid":"27363679","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Acute cheese/sodium microvascular function study; ascorbate was perfused locally by intradermal microdialysis as an antioxidant probe. No ascorbate absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"27434504","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional NHANES 2003-2004 study of associations between serum vitamin C concentration categories and spinal pain/functional limitations. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"27621254","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mechanistic study of left ventricular diastolic function and brachial FMD during intravenous ascorbic acid versus saline infusion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Ascorbic acid used as an antioxidant probe; no ascorbate concentration or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"27622937","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro formulation/physicochemical study of a BSA-pectin hydrogel as a vitamin C carrier. Reports encapsulation efficiency (65.31 ± 3.42%), in vitro dialysis release (SGF 25.11% at 6 h, 28.05% at 24 h; PBS 61.14% / 90.73%; SIF 80.17% / 95.81%) and storage retention (73.95% at 10 weeks). No human/animal absorption or PK data; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"28760081","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional survey of plasma/serum vitamin C status in 188 German seminar attendees (mean 7.98 mg/L, range 0.50-17.40; <5 mg/L in 31 (17.4%); <1.5 mg/L in 6 (3.3%)). No supplement dosing, absorption or PK data; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"29014744","status":"not absorption-related","note":"1948 observational note on plasma ascorbic acid levels in about 110 Indian subjects (healthy and several diseases; healthy mean 0.797 mg/100 c.c.). No supplement, dosing, absorption or PK data; data sections skipped. Table text layer is OCR-garbled (e.g. 124, 054) but irrelevant here."},{"pmid":"29104244","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Case-control genetic association study (391 POAG cases, 383 controls) of a glaucoma genetic risk score and its correlation with plasma vitamin C and E concentrations. No supplement dosing, absorption or PK data; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"29298528","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro/ex vivo chemistry study of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) formation with ascorbic acid or Resiston in buffer and human gastric aspirates; plus baseline ascorbate in mouse lung/liver homogenates. No ascorbic acid absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"30098859","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Prospective cohort (CARDIA) of serum carotenoids, tocopherols and ascorbic acid as dietary biomarkers and rapid kidney function decline; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"30128076","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Materials chemistry: hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dots from glucose, fructose and ascorbic acid, cytotoxicity in HeLa cells and doxorubicin loading; ascorbic acid is only a precursor material. No supplement absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"30174242","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Perspective/review article in Cancer Cell on ascorbate in cancer treatment, discussing IV ascorbate pharmacokinetics; no primary data."},{"pmid":"30350232","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK study of losartan carboxylic acid (LCA, a drug) delivered as an ascorbic acid ester conjugate (FED); ascorbic acid is used as a carrier, vitamin C absorption/bioavailability itself is not measured. Analyte is LCA."},{"pmid":"30687475","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Case-control comparison of diet, anthropometry and serum ascorbate in 8 NHL patients vs 8 controls; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK. Text gives control mean 0.32 mg/100 mL while Table 5 prints 0.537 (inconsistent)."},{"pmid":"30847340","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro physico-chemical characterisation (SEM, DSC, XRPD, FT-IR), DPPH antioxidant assay and cytotoxicity of betulinic acid + ascorbic acid cocrystals; no absorption or PK measurements. Bioavailability is only presumed."},{"pmid":"30876953","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Mouse PK of EGCG (not vitamin C) from PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles co-loaded with ascorbic acid as a stabilising antioxidant; ascorbic acid absorption/PK is not measured. Analyte is EGCG."},{"pmid":"30989610","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rabbit toxicology study of Cd and Hg effects on blood indices and thyroid hormones with vitamin C co-treatment; organ Cd/Hg concentrations measured, but vitamin C absorption/PK is not measured."