{"slug":"quercetin","name":"Quercetin","csvName":"Quercetin","rank":27,"rankingBasis":"Added from Patrick's pull list 2026-10-31 (keyword demand sheet); second PDF bundle","rankingSourceUrl":"","commonForms":["Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","Isoquercetin / EMIQ (quercetin-3-glucoside)","Rutin","Quercetin phytosome","Micellar (LipoMicel)"],"forms":[{"slug":"aglycone","label":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","studyIds":["pmid-39961223","pmid-29168292","pmid-25025048","pmid-25280405","pmid-23094941","pmid-18241083","pmid-18716159","pmid-10832067","pmid-41724417","pmid-38330142","pmid-37672798","pmid-31771913","pmid-32104488","pmid-27515345","pmid-25058155","pmid-23902958","pmid-22584252","pmid-23139136","pmid-21846121","pmid-12631412","pmid-12737533","pmid-21776484","pmid-15907592","pmid-31191482","pmid-28165426","pmid-27301074","pmid-19446449","pmid-19903372"]},{"slug":"isoquercetin","label":"Isoquercetin / EMIQ (quercetin-3-glucoside)","studyIds":["pmid-37154870","pmid-27169837","pmid-20638359","pmid-10801919","pmid-15173420","pmid-41710065","pmid-39808370","pmid-40125927","pmid-39638918","pmid-34008400","pmid-31079173","pmid-30804434","pmid-30941276","pmid-29153998","pmid-29552082","pmid-27794607","pmid-23784089","pmid-24561179","pmid-23122060","pmid-19807098","pmid-19952424","pmid-18059045","pmid-16444288","pmid-16787048","pmid-15749994","pmid-15760736","pmid-12612151","pmid-12663055","pmid-12696973","pmid-11481403","pmid-20230651","pmid-9103284","pmid-39976905","pmid-22609526"]},{"slug":"rutin","label":"Rutin","studyIds":["pmid-20638359","pmid-12888197","pmid-11151743","pmid-12949368","pmid-41492379","pmid-39808370","pmid-24888486","pmid-21417279","pmid-21466223","pmid-19916501","pmid-19292474","pmid-19952424","pmid-18034749","pmid-16006787","pmid-12696973","pmid-11216481","pmid-9199494","pmid-25795488","pmid-23403185","pmid-22916908","pmid-20230651","pmid-22609526"]},{"slug":"phytosome","label":"Quercetin phytosome","studyIds":["pmid-30328058","pmid-32823976"]},{"slug":"micellar","label":"Micellar (LipoMicel)","studyIds":["pmid-37600550","pmid-36570285","pmid-41412433","pmid-40552152","pmid-35209106","pmid-33450917","pmid-29327653","pmid-30322273","pmid-30518853","pmid-29234675","pmid-27143878","pmid-25454664","pmid-19375897","pmid-42406229","pmid-37476826","pmid-27242199","pmid-26088982","pmid-39665312","pmid-34611857","pmid-35343862","pmid-35429932"]}],"pairs":[{"anchor":"isoquercetin-vs-aglycone","a":"isoquercetin","b":"aglycone","aLabel":"Isoquercetin / EMIQ (quercetin-3-glucoside)","bLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"phytosome-vs-aglycone","a":"phytosome","b":"aglycone","aLabel":"Quercetin phytosome","bLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"micellar-vs-aglycone","a":"micellar","b":"aglycone","aLabel":"Micellar (LipoMicel)","bLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"rutin-vs-aglycone","a":"rutin","b":"aglycone","aLabel":"Rutin","bLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}}],"studies":[{"id":"pmid-39961223","title":"Validation of a quantitation method for conjugated quercetin in human plasma.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"39961223","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2025.116738","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39961223/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39961223/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2025.116738","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A quantitative method was developed to analyze phase II metabolites of quercetin in human plasma and urine using appropriate reference standards. The method was validated, and applied to an actual clinical pharmacokinetic experiment testing over 700 specimens.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 4 Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The administration of solubilized QC-3R was approximately 10 times higher than that of quercetin (Fig. 5).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.4.2, Fig. 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"At both times, solubilized QC-3R ingestion showed approximately tenfold higher AUC compared to that of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.4.2; Fig. 5 caption","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41014182","title":"Microbiological and Pharmacokinetic Aspects of a Water-Soluble Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, EubioQuercetin: A Direct Comparison With Quercetin in In Vitro and Human Clinical Studies.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"41014182","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.70579","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41014182/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41014182/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.70579","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16 randomized (Fig. 2a); 15 participants stated in Results/Fig. 7","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (EubioQuercetin = quercetin-3-O-rutinoside formulation)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicate that the health benefits of conventional quercetin for humans can be greatly improved by making Q3R water-soluble with indigestible rutinose to enhance absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. AUClast (nM·h / 100 mg)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Cmax (nM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Tmax (h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the absorption of EubioQuercetin was approximately four to five times greater than that of conventional quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.1 p.7; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"with no significant differences","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.2 p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37154870","title":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin in soy protein temporarily enhanced the plasma amino-acid concentrations, antioxidant index, and plasma hormone levels: a randomized, double-blind cross-over trial.","year":"2023","journal":"Amino acids","pmid":"37154870","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00726-023-03267-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37154870/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37154870/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-023-03267-4","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 analysed (16 enrolled)","formsStudiedRaw":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ) with soy protein","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Supplement (EMIQ, enzymatically modified isoquercitrin) was given with soy protein; measured outcomes are plasma amino acids, antioxidant indices and testosterone/myostatin, not quercetin or EMIQ/metabolites. All numeric data are in figures.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"When ingested with soy protein, EMIQ significantly increased plasma TAA concentrations at 120 min after ingestion, and the effect was temporary. Ingestion of EMIQ also resulted in increased plasma testosterone concentrations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"there were no significant differences in the AUCs from 0 to 240 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC of the plasma testosterone concentration was significantly higher in the EMIQ group","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4A; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"concentrations ... 120 min after the ingestion of the test food were significantly higher in the EMIQ group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The BAP was significantly higher in the EMIQ group than in the placebo group (p = 0.026)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Fig. 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There were no significant differences in plasma myostatin concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Fig. 4B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37600550","title":"A Pharmacokinetic Study of Different Quercetin Formulations in Healthy Participants: A Diet-Controlled, Crossover, Single- and Multiple-Dose Pilot Study.","year":"2023","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","pmid":"37600550","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2023/9727539","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37600550/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37600550/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9727539","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10435304/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label crossover (randomization NR), single- and multiple-dose pilot","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone: standard capsule vs LipoMicel (LM) formulation","formTags":["micellar"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Data obtained from this in vivo study highlight Quercetin LipoMicel as a highly efficient formulation that considerably enhances the absorption of quercetin in the body, regardless of the administered dose.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC0–24 ranged from 77.3 to 1128.9 ng·h/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"LM 250 mg ... AUC0–24 ratio = 2.6 (255%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"up to 7 times better absorption (703%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"AUC0–24 ratio = 14.6 (1460%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"AUC0–24 ratio = 2.5; p = 0.914","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"approx. 3 times faster peak concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"statistically significant difference between the investigational LM 500 and 1000 and standard product (p < 0.001","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1-3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference between LM 250 and the standard product","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1-3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant differences in concentrations between quercetin conjugates (sulfate vs. methyl vs. GSH) were observed (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3, Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36102655","title":"Lowering effect of combined sweet potato and onion intake on plasma quercetin concentration and underlying mechanism involving intestinal β-glucosidase activity.","year":"2022","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","pmid":"36102655","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/bbb/zbac155","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36102655/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36102655/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbac155","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (human test-meal study; crossover status NR; plus in vitro rat intestinal beta-glucosidase experiment)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin glucosides from fried onion (Q4'G, Q3,4'diG)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the intake of sweet potato as a combined meal with onion lowers the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides from onion, probably because carbohydrate digestion products interfere with deglycosylation during epithelial uptake.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion/Conclusion p.1697","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a combined meal of sweet potato and fried onion significantly lowered the increase in plasma quercetin concentration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1696; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"these two meals did not affect the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides from the fried onion","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1696; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Glucose and maltose significantly suppressed the deglycosylation of Q3,4'diG","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1696; Fig. 2a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"fructose and galactose had no effect","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1696","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36570285","title":"Enhanced Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of a Natural Self-Emulsifying Reversible Hybrid-Hydrogel System of Quercetin: A Randomized Double-Blinded Comparative Crossover Study.","year":"2022","journal":"ACS omega","pmid":"36570285","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acsomega.2c05929","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36570285/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36570285/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05929","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9774360/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (hybrid-hydrogel formulation FQ-35 vs unformulated quercetin)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve estimation showed an 18.61-fold improvement in the bioavailability of free (unconjugated) forms and 62.08-fold higher for total quercetin bioavailability (sum of unconjugated and conjugated metabolites) compared to an equivalent dose of unformulated quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the average plasma concentration of quercetin was 62.08-fold higher (AUC0−24h = 1703.50 ng·h/mL) for FQ-35 compared to that of UQ (AUC0−24 h = 27.44 ng·h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.46828","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"compared to that of UQ (AUC0−24 h = 27.44 ng·h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.46828","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve estimation provided an 18.61-fold improvement in the bioavailability of free forms","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.46830; Abstract (18.6-fold)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"62.08-fold higher for total quercetin bioavailability compared to an equivalent dose of unformulated quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.46828; Discussion p.46830; Abstract (62-fold)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma quercetin concentration following the consumption of FQ-35 was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) at all the post-administration time points","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.46828 (Fig. 5B inset)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The t1/2 was also significantly extended to 4.98 ± 0.51 h for FQ-35 while that of UQ was 1.91 ± 0.41 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.46828","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"62.08-fold higher (AUC0−24h = 1703.50 ng·h/mL) for FQ-35 compared to that of UQ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.46828; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34311274","title":"Food frequency questionnaire is a valid assessment tool of quercetin and kaempferol intake in Iranian breast cancer patients according to plasma biomarkers.","year":"2021","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)","pmid":"34311274","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2021.06.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34311274/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34311274/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2021.06.004","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational (consecutive case series; FFQ validation against plasma biomarkers)","n":"140","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dietary intake; also kaempferol, isorhamnetin)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Findings on the accuracy of a diagnostic test could support FFQ as a reasonable nutritional tool to estimate the intake status of quercetin and kaempferol among Iranian breast cancer patients.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.11)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations of quercetin were moderately correlated with dietary intake of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 4.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"dietary intake of kaempferol did not show any correlations with plasma concentrations of kaempferol (rs = 0.09, P = 0.27)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations of kaempferol was observed higher among patients with ER-negative tumors (P < .05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32347270","title":"Prospective randomized trial evaluating blood and prostate tissue concentrations of green tea polyphenols and quercetin in men with prostate cancer.","year":"2020","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"32347270","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d0fo00565g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32347270/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32347270/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo00565g","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8312236/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"31","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (400 mg capsule, plus green tea extract in both arms)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"800 mg of Q supplementation combined with 1000 mg of GTE for 4 weeks did not result in a significant increase in EGCG and ECG concentrations or a decrease in methylated GTPs in prostate tissue as compared to men receiving placebo with GTE.","source":"fulltext","location":"Concluding remarks p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma Q concentrations were significantly increased 12 to 14-fold at T = 0 and T = 2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Q and isorhamnetin concentration was significantly higher in prostate tissue in men consuming GT + Q compared to GT + PL","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1B; Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The two hour plasma concentration of EGC showed a trend towards a greater increase from baseline in participants consuming GT + Q","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"There was no difference in prostate EGCG or ECG concentration between the GT + Q and GT + PL groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1A; Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30328058","title":"Improved Oral Absorption of Quercetin from Quercetin Phytosome®, a New Delivery System Based on Food Grade Lecithin.","year":"2019","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","pmid":"30328058","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13318-018-0517-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30328058/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30328058/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-018-0517-3","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6418071/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (unformulated) vs Quercetin Phytosome (lecithin formulation)","formTags":["phytosome"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, a new safe formulation of quercetin, Quercetin Phytosome, was successfully developed and validated in human healthy volunteers. The application of this new quercetin formulation overcomes the low bioavailability hurdle of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.175","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"1 tablet (250 mg) and 2 tablets (250 mg each) of Quercetin Phytosome led to maximum quercetin concentrations of about 100 ng/mL and 170 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.173","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"maximum quercetin concentrations of about 100 ng/mL and 170 ng/mL, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.173","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in quercetin absorption when using the lecithin formulation rather than the unformulated quercetin at the same dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.173","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"with the values of Cmax and AUC half those seen with the highest dose, implying the presence of a dose-dependent relationship","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.174","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29168292","title":"Evaluation of the effect of quercetin treatment on CYP2C9 enzyme activity of diclofenac in healthy human volunteers.","year":"2018","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","pmid":"29168292","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/ptr.5978","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168292/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168292/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5978","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, 2-period, single-sequence (control then quercetin phase)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (Jarrow Formulas 500 mg capsules)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analytes are diclofenac and 4-hydroxydiclofenac; quercetin (500 mg bid x10 d) is the interacting agent and quercetin concentrations were not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results suggest that the altered pharmacokinetics of DIC might be attributed to quercetin mediated inhibition of CYP2C9 enzyme. Thus, there is a potential pharmacokinetic interaction present between quercetin and DIC.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Treatment with quercetin significantly enhanced maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC0-∞), and half life","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax and AUC0-∞ of 4-hydroxydiclofenac were decreased after quercetin treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was no significant change was observed in tmax of DIC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30344649","title":"Comparative bio-accessibility, bioavailability and bioequivalence of quercetin, apigenin, glucoraphanin and carotenoids from freeze-dried vegetables incorporated into a baked snack versus minimally processed vegetables: Evidence from in vitro models and a human bioavailability study.","year":"2018","journal":"Journal of functional foods","pmid":"30344649","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.035","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30344649/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30344649/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.035","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6189524/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (un-blinded) human study, plus in vitro digestion and Caco-2 experiments","n":"21 randomised; 19 completed per protocol","formsStudiedRaw":"quercetin (from freeze-dried onion in a baked potato-based snack vs microwave-steamed vegetable meal)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We have shown that significant quantities of freeze-dried vegetables can be incorporated into snacks with good retention of phytochemicals and with similar bioavailability to equivalent steamed vegetables.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"urinary levels of apigenin, glucoraphanin, quercetin and their metabolites, were not significantly different between the baked snack product and the comparator","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"only isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide levels significantly differed (p = 0.02)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the baked snack product was on average 30.6% lower than the comparator vegetable meal","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 (p.7); Discussion p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The snack meal released 10.0 ± 2.0 mg of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences (all p > 0.05) in the rate of uptake of either quercetin or apigenin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences in Papp values for quercetin or apigenin between the snack and vegetable mix matrices","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Papp values for quercetin and apigenin from both the snack product and the vegetable mix were significantly lower than for the media-only matrix","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26482244","title":"Higher plasma quercetin levels following oral administration of an onion skin extract compared with pure quercetin dihydrate in humans.","year":"2017","journal":"European journal of nutrition","pmid":"26482244","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-015-1084-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26482244/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26482244/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1084-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single-blind, diet-controlled)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin dihydrate vs onion skin extract powder)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The bioavailability of quercetin aglycone administered as hard capsules filled with natural onion skin extract powder was greater than that from capsules containing quercetin dihydrate powder and solid excipients in humans. The systemic availability of quercetin did not differ between men and women.","source":"fulltext","location":"Strengths and limitations (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"inter-individual variability of Cmax values ... was 67.4 % for onion skin extract powder","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.348","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"and 18.3 % for quercetin dihydrate","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.348","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"systemic availability of quercetin was 4.8 times greater","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax ... 5.4 times higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tmax did not differ significantly between the two treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plasma kinetics ... were not affected by sex","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.349","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27423432","title":"No effects of quercetin from onion skin extract on serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-)hypertension: a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial.","year":"2017","journal":"European journal of nutrition","pmid":"27423432","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-016-1267-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27423432/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27423432/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1267-0","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"70 randomized; 68 analysed","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (onion skin extract)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A supra-nutritional dose of 162 mg/d quercetin from onion skin extract for 6 weeks is safe but without significant effects on parameters of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation as well as glucose and insulin in overweight-to-obese subjects with (pre-)hypertension.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"relative increase, 1149.6 %; P < 0.0001","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2268","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26785820","title":"Quercetin lowers plasma uric acid in pre-hyperuricaemic males: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial.","year":"2016","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"26785820","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S0007114515005310","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26785820/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26785820/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515005310","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"22 analysed (23 randomised, 1 withdrawn)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dihydrate aglycone tablet, 500 mg stated)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Daily supplementation of 500 mg quercetin, containing the bioavailable amount of quercetin as present in approximately 100 g red onions, for 4 weeks, significantly reduces elevated plasma uric acid concentrations in healthy males.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"24-h urinary excretion of quercetin was 0·810 (SD 0·704) µmol during quercetin treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.803 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"and 0·200 (SD 0·366) µmol during placebo treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.803 para 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27169837","title":"Acute effects of quercetin-3-O-glucoside on endothelial function and blood pressure: a randomized dose-response study.","year":"2016","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"27169837","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3945/ajcn.116.131268","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27169837/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27169837/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.131268","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"15","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside, isoquercetin)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"From these results, we conclude that there are no acute changes in BP or the NO-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation of the brachial artery with doses of quercetin ranging from 50 to 400 mg in healthy men and women.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant difference between treatment groups for free quercetin (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"and isorhamnetin (P = 0.007)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*Significantly different from the control treatment (P < 0.05; Tukey's adjustment for multiple comparisons)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28847395","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin in humans and the influence of food matrix comparing quercetin capsules and different apple sources.","year":"2016","journal":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","pmid":"28847395","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2016.02.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28847395/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28847395/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.02.013","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dihydrate capsule, apple peel extract capsules, vacuum impregnated apple chips, apple peel)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present work indicated an equal increase in quercetin and total flavonol plasma concentrations, after administration of apple glycosides containing vacuum impregnated apple chip snacks, apple peel extract capsules or apple peel.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion, final paragraph (p.164)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–1440 min: 104 ± 24 μmol·min∙L−1","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–1440 min: 87 ± 27 μmol∙min∙L−1","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"observed AUC(0–1440 min) range after supplementations were 38.1 μmol∗min∗L−1–192.1 μmol∗min∗L−1 for enriched apple chips","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.162 (Section 3, last paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"observed AUC(0–1440 min) range after supplementations were 12.8 μmol∗min∗L−1–88.3 μmol∗min∗L−1 for apple peel","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.162 (Section 3, last paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"observed AUC(0–1440 min) range after supplementations were 23.5 μmol∗min∗L−1–196.5 μmol∗min∗L−1 for apple peel extract capsules","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.162 (Section 3, last paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"observed AUC(0–1440 min) range after supplementations were 21.7 μmol∗min∗L−1–86.7 μmol∗min∗L−1 for quercetin capsule control treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.162 (Section 3, last paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tmax was the slowest after quercetin capsule treatment for the quercetin plasma concentration (p = 0,017) compared to apple peel extract capsules","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tmax of the apple peel extract capsules (p = 0,013) and vacuum impregnated apple chips (p = 0,043) treatments were reached earlier","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences in terms of the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC0–1440 min) or maximum plasma peak concentrations (cmax)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25832541","title":"Comparison of the urinary excretion of quercetin glycosides from red onion and aglycone from dietary supplements in healthy subjects: a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over study.","year":"2015","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"25832541","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c5fo00155b","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25832541/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25832541/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00155b","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single-blind, two-period, two-sequence)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone dihydrate tablet) vs red onion (glycosides)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This means that, in practice, 166 mg of quercetin supplement would be comparable to about 10 mg of quercetin aglycone equivalents from onion.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"1.17 ± 0.44 µmol","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.1446","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"1.69 ± 0.79 µmol","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.1446","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"0.065 ± 0.024%","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1447","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"1.08 ± 0.51%","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1447","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant difference in quercetin excretion was observed within subject (P = 0.065, paired t test) or between treatments (P = 0.189, independent t test, n = 6)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1446; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly different when compared by percentage dose (P < 0.0001, paired t test, 1.08 ± 0.51% and 0.065 ± 0.024%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1447","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25865751","title":"Simultaneous ingestion of high-methoxy pectin from apple can enhance absorption of quercetin in human subjects.","year":"2015","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"25865751","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S0007114515000537","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25865751/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25865751/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515000537","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (Expt I); fixed-order within-subject (Expts II, III)","n":"19 (Expt I); 6 (Expt II); 6 (Expt III)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone supplement with/without apple pectin","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results elucidated that apple pectin immediately enhanced quercetin absorption in human subjects, and that its enhancing effect was dependent on the dose and degree of pectin methylation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"(0·46 %)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"sum of both excretion rates after ingestion of the PEC drink (1·05 %) was significantly higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"0·43, 0·60 and 0·71 %","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"(0·44 %)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"(0·70 %) did not significantly correspond to that after ingestion of the NP drink (P = 0·06)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The sum ... after ingestion of the HMP drink was 0·93 %","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"sum of both excretion rates after ingestion of the PEC drink (1·05 %) was significantly higher than that after ingestion of the NP drink (0·46 %)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference in the sum of the excretion levels between the LP and HP drinks, they were significantly higher than those after ingestion of the NP drink","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534; Fig. 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"2·13-fold significantly higher than that after ingestion of the NP drink (0·44 %)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1534; Fig. 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26375490","title":"Effect of Processed Onions on the Plasma Concentration of Quercetin in Rats and Humans.","year":"2015","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"26375490","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.13079","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26375490/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26375490/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13079","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human and rodent (rats)","design":"parallel groups in rats (n=5 per group); human comparison of two onion peel products","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone and glucosides from onion peel/bulb products)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin glucosides are better or at least equally bioavailable as QA, when they are provided as supplements without a food matrix. Nevertheless, the use of a food matrix improves the accessibility of QA, resulting in the higher bioavailability of onion products. It is unlikely that food processing will affect the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides when provided as onion bulb products.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increase of total quercetin ... through the intake of the quercetin glucosides mixture was significantly higher than that of the intake of QA","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1A; Results p.2600","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference was found in their plasma concentrations at 4 and 8 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2600","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"peel powder-containing meal provided a significantly higher increase of plasma concentration of quercetin compared with the other 4 meals at each time period tested","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2; Results p.2601","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant difference was observed ... among the 4 onion product-containing meals","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2600-2601","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The concentration from the ingestion of peel powder was significantly higher than that of the peel extract","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3; Results p.2601","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23963751","title":"Exposure of breastfed infants to quercetin after consumption of a single meal rich in quercetin by their mothers.","year":"2014","journal":"Molecular nutrition & food research","pmid":"23963751","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201200773","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23963751/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23963751/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200773","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label","n":"11","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (onion soup, mostly quercetin glucosides)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Q was shown to be a component of human milk at the nmol/L level. Infants breastfed by mothers consuming a diet rich in Q are exposed to a dose of approximately 0.01 mg of Q daily.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax = 68 ± 8.44 nmol/L concentration of Q in the milk was calculated for Tmax = 11.89 ± 3.37 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"within the first 24-h postexposure the volunteers eliminated between 1.09 and 3.42% of the ingested dose in their urine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p. 224","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly different (p = 0.007) from 40 nmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"(p = 0.016) from 42 nmol/L of Q concentration before and 48 h after the test","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25025048","title":"Quercetin significantly inhibits the metabolism of caffeine, a substrate of cytochrome P450 1A2 unrelated to CYP1A2*1C  (-2964G>A) and *1F (734C>A) gene polymorphisms.","year":"2014","journal":"BioMed research international","pmid":"25025048","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2014/405071","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25025048/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25025048/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/405071","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4082882/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2 treatment phases, fixed order described: caffeine alone then quercetin pretreatment)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (GNC Quercetin 500, 500 mg capsules)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Quercetin-caffeine herb-drug interaction/pharmacogenetic study in humans; plasma caffeine and paraxanthine were measured, not quercetin. Quercetin plasma levels not reported. Data recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin significantly inhibits the caffeine metabolism, which is unrelated to CYP1A2*1C (-2964G>A) and *1F (734C>A) gene polymorphisms.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax and AUC(0-24 h) values of paraxanthine were decreased by 18.2% [95% CI, 7.5%-29.5%] (P = 0.032) and 17.6%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"As for caffeine, no significant differences in Cmax, AUC(0-24 h), Tmax, and t1/2 were observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Results para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"we failed to find any significant difference in the inhibition degree on MR between the two genotype groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25280405","title":"Quercetin bioavailability is associated with inadequate plasma vitamin C status and greater plasma endotoxin in adults.","year":"2014","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","pmid":"25280405","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.032","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25280405/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25280405/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.032","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"16","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings suggest that vitamin C status and plasma endotoxin may be associated with interindividual variations in quercetin bioavailability. Greater quercetin absorption and bioavailability may be associated with poor vitamin C status and increased intestinal permeability in healthy adults.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Plasma quercetin Cmax in the lowest responder (0.43 mmol/L)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results (PK para)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma vitamin C concentrations were inversely correlated to Qtotal AUC0 to 24 h and Cmax","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma endotoxin ... was correlated to Qtotal Cmax (r = 0.45; P < 0.05) and tended to be correlated to Qtotal AUC0 to 24 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21680781","title":"Effect of quercetin on CYP3A activity in Chinese healthy participants.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"21680781","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1177/0091270011406278","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680781/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680781/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270011406278","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (open, 2-period)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin 500 mg/day (interaction with midazolam)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Human drug-interaction crossover: measured analytes are midazolam and 1-OH-midazolam (CYP3A probe), not quercetin. Quercetin plasma levels not measured. Midazolam data recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, quercetin significantly induced CYP3A activity to substrate midazolam, and the induction was partly related to the CYP3A5 genotype, being more prominent in CYP3A5*1/*1 and CYP3A5*1/*3 individuals.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly decreased the AUC0-∞ of midazolam (165.46 ± 47.15 ng·h/mL vs 211.84 ± 75.80 ng·h/mL, P < .01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax had no significant change","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In CYP3A5*3/*3 individuals, the activity of CYP3A had no significant change.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21774840","title":"Enriched cereal bars are more effective in increasing plasma quercetin compared with quercetin from powder-filled hard capsules.","year":"2012","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"21774840","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S0007114511003242","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21774840/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21774840/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511003242","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single-blinded, diet-controlled pilot)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone; onion-skin-extract cereal bars vs quercetin dihydrate capsules)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, quercetin from quercetin-enriched cereal bars is significantly more bioavailable than from quercetin powder-filled hard capsules.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Inter-individual variability of cmax values for plasma quercetin was 24·6 % (cereal bars) and 25·0 % (capsules).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The systemic availability ... was found to be five times ... higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"cmax six times higher after ingestion of 130 mg quercetin by quercetin-enriched cereal bars","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tmax did not differ significantly between the two treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma concentrations differ significantly over time between the two treatment groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 caption","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22114872","title":"Inhibition of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 by quercetin: an in vitro and in vivo assessment.","year":"2012","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"22114872","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04150.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22114872/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22114872/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04150.x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3403202/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two-phase, placebo-controlled)","n":"16","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin 500 mg/day (interaction with pravastatin)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Human drug-interaction crossover and in vitro OATP1B1 study. Measured PK analyte is pravastatin (OATP1B1 probe), not quercetin; authors state they did not examine quercetin pharmacokinetics. In vitro Ki/IC50 inhibition values (OATP1B1 uptake) not extracted as absorption data.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings suggest that quercetin inhibits the OATP1B1-mediated transport of E3S and pravastatin in vitro and also has a modest inhibitory influence on the pharmacokinetics of pravastatin in healthy Chinese-Han male volunteers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin increased the pravastatin AUC(0,10 h) ... to 24% (95% CI 15, 32%, P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"with no change in the time to reach Cmax (tmax)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22439822","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin absorption from apples and onions in healthy humans.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"22439822","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf3001857","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22439822/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22439822/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3001857","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16 completed (21 initially recruited)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (food-source glycosides from apple peel powder, onion powder, or mixture; ~100 mg quercetin aglycone equivalents)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Consumption of the OP led to faster absorption, higher concentration, and greater bioavailability as compared to the AP. Importantly, we have demonstrated that mixing food sources of quercetin can alter the pharmacokinetics of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Conclusion p.3880","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Consumption of the OP resulted in Cmax = 273.2 ± 93.7 ng/mL, tmax = 2.0 ± 1.7 h, and t1/2 = 14.8 ± 4.8 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of quercetin for the 16 subjects ranged between 52.8 and 74.7 ng/mL (95% confidence interval) after AP consumption","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3880","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"between 227.2 and 319.1 ng/mL after OP consumption","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3880","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"and between 114.1 and 158.9 ng/mL after MP consumption","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3880","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"peak plasma isorhamnetin concentrations were reached at almost the same time (∼3 h after intake of AP and/or OP)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3880","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"gender did not affect the relative bioavailability of quercetin (AUC0−24 h) when given as the AP (868 ± 311 ng·h/mL for females and 932 ± 641 ng·h/mL for males)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3880","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"In 25% of the subjects, the peak concentrations were achieved by 0.5 h after consumption of OP","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3880","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"4.3- and 2.1-fold higher after consumption of OP and a MP, respectively (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3879","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly greater in OP (AUC0−24 h of 2340 ng·h/mL) than that of AP (AUC0−24 h of 843 ng·h/mL) (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3879","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22867437","title":"UHPLC-(ESI)QTOF MS/MS profiling of quercetin metabolites in human plasma postconsumption of applesauce enriched with apple peel and onion.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"22867437","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf302637t","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22867437/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22867437/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf302637t","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (food-source glycosides from apple peel or onion; ~180 µmol quercetin glycosides)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The complement of quercetin metabolites identified in plasma is similar following consumption of AP and OP; however, the AUC0−24 h for all quercetin metabolites was greater after the consumption of OP than after consumption of AP.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and Discussion, last paragraph p.8519","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"significantly higher in the OP (AUC0−24 h = 3283.1 ± 1665.3 ng·h/mL) as compared with the AP (AUC0−24 h = 155.1 ± 179.7 ng·h/mL) (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.8518","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"average tmax values of methyl quercetin glucuronide (5.2 ± 1.1 h) and methyl quercetin diglucuronide (6.0 ± 0.0 h) ... three-sequential","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8518","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"tmax of methyl quercetin glucuronide 1.4 ± 0.5 h and tmax of methyl quercetin diglucuronide 2.1 ± 1.2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8518","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the AUC0−24 h for females (4,258.5 ± 2,066.5) was greater than the AUC0−24 h for males (2,551.6 ± 820.5) but not significantly (calculated P = 0.053)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8519","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"levels were significantly greater in females than in males postconsumption of OP (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 7; Results p.8519","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The pharmacokinetic parameters between OP and AP were significantly different (Figure 5; Table 2).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The time to reach the tmax of all quercetin metabolites was not significantly different between the AP and OP treatment groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8518","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin sulfate and quercetin glucuronide sulfate, which were significantly greater in females than in males (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8519","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22935338","title":"Acute, quercetin-induced reductions in blood pressure in hypertensive individuals are not secondary to lower plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or endothelin-1: nitric oxide.","year":"2012","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)","pmid":"22935338","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22935338/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22935338/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.018","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover (both groups)","n":"17 (5 normotensive + 12 hypertensive)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone (1095 mg)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A single dose of Q aglycone reduces BP in hypertensive men through a mechanism that is independent of changes in ACE activity, ET-1, or nitric oxide bioavailability and without affecting vascular reactivity.