},{"pmid":"31001107","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional study of plasma vitamin C status and cognitive performance in 80 adults; no dosing/absorption/PK study design. Self-reported supplement doses only used as covariates."},{"pmid":"31039080","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Ex vivo sample-handling stability study of ascorbate spiked into human blood (20 mM) and patient samples after IV pharmacological ascorbate; measures storage-related ascorbate loss, not absorption or PK."},{"pmid":"31295486","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro spectroscopic and modeling study of L-ascorbic acid binding to HSA, BSA and beta-lactoglobulin (binding constants, thermodynamics, loading efficacy 35-60%); no absorption or PK."},{"pmid":"31330149","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Randomized crossover of sucrose with/without 160 mg vitamin C on microvascular reactivity (NIRS) and plasma glucose/lactate; plasma vitamin C was not measured, so no vitamin C absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"31601028","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of vitamin C pharmacokinetics (SVCT transporters, dose-dependent absorption, distribution, elimination); no original data."},{"pmid":"31867990","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Forum review article (Antioxid Redox Signal) on ascorbic acid transport and ER function; PubMed type Review. No primary PK/absorption data."},{"pmid":"32306287","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Case-control study comparing serum CRP, MDA, vitamin C and trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) in 20 Bangladeshi RA patients vs 20 healthy controls; no supplementation, absorption or PK."},{"pmid":"32325408","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro spectroscopic/voltammetric study of vitamin C and aspirin binding to human serum albumin (binary and ternary systems); no absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements. Authors infer absorption effects from binding constants only."},{"pmid":"32450129","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study of intraperitoneal vitamin C (500/1000/2000 mg/kg) in a rat tMCAO stroke model (infarct volume, neurological score, BBB, apoptosis). No plasma or tissue vitamin C concentrations or PK reported."},{"pmid":"32535545","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review in Redox Biology (pubtype: Review) on interpretation of vitamin C clinical evidence; no primary absorption/PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"32973470","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Mini-review (Front Integr Neurosci 2020) on plasma/brain vitamin C, age, gender and cognition; no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"33038825","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Dietary AA (200 mg/kg) and/or betaine (2 g/kg) in heat-stressed male Japanese quails; outcomes are serum MDA, SOD, LH, FSH, testis histology and sperm quality. No ascorbic acid absorption or concentration measured."},{"pmid":"3304068","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Methods/status paper (Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987): HPLC measurement of ascorbic acid in plasma, platelets and leukocytes of six healthy males, no supplementation or absorption/PK data (baseline cell/plasma content only)."},{"pmid":"33143761","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of surgery effects on plasma/serum vitamin C concentrations; secondary synthesis, not an absorption/PK study."},{"pmid":"33466266","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Nutrients) of processing technologies effects on vitamin C content and bioavailability in fruit and vegetable products; no primary PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"33804775","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Cancers 2021) of preclinical evidence for high-dose IV vitamin C in cancer; no primary PK/absorption data extracted."},{"pmid":"34046404","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Antimalarial study (P. berghei mice, P. falciparum culture) of high-dose vitamin C; cellular [14C]-Vc uptake by infected RBCs/parasites is shown only in Fig. 2 (figure-only, relative CPM); no PK/absorption values printed in text."},{"pmid":"34354410","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Plant study: foliar ascorbic acid and salinity stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare); ion uptake by plants, not supplement absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"34368931","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Diagnostic validation study in ICU patients: point-of-care oxidation-reduction potential (sORP) used to estimate plasma vitamin C status; no supplement administration/absorption data."