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"resulted in maximal plasma Q (2.3 ± 1.8 μmol/L) at approximately 10 hours","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"evokes Cmax at 10 hours and elevates plasma Q for at least 13 hours","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Methods 2.2; Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma Q increased(0.6 ± 0.4 vs. 0.05 ± 0.02 μmol/L), and mean BP decreased ... both P < .05","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23094941","title":"Comparison of quercetin pharmacokinetics following oral supplementation in humans.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"23094941","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02934.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23094941/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23094941/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02934.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"parallel (randomized to 1 of 3 carriers, 6 per group); single dose","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone 500 mg","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Similar absorption profiles were observed among RealFX Q-Plus chews, First Strike Bars, and the quercetin fortified Tang suspension, suggesting that these delivery vehicles are equally effective at elevating plasma quercetin and suitable for use in future human clinical trials.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.H237","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Data are shown as means ± SEM (standard error of mean).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"approximately 2849 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.H235","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"approximately 270 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.H235","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"approximately 1578 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.H235","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"approximately 374 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.H235","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"approximately 682 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.H235","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"approximately 89 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.H235","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no statistical differences (P > 0.05) were observed in absorption profile of quercetin among the 3 carrier systems","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.H235-H236","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20125185","title":"Relative bioavailability of the flavonoids quercetin, hesperetin and naringenin given simultaneously through diet.","year":"2010","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"20125185","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2010.6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20125185/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20125185/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.6","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (from apple juice component of a 'juice mix'; about 60% monoglycosides, 25% aglycone, <15% rutinosides)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the current study confirms a lower urinary excretion of quercetin compared with naringenin and hesperetin. The study furthermore shows that the significantly lower urinary excretion of quercetin is not due to a low bioavailability of quercetin, but rather reflects the different clearance mechanisms of this flavonoid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and discussion, p.434","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC0-48h, and thus the bioavailabilities of these flavonoids, is similar","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.433","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC0-48h of naringenin was significantly higher than that for quercetin and hesperetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 (footnote d); Results p.433","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly lower urinary excretion of quercetin (1.5±1%) compared with hesperetin (14.2±9.1%) and naringenin (22.6±11.5%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 (footnotes b,c); Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20528005","title":"Steady-State pharmacokinetics and tolerability of trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily with food, quercetin and alcohol (ethanol) in healthy human subjects.","year":"2010","journal":"Clinical pharmacokinetics","pmid":"20528005","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2165/11531820-000000000-00000","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20528005/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20528005/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2165/11531820-000000000-00000","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, single-arm, within-subject control (two periods)","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as co-administered; measured compound is trans-resveratrol)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is trans-resveratrol; quercetin (500 mg twice daily) is a co-administered interaction agent. Quercetin plasma levels were not measured. PK of resveratrol extracted for completeness.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily resulted in adequate exposure and was well tolerated by healthy subjects, although diarrhoea was frequently observed. In order to maximize trans-resveratrol exposure, it should be taken with a standard breakfast and not with a high-fat meal. Furthermore, combined intake with quercetin or alcohol did not influence trans-resveratrol exposure.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The high-fat breakfast significantly decreased the AUC12 and Cmax by 45% and 46%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the tmax was prolonged to 5 hours with a high-fat breakfast on day 8 compared with 3 hours","source":"fulltext","location":"Table I; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Coadministration of quercetin 500 mg twice daily did not change the pharmacokinetics of trans-resveratrol.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20638359","title":"alpha-Oligoglucosylation of a sugar moiety enhances the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in humans.","year":"2010","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","pmid":"20638359","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20638359/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20638359/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.036","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (time-course: 5 volunteers; 'cross-over study'); second experiment 5 volunteers (3 male, 2 female)","n":"5 (time-course; 4 for rutin) and 5 (experiment 2); plasma metabolite profiling in 7 volunteers","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin glycosides (EMIQ, isoquercitrin/Q3G, rutin, Q3,4'diG, aglycone)","formTags":["isoquercetin","rutin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These data indicated that enzymatic α-oligoglucosylation to the sugar moiety is effective for enhancing the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in humans.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax, Tmax and AUC, were 1.84 ± 0.34 µM, 1.8 ± 0.3 h and 5.99 ± 0.86 µM. h, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.95 (top)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC of quercetin metabolites was apparently increased in the order, rutin < Q3G < EMIQ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.95","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"EMIQ resulted in the highest level among these aglycone and quercetin glucosides (P < 0.01).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.95; Fig. 6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19402938","title":"Quercetin reduces systolic blood pressure and plasma oxidised low-density lipoprotein concentrations in overweight subjects with a high-cardiovascular disease risk phenotype: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study.","year":"2009","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"19402938","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S0007114509359127","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19402938/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19402938/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509359127","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"93 analysed (96 enrolled)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin dihydrate capsules)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"quercetin reduced SBP and plasma oxidised LDL concentrations in overweight subjects with a high-CVD risk phenotype.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Change during quercetin treatment was significantly different from that during placebo treatment (P<0.001; inter-group comparison; Mann-Whitney U test).","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18241083","title":"Quercetin pharmacokinetics in humans.","year":"2008","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","pmid":"18241083","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bdd.605","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18241083/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18241083/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdd.605","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone (Quercetin-500 Plus capsules)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This represents the first comprehensive evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and enterohepatic recirculation of quercetin in humans.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax values for the quercetin aglycone and quercetin conjugated metabolites were 15.39 ng/ml and 447.8 ng/ml, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.210","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the average peak plasma concentration of total quercetin for 10 subjects was 463 ng/ml at 3.5 h (arithmetic mean)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.214","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The CL/F (mean ± SD) in male ... and in female ... were not significantly different.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.210","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18424596","title":"Quercetin from shallots (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) is more bioavailable than its glucosides.","year":"2008","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"18424596","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/138.5.885","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18424596/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18424596/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.5.885","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"When provided along with dietary sources, quercetin aglycone is more bioavailable than its glucosides in humans. Results point to the food matrix as a key factor.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the Cmax was ;3 times higher than after shallot flesh intake (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"was 47.23 ± 7.53 µmol·h-1·L-1 and was significantly higher than that after shallot flesh intake","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"it ranged between 0.56 µmol/L and 1.90 µmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.886","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"after dry skin intake after 3 h it ranged from 2.16 µmol/L to 8.21 µmol/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.886","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC for dry skin rich in quercetin aglycone was over twice as much","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not differ after intake of shallot dry skin and flesh","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.887","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher between 0.5 h and 8 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.886; Fig. 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18716159","title":"Daily quercetin supplementation dose-dependently increases plasma quercetin concentrations in healthy humans.","year":"2008","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"18716159","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/138.9.1615","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18716159/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18716159/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.9.1615","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"35 (36 recruited and completed; 1 excluded retrospectively)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone dihydrate capsules)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, daily supplementation of healthy humans with graded concentrations of quercetin for 2 wk dose-dependently increased plasma quercetin concentrations but did not affect antioxidant status, oxidized LDL, inflammation, or metabolism.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Median maximum plasma concentrations of quercetin (431 nmol/L) were observed 360 min after intake of 150 mg quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"maximal plasma quercetin concentrations were significantly higher than after ingestion of 50 mg quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.1619","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the rate of absorption did not differ significantly between the 3 quercetin dosages","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The median AUC from 0 to 1440 min was 4 times higher after administration of 150 mg than after 50 mg","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1619","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P < 0.01 for all","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16800769","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin from berries and the diet.","year":"2006","journal":"Nutrition and cancer","pmid":"16800769","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1207/s15327914nc5401_3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16800769/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16800769/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc5401_3","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review of 3 interventions: partial crossover; randomized parallel; randomized parallel controlled diet)","n":"Int.1: 20 selected (3 dropped out); Int.2: 40 (20+20) analysed for quercetin; Int.3: 80 recruited, 3 dropped (n=77)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (from berries/black currant juice/diet)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results showed that plasma quercetin is bioavailable from a diet containing berries and indicate that it may be a good biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake in general.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma quercetin was significantly higher in the berry group compared with the control group during berry consumption","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the result was statistically nonsignificant, likely because of the small number of subjects","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Consumption of the juice with a rice cake had no effect on serum quercetin concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.15; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16869998","title":"Absorption, excretion and metabolite profiling of methyl-, glucuronyl-, glucosyl- and sulpho-conjugates of quercetin in human plasma and urine after ingestion of onions.","year":"2006","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"16869998","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn20061809","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16869998/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16869998/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20061809","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin glucosides (fried onions)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"If these samples had been subjected to hydrolysis, as in many previous studies, only quercetin and isorhamnetin would have been detected and quantified. The bioactivity of these metabolites should be considered.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Total urinary excretion of quercetin metabolites was 12.9 µmol, corresponding to 4.7 % of intake","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.112","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"92 % of the urinary flavonol metabolites were excreted within the first 8 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.112","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16945047","title":"Effect of quercetin on the plasma and intracellular concentrations of saquinavir in healthy adults.","year":"2006","journal":"Pharmacotherapy","pmid":"16945047","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1592/phco.26.9.1255","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16945047/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16945047/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.26.9.1255","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (500 mg capsules)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Drug-interaction PK study: measured analyte is saquinavir (plasma and PBMC), not quercetin; quercetin was the coadministered modulator (500 mg TID) and its own concentrations were not measured. Saquinavir values recorded for context.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin coadministration did not influence plasma saquinavir concentrations. Because of substantial inter- and intrasubject variability, more study is necessary to determine if saquinavir intracellular concentrations are altered by coadministration of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"None of the pharmacokinetic parameters (Table 1) for saquinavir were found to be significantly different","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1258; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"None of the intracellular pharmacokinetic parameters (Table 2) for saquinavir were statistically significantly different","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1259; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14969553","title":"Urinary and plasma levels of resveratrol and quercetin in humans, mice, and rats after ingestion of pure compounds and grape juice.","year":"2004","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"14969553","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf030582e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14969553/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14969553/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030582e","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"3 humans; mice 5/10/15/20","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (pure aglycone and as grape juice constituent)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The study demonstrates that the glycoside forms of resveratrol and quercetin in grape juice are absorbed to a lesser extent than the aglycones.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"levels of resveratrol and quercetin were evident in the human urine samples after enzyme hydrolysis, which only accounted for less than 1% of the ingested dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.940","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"cumulative amount of quercetin excreted by mice receiving 18.4 and 36.8% grape juice amounted to 0.4 and 1 µg","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.940","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the glycoside forms of resveratrol and quercetin in grape juice are absorbed to a lesser extent than the aglycones","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12548295","title":"Consumption of black currants, lingonberries and bilberries increases serum quercetin concentrations.","year":"2003","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"12548295","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601513","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12548295/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12548295/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601513","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized parallel dietary intervention","n":"40 (of 60 randomized into 3 groups; berry and control groups analysed)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (from berries: black currants, lingonberries, bilberries)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicate that the berries used in this study are a good source of bioavailable quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P = 0.039 ANCOVA with repeated measures","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"differences were significant at 4 weeks (P = 0.034) and 8 weeks (P = 0.046)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12756216","title":"Absorption/metabolism of sulforaphane and quercetin, and regulation of phase II enzymes, in human jejunum in vivo.","year":"2003","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","pmid":"12756216","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1124/dmd.31.6.805","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12756216/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12756216/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.6.805","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (in vivo regional jejunal perfusion, single-arm; separate control group)","n":"6 (perfusion); 5 (control)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside from onion)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results demonstrate that food components induce phase II enzyme-encoding mRNA in the human enterocyte very rapidly.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"60 ± 31% for quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1a; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant change in expression of mRNA of GST or UGT relative to expression of GAPDH mRNA was seen","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12805248","title":"Effects of phenol-depleted and phenol-rich diets on blood markers of oxidative stress, and urinary excretion of quercetin and kaempferol in healthy volunteers.","year":"2003","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","pmid":"12805248","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.2003.10719296","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805248/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805248/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2003.10719296","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two 6-day dietary periods separated by 3 days)","n":"19","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dietary, from phenol-rich foods incl. onions, apples)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that polyphenol-rich diets may decrease the risk of chronic diseases by reducing oxidative stress.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Urinary excretion rates (excretion/intake x 100) of unmodified quercetin and kaempferol were 2.06% and 0.46%, respectively, during phenol-rich dietary intervention","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"which were significantly higher than 0.2 mg quercetin/day","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin and kaempferol excretions were increased during phenol-rich dietary intervention compared to the baseline values","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12888197","title":"High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of quercetin in human plasma and urine utilizing solid-phase extraction and ultraviolet detection.","year":"2003","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"12888197","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00398-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12888197/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12888197/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00398-2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (n=1 application of an HPLC assay)","n":"1","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (measured after oral rutin)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A preliminary experiment to investigate the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of quercetin after oral administration of 200 mg of rutin to a healthy volunteer demonstrated that the present method was suitable for determining quercetin in human plasma and urine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"giving a peak level of 142.7 ng/ml at 5 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.54","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The percentage of quercetin and its conjugates excreted in urine after ingestion of rutin was 0.30%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.54","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"(free quercetin: 0.31 µmol, conjugates: 0.69 µmol)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.54","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14527089","title":"Disposition of quercetin and kaempferol in human following an oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract tablets.","year":"2003","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","pmid":"14527089","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/BF03190482","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14527089/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14527089/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03190482","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (from Ginkgo biloba extract); kaempferol also measured","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the absorption and elimination of quercetin and kaempferol are rapid, the values of t max and t 1/2 all are in the rang of 2-3h; the bioavailability of quercetin and kaempferol is low; and that their main pathway of metabolism is through glucuronidation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.177","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the differences were, however, not statistically significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12209378","title":"Plasma concentrations of the flavonoids hesperetin, naringenin and quercetin in human subjects following their habitual diets, and diets high or low in fruit and vegetables.","year":"2002","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"12209378","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601409","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12209378/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12209378/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601409","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2-wk baseline, two 5-wk diet periods, 3-wk washout)","n":"37","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dietary, mainly food sources; baseline habitual diet)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, our results show that quercetin, naringenin and hesperetin are bioavailable from diets resembling the habitual diets of the general population. The results also indicate that plasma flavanone concentrations are poor biomarkers of intake.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.896","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"differences in plasma quercetin concentrations were non-significant (P > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.894; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11300332","title":"Pre-clinical and clinical study of QC12, a water-soluble, pro-drug of quercetin.","year":"2001","journal":"Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology","pmid":"11300332","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1023/a:1008372017097","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11300332/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11300332/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008372017097","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, single-arm, sequential oral then IV","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (water-soluble prodrug QC12)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"QC12 is not orally bioavailable. This water-soluble pro-drug warrants further clinical investigation; starting with a formal phase I, IV, dose-escalation study.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"we detected peak plasma concentrations of QC12 of 108.7 ± 41.67 µMolar","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Summary)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"peak levels of quercetin 19.9 ± 11.8 µM","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Summary)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative availability of quercetin of 20%-25% of the administered i.v. dose of QC12","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Discussion p.248","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"up to 3% of the administered QC12 was detected in the urine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.247","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11361045","title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans.","year":"2001","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"11361045","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1177/00912700122010366","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361045/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361045/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00912700122010366","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized four-way crossover","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as glycosides: onion supplement, quercetin-4'-O-glucoside, buckwheat tea, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, the disposition of quercetin in humans primarily depends on the sugar moiety. To a minor extent, the plant matrix influences both the rate and extent of absorption in the case of buckwheat tea administration compared with the isolated compound.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability ... after intake of rutin is only about 15% to 20% of that of quercetin-4'-glucoside","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.497","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not differ significantly, nor did the pharmacokinetic parameters and the bioavailability as given in Table I","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.495","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax, tmax, and AUC0→ 24h of buckwheat tea and rutin were significantly different from onions and quercetin-4'-glucoside","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.495; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tmax of rutin was also significantly different from buckwheat tea due to a profound lag time","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.495-496; Table I","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"due to a high variability of the data, the difference is not statistically significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.496","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher than after intake of the pure compound (4.5% ± 1.7%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.496; Table II","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10801919","title":"Bioavailabilities of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside do not differ in humans.","year":"2000","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"10801919","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/130.5.1200","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801919/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801919/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1200","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that quercetin glucosides are rapidly absorbed in humans, irrespective of the position of the glucose moiety. Conversion of quercetin glycosides into glucosides is a promising strategy to enhance bioavailability of quercetin from foods.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"None of the variables differed significantly between supplements.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 footnote 1; Results p.1202","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11053503","title":"Quercetin glucosides are completely hydrolyzed in ileostomy patients before absorption.","year":"2000","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"11053503","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/130.11.2658","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11053503/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11053503/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.11.2658","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm, open-label","n":"4","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (onion glucosides QMG and QDG)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that quercetin is efficiently absorbed from most if not all dietary sources of this flavonoid. ... QMG and QDG thus act as water-soluble prodrugs, yielding a favorable absorption of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (p.2661)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"We assumed that the remainder of the dose, 64.5–80.7%, was absorbed.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11151743","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.","year":"2000","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"11151743","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s002280000197","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11151743/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11151743/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s002280000197","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover (diet-controlled), ascending doses within period","n":"16 randomised; 12 completed","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone and rutin)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In clinical trials, studying the effects of quercetin from rutin, bioavailability must be taken into consideration and plasma quercetin concentrations monitored.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Quercetin was absorbed more efficiently from rutin by females than by males","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.549 (Gender differences)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The differences were statistically significant at all doses","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.549","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"statistically significantly different for the two treatments at dose 1 (P=0.0090)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.548","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"and at dose 2, (P=0.030), but not at dose 3","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.548","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"but not at dose 3","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.548","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"statistically significantly different ... at dose 1 (P=0.0025), but not at the two largest doses","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.549","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"but not at the two largest doses","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.549","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The differences were statistically significant at all doses (P=0.0019, P=0.0050 and P=0.0098 for doses 1, 2 and 3, respectively)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.549","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A linear trend of the AUC(0-24) geometric means ... was detected for both treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.549","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10099940","title":"Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions, in man.","year":"1999","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"10099940","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600682","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10099940/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10099940/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600682","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm, single-meal","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (fried onions, food source)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin can be absorbed in humans from dietary sources to high enough concentrations to increase the overall antioxidant activity of the plasma. Quercetin, however, has a strong affinity for protein and provides no direct protective effect during LDL oxidation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"peak after 2 h (248.4 ± 103.9 ng/ml)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.93 para 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"peak concentration of plasma quercetin (0.73 ± 0.30 µM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.95 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"decreasing to baseline again after 24 h (P > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9600261","title":"Quercetin is recovered in human plasma as conjugated derivatives which retain antioxidant properties.","year":"1998","journal":"FEBS letters","pmid":"9600261","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00367-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9600261/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9600261/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00367-6","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dietary, as glycosides in a mixed meal)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the present work shows a marked increase in the plasma concentration of conjugated derivatives of quercetin after consumption of a meal rich in plant products. Quercetin is entirely present as conjugated derivatives, which could modify its biological effects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9665097","title":"Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of the antioxidant flavonols quercetin and kaempferol as biomarkers for dietary intake.","year":"1998","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","pmid":"9665097","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/68.1.60","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665097/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665097/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.1.60","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"15","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin and kaempferol (from black tea and fried onions)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that flavonols in plasma and urine reflect short-term flavonol intake and that they could be used as biomarkers to distinguish between high and low flavonol consumption in epidemiologic studies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"the excretion relative to intake after tea became 0.6% instead of 0.5%","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"the excretion of unmodified quercetin was 0.5% of intake after tea and 1.1% after onions","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The excretion of unchanged kaempferol in urine was 2.5% of the amount consumed and that of quercetin only 1%","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the absorption of quercetin from tea was half of that from onions","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma concentrations of quercetin were 30% and urinary excretions 100% higher after consumption of tea than after onions","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"kaempferol was absorbed better or metabolized to a lesser extent than was quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8891673","title":"Absorption and disposition kinetics of the dietary antioxidant quercetin in man.","year":"1996","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","pmid":"8891673","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0891-5849(96)00129-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8891673/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8891673/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(96)00129-3","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"2","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as quercetin glucosides in fried onions)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We conclude that quercetin glucosides from onions are absorbed and are eliminated slowly throughout the day. Thus, the dietary antioxidant quercetine could increase the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The mean peak plasma level of quercetin was 196 ng/ml.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12959295","title":"Quercetin, an in vitro inhibitor of CYP3A, does not contribute to the interaction between nifedipine and grapefruit juice.","year":"1993","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology","pmid":"12959295","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb00396.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959295/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959295/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb00396.x","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1364620/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (effect on nifedipine PK)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Drug interaction study: measured plasma nifedipine and its nitropyridine metabolite after quercetin or grapefruit juice; quercetin itself was not measured in plasma (only quercetin content of grapefruit juice). Listed species 'in vitro' is wrong, human in vivo.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Oral doses of quercetin, similar to those possible from the ingestion of other fruits such as strawberries, do not produce in vivo inhibition of CYP3A mediated metabolism of nifedipine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC ... with grapefruit juice (mean 320 ng ml-1 h) was increased significantly (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"it did not alter the AUC of either the parent drug (mean 209 ng ml-1 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38618039","title":"Effect of dietary Achyranthes japonica extract on growth performance of growing pigs and absorption rate of quercetin in blood.","year":"2024","journal":"Journal of animal science and technology","pmid":"38618039","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e23","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38618039/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38618039/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e23","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11007468/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"parallel (3 dose groups)","n":"9","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The incorporation of AJE into a diets had no effect on the growth performance, nutrition digestibility, fecal microbial count, or fecal gas emission of growing pigs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion, p.111; Abstract states 'Rate of absorption in blood was increased with the higher dose of quercetin.'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"At the 4th hour after feeding quercetin, the quercetin absorption in the blood was higher in the 300 g-quercetin group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"after 12 hours of feeding quercetin, only quercetin was found in the blood of TRT3 group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6; Results p.108","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24847478","title":"Concomitant intake of quercetin with a grain-based diet acutely lowers postprandial plasma glucose and lipid concentrations in pigs.","year":"2014","journal":"BioMed research international","pmid":"24847478","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2014/748742","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24847478/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24847478/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/748742","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4009213/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover (experiment 1, n=8); parallel randomized (experiment 2, 4 per group)","n":"16 (8 per experiment)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (>98%, Roth) mixed into a grain-based meal","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study emphasizes glucose-lowering effects of quercetin after ingestion of a grain-based meal, which are less clear or even invisible when tested within a glucose challenge. In this context the observed effects of quercetin appear not to be attributable to delayed gastric emptying. Thus, quercetin ingestion might be suitable to acutely assist postprandial glucose and lipid control.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The postprandial glucose concentrations were lower when the grain-based meal was ingested concomitantly with quercetin (10 mg/kg body weight)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1a caption; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a reduction in postprandial plasma TG and NEFA concentrations when quercetin was ingested with the meal","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1b caption; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"gastric emptying, however, was not affected by the ingestion of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3 caption; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22188411","title":"Chronic quercetin feeding decreases plasma concentrations of salicylamide phase II metabolites in pigs following oral administration.","year":"2012","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","pmid":"22188411","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3109/00498254.2011.641607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22188411/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22188411/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/00498254.2011.641607","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover (acute SA vs SA+Q, n=7) followed by single-group dietary pre-treatment arm (n=5)","n":"7 (first trial); 5 (pre-treatment trial)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin 10 mg/kg (acute co-ingestion and 1 week dietary pre-treatment; interaction with salicylamide)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Pig drug-interaction PK study: measured analyte is salicylamide metabolites (SAM), not quercetin; quercetin plasma levels were not measured. SAM data recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Concomitant acute as well as chronic ingestion of high doses of the flavonol quercetin had an impact on SAM metabolism and thus most likely on other drugs undergoing mainly phase II metabolism.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Acute co-administration of SA and quercetin resulted in significantly lower cmax-values of SAM","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Other pharmacokinetic parameters of SAM calculated did not differ between treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC0→∞ of SAM was significantly decreased in comparison to the control treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"neither tmax nor cmax of SAM were different","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17181879","title":"The fatty acid pattern of dietary fat influences the oral bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in pigs.","year":"2006","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"17181879","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/bjn20061953","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17181879/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17181879/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061953","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6 pigs; 18 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, administration of quercetin together with a diet containing MCT fat enhances the bioavailability of the flavonol. Absorption of quercetin was delayed significantly with this diet. However, this was probably not due to slower gastric emptying of the MCT diet.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"mean peak plasma concentration (cmax) was reached 95 min (tmax) after intake","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1049","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"plasma concentrations of quercetin peaked after 65 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1049","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"rose steadily over 170 min until peak level","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1049","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Bioavailability was enhanced by 38 % (P<0.05) and 12 % (P>0.05) after intake with the MCT and LCT diets","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Bioavailability was enhanced by 38 % (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 / Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"total oral bioavailability (AUCtotal) of quercetin, however, was significantly higher after intake of quercetin with the MCT diet than after intake with the standard and LCT diets","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 (superscripts); Results p.1049","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"12 % (P>0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Maximum plasma concentrations of quercetin were reached significantly later with the MCT diet than with the LCT or the standard diet","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The maximum plasma concentrations of quercetin after intake with the three different diets were not significantly different.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1049","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14697403","title":"Lethal quercetin-digoxin interaction in pigs.","year":"2004","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"14697403","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14697403/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14697403/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.044","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6 pigs in 50 mg/kg experiment; 4 pigs in 40 mg/kg experiment","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (effect on digoxin absorption)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Drug interaction study in pigs: measured serum digoxin, not quercetin. Quercetin given orally as the interacting agent.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"quercetin significantly enhanced the absorption of digoxin in pigs, possibly through the inhibition of intestinal P-gp.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1196","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of digoxin was remarkably elevated by 413% (p = 0.007)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1194; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t was increased by 170% (p = 0.002)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1194; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin significantly increased the mean serum concentration of digoxin at 20 min by 165%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1193","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15173420","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin in pigs is influenced by the dietary fat content.","year":"2004","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"15173420","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/134.6.1508","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173420/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173420/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.6.1508","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover? (consecutive experiments; randomization NR)","n":"7","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone and quercetin-3-O-glucoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Bioavailability from both quercetin aglycone and quercetin-3-O-glucoside is enhanced in a diet enriched with fat compared with a low-fat diet.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1511","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the bioavailability of quercetin was higher in the 17% fat diet compared with the 3% fat diet (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No further effect on bioavailability was observed when the flavonols were administered with diets containing 32% fat.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mean total bioavailability from any of the diets was always significantly lower than from the respective diets containing the quercetin glucoside (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1510","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"480 min after intake (c480) with the 32% fat diet ... was higher than the value obtained with the 3% fat diet","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1509","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not differ from the 3% fat diet value (P = 0.07)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1509","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12949368","title":"The bioavailability of quercetin in pigs depends on the glycoside moiety and on dietary factors.","year":"2003","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"12949368","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/133.9.2802","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12949368/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12949368/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.9.2802","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized? NR; sequential crossover-style single-dose tests with 1-day washout","n":"Exp 1: 4 pigs; Exp 2: 6; Exp 3: 3","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone, Q3G, rutin)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results indicate that the bioavailability of quercetin from quercetin glycosides is determined by a complex interdependence between the chemical form of the flavonols and dietary factors.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative total bioavailability ... 148% (P = 0.07) and 23% (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"maximal quercetin concentration (cmax) of 1.19 ± 0.33 µmol/L (n = 4) was reached after 120 min (tmax)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2803","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"cmax = 1.07 ± 0.12 µmol/L; n = 3","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2803","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"total bioavailability from the glucorhamnoside was significantly lower than that from quercetin or from Q3G","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"148% (P = 0.07)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"relative total bioavailability of Q3G was 167% compared with the aglycone (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Bioavailability of Q3G was significantly higher when the test meal was ground beef rather than the standard ration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10832067","title":"Bioavailability and metabolism of the flavonol quercetin in the pig.","year":"2000","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","pmid":"10832067","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00195-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10832067/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10832067/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00195-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"sequential single-dose iv then oral in same animals (not randomized)","n":"4","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the results indicate absorption of the flavonol quercetin from the small intestine mainly in the form of glucuronides. However, ... plasma levels were generally below those concentrations shown to be effective in in vitro assays","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (last paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"apparent bioavailability of free, unchanged quercetin after intake of 50 mg quercetin/kg body weight was 0.54 ± 0.19%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"oral bioavailability in pigs fed 50 mg quercetin/kg BW was 0.5 ± 0.2%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1062 col 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"increased to 8.6 ± 3.8% after additionally taking into account conjugated quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.1062","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"further increased to 17.0 ± 7.1% by including quercetin's metabolites","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.1062","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reached a maximum value of 257.6 ± 27.3 ng/mL 4 h after quercetin ingestion","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1062","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"maximum plasma concentration of 1.243 µg/mL of total quercetin 2.5 h after the application","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1062 col 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"0.54% and 0.19% after per os application of the low or the high dose respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1065","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"0.54 ± 0.19%... 8.6 ± 3.8%... 17.0 ± 7.1%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the amount of quercetin present in plasma does not linearly increase as a function of the oral dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1065","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40938667","title":"pH-targeted and time-released microparticles of quercetin and lycopene for ulcerative colitis treatment: DoE-based formulation development, pharmacokinetics, and in-vivo proof of concept studies.","year":"2026","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","pmid":"40938667","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2561211","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40938667/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40938667/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2025.2561211","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The release and bioavailability assessment proved that the system successfully released a higher amount in the colon and improved the bioavailability 3.5 times.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Table 4. Pharmacokinetics profiles of optimised microparticle formulation (mean ± SEM, n = 6).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax (μg/mL) 15.95 ± 0.92 vs 9.48 ± 0.77, p 0.014","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-24 563.5 ± 64.0 vs 160.9 ± 17.9, p 0.009","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax (h) 12.33 ± 0.26 vs 1.50 ± 0.22","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"T1/2 (h) 29.67 ± 7.42 vs 15.77 ± 3.23","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MRT0-inf (h) 50.74 ± 9.75 vs 26.23 ± 6.8","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41319703","title":"Intranasal Delivery of Ligand-Conjugated NLCs Co-Loaded With Docetaxel and Quercetin: HPLC Method Development, Pharmacokinetics, and Brain Biodistribution in Wistar Rats for Glioblastoma.","year":"2026","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"41319703","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.70251","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41319703/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41319703/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.70251","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"IN delivery of Tf-(DX–QR) NLC significantly enhanced brain uptake, prolonged drug retention, and reduced systemic exposure compared to IV administration of (DX–QR) SUS.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.24","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant difference (***p < 0.001) in brain concentrations of DX and QR between IN delivery of Tf–(DX–QR) NLC and (DX–QR) SUS","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.3.1 p.16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*p < 0.05 represents a significant difference.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 17","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41412433","title":"Micellar Co-Delivery of Fulvestrant and Quercetin to enhance oral Bioavailability: A potential Bioenhancement strategy.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"41412433","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126512","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412433/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412433/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126512","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"15","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (co-loaded bioenhancer; measured PK analyte was fulvestrant)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Soluplus/Pluronic F127 mixed micelles successfully encapsulated FVT, either alone or in combination with QUE, without compromising loading efficiency.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.11","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41429389","title":"Quercetin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles through borneol-embedded hyaluronic acid hydrogel for ischemic stroke treatment.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"41429389","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149821","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41429389/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41429389/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149821","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Bo/QC@ZIF-8-Gel represents a promising strategy for the treatment of IS.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that borneol significantly promoted drug enrichment in the brain following the IN of this gel system","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41492379","title":"Comparison of plasma and cecal quercetin in Enterococcus sp. rutin_18 mono-associated and germ-free mice fed rutin-supplemented diet.","year":"2026","journal":"Bioscience of microbiota, food and health","pmid":"41492379","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.12938/bmfh.2025-021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41492379/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41492379/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.2025-021","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12765535/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (given as rutin, quercetin rutinoside)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We infer that the Enterococcus sp. rutin_18 used in this study is an important intestinal bacterium that converts rutin to quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma quercetin, isorhamnetin, and tamarixetin concentrations were significantly higher in the Entero mice (p<0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.54; Fig. 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the quercetin concentration in the cecal contents was not significantly different between the two groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.54; Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the isorhamnetin and tamarixetin concentrations were significantly higher in the Entero mice","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.54; Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The rutin concentration in the cecal contents was much lower in the Entero mice than in the GF mice (p<0.001; Fig. 4).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.54","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41579343","title":"Design, optimization, and in vivo assessment of in situ pH-sensitive quercetin transbilosomes for the treatment of diabetes mellitus-associated heart failure.","year":"2026","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","pmid":"41579343","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2026.2621844","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41579343/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41579343/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2026.2621844","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"nasal administration of the IPSQLT formulation may represent an effective therapy for DM-associated HF.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.1372","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"IPSQLT ... increased ... AUC0-inf by factors of ... 7.37, respectively, when compared to the values recorded for oral QCT","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"nasal IPSQLT significantly (student t-test, p-value < 0.0001) increased Cmax, Tmax, t0.5, MRT, and AUC0-inf","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Bioavailability p.1368; Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"accumulated 2.72 times more QCT in the heart","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1369; Fig. 4E","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"IPSQLT formulation significantly (student, t-test, p-value <0.0001) enhanced QCT's permeation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1368","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41624536","title":"pH-responsive ZIF-8@quercetin nanoparticles induce pyroptosis for targeted gastric cancer therapy.","year":"2026","journal":"Materials today. Bio","pmid":"41624536","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102806","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41624536/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41624536/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102806","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12854050/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro and in vivo preclinical formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (ZIF-8@Que nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Collectively, these findings highlight ZIF-8@Que as a safe and effective nanoparticle that integrates drug delivery with ROS-mediated pyroptosis, offering a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of Que monotherapy and advance GC therapy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41633432","title":"Two-birds-one-stone, microfluidic producing DES/W microemulsions to solubilize quercetin and penetrate intestinal mucosa for enhanced oral bioavailability.","year":"2026","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","pmid":"41633432","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.115007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41633432/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41633432/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.115007","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results showed that the obtained microemulsions increased quercetin solubility, retention time in the intestines, and mucosal absorption, improving drug absorption and bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"tmax(h) 0.25***","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"tmax(h) 4.00","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax(ng/mL) 132.06***","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax(ng/mL) 12.94","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t(ng/mL*h) 371.03***","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t(ng/mL*h) 67.01","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability increase to 553.69%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.8 p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"both AUC0 ~ t and Cmax values for the Que-ME were markedly elevated compared to those of the Que-W (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8 p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tmax for Que-ME was significantly shorter than that observed in the Que-W group (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8 p.11","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41675219","title":"Punicic acid ethyl ester, a superior absorption-enhancer over pomegranate seed oil, dramatically improves quercetin bioavailability via strong interaction and rapid lipolysis.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics: X","pmid":"41675219","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100499","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41675219/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41675219/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100499","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12887365/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (with punicic acid ethyl ester, pomegranate seed oil, or oleic acid as absorption enhancers)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"combining QU with PAEE, PSO, or OA yields superior stability in gastrointestinal fluids, enhanced antibacterial activity, and improved oral bioavailability in the order of QU-PAEE > QU-PSO > QU-OA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 114.36 ± 5.49","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 788.77 ± 58.56","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 624.23 ± 33.26","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 523.29 ± 48.25","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 1363.68 ± 77.64","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 1123.88 ± 49.87","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 974.45 ± 41.22","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The bioavailability followed the order PAEE > PSO > OA > QU control","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"their NE achieved 20.66-, 6.42-, and 6.19- fold increases","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7 p.10; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41710065","title":"Identification of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin as a therapeutic lead for myotonic dystrophy type 1.","year":"2026","journal":"NAR molecular medicine","pmid":"41710065","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/narmme/ugag007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41710065/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41710065/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/narmme/ugag007","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12910114/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical efficacy study with tissue quercetin measurement)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ), quercetin glucoside derivative; measured analyte quercetin","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"EMIQ, a safe, bioavailable compound with broad tissue distribution, including across the blood-brain barrier, selectively reduces the production of toxic CUG expansion RNA, a primary cause of DM1, and thus strongly warrants clinical investigation for the treatment of DM1.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.16","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41724417","title":"Comparison of bioavailability of quercetin and its structural analogs in mice.","year":"2026","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","pmid":"41724417","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2026.110775","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41724417/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41724417/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2026.110775","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (compared with galangin, kaempferol, myricetin, fisetin, luteolin)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the bioavailability of the six flavonoids differed despite the slight structural differences. The absorption of flavonoids in the small intestine may be influenced by their hydrophobicity.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The maximum concentration (Cmax) of all 6 flavonoids in the plasma was achieved 0.5 h after administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"kaempferol and fisetin were well absorbed","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the AUC for the sum of quercetin and its methylated form was higher than that for quercetin alone (Fig. 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the order of fastest movement from the stomach to the small intestine was kaempferol > quercetin > galangin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.3; Discussion p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41771805","title":"Excipient Nanoemulsion-Based Enhancement of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Quercetin Bioavailability and Antioxidant Efficacy: A Comprehensive In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Fate.","year":"2026","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"41771805","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c11547","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41771805/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41771805/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c11547","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"30 (four independent animal cohorts for different analyses)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (from spinach puree) co-ingested with corn-oil excipient nanoemulsion","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Overall, this study shows how the bioavailability and bioactivity of health-promoting molecules in fruits and vegetables could be improved by using excipient-based strategies.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin bioaccessibility to 51.9% (P < 0.05; Figure 1B)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly enhanced quercetin accumulation in both plasma and intestinal segments compared to the PBS control (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 1D","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher FRAP peak value than the PBS group (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41772653","title":"Crossing ocular barriers with quercetin-SPIONs: modulation of Bax/Bcl-2 balance in normal rat eyes.","year":"2026","journal":"BMC pharmacology & toxicology","pmid":"41772653","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s40360-026-01113-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41772653/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41772653/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-026-01113-3","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13059554/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized groups)","n":"42","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, this study demonstrates that conjugating quercetin to SPIONs (QCSPIONs) significantly enhances its delivery to posterior ocular tissues following oral administration, compared to the free drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no statistically significant difference between them (p > 0.05; Fig. 2A)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 2A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"serum quercetin levels were significantly higher in the QC group ... than in the QCSPION group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 2B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Oral administration of QCSPION led to significantly higher quercetin accumulation in ocular tissue","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 2C","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"after IP injection, QCSPION-treated rats exhibited markedly increased ocular quercetin levels","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 2D","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41851521","title":"Engineered Novel Brijaluronic Terpesomes for Brain-Targeted Quercetin Delivery: Optimization, Ex Vivo and Radiokinetics.","year":"2026","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"41851521","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-026-03366-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41851521/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41851521/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-026-03366-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"45","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Compared with the nasal QER solution, [99mTc]Tc-QER-loaded terpesomes demonstrated markedly improved brain delivery, reflected in higher AUC, reduced Tmax, and elevated Cmax in brain tissue.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.18","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative brain exposure of 472.8 ± 58.8","source":"fulltext","location":"Table VI (p.17); Pharmacokinetic Behavior p.18","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NT had considerably larger brain concentrations than Vs and Ns at all-time points (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table V; Pharmacokinetic Behavior p.17","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Vs solution was shown to have a considerably larger (p < 0.05) Cmax in the blood than the Ns and NT","source":"fulltext","location":"Pharmacokinetic Behavior p.17","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"optimized formula exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher drug permeation compared to the plain QER suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Ex vivo Permeation Study p.14","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41854858","title":"Inhalable quercetin dihydrate nanosuspension mitigates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats.","year":"2026","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","pmid":"41854858","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00210-026-05180-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854858/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854858/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-026-05180-5","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"48","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin dihydrate","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The treatment through the inhalation route showed more efficacy than that of the oral route due to its targeted approach.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.18-19","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QD-NS had superior dissolution performance and a dramatically improved dissolution rate","source":"fulltext","location":"In vitro drug release study p.13","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41931997","title":"Engineered Liposomal Quercetin Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Targeted HMGB1-NF-κB Suppression.","year":"2026","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","pmid":"41931997","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158097","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41931997/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41931997/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158097","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed this NPs significantly increased the QC's plasma concentration, prolonged the half-life, and, crucially, enhanced the accumulation of QC in cardiac tissue.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax: 724.15 ± 21.1 μg/l vs. 80.40 ± 15.9 μg/l)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The PEG-PEP/QC group exhibited significantly higher myocardial QC levels than the free QC group at all time points.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Fig. 6I","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41971603","title":"Hepatoprotective Effects of Quercetin-Chitosan Nanoparticles on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: In Vivo Study.","year":"2026","journal":"Food science & nutrition","pmid":"41971603","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/fsn3.71617","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41971603/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41971603/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.71617","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13062281/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal efficacy study, 4 groups)","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (chitosan-TPP nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the results of this study confirm that Que-CH nanoparticles possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and lipid-lowering effects, highlighting their potential as a promising therapeutic option for MASLD.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 5)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41980692","title":"Brain-targeted mucoadhesive in situ gel incorporating quercetin-PEG conjugate and rivastigmine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for Alzheimer's therapy.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"41980692","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151998","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41980692/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41980692/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151998","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (formulation comparison, intranasal; plus in vitro and ex vivo sheep nasal mucosa studies)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (PEG-conjugated, chitosan nanoparticle nasal gel, with rivastigmine)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution analyses confirmed substantially elevated brain concentration, prolonged half-life, and reduced systemic exposure. RVS-Q-PEG-CNPsG integrated strategic design, mucoadhesive properties, and sustained release to significantly augment brain bioavailability, offering a robust platform for targeted, sustained neurotherapeutic delivery in neurodegenerative disease.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"peak plasma concentration of RVS-Q-PEG-CNPsG following intranasal administration was augmented (1337.41 ± 71.73 ng.mL− 1, P < 0.0001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4 (Plasma); Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"QUE-SP attained significantly lower Cmax of 190.21 ± 33.69 ng.mL− 1 at 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4 (Brain); Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"brain concentrations of RVS-Q-PEG-CNPsG reached peak at 2390 ± 151.50 ng.mL− 1 at 6.1 ± 0.04 h (p < 0.0001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"peak plasma concentration of RVS-Q-PEG-CNPsG following intranasal administration was augmented (1337.41 ± 71.73 ng.mL− 1, P < 0.0001) compared to QUE-SP","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"notably prolonged half-life (9.87 ± 0.09 h, p < 0.0001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–24 of formulation was substantially higher (31,978.02 ± 1110.85 ng.h.mL− 1 than that of QUE-SP","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The differences between formulations were statistically significant (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42338899","title":"Ion‑Responsive in situ Gel of Quercetin‑Loaded PEGylated Liposomes for Anti‑inflammatory Treatment of Dry Eye Disease.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"42338899","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S603221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42338899/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42338899/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S603221","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13285928/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit; New Zealand white; also C57BL/6J mice for efficacy)","design":"other (preclinical parallel-group ocular PK, single topical instillation)","n":"63 rabbits (Methods p.6)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Qu-PL-ISG is a safe, ion-activated in situ gel that significantly enhances Qu bioavailability and anti-inflammatory efficacy, showing promise for DED treatment.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Qu-PL provided significantly greater ocular exposure under the concentration-time curve (AUC) compared to Qu-Susp","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Qu-PL-ISG further enhanced this effect of Qu-PL, achieving a 2.79-, 1.47- and 1.44-fold AUC increase","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Qu-PL-ISG also produced significantly higher drug concentration in the conjunctiva than Qu-PL and Qu-Susp","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.16; Fig. 5 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the mean residence time (MRT) of Qu-Susp in the conjunctiva was numerically longer than that of Qu-PL-ISG","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.16","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42400341","title":"ROS-Responsive Quercetin Nanoparticles Improve the Prognosis of Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting Aberrant Nrf2-Keap1 Signaling Pathway Activation.","year":"2026","journal":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A","pmid":"42400341","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jbm.a.70123","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42400341/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42400341/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.70123","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical formulation, distribution and efficacy study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Collectively, C-PPS/Q nanoparticles effectively mitigate secondary brain injury after TBI and represent a promising brain-targeted therapeutic strategy for TBI management.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"fluorescence intensities in mouse brains of C-PPS/Q group remarkably elevated compared with those in PPS/Q group at both time points","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6; Fig. 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42595232","title":"Polyethylene glycol 400 improves the bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin by modulating metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"42595232","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127302","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42595232/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42595232/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127302","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group animal PK; in vitro mechanistic assays; mouse efficacy model)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone) with PEG 400 excipient","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings suggest that PEG 400 modulates the in vivo PK profiles and tissue distribution of QUE and its metabolite Q3GA, which may be attributable to improved solubility, activated UGT1A9-mediated glucuronidation, and inhibited BCRP/MRP2-mediated efflux.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC0-t values of QUE increased 9.90-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 / Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"15.78-fold elevation","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1 / Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"PEG 400 at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% lowered the ER of QUE in a dose-dependent manner within 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42732404","title":"cRGD-Targeted Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Ag, Quercetin and PD-L1 siRNA with Combined Antibacterial and Immunotherapeutic Functions Against Fusobacterium nucleatum-Associated Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"42732404","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S616751","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732404/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732404/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S616751","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13570629/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK, tissue distribution; in vitro assays)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (loaded in cRGD-targeted Ag@GQDs/QUE-siP nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the nanoplatform achieves prolonged systemic circulation and preferential tumor accumulation through the combination of the EPR effect and cRGD-mediated active targeting.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.22","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t of QUE in Ag@GQDs/QUE-siP-c-L was further significantly increased by 28.5%","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4A table; Results p.14","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42802055","title":"An in Vivo Factor Connecting Sustained Reactive Oxygen Species Capture with Rapid Disposition: Quercetin Distribution into Hemoglobin.","year":"2026","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","pmid":"42802055","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/bpb.b26-00207","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42802055/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42802055/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b26-00207","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-group IV PK plus in vitro and APAP-injury experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"we demonstrated that rapid and strong interactions between intracellular Hb and hydroxyl groups at the 3-, 3′- or 4′-positions of the Qc molecule caused the rapid disappearance and wide distribution of Qc pharmacokinetics.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42840060","title":"Ulcerative colitis therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics of flexible quercetin nanocrystals prepared with geniposide assistance.","year":"2026","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"42840060","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2026.1873475","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42840060/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42840060/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1873475","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13638574/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized parallel (two groups)","n":"12 rats (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that QUE-NCs exhibited 4.12-fold higher Cmax, 2.94-fold greater AUC0−∞, and 294.42% relative bioavailability compared to raw QUE, confirming enhanced oral bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.13)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative oral bioavailability of 294.42%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QUE-NCs achieved significantly higher Cmax (4.12-fold, p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0−∞ (2.94-fold, p < 0.001) compared to raw QUE","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42943322","title":"Formulation Development and Characterization of Quercetin Solid Dispersions with Integrated In Vitro Release and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Assessment.","year":"2026","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"42943322","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ph19101625","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42943322/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42943322/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19101625","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13708282/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized parallel (3 groups); plus in vitro experiments","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The prepared quercetin solid dispersion effectively enhances the water solubility, transmembrane transport, and systemic absorption of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The F for the physical mixture was 169.9%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 2.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of QUE-SD was calculated to be 407.6%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 2.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of QUE-SD was significantly increased compared to QUE and QUE-PM (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MRT and Tmax did not change significantly","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39394871","title":"Impact of calcium-reinforcement on stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity of quercetin-loaded zein/alginate-pectin nanoparticles.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","pmid":"39394871","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jsfa.13954","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39394871/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39394871/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.13954","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups); plus in vitro simulated digestion","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (zein/alginate-pectin nanoparticles with or without calcium vs physical mixture)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that calcium ion addition improved the performance and bioavailability of nutraceutical-loaded biopolymer nanoparticles.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Conclusion)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"3.13 ± 0.15 mgL-1 for PM, ZQ0, and ZQ9, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the maximal concentration (Cmax) of quercetin in rat plasma for calcium-reinforced nanoparticles was 6.1% higher than non-reinforced nanoparticles","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the final percentages of quercetin released being 50.5%, 54.8%, and 56.2% for the ZQ0, ZQ5, and ZQ9 samples, respectively (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39718513","title":"Intensification of quercetin nanobubble formulation and performance by multi-factor optimization and interaction analysis.","year":"2025","journal":"Pharmaceutical development and technology","pmid":"39718513","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2441182","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39718513/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39718513/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2024.2441182","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Nanobubbles significantly enhanced medication release, indicating that this could be a new and clever delivery system.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 6)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the concentration of NBs reached a maximum level (Cmax) of 3.03 times higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 4.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–t was 5.84 times higher than the free drug","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 4.11","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39758731","title":"Simultaneous ingestion of apple pectin enhances the absorption and antioxidant activity of quercetin in rats.","year":"2025","journal":"Food science and biotechnology","pmid":"39758731","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s10068-024-01657-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39758731/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39758731/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-024-01657-2","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11695566/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (diet groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The simultaneous ingestion of pectin has been suggested to immediately enhance the absorption and antioxidant activity of Qr.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"From day 2 onward, the plasma Qr concentration at 8 h was significantly higher in the PEC group than in the CEL group every day","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.280; Fig. 1A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the plasma Ir concentration in the PEC group was significantly higher than that in the CEL group at 8 and 24 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.280; Fig. 1B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"2.7-fold higher than that in the CEL group on day 7","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.281; Fig. 2D","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plasma Qr concentration was almost the same in the Q + C and Q + LP groups but was much higher in the Q + HP group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The correlation coefficients (R) between TBARS and plasma Qr, Ir, and sum were − 0.677 (P = 0.0020), − 0.626 (P = 0.0054), and − 0.639 (P = 0.0043)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.283","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39808370","title":"Topical Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Quercetin Glycosides on Atopic Dermatitis-Like Lesions: Influence of the Glycone Type on Efficacy and Skin Absorption.","year":"2025","journal":"Inflammation","pmid":"39808370","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s10753-025-02236-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39808370/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39808370/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-025-02236-1","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12596333/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal (baby pig skin in vitro; Balb/c mice in vivo; human and rat cell lines)","design":"other (in vitro permeation test plus cell and mouse efficacy)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (glycosides: quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin)","formTags":["isoquercetin","rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The IVPT exhibited higher skin permeation of mono-glycone compounds than the glycoside with dual sugar moieties. Topical isoquercitrin prevented the development of AD-like inflammation in DNCB-sensitized mice.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.2871","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The skin absorption examination showed a greater permeation of quercitrin and isoquercitrin than rutin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7, p.9; Fig. 6A-B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Both SC stripping and lipid removal increased skin deposition of quercitrin and isoquercitrin by about 11-fold.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Fig. 6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The quercitrin flux of the stripped and delipidized skins was higher than the isoquercitrin flux, although no statistical significance was achieved.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The S value in the stripped skin was increased in the order of rutin > isoquercitrin > quercitrin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The S value in the intact skin was comparable for the three compounds","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39824264","title":"Light-activated photosensitizer/quercetin co-loaded extracellular vesicles for precise oral squamous cell carcinoma therapy.","year":"2025","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"39824264","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125224","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39824264/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39824264/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125224","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (treatment groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (co-loaded with chlorin e6 in tumor-cell-derived EVs, CQ@EVs)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Encapsulation within EVs significantly enhanced the stability of quercetin and allowed for targeted delivery.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin at 3.4, 4.3, and 4.4 times greater than Free CQ at 6, 12, and 24 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 2a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"achieving 3.6- and 4.5-fold higher than those of Free CQ at 4 h post-administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3; Fig. 5e","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39906526","title":"Iron(III)-Quercetin Complex: In Vivo Acute Toxicity and Biodistribution of Novel MRI Agent.","year":"2025","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"39906526","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S496015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39906526/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39906526/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S496015","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11792624/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical PK, biodistribution and acute toxicity)","n":"32 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as iron(III)-quercetin complex, IronQ)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings provide valuable insights into the safety, pharmacokinetics, and imaging efficacy of IronQ, highlighting its potential as a robust and biocompatible MRI contrast agent.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"peak plasma concentration occurring approximately 1.1±0.72 hours after administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results (Pharmacokinetic Study) p.1313; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40125927","title":"Preparation of PEG-modified isoquercitrin liposomes and anti-chronic kidney disease research.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of liposome research","pmid":"40125927","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2480782","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40125927/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40125927/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2025.2480782","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (isoquercitrin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Compared with free IQ, the liposomal drug delivery system significantly improved solubility and oral bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 4 Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Concentration of drug in serum of rats in free IQ group reached the maximum value of 0.976 μg/mL at 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the highest serum drug concentration in the IQ-L group appeared after a delay of 1 h with the maximum value reaching 2.021 μg/mL (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC, t1/2, cmax were significantly different in the IQ-L group compared to the free IQ group **p < 0.01, n = 4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Section 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40228425","title":"Nanoparticles of quercetin-gellan gum conjugate for the controlled delivery of fluconazole.","year":"2025","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","pmid":"40228425","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114681","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40228425/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40228425/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114681","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as quercetin-gellan gum conjugate carrier; measured analyte fluconazole)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Quercetin is a structural component of the gellan gum-quercetin conjugate carrier; the compound measured in the rat PK study (and release/permeation studies) is fluconazole, a drug, not quercetin.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic profile of the NGQ3 formulation indicated a higher bioavailability compared to FCZ suspension. Therefore, the experiments conducted and their outcomes strongly support the idea that NGQ3-DL provides improved bioavailability and controlled delivery of FCZ.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"tmax of NGQ3 was 24 ± 0.013h (p = 0.003)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"tmax for the reference formulation, which was 2 ± 0.002h (p = 0.002)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"97 ± 3.989 µg/mL (p = 0.001) and 46 ± 1.156 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax was observed to be significantly higher than the reference formulation (97 ± 3.989 µg/mL (p = 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tmax of NGQ3 was 24 ± 0.013h (p = 0.003), significantly higher than the tmax for the reference formulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the test formulation NGQ3 exhibited greater bioavailability than the reference formulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40296879","title":"Zein and Trimethyl Chitosan-Based Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Quercetin Oral Delivery to Enhance Absorption by Paracellular Pathway in Obesity Mice.","year":"2025","journal":"Biomaterials research","pmid":"40296879","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.34133/bmr.0193","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40296879/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40296879/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/bmr.0193","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12034925/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free; zein nanoparticles Zein-Q; trimethyl chitosan-coated zein nanoparticles TMC-Zein-Q)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"TMC-Zein-Q nanoparticles could effectively improve the oral absorption and anti-obesity effect of quercetin, which had a promising application.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and Discussion p.14 (Mechanisms)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the peak time of quercetin was at 15 to 30 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.13 (Pharmacodynamic study)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability of TMC-Zein-Q was increased 2.48-fold when compared with free quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.13 (Pharmacodynamic study)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The overall pharmacokinetic curve showed a trend of TMC-Zein-Q > Zein-Q > free quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.13; Fig. 4D","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"TMC significantly enhanced the permeability of quercetin in Caco-2 cell monolayers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Fig. 3D, 3G","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40329128","title":"Development and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Quercetin-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Improved Solubility, Brain Targeting, and Neuroprotective Potential Against Epilepsy.","year":"2025","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"40329128","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03119-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40329128/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40329128/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-025-03119-2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free quercetin vs chitosan nanoparticles containing quercetin-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex, QNPs)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed a marked improvement in systemic and brain bioavailability over free quercetin, reflected in significantly higher Cmax (~ fourfold), extended half-life, and increased AUC (~ fourfold) values.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"QNPs showing a peak plasma concentration of 6.5 µg/mL at 2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"a brain concentration of 3.5 µg/g at 4 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"free quercetin reached a lower Cmax of 1.8 µg/mL at an earlier Tmax of 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.16 (Pharmacokinetic Results)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"free quercetin achieved a much lower Cmax of 0.8 µg/g at 2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.16 (Pharmacokinetic Results)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The area under the curve (AUC) for QNPs was significantly higher (55.8 µg·h/mL) compared to free quercetin (12.4 µg·h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"total brain exposure i.e., in terms of AUC for QNPs was significantly higher at 15.6 µg·h/g compared to 2.8 µg·h/g","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.16","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40418582","title":"Improved antidiabetic potential of quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles for effective glycaemic control.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","pmid":"40418582","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2511837","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40418582/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40418582/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2025.2511837","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free suspension vs quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles, QTN/LCHS-NPs)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"QTN/LCHS-NPs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of QTN and improved its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effects, demonstrating their potential as an effective delivery system for addressing metabolic disorders.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"values of 15.06 h and 8.67 h, respectively, compared to 6.63 h and 3.67 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8 (In vivo pharmacokinetics study)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"compared to 6.63 h and 3.67 h for the suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8 (In vivo pharmacokinetics study)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Bioavailability (area under the curve, AUC: 167.22 h⋅µg/mL) exceeded free QTN (AUC: 26.2 h⋅µg/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The QTN/LCHS-NPs formulation demonstrated significantly higher values across all pharmacokinetic parameters than the QTN suspension.