},{"pmid":"34679743","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational comparison of plasma/neutrophil/erythrocyte ascorbate in septic ICU patients (n=18) vs healthy controls (n=20) plus ex vivo neutrophil ascorbate/DHA uptake; no vitamin C supplementation or dosing given to participants, so no supplement absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"34790005","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Opinion review (World J Gastroenterol 2021). Table 1 re-presents lactulose urinary recovery (intestinal permeability, n=28 females) from the author's earlier study after 500 mg ascorbic acid and/or aspirin; this is permeability, not ascorbic acid absorption. No primary AA PK data."},{"pmid":"34841076","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Bioanalytical UHPLC-MS/MS method validation for milrinone and dobutamine in neonatal plasma; ascorbic acid is used only as a sample stabilizer, not administered as a supplement."},{"pmid":"35057040","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro formulation/characterization paper (PLGA-PEG nanoparticles co-loaded with Peganum harmala alkaloid-HPbetaCD complex and ascorbic acid; antibacterial and antiviral assays). No in vivo or human absorption/PK data. Only an in vitro dialysis release profile of ascorbic acid and HARF complex from nanoparticles (Section 3.2.2, Fig. 4): initial release 66.7 +/- 6.8% (AA) and 29.8 +/- 4.9% (HARF complex) in first 2 h; 76.6 +/- 1.3% (AA) and 64.6 +/- 3% (HARF complex) over 48 h (p.8-9)."},{"pmid":"35187020","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional NHANES 2017-2018 association study of serum vitamin C quartiles with NAFLD/MAFLD, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. No supplement dosing, absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"36009299","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational comparison of serum/plasma ascorbate, calcidiol, retinol and alpha-tocopherol in 74 COVID-19 patients vs 8 uninfected volunteers by disease severity; no supplement dosing, absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"36436457","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mouse depression/epigenetics mechanism study (SVCT2, DNA hydroxymethylation, S100A4). Ascorbic acid given IP (10, 100, 1000 mg/kg) as treatment; no PK/absorption study. Only incidental mPFC ascorbic acid level at 24 h after IP dose (Fig. 3B, figure-only; text: 52% ± 0.07% increase)."},{"pmid":"36786260","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional observational study of baseline serum vitamin A and C in COVID-19 patients (n=53) vs healthy controls (n=26) and association with CT severity score and length of hospitalization; no supplementation or absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"37229630","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional study of vitamin C renal leak (fasting plasma vs urinary vitamin C) in men with Fabry disease vs controls; no vitamin C supplement/food dose given, no absorption or PK of an administered dose. Controls were placed on a low-vitamin C diet (about 60 mg/day) for 3 weeks pre-admission. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"37264998","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional study of vitamin C renal leak (fasting plasma vs urinary vitamin C) in women with and without HIV; no vitamin C dose given, no absorption/PK of an administered dose. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"37371658","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mouse study of topical no-ozone cold plasma plus vitamin C on UVB-induced skin pigmentation/erythema (melanin and erythema index, histology). No vitamin C concentration, penetration or absorption was measured; absorption is only speculated in the Discussion. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"3767105","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Endogenous plasma and buffy coat ascorbic acid in Beagles before and after a 24-hour fast; no ascorbic acid was administered, so no absorption/PK of a supplement. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"37875282","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Retrospective observational analysis of serum vitamin C status (deficiency prevalence by age, sex, socio-economic status, remoteness) in NSW hospital test results; no supplement dose, absorption or PK. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"38344022","status":"not absorption-related","note":"NHANES 2017-2018 case-control analysis of serum ascorbic acid vs depression prevalence; no supplement dose, absorption or PK. Data sections skipped per rules."},{"pmid":"38892605","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Prospective observational NHANES III cohort relating baseline serum vitamin C tertiles to Alzheimer's disease mortality (Cox models). No supplement dosing, no absorption or pharmacokinetic outcomes."},{"pmid":"39169551","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of how thermal processing affects polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates and ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular benefits. Not a primary absorption/PK study."