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40509277","title":"Enhancing Oral Absorption of Quercetin Through Multifactorial Synergies in Crystal Dispersion Systems.","year":"2025","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"40509277","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules30112390","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40509277/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40509277/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112390","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12156175/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three formulation groups; sub-studies in vitro, Caco-2, SPIP)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Both QUR/PEG8000-CSD and QUR/P188-CSD enhanced the oral absorption of QUR, increasing it by 25 times and 3.5 times, respectively, relative to pure QUR.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the penetration rate of QUR/P188-CSD remained unchanged (p > 0.05), while the penetration rate of the QUR/PEG8000-CSD significantly decreased (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.6 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a p < 0.01 when compared with CSD; b p < 0.01 when compared with QUR and PM","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC of QUR/P188-CSD and QUR/PEG8000-CSD showed significant differences (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4.4 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUCs(0–24h) for QUR/P188-CSD and QUR/PEG8000-CSD were 29.73 ± 9.95 and 211.69 ± 22.48 µg/mL/h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.5 / Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40509418","title":"Quercetin-Loaded Ginkgo Starch Nanoparticles: A Promising Strategy to Improve Bioactive Delivery and Cellular Homeostasis in Functional Foods.","year":"2025","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"40509418","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/foods14111890","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40509418/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40509418/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14111890","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12155164/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (loaded in ginkgo starch nanoparticles, SNPs/Qc)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings suggest that an appropriate concentration of SNPs/Qc could effectively replace water-insoluble free Qc while maintaining its functional benefits.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 5)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40525309","title":"Simultaneous estimation of donepezil and quercetin using ultra high performance liquid chromatography: pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic applications in Alzheimer's disease.","year":"2025","journal":"Bioanalysis","pmid":"40525309","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/17576180.2025.2518044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40525309/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40525309/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17576180.2025.2518044","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12203863/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (saline control group and treated group)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (with donepezil, co-loaded liposomes)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The developed UHPLC method efficiently quantified DNP and QCT co-loaded inside liposomes estimating their entrapment efficiency, loading efficiency, and in vivo plasma kinetics.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40544702","title":"Quantification of gossypetin, myricetin, quercetin and isorhamnetin in mouse plasma: Pharmacokinetic profiling after oral administration of total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"40544702","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117039","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40544702/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40544702/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117039","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (each sampling time a separate group; single dose 3 dose levels and 7-day repeated)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as aglycone in total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice following oral administration of TFA. The results revealed four aglycones rapidly attained peak plasma concentrations and isorhamnetin cleared slowly.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A positive correlation was observed between the AUC(0-t) and dose for all four analytes (100–400 mg/kg, r ≥ 0.9","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40552152","title":"Molecular pharmacokinetic mechanism of quercetin-encapsulated polymeric micelles in alleviating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and enhancing antineoplastic effects.","year":"2025","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"40552152","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1590688","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40552152/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40552152/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1590688","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12183507/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as Que-PEG-PCL polymeric micelles, IV)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (PK study measures plasma and urinary cisplatin (DDP) after IV Que-PEG-PCL micelles; quercetin concentrations in plasma/tissue were not measured. Only formulation characterization of the quercetin micelles (EE, DL) recorded.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Que-PEG-PCL enhanced DDP’s therapeutic window by limiting renal accumulation and promoting tumor cell apoptosis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Discussion)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40897275","title":"Unveiling the photothermal mechanism and therapeutic potential of quercetin-loaded MXene-ZMOF@Chitosan in MCF-7 breast cancer.","year":"2025","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"40897275","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147294","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40897275/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40897275/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147294","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR for PK","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In-vivo xenograft studies in BALB/c mice confirmed enhanced bioavailability and improved pharmacokinetic parameters, demonstrating the nanoplatform's potential as a sophisticated, targeted approach to breast cancer treatment.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Q-MX-ZMOF@CH demonstrated a significantly higher plasma maximum concentration (Cmax) of 39 ng/mL than Q alone (3.9 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.19 p.16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of 39 ng/mL than Q alone (3.9 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.19 p.16","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"reflecting a tenfold increase and indicating markedly enhanced bioavailability or absorption","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.19 p.16-18","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞), was substantially greater for Q-MX-ZMOF@CH than for Q alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.19 p.18","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41084506","title":"Enhancing Quercetin's Potential: A Nanoliposome Delivery System for High Altitude Pulmonary Edema.","year":"2025","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","pmid":"41084506","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S509270","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41084506/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41084506/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S509270","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12515440/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The quercetin nanoliposome could notably enhance absorption rate and concentration of QU in rats and displayed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.9165","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax values were 2.677±1.033h and 1.167±0.408h, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax values were 0.37±0.049ug/mL and 0.585±0.032ug/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"6.173±0.232***","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"0.585±0.032***","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1.167±0.408**","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"7.749±0.901**","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"7.923±0.161***","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"0.003±0***","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"0.032±0.002*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38316672","title":"Quercetin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier In Situ Gel for Brain Targeting Through Intranasal Route: Formulation, In Vivo Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.","year":"2024","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"38316672","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-024-02736-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38316672/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38316672/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-024-02736-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (QT-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier in situ gel)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It was observed that delivering the QT in situ gel through the nose led to enhanced uptake in the brain. The QT in situ gel showed a more prominent straight nose-to-brain transport than QT-sol. administered i.v. and i.n., according to biodistribution and pharmacokinetic tests in Wistar rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.22)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax 183.41 ± 11.76 ng/mL and Tmax of 2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax (183 ± 11.760 ng/mL) was considerably (p < 0.05) greater than when QT-sol. was supplied intranasally","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.14-15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–α was found to be about 1.4 times greater in the brain for intranasally delivered QT in situ gel","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"administered intravenously and orally were found to be 1.0 and 1.3 times greater than those for QT-sol. administered intranasally","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the bioavailability of QT in the brain following the intranasal delivery of QT-NLCs","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher (9.35 ± 2.12 μg·cm−2·h−1) than that of QT-sol. (4.2 ± 0.93","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.14","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"considerably higher penetration rates and amounts of QT than QT-sol. (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.14","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38330142","title":"Enhancing effect of the coexisting alpha-tocopherol on quercetin absorption and metabolism.","year":"2024","journal":"Free radical research","pmid":"38330142","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10715762.2024.2317206","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38330142/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38330142/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2024.2317206","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the bioavailability of Q was enhanced by the co-administration of αT via the increase of absorption from small intestine, although the pattern of the Q metabolites in the blood plasma was similar for any administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.10-11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The maximum concentration (Cmax) of the deconjugated Q in the plasma was achieved 0.5 h after administration in all cases","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7 (Fig. 1A)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the Cmax values of IR were observed later (1 to 6 h after administration)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7 (Fig. 1A)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the co-administration of αT with quercetin significantly increased the plasma quercetin concentration at 0.5 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.7; Fig. 1A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the combination of quercetin and cellulose decreased it","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.7; Fig. 1A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"that in the Q and cellulose-administered mice and Q, αT and cellulose-administrated mice were lower","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the administration of quercetin mixed with the vegetable beverage showed no significant change of the quercetin concentration in the mice plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.7; Fig. 1B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"All the metabolites in the blood plasma of the Q and αT-administered mice tended to be higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7; Fig. 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38421545","title":"Simple preparation and greatly improved oral bioavailability: The supersaturated drug delivery system of quercetin based on PVP K30.","year":"2024","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","pmid":"38421545","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01544-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38421545/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38421545/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-024-01544-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (PVP K30 supersaturated delivery system, QSDDS)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Once being dispersed into water, the resultant QSDDS could be induced into a supersaturated system ... achieved a greatly improved oral bioavailability of free quercetin in plasma (tenfold as that of the physical suspensions of quercetin), and the higher dose, the higher bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.3236)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"absolute bioavailability of 36.05%, 10 times as that of physical quercetin suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"a mean AUC of 17298.20 ng/mL·h for free Que-glu (Table S3","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"a mean AUC of 29803.10 ng/mL·h for Que-glu","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the three metabolism-inhibitory QSDDS led to a lower bioavailability than QSDDS itself","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"absolute bioavailability of QSDDS at doses of 12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg were 11.62%, 19.29%, 36.54% and 45.73% respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.10","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38462227","title":"Lipid nanoparticles of quercetin (QU-Lip) alleviated pancreatic microenvironment in diabetic male rats: The interplay between oxidative stress - unfolded protein response (UPR) - autophagy, and their regulatory miRNA.","year":"2024","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"38462227","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122546","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38462227/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38462227/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122546","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal efficacy study; in vitro release test)","n":"70","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, this investigation showed that treatment with QU-Lip mitigated ER stress/autophagy pathway and regulatory miRNA-induced STZ-induced damage to β-cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion, p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"liposomal systems enhanced QU dissolution in the release medium (Fig. 1d)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1, p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38808380","title":"Quercetin nanocrystals for bioavailability enhancement: impact of different functional stabilizers on in vitro/in vivo drug performances.","year":"2024","journal":"Pharmaceutical development and technology","pmid":"38808380","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2361654","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38808380/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38808380/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2024.2361654","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (6 groups)","n":"36","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results revealed that stabilizers play an important role in the in vitro/in vivo performance of orally administrated drug NCs, and the in vitro/in vivo behavior of poorly soluble drugs can be altered by changing the type of functional stabilizers in NCs preparation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results/Discussion end, p.557 (Conclusion section p.556)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax and AUC0-t of all QT-NCs were significantly higher than those of raw QT","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic study, p.554; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t of all QT-NCs after oral administration was in the following order: QT-NCs/P188 ≈ QT-NCs/HPMC E15 > QT-NCs/GL > QT-NCs/P407 ≈ QT-NCs/TPGS","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.555; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax showed an order of QT-NCs/P407 > QT-NCs/P188 ≈ QT-NCs/GL > QT-NCs/HPMC E15 > QT-NCs/TPGS","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.555; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39314175","title":"Folic acid-conjugated long circulating co-encapsulated atorvastatin and quercetin solid lipid nanoparticles: pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in rats.","year":"2024","journal":"Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications","pmid":"39314175","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d4ay00821a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314175/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314175/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ay00821a","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three formulation groups)","n":"18 rats for PK; 30 rats for tissue distribution","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that ATR and QUER-encapsulated FA-SLNs offer prolonged circulation and improved targeting, highlighting their potential for therapeutic applications in diseases characterized by overexpressed folate receptors.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.7197-7198)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the increase in was AUC statistically significant for both the analytes observed in FA-SLN","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A consecutive decrease in clearance was observed for both the analytes","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39638918","title":"Isoquercitrin Loaded PEGylated Long Circulating Liposomes Improve Bone Mass and Reduce Oxidative Stress After Osteoporosis.","year":"2024","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","pmid":"39638918","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1208/s12249-024-02993-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638918/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638918/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-024-02993-6","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups, PK)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) liposomes vs free isoquercitrin","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Taken together, the IQ-Lips may be a novel avenue to potentially prolong the circulation of IQ in the body and improve the bioavailability of IQ for osteoporosis treatment.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC values of IQ-Lips were almost 9 times that of the free IQ (103.13 ± 4.16 µg/mL*h vs. 11.25 ± 0.75 µg/mL*h, p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table V","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the solubility of IQ-Lips was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of IQ","source":"fulltext","location":"Table IV","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39931515","title":"Enhanced bioavailability of Quercetin-loaded niosomal in situ gel for the management of Parkinson's disease.","year":"2024","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","pmid":"39931515","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2024.1519649","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39931515/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39931515/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1519649","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11808128/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups)","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (niosomal in situ gel, intranasal)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The findings suggest that the quercetin-loaded niosomal formulation offers improved drug delivery and efficacy, indicating its potential as a superior treatment option for PD compared to conventional dosage forms.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plain gel, with unencapsulated quercetin, displayed a slower diffusion profile, achieving only a 58.27% cumulative release","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8; Fig. 4B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36638836","title":"Regional distributions of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin in the liver and small intestine of rats when orally co-administered with quercetin and paeoniflorin.","year":"2023","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","pmid":"36638836","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bdd.2346","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36638836/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36638836/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2346","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2 groups)","n":"50","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (co-administered with curcumin and paeoniflorin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the two bioactive compounds, quercetin and paeoniflorin, might reduce the intestinal biotransformation of curcumin, so as to increase the amount of drug into the body circulation, or to improve the effectiveness of treatments for intestinal diseases.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"half-life (t1/2) of tetrahydrocurcumin in the liver in the combined group was significantly longer","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tetrahydrocurcumin concentration in the jejunum at 8 h was significantly higher than that in the combined group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0−t of tetrahydrocurcumin in the jejunum was about 31% higher in the single group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0−t of curcumin in the duodenum in the combined group was obviously higher, albeit to no significant difference in the other three tissues","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"these differences were not statistically significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3; Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36839896","title":"Ultrasonically Fabricated Beta-Carotene Nanoemulsion: Optimization, Characterization and Evaluation of Combinatorial Effect with Quercetin on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model.","year":"2023","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"36839896","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15020574","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839896/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839896/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020574","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9962907/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (listed); PK analyte is beta-carotene","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (PK study measured beta-carotene (pure drug vs nanoemulsion) in plasma; quercetin nanoemulsion (QU-NE) used only in the diabetic-rat efficacy study (no quercetin absorption/PK data in this paper). Beta-carotene Table 6 recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The βC-NE, combined with QU-NE, exhibited potential therapeutic benefits in controlling body weight, blood sugar level, lipid levels, and tissue damage markers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of βC-NE was ~2 folds higher than βC-PD","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 6; Results 3.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC0−t and AUC0−∞ were increased by 4.8 and 5.5 times, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36912048","title":"Interaction of quercetin and 5-fluorouracil: cellular and pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2023","journal":"Toxicology mechanisms and methods","pmid":"36912048","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/15376516.2023.2188928","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912048/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912048/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2023.2188928","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (control vs quercetin-pretreated)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (IP pretreatment); PK analyte 5-fluorouracil","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (PK analyte is 5-fluorouracil (IV) in rats pretreated with IP quercetin (10 mg/kg x 14 days); quercetin plasma levels not measured. Interaction study: quercetin raised 5-FU Cmax/AUC. Also in vitro HT-29/fibroblast cytotoxicity.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Daily administration of quercetin could significantly increase the Cmax and AUC of 5-FU and lead to a significant pharmacokinetic synergism between 5-FU and quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Cmax and AUC were significantly increased in rats treated with 10 mg/kg IP quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"K10 is the only parameter that faced a significant alteration (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not have any significant differences in the quercetin-pretreated group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37043980","title":"In vitro outcomes of quercetin on Candida albicans planktonic and biofilm cells and in vivo effects on vulvovaginal candidiasis. Evidences of its mechanisms of action.","year":"2023","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","pmid":"37043980","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154800","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37043980/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37043980/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154800","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups)","n":"24","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present study showed that QC has rapid oral absorption, slow elimination, good viral distribution, and a lack of toxicity.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"at the same dose (100 mg/kg), the oral absolute bioavailability of QC was 12.3%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results (Bioavailability and tissue distributions of QC in mice) p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"with no significant differences among the three dose groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37067270","title":"The synergistic effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and quercetin co-loaded hydrogel beads on inflammatory bowel disease.","year":"2023","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"37067270","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d2fo04029h","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37067270/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37067270/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo04029h","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"30","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (in hydrogel beads, alone or with EGCG)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the Q content in the colon was the highest in the EQH-treated rats. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of E and Q can reduce the risk of IBD.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The colonic Q content from QH was higher than that from EQH","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1; Abstract; Conclusion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37375211","title":"Simultaneous Estimation of Quercetin and trans-Resveratrol in Cissus quadrangularis Extract in Rat Serum Using Validated LC-MS/MS Method: Application to Pharmacokinetic and Stability Studies.","year":"2023","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"37375211","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules28124656","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37375211/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37375211/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124656","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10301570/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as a constituent of ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis, EECQ)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our in vivo results suggest that intragastric administration may be a more effective route of administration for quercetin and t-res, as it leads to higher Cmax, shorter half-life, and high volume of distribution.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"For quercetin and t-res, AUC(0–∞) was computed as 471.23 ± 51.49 and 156.57 ± 21.09 h*ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4.9 p.10","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37423375","title":"Zein-based nanospheres and nanocapsules for the encapsulation and oral delivery of quercetin.","year":"2023","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"37423375","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123216","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37423375/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37423375/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123216","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone; zein nanosphere and nanocapsule formulations vs HP-β-CD aqueous control)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the nanoencapsulation of quercetin in zein-based nanoparticles improved the relative oral bioavailability of this flavonoid. Nevertheless, again, nanospheres showed better performance than nanocapsules.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.8 (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative oral bioavailability (Fr) of quercetin in the control formulation (Q) was 5% (Table 4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.8 para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the relative oral bioavailability of quercetin when formulated in zein nanospheres was of about 57%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.3 p.7; Discussion p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Q-NC (ca. 26%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.3 p.7; Discussion p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative oral bioavailability of 26% and 57% for Q-NS and Q-NC, respectively, compared to a 5% for the control formulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1925 ± 561** (**p < 0.01, nanoparticles compared to Q)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"56019 ± 44131**","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"24986 ± 8860*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"20.1 ± 4.8**","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"30.5 ± 7.1**","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37547881","title":"Tuning the Pharmacokinetic Performance of Quercetin by Cocrystallization.","year":"2023","journal":"Crystal growth & design","pmid":"37547881","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00590","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37547881/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37547881/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00590","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10401641/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, single oral dose; plus in vitro dissolution)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (cocrystals with betaine, proline, theophylline, pentoxifylline vs QUE anhydrous)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"All four cocrystals were found to improve the solubility and bioavailability of QUE with QUEPTF exhibiting the largest improvement in bioavailability out of all QUE cocrystals reported to date.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"QUE exhibited the lowest Cmax of 18.7 ± 7.6 ng/mL after 15 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Peak plasma concentrations for QUE and all cocrystals are reached after approximately 20 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"64-fold improvement in bioavailability versus the parent drug (AUC = 1705.3 ± 224.0 ng.h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"close to a 28-fold increase in comparison to QUE","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"a 10-fold increase with 262.8 ± 67.6 ng.h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"7-fold increase compared to QUE with 184.4 ± 54.1 ng.h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"64-, 27-, 10- and 7-fold increase in oral bioavailability for QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, and QUETHP","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"**p < 0.01 cocrystals with respect to QUE","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*p < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37627483","title":"The Potential Effects of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoliposomes on Amoxicillin/Clavulanate-Induced Hepatic Damage: Targeting the SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Microbiota Modulation.","year":"2023","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"37627483","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/antiox12081487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37627483/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37627483/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081487","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10451903/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups; pharmacodynamic/hepatoprotection study with in vitro formulation characterization)","n":"NR (four groups, n = 7 per group)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (liposomal, QR-lipo)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggested that QR-lipo ameliorates Co-Amox-induced liver damage by targeting SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB and modulating the microbiota.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37631250","title":"Comparative Serum and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin after Oral and Nasal Administration to Rats as Lyophilized Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives and Their Blends with Mannitol/Lecithin Microparticles.","year":"2023","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"37631250","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15082036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631250/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631250/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082036","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10459069/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups; sparse-sampling PK; oral vs intranasal)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (cyclodextrin complex lyophilizates and mannitol/lecithin microparticle blends)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The IN administration of Que complexed with either the methylated or the hydroxy propylated β-CD derivative in the form of lyophilizates can lead to significant Que levels in the serum and brain.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"tmax of 15 min and a Cmax of 0.36 ± 0.03 µg/mL for the parent compound","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reach a Cmax of 0.40 ± 0.07 µg/mL at 45 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the Cmax (0.64 ± 0.17 µg/mL) of the total Que was reported at 60 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"significantly higher Cmax of the parent compound in serum (0.69 ± 0.15 µg/mL vs 0.36 ± 0.03 µg/mL, p = 0.0485, n = 4-8)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"parent Que ... (Cmax = 0.07 ± 0.02 µg/mL, p = 0.0286, n = 3)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"with a Cmax equal to (0.17 ± 0.04 µg/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of 2.14 µg/mL at 15 min (total Que)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher Cmax of the parent compound in serum (0.69 ± 0.15 µg/mL vs 0.36 ± 0.03 µg/mL, p = 0.0485","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"similar values for the AUC0−t and Cmax of the total Que were reported (p = 0.7143, n = 3–6","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37672798","title":"Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Absorption and Functional Mechanisms of Quercetin.","year":"2023","journal":"Molecular nutrition & food research","pmid":"37672798","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/mnfr.202300225","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37672798/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37672798/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202300225","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose rat experiment with vehicle control; in vitro cell experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone) ; QUE-encapsulated extracellular vesicles","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present study is the first to show that QUE and its metabolite Q3GA are embedded in EVs, then released from QUE-treated HT-29 cells... orally administered QUE is dominantly present in serum EVs, but not in the albumin fraction.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"t-test 0.04","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"t-test 0.28","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"t-test 0.0008","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the stability of EV-QUE was significantly higher than that of Free-QUE during the 40–120 min of incubation (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"up to 41×) than in cells treated with Free-QUE (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34813906","title":"Self-nanoemulsifying composition containing curcumin, quercetin, Ganoderma lucidum extract powder and probiotics for effective treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in streptozotocin induced rats.","year":"2022","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"34813906","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121306","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34813906/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34813906/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121306","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (rat PK, 6 groups); plus in vitro dissolution and Caco-2 permeability; plus separate 42-day diabetic rat pharmacodynamic study","n":"36 (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (co-formulated with curcumin, Ganoderma lucidum extract powder, probiotics)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"About 50.23– and 5.57-folds increase in bioavailability was observed for curcumin and quercetin respectively, upon loading into SNEDDS pellets.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax for curcumin and quercetin containing SNEDDS pellets was found 532.34 ± 5.64 ng/mL and 4280 ± 65.67 ng/mL, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The AUCs of SD-S-SNEDDS pellets of QUE were found to be 5.03 (alone) and 5.57 (combination) folds higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.11.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"About 50.23– and 5.57-folds increase in bioavailability was observed for curcumin and quercetin respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.11.2; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"for QUE versus L-SNEDDS and SD-S-SNEDDS, the p value was found to be 0.029 and 0.0408 respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.9.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The p values between L-SNEDDS vs SD-S-SNEDDS pellets were 0.713 for CUR and 0.764 for QUE","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.9.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The p values between the release profiles of raw drugs and the drugs loaded in SNEDDS formulations were found<0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.9.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the plasma concentration of both QUE and CUR in the form of SNEDDS was significantly (P < 0.05) more in comparison to that of raw QUE and CUR","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.11.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35056127","title":"Fabrication and Evaluation of Quercetin Nanoemulsion: A Delivery System with Improved Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy in Diabetes Mellitus.","year":"2022","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"35056127","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ph15010070","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056127/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056127/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15010070","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8779357/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the Que-NE compared to pure quercetin exhibited superior release and enhanced oral bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 1634.28 ± 70.18 | 5962.74 ± 238.54 **","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0–48 (ng/h/mL) 18,748.47 ± 930.16 | 83,667.94 ± 1610.30 **","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35209106","title":"Protective Effect of Quercetin 3-O-Glucuronide against Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in Renal Tubular Cells.","year":"2022","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"35209106","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules27041319","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35209106/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35209106/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041319","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8880316/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (pilot comparison of oral vs intraperitoneal administration)","n":"2","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (micellar formulation P-quercetin) and quercetin metabolites","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin afforded no direct cytoprotection and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide was the only metabolite partially preventing the effect of cisplatin in cultured tubule cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P-quercetin was similarly absorbed via i.p. and p.o., whereas the profile of the metabolites found was slightly different between both routes","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35353535","title":"Development of Poly(lipoic acid) Nanoparticles with Improved Oral Bioavailability and Hepatoprotective Effects of Quercetin.","year":"2022","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","pmid":"35353535","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353535/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353535/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00009","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This formulation exhibited sustained release of QUE and led to a significant improvement in its oral absorption compared with crystalline QUE.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 8.2 ± 3.3","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/mL) 130 ± 18*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 0.083 ± 0","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 2.1 ± 0.12*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0−inf. (ng h/mL) 19 ± 9.8","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0−inf. (ng h/mL) 710 ± 56*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Based on the AUC0−inf. value (98.58 ng h/mL; Supporting Information Figure S2) of intravenously administered QUE","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.1473 (Supporting Information Fig. S2)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*, P < 0.01 with respect to crystalline QUE.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35456709","title":"Tailoring of Selenium-Plated Novasomes for Fine-Tuning Pharmacokinetic and Tumor Uptake of Quercetin: In Vitro Optimization and In Vivo Radiobiodistribution Assessment in Ehrlich Tumor-Bearing Mice.","year":"2022","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"35456709","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14040875","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35456709/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35456709/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040875","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9032182/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"72 (24 mice per group x 3 groups, as printed: 'three groups (24 mice per group)')","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies revealed higher AUC0–∞, extended T1/2 and MRT besides reinforced tumor uptake of 99mTc-QRC-SeNOVs compared to 99mTc-QRC-NOVs and 99mTc-QRC solution.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.22","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax attained was 2.74 ± 0.42% ID/g","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of 99mTc-QRC-NOVs... 4.10 ± 0.72","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"5.74 ± 0.76% ID/g","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"99mTc-QRC-SeNOVs > 99mTc-QRC-NOVs > 99mTc-QRC solution, at all-time points.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8.2 p.18","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The higher values accomplished with 99mTc-QRC-SeNOVs were ascertained to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35631483","title":"Fabrication and In Vitro/Vivo Evaluation of Drug Nanocrystals Self-Stabilized Pickering Emulsion for Oral Delivery of Quercetin.","year":"2022","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"35631483","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14050897","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631483/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631483/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14050897","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9145886/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"QT–NSSPE has not only a good physical stability for a storage of 30 days, but can also enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"QT–NC (2.96 ± 0.17) h (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8 p.14","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"** p < 0.01 vs. the QT–CPS group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"## p < 0.01 vs. the QT–NC group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35690763","title":"A novel inhalable quercetin-alginate nanogel as a promising therapy for acute lung injury.","year":"2022","journal":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","pmid":"35690763","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s12951-022-01452-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35690763/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35690763/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01452-3","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9187928/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation and efficacy study with tissue distribution imaging)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In the ALI rat model, this novel nanogel showed an excellent therapeutic effect by ultrasonic aerosol inhalation administration by protecting and reducing pulmonary inflammation, thereby preventing subsequent pulmonary fibrosis.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Conclusions)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33295808","title":"Surfactant-free amorphous solid dispersion with high dissolution for bioavailability enhancement of hydrophobic drugs: a case of quercetin.","year":"2021","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"33295808","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/03639045.2020.1862173","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33295808/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33295808/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2020.1862173","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups) plus in vitro dissolution","n":"24 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (QUE) as amorphous solid dispersion with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The oral bioavailability study verified AUC0-24h of all three ASD groups were 1.64~2.25 times that of pure QUE (p < .01).","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-24h of all three ASD groups were 1.64~2.25 times that of pure QUE (p < .01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.160","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33450917","title":"A Micellar Formulation of Quercetin Prevents Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity.","year":"2021","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","pmid":"33450917","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ijms22020729","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33450917/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33450917/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020729","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7828436/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (natural suspension) vs Pluronic F127 micellar quercetin (P-quercetin)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Intraperitoneal administration of P-quercetin leads to an increased plasma concentration and bioavailability of quercetin compared to the equimolar administration of natural quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"maximum drug concentrations (Cmax) observed in groups Q and PQ were 1.14 ± 1.28 µg/mL and 8.90 ± 4.62 µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"8.90 ± 4.62 µg/mL, respectively, i.e., a 7.8-fold increment for P-quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The time to Cmax was increased from 15 min (for natural quercetin) to 1 h (for P-quercetin).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"increased from 15 min (for natural quercetin) to 1 h (for P-quercetin)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"translating into a 302.5% higher bioavailability","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Overall exposure of rats to the flavonoid was significantly higher for P-quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33800848","title":"Rp-HPLC Determination of Quercetin in a Novel D-α-Tocopherol Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate Based SNEDDS Formulation: Pharmacokinetics in Rat Plasma.","year":"2021","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"33800848","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules26051435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800848/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800848/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051435","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7961457/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: Q suspension, vehicle V, nano formula NQ)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (QU) in TPGS-based SNEDDS (50% TPGS, 30% PEG 200, 20% pumpkin seed oil) vs QU suspension","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Application of the proposed RP-HPLC method to pharmacokinetic studies revealed the improvement in QU bioavailability by 149.8% relative to that of QU suspension.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"QU SNEDDS formula showed elevated Cmax value of 491.3 ± 172.2 µg/L compared to QU suspension value of 163.2 ± 74 µg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"compared to QU suspension value of 163.2 ± 74 µg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"SNEDDS formula reduced Tmax to 0.5 ± 0.0 h compared to 0.83 ± 0.26 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"compared to 0.83 ± 0.26 h (Figure 6C)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCt data were significantly improved with 2286 ± 500.1 µg h/L and 1525.7 ± 378.8 for QU SNEDDS formula and QU suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"1525.7 ± 378.8 for QU SNEDDS formula and QU suspension, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"149.8% improvement in bioavailability of QU in SNEDDS relative to its suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 2.4; Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant (p < 0.05) improvement in Cmax, Tmax, and AUCt","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4; Fig. 6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33996410","title":"The contribution of absorption of integral nanocrystals to enhancement of oral bioavailability of quercetin.","year":"2021","journal":"Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B","pmid":"33996410","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33996410/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33996410/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.015","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8105875/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (oral and IV groups, two particle sizes)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (hybrid nanocrystals with ACQ probe P2, stabilised with poloxamer 188)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the present study revealed significant difference in absorption and biodistrbution between integral nanocrystals and overall drugs following oral and intravenous administration of QT-HNCs. Although not accurate enough, it provided a meaningful reference for the contribution of integral nanocrystals to overall bioavailability enhancement.