},{"pmid":"39861409","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic literature review of alternative vitamin C supplement forms (liposomal, buffered, slow-release) in healthy adults. Secondary source; primary studies are not extracted here."},{"pmid":"40196295","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Dietary efficacy trial in aging broiler breeder hens (vitamin D3 x vitamin C, 2x2) measuring tibia mineralization and serum biochemistry (Ca, PTH, ALP, 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, TAC). No vitamin C concentration or vitamin C absorption/PK outcome was measured."},{"pmid":"40324687","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pilot pharmacodynamic study of gastric pH after 1000 mg chewable ascorbic acid in omeprazole-treated healthy volunteers (aim: mitigating pH-dependent drug-drug interactions of weak-base drugs). Measured intragastric pH only; no vitamin C concentration or absorption/PK outcome."},{"pmid":"40506693","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Scoping review of liposomal vitamin C bioavailability. Secondary source; primary studies are not extracted here."},{"pmid":"40508019","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Randomized double-blind acute pharmacodynamic study of a plant-based blend (50 mg) vs 1000 mg vitamin C as positive control on ROS, NO and inflammatory markers in post-COVID-19 subjects. Vitamin C is a comparator; no vitamin C concentration or absorption/PK outcome was measured."},{"pmid":"40628049","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat study plus in vitro/in silico work on how vitamin C (90 mg/L in drinking water) alters nickel accumulation in brain (AAS) and Ni2+ binding to human serum albumin. The measured analyte is nickel, not vitamin C; no vitamin C concentration or absorption/PK outcome."},{"pmid":"41304796","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative mini review of vitamin C pharmacokinetics and formulation strategies (liposomal, esterified, nano-emulsion, sustained-release); no original data."},{"pmid":"41825658","status":"not absorption-related","note":"NHANES 1999-2018 cross-sectional study of dietary vitamin C intake (24-h recall, excluding supplements) and CKD prevalence plus nomogram; no absorption, bioavailability or plasma/urine vitamin C measurement."},{"pmid":"42066640","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional genotype study (SLC23A1 rs6596473) of fasting serum vitamin C status (optimal >=50 µM vs suboptimal <50 µM) and gut microbiota/SCFA in 257 healthy Korean adults; no vitamin C dosing, no PK or absorption measurement (absorption is only inferred by the authors from serum status). Overall mean serum vitamin C 53.5 ± 17.7 µM (Table 1) not extracted as an absorption result."},{"pmid":"42506369","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of high-dose intravenous vitamin C in critical illness (exposure-response framework); no original data."},{"pmid":"454083","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Letter to the editor and reply discussing mechanism of vitamin C absorption (active transport vs passive diffusion); no original PK data."},{"pmid":"479184","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Enzyme kinetics study (ascorbate oxidase and aspartate aminotransferase, 'enzymic memory'); ascorbate used as an enzyme substrate in vitro; no absorption/PK data. Read pages 1-4; pages 5-6 are discussion/references of the same enzymology."},{"pmid":"6402459","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rhesus monkey ocular toxicology study after intracarotid mannitol blood-brain barrier opening; endogenous aqueous humor ascorbate/protein concentrations measured (ocular active transport). No supplement dosing or absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"6742856","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro rabbit cartilage organ culture study of chondrocyte response to serum (PG and DNA synthesis) with ascorbate added as a culture supplement; no absorption/PK/uptake data for ascorbate."},{"pmid":"6825387","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Human PK study of misonidazole (2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizer) and its metabolite O-desmethylmisonidazole before/after 1 wk of phenytoin, phenobarbital or ascorbic acid (2 g/day by mouth). Ascorbic acid was the interacting drug; ascorbate absorption/plasma levels were not measured."},{"pmid":"6831833","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Human study measuring serum and urinary inorganic sulfate (and creatinine clearance) after oral acetaminophen, ascorbic acid (6 g) or sodium sulfate (9 g). Measured analyte is inorganic sulfate, not ascorbic acid; ascorbate levels were not measured."