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.987","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"absolute bioavailability of QT following oral administration of QT-HNCs are 18.50% for QT-HNCs-280","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6 p.985","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"10.76% for QT-HNCs-550","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6 p.985","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QT-HNCs-280 gets significant higher AUC0-t of 82.40 h·µg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of 3.70 µg/mL ... 2.05 µg/mL for QT-HNCs-550","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference ... AUC0-t and Cmax of QT following intravenous administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34008400","title":"Combination of α-Glycosyl-Isoquercitrin and Soybean Fiber Promotes Quercetin Bioavailability and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion and Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Rats Fed a High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"34008400","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01388","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34008400/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34008400/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01388","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 diet groups)","n":"35","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (alpha-glycosyl-isoquercitrin, AGIQ)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the combination of soybean fiber and AGIQ could be beneficial for reducing the risk of glucose intolerance, possibly involving enhanced quercetin bioavailability and GLP-1 secretion.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"From week 2 to 8 of the feeding period, the HSQ group showed higher total quercetin derivative levels than the HQ group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.12; Fig. 3a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Rats fed with HSQ demonstrated a higher urinal quercetin level from week 4 to 8","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.12; Fig. 3b","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"HSQ group demonstrated significantly lower percentage of degraded aglycone compared to HQ group at week 8","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant interaction between the duration of feeding period and the diet (P = 0.0034)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.13","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34091674","title":"Dietary Quercetin Reduces Plasma and Tissue Methylglyoxal and Advanced Glycation End Products in Healthy Mice Treated with Methylglyoxal.","year":"2021","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"34091674","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/nxab176","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34091674/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34091674/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab176","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"15 (Exp 1); 50 (Exp 2)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"dietary quercetin significantly decreased the accumulation of MGO and AGEs in exogenous MGO–administered mice via trapping MGO directly and activating MGO detoxification pathways","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mono-MGO conjugated quercetin in 0.4Q was significantly higher than those in 0.1Q mice (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2605; Fig. 4C","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34142631","title":"Enhancement of oral bioavailability of quercetin by metabolic inhibitory nanosuspensions compared to conventional nanosuspensions.","year":"2021","journal":"Drug delivery","pmid":"34142631","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10717544.2021.1927244","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142631/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142631/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2021.1927244","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8218931/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomly divided into six groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (nanosuspensions with piperine or sodium oleate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results collectively supported that metabolic inhibitors based on nanosuspensions is an effective solution to enhance oral absorption of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin plasma concentration of Que-NSps groups were all significantly higher than Que physical suspensions","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1233","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0→∞ value of quercetin for SPC-Pip-Que-NSps was 1.9 times greater than SPC-Que-NSps","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1234","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0→∞ value of quercetin for TPGS-SO-Que-NSps was lower than TPGS-Que-NSps","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1234","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34281178","title":"Effect of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Challenge on β-Glucuronidase Activity and the Concentration of Quercetin and Its Metabolites in the Choroid Plexus, Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid.","year":"2021","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","pmid":"34281178","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ijms22137122","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34281178/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34281178/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137122","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8268849/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep, adult ewes; plus rat and human choroid plexus epithelial cells in vitro)","design":"other (repeated-measures within-animal: saline session then LPS session after 2 weeks recovery; in vitro cell experiments)","n":"40 ewes overall (Exp. 1 n=24; Exp. 2 n=16, 6 excluded from sampling)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3-glucuronide, Q3GA, administered IV)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We observed that acute inflammation stimulated β-Gluc activity in the ChP and blood plasma, but not in ChP epithelial cells and CSF, and did not affect Q and its phase II metabolite concentrations in plasma and CSF, except Q3GA, for which the plasma concentration was higher 30 min after administration (p < 0.05) in LPS- compared to saline-treated ewes. The lack of Q3GA deconjugation in the ChP observed under physiological and acute inflammatory conditions, however, does not exclude its possible role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentration was higher 30 min after administration (p < 0.05) in LPS- compared to saline-treated ewes","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 2.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no effect of acute inflammation ... on the total content of Q3GA, Q, iR and iRGA, measured by the area under the concentration curve","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2 p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not affect Q and its phase II metabolite concentrations in plasma and CSF, except Q3GA","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"higher when cells were harvested mechanically (307.1 ± 43.7 ng/mL) compared to enzymatically (20.3 ± 5.1 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No effect of LPS was observed for Q3GA accumulation in either the saline- or LPS-treated HIBCPP cells","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34563617","title":"Lipid nanocarrier of selegiline augmented anti-Parkinson's effect via P-gp modulation using quercetin.","year":"2021","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"34563617","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121131","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34563617/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34563617/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121131","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation development, ex vivo permeation and pharmacodynamics)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as P-gp modulator with selegiline)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured compound is selegiline; quercetin is a P-gp inhibitor co-loaded in the formulation. Quercetin's own absorption/PK was not measured. Selegiline release/permeation recorded for context (SEL-QUR vs SEL suspension shows quercetin co-formulation effect).)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These studies concluded that developed LNC formulation loaded SEL with P-gp inhibitor had the potential in improving bioavailability of SEL in the brain via oral route.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A 2.5-fold increase was observed in the % release of SEL from SEL-QUR LNC ... The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4 legend; Results 3.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A 2.6-fold increase in the release of SEL from the formulation than suspensions","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 5 legend; Results 3.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant difference was observed in the % release of SEL from the respective suspensions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4 and 5 legends","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant (p < 0.001) increase in the permeability of the SEL from the formulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35179095","title":"Improving gallic acid and quercetin bioavailability by polymeric nanoparticle formulation.","year":"2021","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"35179095","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/03639045.2022.2043353","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179095/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179095/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2022.2043353","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (isolated from pomegranate peel; with gallic acid from amla)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This research suggests that encapsulating GA and quercetin in polymeric nanoparticles improves their oral bioavailability and anti-colon cancer efficacy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"6.6086 ± 1.51 mg h/mL and 5.6734 ± 2.64 mg h/mL for polyherbal nanoparticles of GA and quercetin, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Discussion para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"polyherbal nanoparticles had a typical sustained release profile with a fourfold increase in bioavailability when compared to polyherbal extract","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Statistically significant improvement in the AUC total of the formulation was observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31079173","title":"Water-soluble dietary fibers enhance bioavailability of quercetin and a fiber derived from soybean is most effective after long-term feeding in rats.","year":"2020","journal":"European journal of nutrition","pmid":"31079173","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-019-01992-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31079173/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31079173/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-01992-9","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside mixture, Q3GM)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Water-soluble dietary fibers, especially soybean fiber, enhanced quercetin bioavailability after chronic feeding and may promote beneficial effects of quercetin on disease prevention.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"On week 2, feeding Q3GM group with individual water-soluble fibers elevated the concentrations of total quercetin derivatives.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Total quercetin derivatives in plasma","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Soybean fiber upregulated plasma and urinary quercetin levels on week 6 and 8.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Urinary quercetin level in QS group was higher than that in all other groups on week 6 and 8.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Total quercetin derivatives in urine","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the values in QP group were the highest throughout the experiment (approximately five times higher than the control group)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The degradation ratio was lower in all fiber groups than control group and the lowest value was reported for QS group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Fecal excretion of total quercetin derivatives was higher in QP group than control group through 8-week feeding period","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Total quercetin derivatives in feces","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31482519","title":"Characterization of a liposomal copper(II)-quercetin formulation suitable for parenteral use.","year":"2020","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","pmid":"31482519","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13346-019-00674-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31482519/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31482519/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-019-00674-7","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6978430/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (liposomal copper-quercetin, IV)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In summary, we have successfully addressed the solubility issues associated with quercetin by generation of a novel liposomal formulation of copper-quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.213, PDF p.12)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"copper-quercetin formulations had an AUC0-24H of 8382.1 μg h/mL when administered to mice at 50 mg/kg","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC is 8382 μg h/mL for the quercetin formulations prepared using liposomes made with copper sulfate","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8 (PDF p.8)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"1577 μg h/mL for quercetin formulations prepared using liposomes made with CuG","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8 (PDF p.8)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"an 18 fold increase in total drug exposure (AUC) (1.94 versus 0.106 μmol/mL) [24]","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.10 (PDF p.11)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the formulation prepared with CuG-containing liposomes was eliminated more rapidly than formulations prepared using CuSO4","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31771913","title":"A comparison of the absorption and metabolism of the major quercetin in brassica, quercetin-3-O-sophoroside, to that of quercetin aglycone, in rats.","year":"2020","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"31771913","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125880","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31771913/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31771913/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125880","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone and quercetin-3-O-sophoroside","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"we report for the first time that QS, a major flavonoid in broccoli, is absorbed intact in the small intestine and metabolized to QS sulfate, methylated QS and methylated QS sulfate, in the jejunum.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.7)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reaching a maximum (3.0 ± 1.0 µM) by 20 min and had not changed significantly by 30 min (2.9 ± 0.6 µM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 (p.5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the maximum concentration observed in plasma was 3.7 ± 1.2 µM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 (p.5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the maximum concentrations of Q3GA and I3GA in the plasma during the 150 min cecal surgery, were 0.4 ± 0.2 µM and 0.2 ± 0.0 µM","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 (p.5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"0.4 ± 0.2 µM and 0.2 ± 0.0 µM, respectively, which are only 13% and 6% of the maximum concentration of Q3GA and I3GA in jejunal surgery","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 (p.5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"their abundance was significantly less than that in samples from the aglycone or QS groups (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The pattern of catabolites between aglycone and QS groups did not differ, except for phloroglucinol, which was observed only in the aglycone group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 (p.6)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31909684","title":"Quercetin amorphous solid dispersions prepared by hot melt extrusion with enhanced solubility and intestinal absorption.","year":"2020","journal":"Pharmaceutical development and technology","pmid":"31909684","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10837450.2019.1709502","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31909684/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31909684/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2019.1709502","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"30","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (Que) crystalline vs ASD formulations","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"solid dispersions prepared by HME could be used for delivering Que by enhancing their dissolution rates and bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.480)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Compared with the oral administration of pure Que, the mean AUC and Cmax values of Que ASDs showed significant difference (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31945451","title":"A new cocrystal of isoniazid-quercetin with hepatoprotective effect: The design, structure, and in vitro/in vivo performance evaluation.","year":"2020","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"31945451","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105216","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31945451/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31945451/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105216","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"10 rats (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (isoniazid-quercetin 1:1 cocrystal vs equimolar physical mixture)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the INH-QCT cocrystal enhanced the in vitro/in vivo properties of QCT compared with pure QCT, and improved the pharmacokinetic synergy of QCT and INH than that of physical mixture, thereby utilizing the hepatoprotective effects of QCT more effectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 4), p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"AUC and CMAX of QCT in INH-QCT cocrystal are 28.91-fold and 13.24-fold, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.3 p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the FREL still keeps at 1.56 (Table 1)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.3 p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher than those of QCT in the mixture","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"TMAX of QCT in the cocrystal is advanced from 0.70 to 0.50 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32172837","title":"The hydrogel of whey protein isolate coated by lotus root amylopectin enhance the stability and bioavailability of quercetin.","year":"2020","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","pmid":"32172837","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32172837/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32172837/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116009","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free, WPI-encapsulated, WPI-LRA hydrogel)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that this hydrogel can enhance the stability and bioavailability of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"higher concentration of quercetin (2133.67 pg/mL) ... raised by 1.55-fold and 8.01-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 7 (letters a-d)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"raised by 1.55-fold ... than that of WPI-QUE group","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 7 (different letters c vs d)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32357395","title":"Quercetin Is a Flavonoid Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibitor with an Impact on the Oral Pharmacokinetics of Sulfasalazine in Rats.","year":"2020","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"32357395","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics12050397","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357395/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357395/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12050397","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7285070/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"8","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Quercetin (10 mg/kg oral) was given as a BCRP-inhibitor pretreatment; the only PK analyte measured in vivo was sulfasalazine (probe drug). Quercetin plasma concentrations were not measured. Sulfasalazine PK rows recorded for reference. In vitro cell data (mitoxantrone accumulation, prazosin transport) are not quercetin absorption data.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Collectively, these results provide evidence that quercetin acts as an in vivo as well as in vitro inhibitor of BCRP.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"179 ± 23.0 ng/mL vs. 122 ± 23.2 ng/mL, p < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the Cmax was significantly higher by 1.5-fold (p < 0.05, power > 0.8)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC8h of sulfasalazine with or without quercetin pretreatment was 44.5 ± 11.8 min∙μg/mL and 25.7","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract; Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"not significantly different (P < 0.05, power < 0.8)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 / Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant change in the elimination half-life (t1/2) of sulfasalazine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32397764","title":"Brain delivery of quercetin-loaded exosomes improved cognitive function in AD mice by inhibiting phosphorylated tau-mediated neurofibrillary tangles.","year":"2020","journal":"Drug delivery","pmid":"32397764","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10717544.2020.1762262","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32397764/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32397764/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2020.1762262","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7269046/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (free Que vs exosome-loaded Que)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, Exo-Que enlarged neuroprotective effects of Que through enhancing the bioavailability of Que and promoting its brain targeting.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax, 2.5 mg/L vs 1.31 mg/L)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4A table; Results text","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t of Que in Exo-Que was higher to 7.5-fold as compared to free Que","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4A table","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"prolonged half-life (t1/2) (89.14 min vs 36.47 min)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4A","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32623931","title":"Impact of quercetin on pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: insights from in-vivo studies in wistar rats.","year":"2020","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","pmid":"32623931","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/00498254.2020.1792002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32623931/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32623931/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00498254.2020.1792002","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups)","n":"24 (4 groups of 6, as described)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Quercetin used as pretreatment (herb-drug interaction); the only analyte measured in vivo is quetiapine (QTE). Quercetin concentrations not measured. QTE PK rows recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Concluding, QCN is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp in rats and significantly increases the bioavailability and brain concentration of concomitantly administered QTE.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (last paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax of QTE increased significantly upon QCN pre-treatment (92.07 ± 12.15 vs 21.24 ± 3.07 ng/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant (p < 0.05) increase in exposure of QTE (peroral dosed) in the animals pre-treated with QCN","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"similar trend was observed in AUC(0-last) (627.98 ± 80.33 vs 114.691 ± 14.91 ng h/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35516602","title":"Preparation of quercetin-nicotinamide cocrystals and their evaluation under in vivo and in vitro conditions.","year":"2020","journal":"RSC advances","pmid":"35516602","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d0ra03324c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35516602/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35516602/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03324c","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9054514/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pharmacokinetic experiment in rats affirms that quercetin–nicotinamide cocrystals improve the bioavailability of quercetin significantly.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.21858","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the area under the curve (AUC) was 15 216.63 (µg mL-1)·min","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.21857","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the relative bioavailability of quercetin was 392% in the quercetin–nicotinamide cocrystals (1 : 1)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.21857","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29594477","title":"Quercetin inhibits intestinal non-haem iron absorption by regulating iron metabolism genes in the tissues.","year":"2019","journal":"European journal of nutrition","pmid":"29594477","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-018-1680-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29594477/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29594477/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1680-7","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6437293/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (quercetin vs DMSO control), several regimens","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone, 50 mg/kg by gavage or IP)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Oral quercetin significantly inhibited iron absorption, while IP quercetin significantly affected iron-related genes.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"mucosal 59Fe uptake was significantly increased, from 13 to 18% (Fig. 1c), whilst mucosal 59Fe transfer was significantly decreased, from 87 to 82% (Fig. 1d)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4; Fig. 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30610857","title":"Codelivery of Adriamycin and P-gp Inhibitor Quercetin Using PEGylated Liposomes to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance.","year":"2019","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","pmid":"30610857","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30610857/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30610857/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.016","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 groups)","n":"40","formsStudiedRaw":"quercetin (IV, co-encapsulated with doxorubicin in PEGylated liposomes)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"this kind of drug delivery system can significantly enhance the bioavailability and extend the half-life time of both QUE and AMD.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The data were considered statistically significant with group D (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2 footnote a","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30804434","title":"Quercetin and its metabolite isorhamnetin promote glucose uptake through different signalling pathways in myotubes.","year":"2019","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"30804434","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-38711-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30804434/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30804434/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38711-7","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6389993/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (dose groups vs vehicle)","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ, quercetin glucosides; plasma quercetin and isorhamnetin measured)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, our findings highlight the protective effects of quercetin and isorhamnetin at a physiological concentration range on glucose uptake in muscle cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.12)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30941276","title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison of quercetin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide in rats by HPLC-MS.","year":"2019","journal":"PeerJ","pmid":"30941276","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.7717/peerj.6665","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30941276/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30941276/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6665","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6440464/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups)","n":"15","formsStudiedRaw":"quercetin, isoquercitrin and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide (separate oral doses)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin, IQ, and QG can all be absorbed into plasma. A mutual transformation exists between Qr and QG, and IQ can be metabolized into Qr and QG in SD rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Discussion)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reached the Cmax (7.47 ± 2.63 ug/mL) at Tmax (54.0 ± 25.1 min)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"IQ could be detected in rat plasma and reached the Cmax (0.35 ± 0.11 ug/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (222.0 ± 119.2 min) of QG was delayed compared with Tmax (54.0 ± 25.1 min) of Qr","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the AUC0-t (2,590.5 ± 987.9 mg/L min)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-t of QG in the; Qr group (1,550.0 ± 454.2 mg/L min)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Tmax of Qr in the QG group was significantly delayed compared with that of Qr in the Qr (p = 0.02) and IQ groups (p = 0.006).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Tmax of QG in the QG group also came after a longer period than that of QG in the Qr and IQ (p = 0.021) groups.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Tmax, t1/2z, and Cmax of IQ were the shortest and lowest compared with Qr and QG. The CL of IQ was the fastest","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31029801","title":"Simultaneous determination of curcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, quercetin, and paeoniflorin by UHPLC-MS/MS in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2019","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","pmid":"31029801","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31029801/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31029801/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.033","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"it was found that the combination of QR and PF could improve the bioavailability of CUR and slow down its metabolism and excretion.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p < 0.05 compared with the single group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In the combined group, the t1/2 of CUR was significantly longer (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results p.64","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31213814","title":"Cholate-modified polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles for oral delivery of quercetin to potentiate the antileukemic effect.","year":"2019","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"31213814","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S210057","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31213814/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31213814/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S210057","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6549487/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"cPLNs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of QUE. Increased oral absorption of QUE through cPLNs could be attributed to improvement in the transcellular trafficking due to mediation of bile acid transporter.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions / Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative oral bioavailability ... was just 252.15% for QUE-PLNs","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative oral bioavailability of QUE-cPLNs ... up to 375.12% compared to QUE suspensions","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*P<0.01, significantly different from QUE suspensions; **P<0.01, significantly different from QUE-PLNs","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"two kinds of nanocarrier exhibited similar absorption peak time (approximately 1 hour), but significantly different from QUE suspensions","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.4051","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31472219","title":"Casein nanoparticles in combination with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin improves the oral bioavailability of quercetin.","year":"2019","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"31472219","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118652","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31472219/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31472219/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118652","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In summary, the preparation of casein nanoparticles in the presence of HP-β-CD appears to be a good option to load quercetin for both nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes. The resulting nanoparticles offer a zero-order release rate of the flavonoid when incubated in simulated fluids. In vivo, these casein nanoparticles produced high and sustained levels of quercetin for periods up to 72 hours and an oral relative bioavailability close to 37%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.11)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"for the oral solution, the oral bioavailability of the flavonoid was only of about 4%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.10 para 1 (PDF p.10)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"ranged from 11% to 36% (for Q-NP and Q-HPCD-NP, respectively)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.10 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative oral bioavailability of quercetin was calculated to be close to 37%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Discussion; Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the AUC was the highest and represented 61 µg h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9 para 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The oral solution of quercetin provided an AUC value 10-times higher than that observed for the suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"For classical casein nanoparticles (Q-NP), the AUC value was about 3-times higher than for the oral solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"about 10-fold higher than the value calculated for the oral solution of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"close to 37% (nine times higher than for the control solution of the flavonoid)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.11; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The half-life and the mean residence time of quercetin in plasma were significantly higher when the flavonoid was administered in casein nanoparticles","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31518957","title":"Enhancing quercetin bioavailability by super paramagnetic starch-based hydrogel grafted with fumaric acid: An in vitro and in vivo study.","year":"2019","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","pmid":"31518957","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31518957/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31518957/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110487","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"According to the in vivo study, this hydrogel could increase sustainability of Quer in plasma and slowed its release, as well as increased hepatic maintenance.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.8)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was significant difference in the Quer concentration at the plasma between the two studied groups in the various times (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 (p.8); Table S1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"0.012 ± 0.005 μg g−1 and 0.021 ± 0.004 μg g−1 in the Quer and Quer-H groups, respectively (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 (p.8)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The interaction between the time and groups was significant (P = 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 (p.8)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31777425","title":"Plasma quercetin metabolites are affected by intestinal microbiota of human microbiota-associated mice fed with a quercetin-containing diet.","year":"2019","journal":"Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition","pmid":"31777425","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3164/jcbn.19-45","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31777425/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31777425/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.19-45","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6877407/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dietary, 0.05% in diet)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study indicates that intestinal microbiota of human microbiota-associated mice inoculated with different fecal suspensions react to dietary quercetin in different ways.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma quercetin concentration (µmol/L) was significantly greater in the HF3 group (3.25 ± 0.37) than in the HF1 group (2.24 ± 0.16)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.234; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma isorhamnetin concentration was significantly greater in the HF3 (3.44 ± 0.26) group than in HF4 group (2.6 ± 0.13)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.234; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma quercetin plus isorhamnetin concentration was significantly greater in the HF3 (6.69 ± 0.63) group than in the HF1 group (4.98 ± 0.25)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.234; Fig. 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31781321","title":"A Solid Dispersion of Quercetin Shows Enhanced Nrf2 Activation and Protective Effects against Oxidative Injury in a Mouse Model of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration.","year":"2019","journal":"Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity","pmid":"31781321","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2019/1479571","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31781321/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31781321/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1479571","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6875405/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 (PK rats)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone), phospholipid complex (Q-PC), solid dispersion (Q-SD)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Altogether, Q-SD had improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties compared to QT and Q-PC and exhibited more potent protective effects on retina oxidative injury in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum serum concentration of Q-SD was considerably increased to 4.143 μg/mL from 1.517 μg/mL of QT or 2.523 μg/mL of Q-PC.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4); Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the area under the curve of Q-SD was remarkably increased to 12.015 μg·h/mL from 5.461 μg·h/mL of QT and 8.074 μg·h/mL of Q-SD","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4); Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Q-SD had Cmax of 4.143 μg/mL and AUC of 12.015 μg·h/mL in rats, suggesting better bioavailability than QT and Q-PC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4); Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32104488","title":"Evaluation of the Mrp2-mediated flavonoid-drug interaction potential of quercetin in rats and in vitro models.","year":"2019","journal":"Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences","pmid":"32104488","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ajps.2018.12.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32104488/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32104488/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2018.12.003","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7032158/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, interaction study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin dihydrate)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"quercetin significantly interacts with Mrp2 at the cellular level. However, this result was not associated with in vivo PSP pharmacokinetics.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations of docetaxel ... increased significantly by concomitant oral administration of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no statistical differences were observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Tables 1, 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35541625","title":"A simple sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin and quercetin in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.","year":"2019","journal":"RSC advances","pmid":"35541625","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c9ra07707c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35541625/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35541625/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07707c","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9076539/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pharmacokinetic data of the ART–QRT solution showed better systemic absorption than the pure drug solution.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.41801","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"QRT Cmax 175.73 ± 26.60 (Table 4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"when ART was given in combination with QRT, the Cmax values of ART and DHA were 52.2 ± 12.2 ng mL-1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.41801","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"b Significant difference at p < 0.05.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28604104","title":"Intranasal delivery of quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion for treatment of cerebral ischaemia.","year":"2018","journal":"Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology","pmid":"28604104","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/21691401.2017.1337024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28604104/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28604104/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1337024","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"21 (PK/biodistribution, per Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (QUR solution and quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion, QMNE)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Enhanced brain bioavailability at low dose i.n. QMNE, for the effective treatment of cerebral ischaemia was established in this study.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.728","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A significantly higher AUC0-t was observed after QMNE administration compared to pure quercetin in all three areas (brain, lungs and plasma).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics section","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"it was found to be nearly 8.85 times higher with QMNE (i.n.)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.728","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28990837","title":"Quercetin nanoparticles alter pharmacokinetics of bromocriptine, reflecting its enhanced inhibitory action on liver and intestinal CYP 3A enzymes in rats.","year":"2018","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","pmid":"28990837","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/00498254.2017.1390277","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28990837/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28990837/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00498254.2017.1390277","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 (3 groups x 6 for in vivo PK; separate groups for sac study)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin and quercetin nanoparticles (NQC)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of the present study suggest that repeated dosing of NQC for 10 days might be result in saturation of metabolism, leading to higher plasma levels of quercetin that could inhibit the CYP3A enzyme and enhanced the bioavailability of BRO.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.1034)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NQC were dissolved in 98% at 180 min. On the other hand, 47% of the quercetin was dissolved in the same period.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1031","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of BRO were more prominent in NQC pretreated group than the quercetin pretreated group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29153998","title":"Determination of isoquercitrin in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a novel synergistic cloud point extraction.","year":"2018","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"29153998","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29153998/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29153998/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.014","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic results showed that ISO in oral preparations with appropriate dose might act no less quickly and effectively than the intravenous ones.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.140)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"ISO with an acceptable bioavailability of 13.7% was absorbed quickly into the systemic circulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.140","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29168878","title":"Quercetin and fisetin enhanced the small intestine cellular uptake and plasma levels of epi-catechins in in vitro and in vivo models.","year":"2018","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"29168878","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c7fo01576c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168878/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168878/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01576c","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro Caco-2 transport + parallel-group rat PK)","n":"15 rats (3 groups)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (with fisetin) as co-administered enhancer of epi-catechin absorption","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption analytes are green-tea epi-catechins (EGCG in vivo; EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG in Caco-2). Quercetin (and fisetin) is a co-administered enhancer; quercetin itself was not quantified (methylated quercetin identified qualitatively by MS only).)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In summary, we demonstrated that the intestinal transport of major epi-catechins by the human intestinal Caco-2 cells was enhanced by adding quercetin, fisetin, or a mixture of quercetin and fisetin. [...] The analysis of methylated metabolites in the basal media shows that quercetin and fisetin were, to a certain extent, methylated.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"values of the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC, ng h mL−1) were also higher in rats orally administered EGCG with 10% quercetin (365.5 ± 25.5)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the addition of 10% quercetin significantly increased the intestinal transport of EC (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"EGC (235%), EGCG (244%), and ECG (242%) were significantly transported in the treatment with a 5% mixture of quercetin and fisetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29169211","title":"Simultaneous determination of kaempferol, quercetin, mangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorpheniramine maleate in rat plasma after oral administration of Mang-Guo-Zhi-Ke tablets by UHPLC-MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetics.","year":"2018","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"29169211","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.4155","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29169211/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29169211/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.4155","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as constituent of Mang-Guo-Zhi-Ke tablets, mango leaf extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A new reliable method using UHPLC-MS/MS was successfully applied to the simultaneous quantification of mangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorpheniramine maleate, kaempferol and quercetin. [...] The pharmacokinetic information for the six components in MGZKTs might be a valuable reference for the clinical administration of MGZKTs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"quercetin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and kaempferol were absorbed rapidly and reached the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at 0.16, 0.25 and 0.25 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29327653","title":"Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of quercetin-loaded mixed micelles for oral delivery.","year":"2018","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","pmid":"29327653","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/09168451.2017.1419852","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29327653/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29327653/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2017.1419852","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (sodium taurocholate/Pluronic P123 mixed micelles)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicate that QT-loaded ST/P123 mixed micelles could be a potential nanoformulation to enhance the solubility and oral bioavailability of QT.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7 / Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the total QT plasma concentration was significantly higher for the QT-loaded ST/P123 mixed micelles than for the QT suspension (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6; Fig. 6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29552082","title":"Simultaneous Quantification of Gallic Acid, Bergenin, Epicatechin, Epicatechin Gallate, Isoquercitrin, and Quercetin-3-Rhamnoside in Rat Plasma by LC-MS/MS Method and Its Application to Pharmacokinetics after Oral Administration of Ardisia japonica Extract.","year":"2018","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","pmid":"29552082","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2018/4964291","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552082/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552082/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4964291","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5820647/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"10","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin glycosides (quercetin-3-rhamnoside; isoquercitrin measured in extract) as constituents of Ardisia japonica extract","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The validated method was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of gallic acid, bergenin, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside in rat plasma after oral administration of Ardisia japonica extract to rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30032709","title":"Influence of long-term feeding of high-fat diet on quercetin and fat absorption from the small intestine in lymph duct-cannulated rats.","year":"2018","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","pmid":"30032709","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/09168451.2018.1498726","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30032709/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30032709/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2018.1498726","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat lymph-cannulation study, 2 diets x 3 test emulsions)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside (Q3G)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, moderate lipid intake might be beneficial for intestinal quercetin absorption and might increase the bioavailability of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.2010","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The lymphatic output of quercetin increased in the Soy+ Q3G group, from 0.5 to 4 h among rats maintained on a basal diet","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2A; Discussion p.2009-2010","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"and from 0.5 to 2 h in the rats maintained on a high-fat diet, compared with those in the Q3G group","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2B; Discussion p.2009-2010","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC of quercetin lymphatic output was higher in the Soy+ Q3G group, compared with that in the Q3G group","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2C; Discussion p.2010","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin output was more rapid in rats maintained on a high-fat diet than in those maintained on a basal diet","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.2010","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC of lymphatic TG output was lower in the Soy+ Q3G group than in the Soy group","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1; Results p.2009","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30253803","title":"Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance bioavailability of quercetin in the intact rat brain.","year":"2018","journal":"BMC pharmacology & toxicology","pmid":"30253803","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s40360-018-0249-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30253803/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30253803/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0249-7","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6156978/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"42","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free vs conjugated to dextran-coated SPIONs)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The plasma concentrations of QT in rats treated with QT- SPIONs were higher than those of free quercetin. Therefore, it can be concluded that SPIONs coated with dextran enhance delivery of the poorly water soluble quercetin to the brain.