},{"pmid":"7343966","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Duckling dietary selenium/vitamin E study; plasma ascorbic acid measured only as an endogenous status outcome (no ascorbic acid administered; no effect of dietary treatment). No absorption or PK of vitamin C."},{"pmid":"7750288","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Vitamin C (1 g/day) was a co-administered interacting agent; the only measured analytes were levonorgestrel (LNG), SHBG, CBG and testosterone. No vitamin C absorption/PK measured. LNG results not extracted."},{"pmid":"7891365","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Rat study: HPLC assay for endogenous urinary ascorbic acid used as a biomarker of hepatic response to PCB 105/126. No ascorbic acid supplement was administered; no absorption/PK of a supplement."},{"pmid":"7951783","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional observational study of gold miners (smoking vs dust exposure); plasma vitamin C compared between groups. No supplement administered, no absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"7952068","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Analytical HPLC method paper for plasma ascorbic acid and uric acid; no supplement administration, no absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"8041179","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Vitamin C was not administered; study measures change in plasma vitamin C (and vitamin E, carotenoids) in cardiac surgery patients. Only vitamin E (300 mg dl-alpha-acetyl-tocopherol 3x daily, 4 weeks) was supplemented vs placebo. No vitamin C absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"8120658","status":"review/non-primary","note":"One-page erratum (J Nutr 1994) correcting units and tibia zinc values in Tables 3 and 5 of Aoyagi & Baker 1994; not the original paper."},{"pmid":"8261625","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational measurement of endogenous ascorbate in CSF and serum of controls and neurological patients (CSF/serum distribution, blood-CSF barrier). No vitamin C administered; no absorption/PK."},{"pmid":"8347682","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mouse malaria study of vitamin C redox metabolism in blood: endogenous plasma ascorbate/DHA and in vitro uptake/reduction of added DHA by blood cells. No oral/systemic supplement dosing, no absorption or bioavailability measures; key kinetic data are figure-only. Reviewer may reclassify as partial if in vitro cellular uptake is wanted."},{"pmid":"8479954","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Dietary ascorbic acid (0-3,000 ppm) effects on performance, plasma calcium, bone and eggshell quality in broilers and hens. No ascorbic acid concentration, absorption or PK measured."},{"pmid":"8491813","status":"not absorption-related","note":"HPLC method-development paper measuring baseline plasma ascorbic acid in healthy students and correlating with dietary fruit/vegetable score and DBH activity; no supplement dosing or absorption/PK. Reported baseline mean plasma ascorbic acid: males 0.86 +/- 0.36 mg/dl (n=20), females 1.01 +/- 0.30 mg/dl (n=20) (Table I); HPLC vs DCIP correlation r=0.714."},{"pmid":"8542656","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro assay-interference study: ascorbic acid spiked into control and plasma samples (0-1000 umol/l added) to test artefactual lowering of measured cholesterol/triglycerides. No absorption or PK data; ascorbic acid concentrations were not measured."},{"pmid":"8558291","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional correlational study in African-American adults (Seventh-Day Adventists) relating fasting plasma ascorbic acid and MDA to blood pressure and lipids; no supplement dosing or PK. Only plasma AA (n=102, Dallas) and dietary AA intake from FFQ reported; plasma AA unrelated to dietary AA intake in women and marginally in men (r = 0.36, P < 0.10)."},{"pmid":"8615361","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational/cross-sectional comparison of plasma total vitamin C, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in ICU patients vs healthy, gastritis and diabetes groups (HPLC); no controlled supplement dosing or PK. Medians (umol/L): ICU ascorbic acid 9.0, healthy 61.4. Patients on TPN (200 mg/d AA for avg 13 d) had plasma not significantly different from other ICU patients (Table 3, Discussion)."},{"pmid":"8800495","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional study of autoantibodies to cardiolipin and ox-LDL in smokers vs non-smokers, correlated with plasma vitamin C; no supplement dosing or absorption/PK (participants took no vitamin supplements). Plasma vitamin C (ug/ml, mean +/- SEM) smokers 9.3 +/- 0.4 vs non-smokers 11.3 +/- 0.4, P = 0.0012 (Table 1, text layer)."},{"pmid":"9174475","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional dietary-history study (837 French adults) relating serum beta-carotene and vitamin C to vegetable/fruit intake, age, BMI, alcohol, tobacco; no supplement dosing or absorption/PK. Serum vitamin C (umol/L): women 53.0 vs men 40.8 (text); correlations with fruit intake r=0.36 (Table 3)."},{"pmid":"9183328","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional descriptive study of dietary intake (7-day food records) and plasma vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene in 42 non-smoking coronary artery disease patients; no controlled dosing or PK. Dietary vitamin C intake correlated with plasma vitamin C (r=0.57, P<.0001, all subjects n=42; r=0.52, P=.002, multivitamin non-users n=33). Mean dietary vitamin C 89.1 +/- 12.4 mg/d per 1000 kcal (Table 1)."},{"pmid":"9356519","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Editorial (Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:1061-2) commenting on Blanchard et al. and Levine et al. vitamin C pharmacokinetic analyses; no primary data."},{"pmid":"946870","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Analytical chemistry study of L-ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid and diketogulonic acid content in fresh, frozen and pasteurized orange juice. No human or animal absorption/PK measurements despite 'bioavailability' in the title (refers to biologically active vitamin content)."},{"pmid":"9670346","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational case-control comparison of serum ascorbic acid status (hip fracture patients vs home-living elderly controls); no supplementation or absorption/PK measurement."},{"pmid":"9683399","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Observational cross-sectional survey of fasting plasma ascorbate and vitamin E concentrations in 150 Hong Kong Chinese; no supplementation, dosing or absorption/PK measurement."}],"indirect":[{"anchor":"indirect-ascorbic-acid-vs-food","a":"ascorbic-acid","b":"food","aLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","bLabel":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":false,"grade":"D","grade_basis":"non-overlapping ranges but <2 studies per form (single-study ranges)","head_to_head_grade":"A","note":"Head-to-head evidence exists and takes precedence over this indirect comparison.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Cmax","analyte":"vitamin c","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fed","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"no","units":"µmol/l","baseline_nr":false,"label":"","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":8,"range":[118,118],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"9868185","value":"118","units":"µmol/l","dose":"1250 mg","dose_basis":"active compound","n":"8","arm":"","location":"Results p.2386 para (Fig. 2)","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":6,"range":[66.1,66.1],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"15542351","value":"66.1","units":"µmol/l","dose":"500 mL/day (about 185 mg vitamin C/day; 36.1 mg per 100 mL)","dose_basis":"active compound","n":"6","arm":"","location":"Results p.603","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"ascorbic-acid","separated":true,"pmids":["15542351","9868185"]}],"pmids":["15542351","9868185"]}],"indirectUnavailable":[{"a":"ascorbic-acid","b":"calcium-ascorbate","aLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","bLabel":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on baseline-corrected"},{"a":"ascorbic-acid","b":"liposomal","aLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","bLabel":"Liposomal vitamin C","reason":"matched only within the same study"},{"a":"ascorbic-acid","b":"slow-release","aLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","bLabel":"Slow-release vitamin C","reason":"all arms come from the same studies (head-to-head only, see above)"},{"a":"calcium-ascorbate","b":"liposomal","aLabel":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","bLabel":"Liposomal vitamin C","reason":"matched only within the same study"},{"a":"calcium-ascorbate","b":"slow-release","aLabel":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","bLabel":"Slow-release vitamin C","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"calcium-ascorbate","b":"food","aLabel":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","bLabel":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on baseline-corrected"},{"a":"liposomal","b":"slow-release","aLabel":"Liposomal vitamin C","bLabel":"Slow-release vitamin C","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"liposomal","b":"food","aLabel":"Liposomal vitamin C","bLabel":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on AUC interval"},{"a":"slow-release","b":"food","aLabel":"Slow-release vitamin C","bLabel":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"}],"indirectMethod":"Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms.\nValues are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated,\nAUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form\nranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is\n'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C.