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum plasma concentration of free QT solution (100 mg/kg) within 6 h after oral administration was 0.402 ± 0.133 μg/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6 (Detection of quercetin in plasma)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"This for 100 mg/kg in 3 h after oral administration of QT-SPIONs was 0.137 ± 0.029 μg/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The maximum plasma concentration of free QT was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in comparison to QT-SPIONs","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin conjugated with SPIONs exhibited prolonged blood circulation compared to free ones.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6; Fig. 4d","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher (P, 0.05) than rats treated with free QT (Fig. 5)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.9; Fig. 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30322273","title":"Design, optimization, characterization and in-vivo evaluation of Quercetin enveloped Soluplus®/P407 micelles in diabetes treatment.","year":"2018","journal":"Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology","pmid":"30322273","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/21691401.2018.1501379","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322273/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322273/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1501379","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (pure drug suspension vs Soluplus/P407 micelles)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed improved pharmacokinetic parameters, wherein the relative bioavailability of optimized Qu-SMs was found to be 1676%, when compared to pure drug suspension.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.S553","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability was found to be 1676%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.S553; Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"4.83 mg/ml, which was 10.7 (p < 0.001) times higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.S552","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Tmax of the Qu-SMs was found to be delayed 2 times in comparison to that of Qu drug suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.S552; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significant improvement (p < 0.001) in the values corresponding to Qu-SMs were observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.S553","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30518853","title":"Lecithin-Stabilized Polymeric Micelles (L(sb)PMs) for Delivering Quercetin: Pharmacokinetic Studies and Therapeutic Effects of Quercetin Alone and in Combination with Doxorubicin.","year":"2018","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"30518853","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-36162-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30518853/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30518853/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36162-0","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281656/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (separate groups by route and formulation)","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"quercetin (free vs QUE-loaded lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles, LsbPMs)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In a pharmacokinetics study, compared to free QUE, intravenous and oral administration of QUE-loaded LsbPMs was able to enhance the extents of relative bioavailability to 158% and 360%, respectively, and the absolute bioavailability to 5.13%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"intravenous and oral administration of QUE-loaded LsbPMs was found to have significantly increased the relative bioavailability to 158% and 360%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"absolute oral bioavailabilities (BAs) of QUE-loaded LsbPMs and free QUE with respect to IV administration of free QUE were calculated to be 5.13% and 1.42%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative oral BA of QUE-loaded LsbPMs with respect to free QUE was found to be 3.6-fold higher.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC value of QUE-loaded LsbPMs was calculated to be 1.58-times higher than that of free QUE","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a longer T1/2 of 10.84 ± 5.24 h (vs. 7.31 ± 6.73 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a higher Cmax value of 1.52 ± 1.31 µg/mL observed for QUE-loaded LsbPMs than that of 0.53 ± 0.22 µg/mL for free QUE","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2-3; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC0−∞ of 0.90 ± 0.26 h·µg/mL for QUE-loaded LsbPMs was greater than that of 0.25 ± 0.12 h·µg/mL for free QUE","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the release of QUE from QUE-loaded LsbPMs was slightly slower and occurred to a lesser extent","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2; Fig. 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27555122","title":"A new validated HPLC method for the determination of quercetin: Application to study pharmacokinetics in rats.","year":"2017","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"27555122","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.3819","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27555122/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27555122/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3819","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A simple, sensitive and accurate HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of quercetin in rat plasma. This method was also successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of QR in rats after single oral dietary dose.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Quercetin was rapidly absorbed and achieved a peak level before 1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27615118","title":"Zein nanoparticles for oral delivery of quercetin: Pharmacokinetic studies and preventive anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of endotoxemia.","year":"2017","journal":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","pmid":"27615118","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27615118/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27615118/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.033","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"36 rats (6 groups x 6, from Table 3 n=6 per group)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (zein nanoparticle formulations vs conventional forms)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Zein nanoparticles (in combination with HP-β-CD) appear to be adequate carriers for the oral delivery of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"for Q-sol or Q-HPCD, the oral bioavailability of the flavonoid was only of 4% or 2.5%, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.107 (In vivo pharmacokinetic)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"only of 4% or 2.5%, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.107","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the relative oral bioavailability ... was found to be 35% for Q-NPZ and 57% for Q-HPCD-NPZ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.107","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"57% for Q-HPCD-NPZ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.107; Abstract says 'approx. 60%'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of quercetin in nanoparticles was around 2.5-times higher than when formulated in the PEG400/water solution (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.106; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the relative oral bioavailability of the flavonoid was 1.7-times higher than for Q-NPZ","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27667265","title":"Quercetin-containing self-assemble proliposome preparation and evaluation.","year":"2017","journal":"Journal of liposome research","pmid":"27667265","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/08982104.2016.1239635","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27667265/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27667265/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2016.1239635","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal in situ intestinal perfusion + parallel-group oral PK, random assignment)","n":"18 rats (PK); 9 rats (in situ, 3 groups of 3)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It can be concluded that liquid self-assemble proliposome could be a promising vehicle for oral delivery of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.7-8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Ka of Qu-L-20% and Qu-L-26% had significantly statistical difference with free quercetin (p<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Ka of Qu-L-20% and Qu-L-26% was significantly faster (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-t values of quercetin proliposome dispersions were increased 9.34- and 12.2- fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MRT ... significantly longer as compared to quercetin suspension (p<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MRT was not significantly different between Qu-L-20% and Qu-L-26%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"maximum drug concentrations ... increased 5.59-(Qu-L-20%) and 6.44-(Qu-L-26%) fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27915007","title":"Effect of the oral administration of nanoencapsulated quercetin on a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.","year":"2017","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"27915007","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.061","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27915007/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27915007/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.061","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal parallel-group chronic oral efficacy study with terminal brain level)","n":"NR (4 groups of 8 animals per Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (zein nanoparticle with HP-β-CD vs PEG400/water solution)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Oral administration of quercetin-loaded in zein nanoparticles at the dose of 25 mg/kg every two days for 2 consecutive months improved the cognition and memory impairments and reduced the astrogliosis shown by SAMP8 mice.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.56","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the amount of this flavonoid in their brains was significantly lower and close to the quantitation limit","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28070878","title":"Effects of Caffeic Acid and Quercetin on In Vitro Permeability, Metabolism and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Melatonin in Rats: Potential for Herb-Drug Interaction.","year":"2017","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","pmid":"28070878","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13318-016-0393-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28070878/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28070878/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-016-0393-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK interaction study plus in vitro assays)","n":"36 (6 groups of 6)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as co-administered inhibitor; measured analyte is melatonin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Study measures melatonin (and phenacetin/in vitro probes), not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting co-administered compound (CYP1A2 inhibition). Quercetin plasma levels not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings suggest that caffeic acid and quercetin improved oral exposure of melatonin via CYP1A inhibition pathway.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The oral bioavailability (F) of melatonin was 59.24% in rat.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.787","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability (Fr) of melatonin was increased by 1.3, 1.7 and 2.14-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 p.788","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly (p < 0.05) increased the AUClast of melatonin increased by 30.0, 66.7 and 114.0%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Table 4 has no asterisk on Cmax for MT + CA; text says increased 17.48%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"caffeic acid and quercetin did not influence the transport of melatonin in Caco-2 cells","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28189992","title":"Enhancement of oral bioavailability of rivastigmine with quercetin nanoparticles by inhibiting CYP3A4 and esterases.","year":"2017","journal":"Pharmacological reports : PR","pmid":"28189992","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.pharep.2016.12.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28189992/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28189992/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2016.12.002","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK interaction study plus in vitro assays)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin and quercetin nanoparticles (NQC) as co-administered inhibitors; measured analyte is rivastigmine","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Study measures rivastigmine PK (and in vitro esterase/CYP3A activity), not quercetin; quercetin and quercetin nanoparticles are co-administered interacting agents.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results revealed that enhanced bioavailability of rivastigmine might be caused by the combination of their effects due to CYP3A and esterase inhibition, Therefore, concomitant administration of NQC influences the bioavailability of rivastigmine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin and NQC pretreatment for 10 days significantly (p < 0.05) altered the pharmacokinetics of oral rivastigmine","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant change was observed in Tmax of rivastigmine in quercetin and NQC pretreated group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.368","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28373891","title":"Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Quercetin, Luteolin, and Apigenin in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Matricaria chamomilla L. Extract by HPLC-UV.","year":"2017","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","pmid":"28373891","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2017/8370584","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373891/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373891/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8370584","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5360941/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as component of Matricaria chamomilla L. extract; also luteolin, apigenin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The method has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin in rats after oral administration of M. chamomilla extract. The pharmacokinetic results would be a suitable reference in clinical application of M. chamomilla.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.6)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"0.29 ± 0.06, 3.04 ± 0.60, and 0.42 ± 0.10 µg/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28753942","title":"Quercetin and Green Tea Extract Supplementation Downregulates Genes Related to Tissue Inflammatory Responses to a 12-Week High Fat-Diet in Mice.","year":"2017","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"28753942","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu9070773","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28753942/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28753942/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070773","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5537887/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"40","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (alone and with green tea extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Supplementation with EQ for four weeks in mice fed a high fat diet for 12 weeks was associated with tissue gene expression changes suggestive of reduced inflammation and diminished leukocyte cell trafficking.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma quercetin levels were higher in Q and EQ groups vs. the control and E groups (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma quercetin levels were lower in the EQ vs. Q group, despite the same dosage of quercetin being provided to both groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.10","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28991533","title":"An UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, bilobalide and ligustrazine in rat plasma, and its application to pharmacokinetic study of Xingxiong injection.","year":"2017","journal":"Chinese journal of natural medicines","pmid":"28991533","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30101-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28991533/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28991533/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30101-2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as quercetin 3-O-rutinoside in Ginkgo biloba extract component of Xingxiong injection)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results obtained from the present study demonstrated that all the compounds owned dose-dependent pharmacokinetic properties after intravenous administration at different doses.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.719)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29180863","title":"Paclitaxel and quercetin nanoparticles co-loaded in microspheres to prolong retention time for pulmonary drug delivery.","year":"2017","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"29180863","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S147028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29180863/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29180863/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S147028","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5691910/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (animal PK) + in vitro release","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (QUE-loaded oleic acid-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles in polymeric microspheres, co-loaded with paclitaxel)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The in vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies suggested that PMs exhibit prolonged circulation time and a markedly high accumulation in the lung. The obtained results indicate that PMs can serve as a promising pulmonary delivery system for combined pharmacotherapy using hydrophobic anticancer drugs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Tmax, t1/2, and AUC0–t of pulmonary administration were significantly higher than those of combined or single intravenous administration (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.13","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29234675","title":"Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin-Loaded Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactic acid) Micelle after Oral Administration in Rats.","year":"2017","journal":"BioMed research international","pmid":"29234675","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1155/2017/1750895","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29234675/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29234675/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1750895","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5695027/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (MPEG-b-PLLA polymeric micelle)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It can be concluded that MPEG-b-PLLA could be a promising carrier for the oral delivery of QUT.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"provided a 9-fold increase in the relative oral bioavailability of QUT as compared with the QUT aqueous suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract / Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with QUT-loaded micelle were significantly different from QUT aqueous suspension at p < 0.05.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26782731","title":"Pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy of DSPE-PEG2000 polymeric liposomes loaded with quercetin and temozolomide: Analysis of their effectiveness in enhancing the chemosensitization of drug-resistant glioma cells.","year":"2016","journal":"International journal of molecular medicine","pmid":"26782731","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3892/ijmm.2016.2458","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26782731/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26782731/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2458","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4771108/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro release/cytotoxicity; randomized, in vivo biodistribution and plasma concentration in rats)","n":"108 rats (Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (QUE) co-loaded with temozolomide (TMZ) in DSPE-PEG2000 nanoliposomes","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Taken together, these findings indicate that this formulation possesses characteristics, such as a high drug encapsulation ratio, a low in vitro release rate, slow drug clearance and prolonged circulation time in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.701","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*p<0.05 for the QUE concentration difference between QUE-NLs and QUE/TMZ-NLs","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 6B legend; Results p.699","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Compared with the QUE-NLs or free TMZ, the QUE/TMZ-NLs significantly accumulated in the brain","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 6A legend; Results p.699","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plasma TMZ concentration decreased significantly at 1, 2 and 4 h after the repeated administration of QUE/TMZ-NLs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 6C legend; Results p.699","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26848536","title":"A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-gentiobioside in plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2016","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"26848536","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.3695","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26848536/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26848536/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3695","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups)","n":"18 (3 groups of 6)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-beta-D-gentiobioside, QGG, flavonol glycoside from Descurainia sophia seeds)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method to quantify QGG with good precision and accuracy was developed and validated in rat plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.1385","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27143878","title":"Development and characterization of self-assembling lecithin-based mixed polymeric micelles containing quercetin in cancer treatment and an in vivo pharmacokinetic study.","year":"2016","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"27143878","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S103681","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27143878/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27143878/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S103681","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4841422/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two formulations, IV)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (Que) in lecithin-based mixed polymeric micelles","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Due to their nanosize, core-shell structure, and solubilization potential, the LMPMs proved to be a successful drug delivery system for Que in cancer treatment.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.1564","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Compared to the free Que solution, the AUC0→∞ increased 2.4-fold.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1562; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27199443","title":"Simultaneous Analysis of Quercetin and Naringenin in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study After Oral Administration.","year":"2016","journal":"Journal of chromatographic science","pmid":"27199443","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/chromsci/bmw079","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199443/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199443/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmw079","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as component of Pollen Typhae extract); naringenin also measured","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"A rapid and specific UPLC–ESI-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of quercetin and naringenin in rat plasma, which was highly sensitive and accurate. The method has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of quercetin and naringenin in rats after oral administration of Pollen Typhae extract, and the pharmacokinetic parameters would be a suitable reference in clinical application.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Quercetin plasma concentration reached a maximum at 6.1 h after administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table VI","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"average Cmax of 16.7 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table VI","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The area under the curve (AUC0–∞) was 134 ng h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table VI","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Naringenin plasma concentration reached a maximum at 4.2 h after administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table VI","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"average Cmax of 411.3 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table VI","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC0–∞ was 1294.8 ng h/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table VI","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27431774","title":"Development of quercetin-phospholipid complex to improve the bioavailability and protection effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats.","year":"2016","journal":"Fitoterapia","pmid":"27431774","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2016.07.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27431774/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27431774/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.07.008","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free vs phospholipid complex)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Compared with QT, QT-PC could result an increase of Cmax and AUC which suggest the enhancement in bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"increase in AUC0–t (8.12 ± 0.95 vs. 2.04 ± 0.38 mg/L h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–∞ (8.60 ± 1.25 vs. 2.41 ± 0.51 mg/L h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (1.58 ± 0.11 vs. 0.67 ± 0.08 μg/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"a 2.4-fold increase was observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QT-PC exhibited higher Cmax (1.58 ± 0.11 vs. 0.67 ± 0.08 μg/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increased AUC0–∞ (8.60 ± 1.25 vs. 2.41 ± 0.51 mg/L h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"t1/2z (7.76 ± 1.09 vs. 4.81 ± 0.87 h)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27510982","title":"Impact of quercetin‑induced changes in drug‑metabolizing enzyme and transporter expression on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in rats.","year":"2016","journal":"Molecular medicine reports","pmid":"27510982","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3892/mmr.2016.5616","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27510982/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27510982/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5616","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5042751/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (specify): before-and-after (within-animal) design, day 1 CsA alone vs day 9 CsA + Que","n":"24 (Exp I); 24 (Exp II, 3 per group x 8 groups)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as interacting agent; analyte measured is cyclosporine)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (PK study of cyclosporine A (CsA) in rats co-administered quercetin. Quercetin absorption/concentrations were not measured; quercetin's effect on CsA PK and on intestinal/hepatic enzyme and transporter expression is reported. Table II CsA values recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It was demonstrated that Que was able to reduce the bioavailability of CsA following multiple concomitant doses in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"decreased the maximum serum concentration of CsA by 46, 50 and 47% in a dose-independent manner","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3076; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"decreased, by 21 (P= 0.3392) and 16% (P= 0.5694), 30 (P= 0.2567) and 33% (P= 0.4101), and 33 (P= 0.0028) and 34% (P= 0.0036)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3076","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increasing by 16 (P= 0.0426), 19 (P= 0.0458), and 9% (P= 0.0180)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3076","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27515345","title":"Absorption and disposition of naringenin and quercetin after simultaneous administration via intestinal perfusion in mice.","year":"2016","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"27515345","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c6fo00633g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27515345/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27515345/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c6fo00633g","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (specify): in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion; separate groups alone vs co-administered","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone), co-administered with naringenin","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The co-administration of naringenin and quercetin led to a decrease in their absorption, and an increase in phase II metabolism.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"permeability coefficients showed a significant reduction (50%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results 3.3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The percentage of absorption also decreased, from 85.02 ± 1.37% to 65.48 ± 6.15% for QUER","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NAR and QUER levels in plasma did not change significantly when administered together, although the percentage of QUER was lower (16.39 ± 3.97% vs. 24.86 ± 1.96%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"these differences were not significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27756627","title":"Promises of a biocompatible nanocarrier in improved brain delivery of quercetin: Biochemical, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution evidences.","year":"2016","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"27756627","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27756627/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27756627/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.024","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal parallel-group single-dose oral PK; formulation comparison)","n":"12 (3 groups of 4) for PK","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The bioavailability of a poor bioavailable drug candidate was substantially enhanced, in general and brain availability was elevated significantly, in specific, by use of biocompatible, long circulating nanoparticles.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax ... 6.40 ± 0.29 µg/mL (plain drug), 14.34 ± 0.95 µg/mL (SLNs) and 20.63 ± 1.09 µg/mL (NLCs)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.6 p.311 (text)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"enhance the relative bioavailability of quercetin by 3.5-folds and 5.4-folds, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.6 p.311","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"NLCs substantially enhanced the relative bioavailability (approx. 6 folds)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*Significant difference from plain drug at p < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"#Significant difference from quercetin-loaded SLNs at p < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"nanoparticles were able to substantially (p < 0.05) enhance the brain delivery of quercetin by 3.2 times (SLNs) and 5.6 times (NLCs)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"did not alter significantly (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27775094","title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison between quercetin and quercetin 3-O-β-glucuronide in rats by UHPLC-MS/MS.","year":"2016","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"27775094","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/srep35460","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27775094/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27775094/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35460","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5075792/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal parallel-group oral PK plus IV tissue distribution)","n":"34 rats (10 oral PK, 24 IV tissue)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (and quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We showed that Q3G is a major bioactive component in plasma and tissues after oral administration of quercetin or Q3G.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Q3G ... AUC at 39529.2 ± 6108.2 mg·h·L−1 or 24625.1 ± 1563.8 mg·h·L−1","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax1 ≈ 0.75 h, Tmax2 ≈ 5 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Q3G with Cmax at 6694.5 ± 1690 ng/ml or 4964.8 ± 1095.2","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 (Pharmacokinetic study)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The mean AUC of plasma Q3G was statistically significantly different for the two compounds at same dose (p = 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The elimination half-life, T1/2, oral clearance (CL) and Tmax of Q3G for the two flavonoids were similar.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27794607","title":"Melibiose, a Nondigestible Disaccharide, Promotes Absorption of Quercetin Glycosides in Rat Small Intestine.","year":"2016","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"27794607","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03714","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27794607/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27794607/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03714","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ ligated intestinal loop, parallel groups) plus in vitro mucosal homogenate hydrolysis","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (water-soluble quercetin-3-O-glucoside mixture, Q3GM)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that melibiose promotes quercetin glycoside absorption in rats by increasing glycoside hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen and that α-1,6 linkage is involved in this process.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"values were significantly higher in melibiose group than in control group after 60 min (66.7 ± 4.9 μM vs 40.94 ± 3.7 μM, P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9337","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Aglycone concentrations were considerably higher in the melibiose group than in the control group in the time window from 15 to 60 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9337; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"methylquercetin, quercetin conjugates, and methylquercetin conjugates were significantly higher in the melibiose group than in the control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9337","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"melibiose did not increase the Q3G concentration in the portal blood","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion; Fig. 1C","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"absorption rate after 60 min ... was significantly greater in the melibiose group than in the control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9337; Fig. 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher in melibiose group than in control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9337; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24888486","title":"Comparative pharmacokinetic interactions of Quercetin and Rutin in rats after oral administration of European patented formulation containing Hipphophae rhamnoides and Co-administration of Quercetin and Rutin.","year":"2015","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","pmid":"24888486","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13318-014-0206-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24888486/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24888486/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-014-0206-9","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (and rutin) given as a quercetin plus rutin mixture or within a European-patented polyherbal formulation","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the present study proved that the oral bioavailability of Quercetin and Rutin was enhanced from the polyherbal formulation when compared with this mixture administration. Therefore, it may be concluded that the oral dose of mixed compounds in herb extracts could gain a significant biopharmaceutical advantage when compared to the single compound.","source":"fulltext","location":"6 Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The maximum plasma concentration of Quercetin from coadministration and polyherbal formulation was 165.3 ± 31.9 and 90.8 ± 21.4 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Rutin bioavailability has increased from the polyherbal formulation when compared with the co-administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The rate of absorption (Ka) calculated by the Wagner nelson method significantly differs from the polyherbal formulation when compared with co-administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25542681","title":"Fabrication, solid state characterization and bioavailability assessment of stable binary amorphous phases of Ritonavir with Quercetin.","year":"2015","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","pmid":"25542681","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25542681/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25542681/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.025","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as co-amorphous partner of ritonavir)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Rat PK study measured plasma ritonavir (RTV), not quercetin. Quercetin was co-formulated as a co-amorphous partner (RTV:QRT 1:2). Quercetin plasma levels not measured; quercetin saturation solubility is shown in Fig. 9 only.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"which demonstrated 1.15 fold increase in AUC of RTV, which is not statistically significant. For binary amorphous RTV as compared to pure RTV, Cmax and Css values were found 1.26-fold and 1.46-fold higher, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"increase in the bioavailability for binary amorphous form after considering AUC parameter was found 1.15-fold, which is not statistically significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"no significant enhancement of oral bioavailability (1.12 fold after comparing with control)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax value of RTV:QRT 1:2 was found 1.26-fold higher than pure RTV. The difference is statistically significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax was reduced from 6 h to 4 h for binary amorphous form than pure RTV, which is statistically significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increase in the bioavailability ... 1.15-fold, which is not statistically significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25945049","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin-loaded nanodroplets with ultrasound activation and their use for bioimaging.","year":"2015","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"25945049","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S78983","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25945049/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25945049/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S78983","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4407821/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free in PEG 400/20% ethanol vs perfluoropentane nanodroplets), IV","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results indicate that the initial 5-minute serum concentration, area under the concentration–time curve, elimination half-life, and clearance of quercetin were significantly enhanced by nanodroplets with or without ultrasound.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"initial 5-minute serum concentration, area under the concentration–time curve, elimination half-life, and clearance of quercetin were significantly enhanced by nanodroplets with or without ultrasound","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin concentration-time curves for the free drug and NQ were not significantly affected by ultrasonic treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25973544","title":"LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of quercetin in rat plasma after oral administration of biodegradable nanoparticles.","year":"2015","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"25973544","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.3486","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25973544/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25973544/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3486","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin: aqueous suspension vs PCL/Pluronic F-127 biodegradable nanoparticles","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Relative bioavailability of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles was significantly enhanced (5.38-fold) as compared with suspension because of increased solubility, absorption and residence time of the drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"5.38-fold increase in relative bioavailability as compared with quercetin suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with quercetin suspension were significantly different from quercetin-loaded nanoparticles at p < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3 footnote a","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26089668","title":"Poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for oral delivery of quercetin: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies in Wistar rats.","year":"2015","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","pmid":"26089668","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2147/IJN.S80706","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26089668/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26089668/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S80706","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4468990/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups, randomly allocated)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It can be concluded that PBCA NPs coated with P-80 show the potential drug carrier ability of poorly water soluble drugs by improving their oral bioavailability and by enhancing the transportation ability of the drug to the brain that in turn may prove to be a promising aspect in clinical application.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax achieved was 11.26±0.09 µg/mL in 6 hours","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.3930","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability of QT-PBCA NPs and QT-PBCA+P-80 enhanced QT bioavailability by 2.38- and 4.93-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.3931","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"*significantly different of free QT (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"#significantly different of QT-PBCA NPs from QT-PBCA+P-80 (P<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26319324","title":"The role of glycyrrhetinic acid modification on preparation and evaluation of quercetin-loaded chitosan-based self-aggregates.","year":"2015","journal":"Journal of colloid and interface science","pmid":"26319324","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.049","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26319324/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26319324/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.049","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomly divided into three groups)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"QC-GA-CMCA demonstrated smaller size, narrower size distribution, higher drug loading efficiency and improved in vivo stability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-inf of QC-CMCA and QC-GA-CMCA were 4.9-fold and 7.4-fold, respectively, higher than that of QC solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.95","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"CL values were significantly lower than those of free QC group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.95","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23784089","title":"Fructooligosaccharide augments benefits of quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside on insulin sensitivity and plasma total cholesterol with promotion of flavonoid absorption in sucrose-fed rats.","year":"2014","journal":"European journal of nutrition","pmid":"23784089","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-013-0546-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23784089/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23784089/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0546-2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"35","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside, Q3G, isoquercitrin) with fructooligosaccharide (FOS)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Q3G + FOS diet improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and total cholesterol level with increasing GLP-1 secretion and a higher level of blood quercetin. Q3G + FOS may reduce the risk of T2DM.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"eightfold higher than in the Q3G diet groups (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p. 465; Fig. 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24333909","title":"Characterization and biodistribution in vivo of quercetin-loaded cationic nanostructured lipid carriers.","year":"2014","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","pmid":"24333909","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.029","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24333909/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24333909/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.029","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel, two randomized groups, tissue distribution)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin dihydrate, 98% purity) as quercetin-loaded cationic nanostructured lipid carriers (QR-CNLC) vs quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In present study, a novel quercetin-loaded cationic nanostructured lipid carriers with promising physicochemical property for oral delivery was successfully prepared. QR-CNLC exhibited an excellent release ability compared to quercetin solution in vitro. Significantly increase of quercetin in lung, liver and kidney following QR-CNLC per os highlights an alternative strategy for therapy of kidney, liver and lung diseases, although toxicological evaluation of QR-CNLC is imperative to be further elucidated.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Pneumonic peak concentration of quercetin was 0.367 µg/mg 2 h after intact quercetin administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the value was markedly increased to 1.662 µg/mg 0.5 h after QR-CNLC treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Hepatic quercetin AUC value showed 1.51-fold increase with the peak concentration 0.808 µg/mg","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin can be significantly accumulated in lung, kidney and liver after oral administration of QR-CNLC compared with quercetin suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC and re value in the two tissue of QR-CNLC group reduced significantly","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin content in brain tissue not only did not increase, but actually decline","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24462958","title":"Phytic acid enhances the oral absorption of isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L.","year":"2014","journal":"Fitoterapia","pmid":"24462958","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24462958/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24462958/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.013","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups) in rats, plus in vitro experiments","n":"24 rats (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (in total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L., TFH; TFH powder 10% isorhamnetin, 3.13% quercetin, 1.0% kaempferol w/w); co-administered with phytic acid (IP6)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, IP6 is an effective absorption enhancer to increase the oral bioavailability of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin in TFH. The aqueous solubility, hydrophilicity, and membrane permeability of the three flavonoid components were improved in a concentration-dependent manner by the addition of IP6.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"absorption enhancement ratios were 3.21 for isorhamnetin, 2.98 for kaempferol, and 1.64 for quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the absorption enhancement ratios were 1.10 and 1.64 with 100 and 200 mg/kg IP6, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"absorption enhancement ratios of isorhamnetin and kaempferol were in the range of 1.25–3.21 and 1.13–2.98","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"only in the presence of 200 mg/kg IP6, Cmax and AUC of quercetin were significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax of quercetin in the presence of IP6 was significantly decreased compared to the controls (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax and AUC of isorhamnetin and kaempferol with IP6 were higher than those from the control group, especially for the IP6 doses at 100 and 200 mg/kg (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Papp values ... were increased significantly by 203% ... 169% ... and 211%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24464737","title":"Quercetin-containing self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for improving oral bioavailability.","year":"2014","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","pmid":"24464737","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jps.23858","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24464737/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24464737/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.23858","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups) in rats; plus in vitro Caco-2 and release studies","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone) in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (Q-SNEDDS: castor oil, Tween 80, Cremophor RH 40, PEG 400 20:16:34:30 w/w) vs quercetin suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In this study, Q-SNEDDS was successfully prepared and optimized. The optimal Q-SNEDDS composed of castor oil, Tween 80, Cremophor RH 40, and PEG 400 (20:16:34:30) spontaneously self-emulsified in water to form nanoemulsions that significantly increased quercetin solubility (5 mg/mL) and are stable for 1 month at ambient temperature. Our findings demonstrate that this Q-SNEDDS formulation increases the transport of quercetin across Caco-2 cell monolayer and enhances absorption and oral bioavailability of quercetin in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma quercetin Cmax increased by three times and AUC0–24 h increased by two times when quercetin delivered from Q-SNEDDS","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"without any differences in Tmax or ke between treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of isorhamnetin and tamarixetin increased by three times following Q-SNEDDS administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin and isorhamnetin at liver, whether free or total quercetin or isorhamnetin, accumulated to a greater extent in response to Q-SNEDDS","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Small intestinal accumulation of quercetin did not differ between treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the transport amount of quercetin administered as Q-SNEDDS was significantly greater than that from quercetin control solution (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8; Fig. 7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24561179","title":"A physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model describing plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites in rats.","year":"2014","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","pmid":"24561179","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24561179/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24561179/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.007","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (PBK model development; in vitro S9 kinetic incubations)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone and quercetin-4'-O-glucoside (simulated)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Overall, the newly developed PBK model adequately predicted plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites including mono-, di-, and tri-conjugates and provides an indication of the nature of the circulating metabolites of quercetin in plasma of rat. As we still lack in vivo kinetic data for many flavonoids, the developed model has a great potential to be used as a platform to build PBK models for other flavonoids as well as to predict the kinetics of flavonoids in humans.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"amounting to 0.004% at a dose relevant to dietary intake (0.4 mg/kg bw quercetin aglycone)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"0.1% at a dose level representing supplementary intake (12 mg/kg bw quercetin aglycone)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"amounting to 0.004 or 0.03% when providing the same level of quercetin equivalents by dosing of 0.6 mg/kg bw or 19 mg/kg bw quercetin-4'-O-glucoside","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The bioavailability of aglycone was predicted to be very low ranging from 0.004%-0.1% at different oral doses of quercetin or quercetin-4'-O-glucoside","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"estimated an oral bioavailability of quercetin in rats of 5.3% at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg bw quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"predict the AUC0–5h of these metabolites in plasma within 0.9–3.9-fold from the reported levels","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6 p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"predicted urinary excretion of quercetin metabolites after 24 h, corresponding to 3% of the dose at a dose of 49 mg/kg bw quercetin-4'-O-glucoside","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin-4'-O-glucoside was predicted to have the same level of bioavailability at low dose, but 3.3-fold lower at high dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"This value is somewhat higher than the predicted level with the PBK model","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.11","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24899384","title":"Oral administration of quercetin is unable to protect against isoproterenol cardiotoxicity.","year":"2014","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","pmid":"24899384","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00210-014-0995-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24899384/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24899384/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-014-0995-z","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups; small PK sub-study)","n":"8 rats in PK study (3 + 3 quercetin, 2 control)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) in ethanol:DMSO vehicle, oral gavage, 10 mg/kg daily for 7 days","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, a daily oral dose of 10 mg kg−1 of quercetin for 7 days did not ameliorate acute ISO–cardiovascular toxicity in rats despite minor positive cardiovascular effects.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24927684","title":"Amphiphilic carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin conjugate with P-gp inhibitory properties for oral delivery of paclitaxel.","year":"2014","journal":"Biomaterials","pmid":"24927684","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.053","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24927684/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24927684/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.053","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel animal groups)","n":"25","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin conjugate carrier for paclitaxel)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Quercetin is a carrier/P-gp-inhibiting moiety (carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin conjugate); the PK/absorption analyte measured is paclitaxel (PTX), not quercetin or its metabolites. PTX data recorded for reference only.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"PTX-loaded CQ PMs promoted the oral absorption of PTX significantly, compared to Taxol and Taxol with verapamil, while CQ conjugate also showed comparable promoting effects as compared to verapamil.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"PTX-loaded CQ PMs showed a significant increase in PTX plasma concentration and AUC0-36h over Taxol (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC0-36h and Cmax were improved significantly in comparison with Taxol alone (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant enhancement of AUC0-36h and Cmax was observed in Taxol + CQ conjugate group (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"CMCS slightly improved AUC0-36h of PTX as compared to Taxol with no significant difference","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25058155","title":"Quercetin inhibits intestinal iron absorption and ferroportin transporter expression in vivo and in vitro.","year":"2014","journal":"PloS one","pmid":"25058155","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0102900","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25058155/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25058155/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102900","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4109952/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal in situ and gavage experiments plus in vitro cell experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Study of quercetin's effect on intestinal iron absorption/transport; analytes are 59Fe/55Fe, iron status markers and iron transporter expression, not quercetin absorption. Only Table 1 values are numerically printed; Figs 1-3 figure-only.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our study highlights a novel mechanism for the regulation of iron bioavailability by dietary polyphenols. Potentially, diets rich in polyphenols might be beneficial for patients groups at risk of iron loading by limiting the rate of intestinal iron absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In the presence of quercetin, 3MQ, 49MQ or 3,49dMQ, but not PMQ, there was a significant increase in mucosal 59Fe uptake","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Fig. 1A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"59Fe release from the intestinal mucosa into the blood was significantly diminished in the presence of quercetin and 49MQ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Fig. 1B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant down regulation of DMT1 and FPN mRNA levels","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2A; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25364697","title":"Quercetin declines plasma exposure of metoprolol tartrate in the rat model.","year":"2014","journal":"Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research","pmid":"25364697","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.4103/2231-4040.143038","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25364697/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25364697/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.143038","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4215482/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (10 mg/kg, as interacting agent)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Quercetin-metoprolol pharmacokinetic interaction in rats; only metoprolol plasma levels were measured, not quercetin. Table 1 values recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the results obtained herein indicate that quercetin remarkably declines the plasma exposure of metoprolol when concomitantly administered by oral route.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin remarkably declines the plasma exposure of metoprolol when concomitantly administered by oral route","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25454664","title":"Hyaluronic acid-quercetin conjugate micelles: synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.","year":"2014","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","pmid":"25454664","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.10.025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25454664/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25454664/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.10.025","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (hyaluronic acid-quercetin conjugate micelles)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"HA-QT conjugate micelles can be considered as an efficient all-in-one platform not only for the solubilization of QT, but also for targeted antitumor therapy.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"20.1-fold increase in the half-life and 4.9-fold increase in the area-under-the-curve (AUC) of quercetin were achieved for the HA-QT micelles","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.1; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22757776","title":"Effects of solid dispersion and self-emulsifying formulations on the solubility, dissolution, permeability and pharmacokinetics of isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L.","year":"2013","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"22757776","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3109/03639045.2012.699066","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22757776/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22757776/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2012.699066","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 (PK)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L.; SD and SE formulations)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"SD technology was successfully employed to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of the active components in TFH but not for SE technology, which was because that isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in TFH SD formulations showed better bioavailability compared to those in TFH SE formulations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.1044","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the relative bioavailability were 2.8998, 3.1596 and 2.2725 for isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in TFH SD formulations","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC0–96 h and Cmax of isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in TFH SD formulations were significantly increased compared to those in TFH","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference on the pharmacokinetic parameters ... between TFH SE formulation group and TFH group, except for the Tmax of isorhamnetin and quercetin and the Cmax of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1042","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was no significant differences for Ka, t1/2 and Papp (p > 0.05) between SD/SE formulations and TFH","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1042","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23122060","title":"A novel mechanism for the promotion of quercetin glycoside absorption by megalo α-1,6-glucosaccharide in the rat small intestine.","year":"2013","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"23122060","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122060/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122060/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.028","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, in situ ligated intestinal loop)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin glycosides (Q3Gn: quercetin-3-O-glucoside and 1-7 glucose adducts) +/- alpha-1,6-glucosaccharides","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that the ingestion of α-1,6-glucosaccharides promotes Q3G bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"estimated percentages of absorbed quercetin glucosides in the portal blood were 14.6 ±2.0%, 23.4 ± 3.9%, 32.5 ± 7.1%","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"blood concentrations of quercetin aglycone and monomethylquercetin were significantly higher in M-IM group, but not in the O-IM group, compared with the control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations of glucuronide- and sulfate-conjugates were greater in the M-IM group than in the O-IM group at 15 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"total concentration of quercetin-derivatives was significantly higher in the M-IM group than in the control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"supplementation of Q3Gn with M-IM or O-IM dramatically increased the concentrations of the soluble quercetin-derivatives in the luminal solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8-9; Fig. 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23200408","title":"Influence of fatty acid patterns on the intestinal absorption pathway of quercetin in thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats.","year":"2013","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"23200408","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S0007114512004564","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23200408/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23200408/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512004564","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (3 treatments); in vivo lymph-cannulated rat","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone) 10 mg/kg body weight intraduodenal","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"dietary fats that are mainly composed of LCT improve quercetin bioavailability by increasing its transport via the lymph, thereby circumventing hepatic first-pass metabolism of the flavonol. In addition, LCT could enhance quercetin absorption by improving its solubility in the intestinal tract.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"1090·7** 142·2 vs 512·7 54·5","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"3·727***†","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MCT neither increased the lymphatic output (12·3 (SEM 1·5) nmol/8 h) nor the bioavailability of quercetin significantly","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"19·1**†","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC was also numerically higher in the LCT group ... but this difference did not reach statistical significance","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2149","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23470334","title":"A UPLC-MS/MS method for qualification of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-(4→1)-α-L-rhamnoside in rat plasma and application to pharmacokinetic studies.","year":"2013","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"23470334","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules18033050","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23470334/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23470334/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18033050","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6270321/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (glycoside QGR)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The preliminary pharmacokinetic behavior of QGR was firstly elucidated.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 4); Abstract states the compound was poorly absorbed, with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 3.41%","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"absolute bioavailability of approximately 3.41%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Abstract; Results 2.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23792276","title":"Novel self-emulsifying formulation of quercetin for improved in vivo antioxidant potential: implications for drug-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.","year":"2013","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","pmid":"23792276","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.041","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23792276/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23792276/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.041","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (anhydrous), self-emulsifying formulation (QT-SEDDS) vs free QT suspension","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This investigation reports a novel self-emulsifying formulation containing QT for enhanced oral bioavailability and improved antioxidant activity against CyA- and Dox-induced nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"7.78- and 4.95-fold increase in Cmax and AUC","source":"fulltext","location":"Results (In vivo pharmacokinetics); Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The SEDDS demonstrated 5-fold enhancement in oral bioavailability compared to free QT suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23902958","title":"Prenylation enhances quercetin uptake and reduces efflux in Caco-2 cells and enhances tissue accumulation in mice fed long-term.","year":"2013","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"23902958","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3945/jn.113.176818","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23902958/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23902958/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.176818","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin vs 8-prenyl quercetin","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These data suggest that prenylation enhances the accumulation of Q in tissues during long-term feeding, even though prenylation per se lowers its intestinal absorption from the diet.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the area under the concentration-time curve for PQ in plasma and lymph was 52.5% and 37.5% lower than that of Q, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Tables 1-2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Prenylation decreased the mean Cmax values in plasma (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Tables 1-2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"efflux of PQ to the basolateral side was <15% of that of Q","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Fig. 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23927416","title":"Co-encapsulation of tamoxifen and quercetin in polymeric nanoparticles: implications on oral bioavailability, antitumor efficacy, and drug-induced toxicity.","year":"2013","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","pmid":"23927416","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/mp400311j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23927416/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23927416/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp400311j","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"20","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free, co-administered with tamoxifen citrate, and co-encapsulated with tamoxifen in PLGA nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In a nutshell, the co-encapsulation strategy with PLGA-NPs could be a promising approach in improving oral delivery of Tmx and QT for cancer therapy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"co-formulated NPs increased the oral bioavailability of QT by ∼2.9-fold in comparison with free QT and its combination with free Tmx citrate","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increased the oral bioavailability of QT by ∼2.9-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant appreciation in either of the pharmacokinetic parameters of QT was observed when compared to free QT","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22056665","title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin after oral gavage of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. in rats using a UPLC-MS method.","year":"2012","journal":"Fitoterapia","pmid":"22056665","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22056665/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22056665/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.012","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups, random assignment)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L., TFH); co-analytes isorhamnetin and kaempferol","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic behavior of the three flavones in THF was quite different from their pure forms or in other extracts.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the quercetin peak concentration in plasma occurred at 3.5 h, while those for isorhamnetin and kaempferol were both 8.0 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.7-8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"note: quercetin Cmax 120 and 240 mg/kg letter superscripts not printed","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4 footnote a","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"isorhamnetin and kaempferol are absorbed more adequately than quercetin, since a big difference was observed between the AUC data","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22584252","title":"The increased cellular uptake and biliary excretion of curcumin by quercetin: a possible role of albumin binding interaction.","year":"2012","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","pmid":"22584252","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1124/dmd.111.044123","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22584252/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22584252/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.044123","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro, ex vivo and parallel-group in vivo IV infusion study)","n":"21 (13 + 8, from Table 1)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin dihydrate, Sigma-Aldrich; given IV with curcumin)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the present study suggests that quercetin could enhance the in vitro cellular uptake of curcumin and in vivo biliary exposure of curcumin, and it could be related to albumin binding interaction.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.1455","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC, µg min/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plasma concentration of curcumin was significantly lower ... in the quercetin-treated group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"total curcumin clearance in the quercetin-treated group was significantly higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the biliary-excreted amount of curcumin was considerably higher in the quercetin-treated group (3.0-fold, P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.1454","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22718742","title":"Simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, kaemperol and quercetin in rat plasma by LC-MS-MS and application to a pharmacokinetic study of Oldenlandia diffusa extract in rats.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of chromatographic science","pmid":"22718742","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/chromsci/bms086","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22718742/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22718742/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bms086","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as a constituent of Oldenlandia diffusa extract; 0.171% of extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pharmacokinetic results contribute to a better understanding of the pharmacological action mechanism, and provide a firm basis for evaluating the clinical efficacy of Oldenlandia diffusa.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.891","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The Tmax was 0.54 ± 0.05, 0.80 ± 0.11, 0.55 ± 0.07, 1.08 ± 0.05 and 0.62 ± 0.04 h for OA, p-CA, FA, kaemperol and quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table VI","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23139136","title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions of clopidogrel with quercetin, telmisartan, and cyclosporine A in rats and dogs.","year":"2012","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","pmid":"23139136","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12272-012-1017-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23139136/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23139136/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-012-1017-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (rat); other animal (beagle dog)","design":"rats: parallel, unpaired; dogs: crossover (7 d washout)","n":"rats 20; dogs 6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin dihydrate 250 mg/kg (as P-gp inhibitor) with clopidogrel","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is clopidogrel carboxylic acid (clopidogrel metabolite); quercetin 250 mg/kg is co-administered as a P-gp inhibitor. Quercetin's own absorption/PK not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"drug interactions of clopidogrel with quercetin, telmisartan, and cyclosporine A mediated by intestinal P-gp inhibition were suggested by in vivo experiments using rats. However, these were not supported by the results from dogs at all.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1836","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC 474 ± 121 vs 1390 ± 586**","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax 34.4 ± 6.6 vs 72.0 ± 10.3***","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Co-administration of quercetin and telmisartan did not affect AUC of clopidogrel carboxylic acid","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax (h) 1.67 ± 0.26 2.50 ± 0.55*","source":"fulltext","location":"Table II","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25786720","title":"Development of quercetin nanoformulation and in vivo evaluation using streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model.","year":"2012","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","pmid":"25786720","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s13346-012-0063-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25786720/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25786720/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-012-0063-5","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dihydrate) as suspension vs PLGA nanoparticles (Qu-NP)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In pharmacokinetic study, it was observed that Qu-NP showed an increase of 523% in relative oral bioavailability of quercetin to that of quercetin suspension, indicating the potential to reduce dose using Qu-NP.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability of quercetin was determined by comparing the AUC values of Qu-NP with that of quercetin suspension and was found to be 523%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic studies; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"found to be 523%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic studies","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20951785","title":"Systemic exposure of quercetin after administration of feng-liao-chang-wei-kang granules to rats.","year":"2011","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","pmid":"20951785","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20951785/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20951785/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.014","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rats, 214-268 g)","design":"single-arm","n":"NR (abstract six; Methods three per group x two groups, inconsistent)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (in Feng-Liao-Chang-Wei-Kang granules)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Free QCT was quickly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and circulated in blood at quite low concentration. The circulating flavonoids originating from this formula were dominantly conjugated derivatives.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"free QCT was quickly absorbed and the Tmax was only 10 min, but the Cmax was quite low, i.e. 0.11 µM","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.913","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The PK parameters of free QCT ... show a lower Cmax ... a lower AUC(0 → ∞)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21417279","title":"Pharmacokinetic profile of total quercetin after single oral dose of tartary buckwheat extracts in rats.","year":"2011","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"21417279","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf1049529","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21417279/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21417279/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1049529","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups, randomly assigned)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as tartary buckwheat extract, rutin:quercetin about 4:1)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present study has provided a basic pharmacokinetic profile of total quercetin after a single oral dose of tartary buckwheat extract.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax values of total quercetin were 0.55 ( 0.26, 1.10 ( 0.53, and 2.05 ( 0.26 μg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.4 (Pharmacokinetics Results)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax of 2.33 ( 1.94, 2.75 ( 3.67, and 2.50 ( 1.82 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The regression coefficients (r2) of the calibration curves of AUC0-t, AUC0-¥, and Cmax were 0.9959, 0.9954, and 0.9988, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 (r2 0.9959, 0.9954, 0.9988)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21466223","title":"Quercetin and rutin reduced the bioavailability of cyclosporine from Neoral, an immunosuppressant, through activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4.","year":"2011","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"21466223","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf104786t","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21466223/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21466223/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104786t","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups, randomized); one week washout noted","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin; rutin (as interacting agents with cyclosporine)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Rat drug-interaction PK study: measured analyte is cyclosporine (CSP, Neoral) blood levels, not quercetin or rutin. Quercetin/rutin plasma levels not measured. CSP data recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, quercetin and rutin decreased the bioavailability of CSP through activating P-gp and CYP3A. Transplant patients treated with Neoral should avoid concurrent consumption of quercetin or rutin to minimize the risk of allograft rejection.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin and rutin significantly decreased the Cmax of CSP by 67.8 and 63.2%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"reduced the AUC0540 by 43.3 and 57.2%, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21846121","title":"Cocrystals of quercetin with improved solubility and oral bioavailability.","year":"2011","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","pmid":"21846121","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/mp200209j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21846121/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21846121/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp200209j","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (n = 3 per group)","n":"15","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dihydrate vs cocrystals with isonicotinamide, caffeine, caffeine:methanol, theobromine dihydrate)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The cocrystals outperformed QUE dihydrate with increases in bioavailability up to nearly 10-fold.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The QUECAF 3 MeOH cocrystal peaked rapidly at 5 min with 7.7 μM free QUE.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the QUE dihydrate control peaked at 30 min with 0.84 μM QUE aglycon","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Statistical significance was achieved for QUEINM at t = 10 (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4 caption","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"for QUECAF 3 MeOH at t = 5 (p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4 caption","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The QUETBR 3 2H2O cocrystal had the highest FREL at 9.93.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19916501","title":"Lymphatic absorption of quercetin and rutin in rat and their pharmacokinetics in systemic plasma.","year":"2010","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"19916501","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf9026124","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19916501/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19916501/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9026124","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (quercetin group and rutin group)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin dihydrate) and rutin","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Although both quercetin and rutin are absorbed and transported mainly via the blood circulation system, the AUC of these two drugs in lymph fluid appeared higher than their respective AUC in plasma.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin in lymph fluid had significantly larger AUC, smaller clearance, shorter half-life, higher Cmax, smaller volume of distribution, and shorter MRT","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.549","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"rutin in lymph fluid had significantly larger AUC, smaller clearance, smaller volume of distribution, and longer MRT than rutin in plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.549","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax of rutin in plasma was about twice as high as that detected in lymph fluid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20499918","title":"Quercetin aglycone is bioavailable in murine pancreas and pancreatic xenografts.","year":"2010","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"20499918","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf101192k","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20499918/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20499918/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf101192k","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2894579/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (nude mice) + in vitro (MiaPaCa-2 cells)","design":"parallel (diet groups, animal study) plus in vitro cell time course","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone/dihydrate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study showed that quercetin can be accumulated in pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells in vitro and absorbed effectively in the circulating system, tumors, and tissues of pancreas, liver, and lung in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5 (summary paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Gemcitabine cotreatment with quercetin reduced absorption of quercetin in the mouse circulatory system and liver","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Gemcitabine treatment resulted in significant reduction in quercetin only in the liver of mice fed the 0.2% quercetin diet","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"accumulated 4–10 times higher concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20603197","title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability studies of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin after oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extracts, Ginkgo biloba extract phospholipid complexes and Ginkgo biloba extract solid dispersions in rats.","year":"2010","journal":"Fitoterapia","pmid":"20603197","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20603197/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20603197/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.028","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley male rats, 200-300 g)","design":"parallel (three groups, randomly divided)","n":"18","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (from Ginkgo biloba extract; also kaempferol, isorhamnetin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results showed that the bioavailability of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in rats was increased remarkably after oral administration of GBP and GBS comparing with GBE. The bioavailabilities of GBP increased more than that of GBS.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The AUC0~T ... of GBP and GBS compared with that of GBE were increased 2.42, 1.95 and 2.35 times and 2.07, 1.43 and 1.51 times","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The bioavailabilities of GBP increased more than that of GBS.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20877244","title":"Determination of quercetin and resveratrol in whole blood--implications for bioavailability studies.","year":"2010","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"20877244","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules15096570","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20877244/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20877244/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096570","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6257724/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"in vitro (spiked rat blood/plasma)","design":"other (analytical method validation, in vitro spiking)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (spiked; resveratrol also studied)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The analytical method developed in this work allows the determination of quercetin and resveratrol in whole blood. This constitutes a significant methodological advance, since blood levels appear to be a more appropriate parameter than plasma levels when evaluating overall absorption and bioavailability of polyphenols.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"treatment of whole blood rather than plasma is necessary to avoid underestimating the compounds in the circulatory stream","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18951932","title":"Enhancement of gastrointestinal absorption of quercetin by solid lipid nanoparticles.","year":"2009","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","pmid":"18951932","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.10.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18951932/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18951932/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.10.002","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rats)","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK, formulation comparison; in situ perfusion absorption studies)","n":"10 rats for PK; 5 each for in situ groups","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic studies revealed prolonged Tmax and MRT, and improved relative bioavailability (more than 5 fold) of QT-SLNs to quercetin suspension in rats after oral administration was observed. These data collective support that SLNs is a promising delivery system to enhance the oral absorption of poorly water soluble drugs, such as quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax value of quercetin in SLNs (12.22 ± 2.15 μg/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.243","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"(5.90 ± 1.24 μg/mL)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.243","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"324.18 ± 41.35 (μg/mL)*h for QT-SLNs suspension, which was 5.71 times greater","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.243","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of QT-SLNs to quercetin suspension was 571.4%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The absorption percent after 2 h in the stomach was only (6.20 ± 1.46) %","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"absorption percentages of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were (13.00 ± 2.41) %, (17.57 ± 1.84) %, (30.44 ± 2.21) %, (22.03 ± 1.77) %","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"which was 5.71 times greater than the quercetin suspension (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin plasma concentrations were significantly higher for rats treated with QT-SLNs suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5; Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Tmax and MRT for quercetin in plasma were both delayed.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19270373","title":"Different profiles of quercetin metabolites in rat plasma: comparison of two administration methods.","year":"2009","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","pmid":"19270373","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1271/bbb.80516","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19270373/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19270373/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.80516","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male CD(SD) rats); human (n=4)","design":"other (parallel-group rat comparison of two administration methods; small human sample)","n":"rats 6 per group; humans 4","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone; onion in humans)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results might provide information about the bioavailability of quercetin when conducting animal experiments.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The total quercetin concentration was also higher in the free access group (intragastric-2.5 µM vs. free access-7.0 µM)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.518","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the proportion of methylated metabolites was much higher in the free access group","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19292474","title":"Chronic ingestion of apple pectin can enhance the absorption of quercetin.","year":"2009","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"19292474","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf803547h","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19292474/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19292474/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf803547h","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2x2 diet x compound)","n":"20 (PK groups); 12 (histology)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone and rutin)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the present study demonstrated that ingestion of AP for 6 weeks significantly enhanced the intestinal absorption of quercetin. In contrast, AP did not affect the bioavailability of rutin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.2587","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant difference in the ratio of quercetin/isorhamnetin was observed.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2585","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Cmax values of quercetin and total metabolites were significantly higher in the PQ group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The plasma AUC for isorhamnetin and total metabolites was about two times higher in the PQ group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.2585","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC for deconjugated quercetin was also two times higher in the PQ group, although this was not significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2585","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The tmax values ... were not significantly different between the two groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2585","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The recovery of quercetin from urine in the first 24 h also tended to be higher in the PQ group.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2585","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was no significant difference in Cmax, tmax, AUC, and urinary excretion.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2585","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19375897","title":"Formulation optimization and in situ absorption in rat intestinal tract of quercetin-loaded microemulsion.","year":"2009","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","pmid":"19375897","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.03.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19375897/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19375897/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.03.005","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ intestinal perfusion, formulation comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"microemulsion may represent potential delivery system for sparingly soluble anticancer drugs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant differences in absorption parameters such as Ka, t1/2 (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"uptake percentage (P < 0.05) between ME and micelle solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant difference in uptake percentage among different intestine segments (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6; Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19807098","title":"Nondigestible saccharides suppress the bacterial degradation of quercetin aglycone in the large intestine and enhance the bioavailability of quercetin glucoside in rats.","year":"2009","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"19807098","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf9024079","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19807098/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19807098/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9024079","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (E1 six diet groups); in vitro; in situ ligated segments","n":"E1 48 (6 groups of 8); E2 3 groups; E3 12 rats (n=7 per group in Table 5)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, quercetin aglycone, methylquercetin)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"FOS and DFAIII equally promote the bioavailability of a quercetin glycoside, Q3G, in rats. Suppression of the degradation of quercetin aglycone by cecal bacteria contributes to the promotive effect in association with the high absorptive capacity of the cecum.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.9467-9468 (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The values for the 3% groups were more than 2-fold higher than the value for the control group","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9464; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Urinary excretion levels ... were also greater in the 3% FOS group","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3; Results p.9464","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The fecal excretion of the quercetin derivatives was doubled in the 3% oligosaccharide groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4; Results p.9464","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Absorptive speed per mucosal surface area was 70% greater in the cecum than in the ileum.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19952424","title":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin, alpha-oligoglucosyl quercetin 3-O-glucoside, is absorbed more easily than other quercetin glycosides or aglycone after oral administration in rats.","year":"2009","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","pmid":"19952424","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/bpb.32.2034","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19952424/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19952424/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.32.2034","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone) and quercetin glycosides (EMIQ, IQC, Q3M, Q3G, rutin, alphaMR, alphaOR)","formTags":["isoquercetin","rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Elongation of α-linkage of glucose moiety in IQC enhances the bioavailability of quercetin, and intestinal epithelial enzymes such as lactase-phrolizin hydrolase or mucosal maltase-glucoamylase would play important roles in the hydrolysis and absorption of these flavonol glycosides.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reached a maximum 15 min for quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2036; Discussion p.2038","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax values of quercetin were 15 and 30 min for EMIQ and Q3M","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2036; Discussion p.2038","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"reached a peak 6 h after administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2036; Discussion p.2038","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax, AUC0-12h and F values of quercetin were significantly higher when EMIQ or Q3M was administered than those when other quercetin glycosides were administered.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.2037","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no saturation was observed in Cmax and AUC0-12h values within the range of EMIQ doses examined","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2036; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma levels were about 80% and 30% for Q3M and IQC, respectively, of those for EMIQ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2037","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18059045","title":"HPLC analysis and pharmacokinetic study of quercitrin and isoquercitrin in rat plasma after administration of Hypericum japonicum thunb. extract.","year":"2008","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"18059045","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.942","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18059045/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18059045/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.942","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5 (as printed in Fig. 3 and Table 2 captions)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin glycosides: quercitrin (quercetin-3-rhamnoside) and isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-glucoside) in Hypericum japonicum (Tianjihuang) ethanol extract","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pharmacokinetic results provide a firm basis for evaluating the clinical efficacy of Tianjihuang extract.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"maximum concentration of quercitrin and isoquercitrin occurs after approximately 1.30 and 1.17 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18198829","title":"Influence of dietary quercetin on glutathione redox status in mice.","year":"2008","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"18198829","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf072358l","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198829/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198829/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf072358l","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 per group main study (5 diet groups incl. control); excretion subset n=2 per treatment group","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone, rutin, apple, onion)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of this study indicate that quercetin influences GSH:GSSG ratios and protein thiolation in a tissue-specific manner and that these effects are dependent on food source and bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The percent quercetin excreted was the highest from quercetin aglycone (0.984%), followed by apple (0.593%), rutin (0.108%), and onion (0.002%).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results and Discussion p.834","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18954533","title":"Intra-herb pharmacokinetics interaction between quercetin and isorhamentin.","year":"2008","journal":"Acta pharmacologica Sinica","pmid":"18954533","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00884.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954533/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954533/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00884.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rats); in vitro cell lines","design":"randomized crossover (Latin square, 3-way) plus in vitro cell transport","n":"12 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (and isorhamnetin, 3'-O-methylquercetin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The above results proved intra-herb pharmacokinetics interaction between quercetin and isorhamentin. P-gp might play an important role, whereas other drug efflux pumps, such as multi-drug resistance associate protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein, might be involved.