\nRun after merge_bundle.py.","formGrades":{"ascorbic-acid":{"label":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","grade":"A","basis":"13 human studies, total n=111, 11 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":13,"total_n":111,"randomized":11,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["15380894","17622258","209065","21535602","22040889","24284610","33681596","36145092","39237620","41228404","7253837","9076405","9868185"]},"sodium-ascorbate":{"label":"Sodium ascorbate","grade":"D","basis":"animal/in vitro data only","studies":0},"calcium-ascorbate":{"label":"Calcium ascorbate / Ester-C","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=44, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":44,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["27512620","35498071"]},"liposomal":{"label":"Liposomal vitamin C","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=41, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":41,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["35498071","39237620"]},"slow-release":{"label":"Slow-release vitamin C","grade":"B","basis":"2 human studies, total n=19, 1 randomized/crossover; median CV 5.5% across 1 matched set(s) (consistent)","studies":2,"total_n":19,"randomized":1,"median_cv":5.5,"cv_sets":[{"set":"Tmax / total ascorbic acid / serum/plasma / fed / repeated /  / h","studies":["15380894","9076405"],"cv":5.5}],"pmids":["15380894","9076405"]},"food":{"label":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","grade":"B","basis":"5 human studies, total n=24, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":5,"total_n":24,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["12840179","15542351","21535602","24284610","25191543"]}},"headlineGrade":"A","rubric":"Rubric v2 (draft, pending reviewer): single-form human studies count.\n(1) Per-form 'absorption evidence' grade from human PK/absorption values of single-form arms:\n    studies, total n, design (randomized/crossover share), consistency = CV of per-study medians within\n    matched condition sets (same parameter, analyte, matrix [serum=plasma], fed, dosing, AUC interval, units; >=2 studies).\n    A: >=5 studies, total n >=100, >=2 randomized/crossover, and no evidence of inconsistency\n       (median CV <=100% across matched sets, or not evaluable because no matched set has >=2 studies; this is reported).\n    B: >=3 studies (or 2 studies with consistent matched values). C: 1-2 studies. D: animal/in vitro only.\n    Median CV <=50% = consistent; 50-100% = heterogeneous (reported, not penalized: dose, iron status and\n    population differ between studies); >100% = inconsistent, grade lowered one step.\n(2) Per pair: combine head-to-head (H2H) grade with matched single-form (indirect) evidence.\n    Indirect direction = form favored in matched sets whose ranges do not overlap (Tmax excluded).\n    Strong indirect: separated set(s) with >=3 studies per form (A-capable) or >=2 (B-capable), no contradicting set.\n    A: strong indirect (>=3/form) agreeing with H2H or no H2H, or H2H A not contradicted.\n    Conflict between H2H and indirect direction: one step below the better of the two (min D).\n    Comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C.\nValues are never computed into new estimates: CV is used only as a consistency check and is shown with its inputs.","headlineBasis":"best grade across this page's form absorption grades and form-comparison grades (rubric v2, draft)"},"indirect_comparisons":[{"anchor":"indirect-ascorbic-acid-vs-food","a":"ascorbic-acid","b":"food","aLabel":"Ascorbic acid (plain)","bLabel":"From food (kiwifruit, juice)","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":false,"grade":"D","grade_basis":"non-overlapping ranges but <2 studies per form (single-study ranges)","head_to_head_grade":"A","note":"Head-to-head evidence exists and takes precedence over this indirect comparison.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Cmax","analyte":"vitamin c","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fed","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"no","units":"µmol/l","baseline_nr":false,"label":"","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":8,"range":[118,118],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"9868185","value":"118","units":"µmol/l","dose":"1250 mg","dose_basis":"active compound","n":"8","arm":"","location":"Results p.2386 para (Fig. 2)","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":6,"range":[66.1,66.1],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"15542351","value":"66.1","units":"µmol/l","dose":"500 mL/day (about 185 mg vitamin C/day; 36.1 mg per 100 mL)","dose_basis":"active compound","n":"6","arm":"","location":"Results 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information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.","last_reviewed":null,"page_url":"https://supplementabsorption.com/vitamin-c?utm_source=chatgpt"}