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A↔B (P=0.060)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A↔B (P=0.037)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A↔C (P<0.01), B↔C (P<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A↔B (P<0.01), A↔C (P<0.01), B↔C (P<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC of QU after the oral dose of QU was significantly different from the ones after coadministration of IS and QU (P<0.01","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"#P=0.223 for Cmax (Student's t-test)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P<0.01 (one-way ANOVA)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant differences were found in the AUC 0–72 h and AUC0–∞ (P<0.05, Student's t-test)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19053221","title":"Bioavailability of [2-(14)C]quercetin-4'-glucoside in rats.","year":"2008","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"19053221","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf802754s","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19053221/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19053221/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802754s","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rats)","design":"other (single-dose radiolabel mass-balance with serial sacrifice)","n":"18 (3 per each of 6 time points)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as [2-14C]quercetin-4'-glucoside)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The study reveals that as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, almost all of the [2-14C]quercetin-4'-glucoside is converted to phenolic acids, compounds not monitored in previous flavonol bioavailability studies with model animal systems.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17154349","title":"Quantitative determination of isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in rat plasma by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the pharmacokinetic study of isorhamnetin.","year":"2007","journal":"Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM","pmid":"17154349","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/rcm.2814","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17154349/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17154349/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2814","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups, single oral dose)","n":"30","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (study dosed isorhamnetin aglycone, a quercetin metabolite)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results further demonstrated that the samples analyzed showed isorhamnetin could not be transformed into quercetin or kaempferol in rats, indicating that the demethylation of the 3'-oxymethyl group of isorhamnetin does not occur in Wistar rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"mean (n = 10) Cmax values of 57.8 ± 18.1, 64.8 ± 16.9 and 75.2 ± 6.9 ng mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.117 (PK and metabolism)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"mean Tmax of 8.0 ± 2.4, 6.4 ± 1.5 and 7.2 ± 2.3 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.117 (PK and metabolism)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"pharmacokinetic process of Isor in Wistar rats might have a linear relationship with the dose tested","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.117","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18034749","title":"Effect of pectin enhancement on plasma quercetin and fecal flora in rutin-supplemented mice.","year":"2007","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"18034749","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00557.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18034749/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18034749/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00557.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as rutin, quercetin-3-rutinoside, 0.5% of diet)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The plasma quercetin and isorhamnetin concentrations were significantly higher in the PR diet group than the CR diet group. The PR diet greatly affected the fecal flora. Pectin might thus enhance the bioavailability of quercetin from rutin by changing the metabolic activity of the intestinal flora and/or the physiological function of the gut.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Plasma quercetin and isorhamnetin concentrations were significantly higher in the PR diet group","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"as was the plasma isorhamnetin/quercetin ratio","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16444288","title":"Red wine alcohol promotes quercetin absorption and directs its metabolism towards isorhamnetin and tamarixetin in rat intestine in vitro.","year":"2006","journal":"British journal of pharmacology","pmid":"16444288","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.bjp.0706662","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444288/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444288/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706662","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1760706/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro/ex vivo cannulated everted jejunal sacs, paired comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside (in red wine / synthetic mixture)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It is therefore plausible that the moderate alcohol content of red wine contributes to its beneficial health effects in humans by both increasing the absorption of quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside and by channelling their metabolism towards O-methylation to yield compounds (T and I), which have potential protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular diseases.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher amounts of both quercetin (x3; P<0.001) and quercetin-3-O-glucoside (x1.5; P<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16787048","title":"The flavonol quercetin-3-glucoside inhibits cyanidin-3-glucoside absorption in vitro.","year":"2006","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"16787048","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf0607922","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16787048/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16787048/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0607922","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (ex vivo Ussing chamber)","n":"16 mice","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin-3-glucoside (as competitor of cyanidin-3-glucoside absorption)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results show that D-glucose and phloridzin had no effect on C3G disappearance, which proves that neither SGLT1 nor LPH is involved in ACN absorption. However, we have demonstrated for the first time that the flavonol Q3G significantly inhibited C3G absorption. Our results indicate that ACNs and flavonols share a common absorption mechanism, with an obvious preference for the latter.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph, p.4918)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"without D-glucose, 44.8 ± 11.3%, with 40 mmol/L glucose 30.1 ± 6.5%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4915","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"without Q3G, 65.9 ± 2.3%; with 50 µmol/L Q3G, 17.2 ± 1.7%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4916","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"a significant decrease of Q3G from the mucosal RS over time (30 min, p < 0.01; 60-120 min, p < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"resulting in a 73.9% reduction (p < 0.001) of the C3G disappearance","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4916; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"resulting in a 32.8% reduction (NS)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4915","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"reduction (NS) of the disappearance by 18%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4916","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15736313","title":"Association between pterostilbene and quercetin inhibits metastatic activity of B16 melanoma.","year":"2005","journal":"Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)","pmid":"15736313","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1593/neo.04337","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15736313/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15736313/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1593/neo.04337","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1490314/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK sub-study within efficacy paper)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings demonstrate that the association of PTER and QUER inhibits metastatic melanoma growth and extends host survival.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"plasma levels of PTER and QUER peaked at 60 and 10 minutes, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.41","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"highest concentration in plasma (~95 µM PTER and ~46 µM QUER 5 minutes after administration)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.40 (end) - p.41 (start)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"both polyphenols were detectable even 720 minutes after their oral administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.41","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15749994","title":"Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) limits net intestinal uptake of quercetin in rats by facilitating apical efflux of glucuronides.","year":"2005","journal":"Molecular pharmacology","pmid":"15749994","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1124/mol.104.009753","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15749994/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15749994/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.104.009753","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ perfusion; in vitro transport)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, Bcrp1 limits net intestinal absorption of quercetin by pumping quercetin glucuronides back into the lumen.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"12.3 ± 1.5 versus 5.6 ± 1.3 µM; p < 0.01","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Fig. 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"uptake of quercetin from the perfusion buffer was not affected by Bcrp1-inhibition","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"intestinal uptake of quercetin from quercetin-3-glucoside, efflux of quercetin glucuronides to the gut lumen, and plasma concentration of quercetin were similar to that in control rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher than Papp for the apical-to-basolateral direction","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15760736","title":"Difference in absorption of the two structurally similar flavonoid glycosides, hyperoside and isoquercitrin, in rats.","year":"2005","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","pmid":"15760736","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.10.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15760736/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15760736/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.10.004","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK; two oral dose groups plus higher HP dose)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as isoquercitrin; hyperoside is quercetin-3-O-galactoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, IQ, as a flavonoid glucoside, could be rapidly absorbed and transformed into glucuronidated quercetin and such absorption might be related to the hydrolysis of the type of sugar moieties attached to its aglycone molecule.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"could be detected in plasma, urine or faeces by HPLC/UV","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the absorption of orally administered HP and IQ are different","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"HP is more stable than IQ in the GI tract","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15833931","title":"Disposition and metabolism of [2-14C]quercetin-4'-glucoside in rats.","year":"2005","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","pmid":"15833931","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1124/dmd.104.002691","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15833931/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15833931/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.104.002691","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal radiolabel disposition study)","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as quercetin-4'-glucoside)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The main site of quercetin metabolism seemed to be the gastrointestinal tract.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"peak concentration of 2.9% of the ingested radioactivity (14 µM) at 0.5 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2; Discussion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"~6% being absorbed and present in blood and internal organs, primarily the liver and kidneys","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Discussion p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15948033","title":"Pharmacokinetics and modeling of quercetin and metabolites.","year":"2005","journal":"Pharmaceutical research","pmid":"15948033","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11095-005-4584-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15948033/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15948033/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-005-4584-1","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK; separate groups for iv, oral, intraportal; bile-cannulated and linked-rat experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our study clarifies the relative importance of the gut, liver, and bile in the metabolism and excretion of quercetin and its conjugates. The pharmacokinetic model appears to be suitable for describing the absorption and disposition of the quercetin and its conjugates and may be applicable to other flavonoids that undergo similar pharmacokinetic pathways.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"Only 5.3% of unchanged quercetin was bioavailable","source":"fulltext","location":"Table III","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"bioavailability ... unchanged quercetin, the combined glucuronide/sulfate conjugates and total quercetin were 5.3%, 47.8% and 59.1%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4 col.2 para 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"the total quercetin absorbed was as high as 59.1%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"about 6.7% of oral dose was absorbed into portal vein in the form of unchanged quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The bioavailability of unchanged quercetin following intraportal administration was 52.6%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"20.44 ± 5.1 and 23.31 ± 2.96 µg h/ml, unpaired student t-test, p > 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"Urinary and fecal excretion were low (about 5%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"unpaired student t-test, p > 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentration profiles ... were found to be superimposable in rats with and without bile duct cannulation","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15979103","title":"Co-administration of quercetin and catechin in rats alters their absorption but not their metabolism.","year":"2005","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"15979103","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2005.03.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15979103/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15979103/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.03.033","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 diet groups, randomized)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These data may be explained by a competitive interaction between quercetin and catechin at the digestive level, leading to a reduction of the intestinal absorption of quercetin and a possible delaying of catechin absorption over time. The simultaneous administration of quercetin and catechin had no effect on the formation of their glucurono and sulfo conjugates, indicating the absence of competition between quercetin and catechin for the corresponding conjugative enzymes.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"75.2 ± 4.63 nmoles/24 h for catechin vs. 2.91 ± 0.3 nmoles/24 h for quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3161; Fig. 2A","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"(1.4% ± 0.1 vs. 39.6% ± 4.0)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3161","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"total plasma concentrations ... were significantly lower ... 35% for quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3160; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"total urinary excretion of quercetin significantly decreased","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3161; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significant decrease in the total quercetin metabolites was observed in the liver","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3163","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the nature and respective proportions of their conjugated metabolites were the same","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3161; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16006787","title":"Absorption of quercetin and rutin in rat small intestine.","year":"2005","journal":"Annals of nutrition & metabolism","pmid":"16006787","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1159/000086882","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16006787/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16006787/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000086882","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal in vivo trial + in vitro ligated loops)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone) and rutin","formTags":["rutin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Both quercetin and rutin can attach to and traverse the small intestine of the rat. Binding of flavonoids to the intestinal wall components may however greatly limit their absorption from the small intestine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The peak level was reached 7 h after administration of both compounds","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.180","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"the maximum percentage of flavonoid that was apparently taken up by the gut was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for quercetin (60%) than for rutin (45%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.180; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"not exceeding 1.5% of the total flavonol","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.180; Discussion p.181","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"was higher for quercetin than for rutin (fig. 1) (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.180; Fig. 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly (p < 0.05) higher for quercetin (60%) than for rutin (45%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.180; Fig. 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15018990","title":"Enhanced paclitaxel bioavailability after oral administration of paclitaxel or prodrug to rats pretreated with quercetin.","year":"2004","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","pmid":"15018990","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2003.11.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15018990/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15018990/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2003.11.002","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (pretreatment effect on paclitaxel bioavailability)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Rat study measuring plasma paclitaxel after oral paclitaxel or prodrug with quercetin pretreatment; quercetin concentrations not measured.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"It seems that the development of oral paclitaxel preparations as a prodrug or with quercetin is feasible, which is more convenient than the i.v. dosage forms.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC and Cmax of paclitaxel pretreated with quercetin were significantly higher (P<0.01) than the control","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC of paclitaxel after administration of the prodrug to rats pretreated with quercetin was significantly (P<0.05) higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15182387","title":"The type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestinal uptake and subsequent biliary excretion of dietary quercetin glycosides.","year":"2004","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"15182387","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/BJN20041123","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15182387/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15182387/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041123","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"31","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin glycosides (3-glucoside, 4'-glucoside, 3-galactoside, 3-rhamnoside, 3-arabinoside)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, the type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestinal absorption of quercetin glycosides, but the position (3 or 4') of the glucose moiety does not further influence absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly greater after treatment with quercetin-3-O-ß-glucoside or quercetin-4'-O-ß-glucoside compared with any of the other glycosides","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 1; Figs 1-3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The decline in concentration was similar for Q3glucoside ... and for Q4'glucoside","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.843-844","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12612151","title":"Intestinal uptake of quercetin-3-glucoside in rats involves hydrolysis by lactase phlorizin hydrolase.","year":"2003","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"12612151","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/133.3.773","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12612151/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12612151/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.3.773","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ jejunum/ileum perfusion, parallel groups by inhibitor dose)","n":"20 rats (stated in Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3-glucoside, Q3G)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These data suggest that LPH is a major determinant of intestinal absorption of quercetin-3-glucoside in rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"29% of quercetin-3-glucoside (13.8 ± 0.7 µmol/L) disappeared from the perfusion fluid","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Intestinal hydrolysis","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"13.8 ± 0.7 µmol/L quercetin-3-glucoside was hydrolyzed during intestinal passage","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"38% (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"50% (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"67% (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"36% (P = 0.12)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"55% (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"75% (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12631412","title":"Profound difference in pharmacokinetics between morin and its isomer quercetin in rats.","year":"2003","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","pmid":"12631412","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1211/002235702487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12631412/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12631412/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1211/002235702487","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two oral doses)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin dihydrate)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin glucuronides and sulfates existed exclusively in the circulation, whereas morin co-existed with its glucuronides and sulfates. Moreover, quercetin exhibited linear metabolic pharmacokinetics for the doses studied, whereas the pharmacokinetics of morin were nonlinear.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax of quercetin glucuronides and sulfates almost doubled when the dose of quercetin was doubled","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC of quercetin glucuronides and sulfates obtained at the dose of 100 mg kg-1 was significantly higher than that at the dose of 50 mg kg-1","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The calculated MRT for both doses was not different.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12663055","title":"Absorption of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside in the rat small intestine: the role of lactase phlorizin hydrolase and the sodium-dependent glucose transporter.","year":"2003","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","pmid":"12663055","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00039-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663055/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663055/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00039-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (ex vivo everted sac, Latin-square randomised, inhibitor conditions)","n":"8 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Evidently the mechanism of absorption of quercetin-4'-glucoside involves both an interaction with SGLT1 and luminal hydrolysis by LPH, whereas quercetin-3-glucoside appears to be absorbed only following hydrolysis by LPH.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin-4'-glucoside mucosal hydrolysis was 10 times greater than quercetin-3-glucoside hydrolysis","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly reduced","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Phlorizin appeared to reduce the transfer of metabolites from quercetin-4'-glucoside to a similar extent as NB-DGJ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Phlorizin was shown to have a negligible effect on quercetin-3-glucoside hydrolysis, tissue uptake and transfer into the serosal solution","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"this difference was not significant (Table 1)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The combined co-incubation of both inhibitors had no additional effect to NB-DGJ alone","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12696973","title":"Absorption and urinary excretion of quercetin, rutin, and alphaG-rutin, a water soluble flavonoid, in rats.","year":"2003","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"12696973","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf026108a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696973/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696973/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf026108a","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups)","n":"16","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin, rutin, alphaG-rutin)","formTags":["isoquercetin","rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that RG-rutin is absorbed more efficiently than either quercetin or rutin and that a high plasma concentration can be maintained by supplying rutin and RG-rutin in combination.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately 4.5- and 2-fold higher","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"almost the same as that in the rats administered a mixture of rutin and RG-rutin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The highest 24 h urinary excretion was observed in RG-rutin-administered rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12737533","title":"Disposition of the flavonoid quercetin in rats after single intravenous and oral doses.","year":"2003","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"12737533","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1081/ddc-120018375","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12737533/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12737533/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/ddc-120018375","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (IV, oral solution, oral suspension; sparse sampling, 6 rats per time point)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin dihydrate)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, an oral quercetin formulation that can readily form a drug solution in the gastrointestinal tract may enhance the absorption of the drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of the suspension formulation to that of the solution was found to be about 59%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the extent of absorption was greater from solution than from suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the solution showed a shorter Tmax and a higher Cmax than suspension","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The absolute bioavailability for the solution was 0.275 and that for suspension was 0.162","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14730132","title":"Enhancing effect of lipids and emulsifiers on the accumulation of quercetin metabolites in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by rats.","year":"2003","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","pmid":"14730132","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1271/bbb.67.2548","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14730132/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14730132/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.67.2548","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"50","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin glucosides from onion powder (with lipids/emulsifiers)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results indicate that co-ingested lipids and emulsifiers could enhance the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in onion.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"groups maintained on diets containing more than 4.6% of soybean oil ... accumulated at significantly higher concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 2; Results p.2551","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Lecithin was significantly more effective for enhancing their accumulation than the other three types of lipid.","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3; Results p.2552","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Both emulsifiers significantly increased the plasma concentrations of quercetin metabolites, with the exception of the sucrose fatty acid ester ... after one week","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4; Results p.2552","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12405795","title":"Determination of flavonol metabolites in plasma and tissues of rats by HPLC-radiocounting and tandem mass spectrometry following oral ingestion of [2-(14)C]quercetin-4'-glucoside.","year":"2002","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"12405795","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf020598p","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405795/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405795/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020598p","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"3","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin-4'-O-glucoside (onion flavonol), [2-14C]-labelled","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The data demonstrate that quercetin-4'-glucoside, which is a major flavonol in onions, undergoes rapid and extensive metabolism in the intestine, and this appears not to be associated to any extent with transport across the gut wall into the blood stream.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11368925","title":"Identification of quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide as an antioxidative metabolite in rat plasma after oral administration of quercetin.","year":"2001","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","pmid":"11368925","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00522-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11368925/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11368925/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00522-6","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose metabolite identification in rats)","n":"30","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence that Q3GA accumulates in vivo after oral administration of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11481403","title":"Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats.","year":"2001","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","pmid":"11481403","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/131.8.2109","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.8.2109","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ intestinal perfusion)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone) and isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The 3-O-glucosylation of quercetin improved the net absorption of the aglycone (P < 0.05), whereas phloretin absorption decreased when present as 2'-O-glucoside (P < 0.05). Whatever the perfused compound, the efficiency of the absorption seemed to be linked to the intestinal conjugation process and to the luminal secretion of metabolites.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"the remaining of perfused quercetin (14%) corresponded to the net absorption","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2110 col.2; Results p.2111 col.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"the net absorption of quercetin (2.10 ± 0.40 nmol/min) was markedly lower (P < 0.05) than that of phloretin (3.60 ± 0.20 nmol/min)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2112 col.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"the net absorption of isoquercitrin perfusion was higher than that observed after quercetin perfusion (P < 0.05; 25% vs. 14%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2111 col.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"5.81 ± 0.26 nmol/min vs. 3.61 ± 0.13 nmol/min for isoquercitrin alone; P < 0.05","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2113 col.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Apparent absorption","text":"a 61% increase in the net absorption of isoquercitrin (5.81 ± 0.26 nmol/min vs. 3.61 ± 0.13 nmol/min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2113 col.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"a 61% increase in the net absorption of isoquercitrin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2113 col.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The 3-O-glucosylation of quercetin improved the net absorption of the aglycone (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2111; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"It reached 39% for isoquercitrin versus 52% for quercetin (P < 0.05; Fig. 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2111","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"net absorption of quercetin (2.10 ± 0.40 nmol/min) was markedly lower (P < 0.05) than that of phloretin (3.60 ± 0.20 nmol/min)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2112","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11216481","title":"Respective bioavailability of quercetin aglycone and its glycosides in a rat model.","year":"2000","journal":"BioFactors (Oxford, England)","pmid":"11216481","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/biof.5520120127","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11216481/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11216481/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520120127","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups, single experimental meal; two experiments","n":"24 (Exp 1) and 40 (Exp 2)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone vs 3-glucoside, 3-rhamnoside, rutin)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, the nature of the glycosylation markedly influences the efficiency of quercetin absorption in rats. Quercetin 3-glucose can be absorbed in the small intestine and is better absorbed than quercetin itself. By contrast, glycosides containing a rhamnose moiety could not be absorbed in the small intestine.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"improves the absorption of quercetin in the small intestine (+184%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.172","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"markedly decreases it (from 75 to 100%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.172","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"3-O-glucosylation improves the absorption of quercetin in the small intestine (+184%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.172","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"binding of a glucose-rhamnose ... markedly decreases it","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.172","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"failed to detect significant amount of any metabolites in the plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.172","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"consistently higher (2.5–3 fold)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.172","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10641719","title":"Comparison of the bioavailability of quercetin and catechin in rats.","year":"1999","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","pmid":"10641719","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00159-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10641719/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10641719/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00159-8","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (adapted 14 d vs non-adapted single meal), two experiments","n":"NR (Exp 1: 24 rats per group; Exp 2: 8 per group, per Fig. 1)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dietary, 0.25% of diet)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Studies dealing with the biological impact of these polyphenols should take into account the feature of their bioavailability, particularly the fact that their circulating metabolites are conjugated derivatives.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentration of catechin metabolites was higher than that of quercetin metabolites","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1262","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the concentration of catechin metabolites was about ten times lower than that of quercetin metabolites","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1262","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"107.7 vs. 45.5 µM in non-adapted rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1263","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"hepatic concentrations of metabolites were higher in adapted rats than in rats receiving an unique experimental meal","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1263","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations of metabolites are markedly higher when rats are adapted for several days to a quercetin diet than when they are adapted to a catechin diet","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1264","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9199494","title":"Bioavailability of rutin and quercetin in rats.","year":"1997","journal":"FEBS letters","pmid":"9199494","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00467-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9199494/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9199494/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00467-5","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"90","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone) and rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The rate of elimination of quercetin metabolites seems very low, and high plasma concentrations are easily maintained with a regular supply of quercetin or rutin in the diet.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"measurable concentrations were obtained only 4 h after the beginning of the meal","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2 para 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"a plateauing concentration (about 50 µmol/l) was observed","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3 (non-adapted rats, 0.2% quercetin)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the concentration of quercetin conjugates seems maximal at 20 µmol/l in rats adapted to a flavonol-containing diet","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin was more rapidly absorbed than the aglycone moiety of rutin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2; Discussion p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"plasma concentrations of quercetin metabolites were higher in rats fed the quercetin diet than in those fed the rutin diet","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the intestinal absorption of quercetin was higher in non-adapted rats than in adapted rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41802516","title":"Hybrid nanogel system of quercetin-loaded squalene NLCs with zinc-HA network for dry eye syndrome.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"41802516","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151215","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41802516/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41802516/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151215","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (formulation comparison, within-animal contralateral eye comparison)","n":"15","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Further, enhanced pharmacokinetic parameters ensured higher bioavailability of QS-NLCs-Zn-HA nanogel in DES.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"%CDR of QS-NLCs has a significant (p < 0.0001) as compared to the control (Qur Sol)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results Sec. 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QS-NLC-Zn-HA nanogel also showed significant (p < 0.0001) higher % CDR as compared to the QS-NLCs upto 10 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results Sec. 3.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41944664","title":"Targeting the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in the Retina Using Quercetin-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Myopia Control.","year":"2026","journal":"Translational vision science & technology","pmid":"41944664","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1167/tvst.15.4.3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41944664/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41944664/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.15.4.3","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13069344/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, tricolor strain, 2-week-old males)","design":"other (controlled animal efficacy study, 5 groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (liposomal)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"QLSs could suppress experimental myopia progression by inhibiting the activation of hedgehog signaling pathway, offering a promising approach for preventing myopia.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"compared to free quercetin, the QLSs exhibited a notable sustained-release capability","source":"fulltext","location":"Results, Fig. 2E","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42406229","title":"Safe and effective control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: pharmacokinetic and residue profiling of doxycycline combined with quercetin nanomicelles.","year":"2026","journal":"Veterinary research communications","pmid":"42406229","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11379-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42406229/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42406229/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11379-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chickens, Cobb)","design":"parallel (PK sub-study in treated groups 3-7)","n":"420 chicks (7 groups x 3 replicates x 20 birds)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis showed that doxycycline alone or combined with conventional quercetin failed to maintain serum concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for sufficient durations against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In contrast, quercetin micelles markedly prolonged effective drug exposure, highlighting their potential as a clinically relevant adjuvants","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.18","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Both doxycycline and quercetin nanomicelles in group 7 had significantly higher elimination half-life (t½β), MRT, AUC0–24, and Cmax and lower clearance","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.11; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the absorption half-life (t1/2 ka) in group 6 was significantly shorter than in the other groups","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin residues in tissues were lower in groups 4 and 5 than in groups 6 and 7","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.12; Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin nanomicelles significantly reduced doxycycline residues in all tissues","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.12; Table 4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41066807","title":"Quercetin can serve as a CXR inhibitor to enhance florfenicol absorption by attenuating BCRP-mediated efflux in chickens.","year":"2025","journal":"Poultry science","pmid":"41066807","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.105893","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41066807/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41066807/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105893","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12547017/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify): broiler chickens (Arbor Acres, 42 days old)","design":"parallel","n":"40 for PK (120 allocated across experiments)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Quercetin given orally to chickens as a BCRP/CXR inhibitor; the measured analyte is the drug florfenicol (Papp and plasma PK), not quercetin. Quercetin concentrations not measured. Florfenicol data recorded as quercetin-drug interaction.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The research substantiates quercetin's inhibitory effect on BCRP and demonstrates the resultant enhancement in the absorption of BCRP substrate drug florfenicol.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant increase in Cmax from 7.24 to 10.00 μg/mL (p < 0.01), an increase in AUC0-∞ from 25.09 to 44.60 h⋅μg/mL (p < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increase in the Papp of florfenicol from 0.32 in the control group to 0.59, 0.63, and 0.65, respectively (p < 0.01; Fig. 7F)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin doses of 40 and 60 mg/kg yielded similarly significant enhancements in these pharmacokinetic parameters (p < 0.01; Table 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.10","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37476826","title":"Preparation of caffeic acid grafted chitosan self-assembled micelles to enhance oral bioavailability and antibacterial activity of quercetin.","year":"2023","journal":"Frontiers in veterinary science","pmid":"37476826","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fvets.2023.1218025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37476826/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37476826/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1218025","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10354432/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (white-finned broiler chicken)","design":"parallel","n":"12","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (CA-g-CS/QR micelles vs quercetin solution)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"CA-g-CS/QR showed higher bioavailability in vivo, indicating a significant improvement in the formulation performance of QR proagents.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion final paragraph p.13","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the bioavailability was 167%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9.2 p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The relative bioavailability of CA-g-CS/QR was found to be 1.67-fold that of the reference drug","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"CA-g-CS/QR increased the absorption of QR in white broiler chickens over 36 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.9.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30989139","title":"Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Quercetin in Milk and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.","year":"2019","journal":"Journal of veterinary research","pmid":"30989139","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2019-0013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30989139/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30989139/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0013","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6458548/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dairy cow)","design":"single-arm","n":"9","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, a sensitive, selective, and rapid method for quantification of quercetin in milk samples was developed. The method was validated and applied in the determination of quercetin concentration in milk after experimental administration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0−t 31.64 ± 17.04 µg × h/g","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax 2.80 ± 3.54 µg/g","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30207714","title":"Bioavailability of Quercetin from Onion Extracts after Intraruminal Application in Cows.","year":"2018","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"30207714","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03049","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207714/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207714/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03049","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (cow, ruminally fistulated, non-lactating)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"3","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone, rutin, onion bulb extract, onion skin extract)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"From the present study, we conclude that, in cows, the bioavailability of quercetin following intraruminal administration is highest from the OB extract, followed by rutin. The bioavailablility after the application of equimolar amounts of quercetin as either an OS extract (containing quercetin aglycone) or quercetin aglycone, however, is much lower compared to the sources mentioned above.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.10191","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was highest with the OB extract, followed by rutin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Bioavailability of quercetin calculated as the AUC of total plasma flavonols was significantly higher after rutin and OB extract compared to the aglycone and OS extract","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 inset; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately 10 times higher maximum total flavonol plasma concentrations and an 3-4 times greater AUC","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.10190","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27242199","title":"Quercetin-loaded freeze-dried nanomicelles: Improving absorption and anti-glioma efficiency in vitro and in vivo.","year":"2016","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","pmid":"27242199","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.045","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27242199/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27242199/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.045","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify): formulation comparison, in vitro and in vivo (mouse)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free quercetin vs QUE-loaded nanoliposomes QUE-NLs vs QUE-loaded freeze-dried nanomicelles QUE-FD-NMs)","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study demonstrated the formulation of novel QUE-loaded freeze-dried nanomicelles that can be used to overcome the limited solubility of QUE in water for oral administration as a chemopreventive agent.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (section 5, first sentence)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum concentration (Cmax) for QUE-FD-NMs was 17.19 μg/L after oral administration","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"the Cmax for QUE-NLs was 14.78 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"that for free QUE was 8.17 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The maximum time (Tmax) of free QUE was 2.1 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"the Tmax of QUE-FD-NMs or QUE-NLs was 3.2 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax for QUE-FD-NMs was 17.19 μg/L ... QUE-NLs was 14.78 μg/L and ... free QUE was 8.17 μg/L","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6; Fig. 8B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"accumulation was significantly greater with QUE-FD-NMs than with QUE-NLs at all time points (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Permeability in the in vitro BBB model ranked as follows: QUE-FD-NMs > QUE-NLs > QUE.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QUE-FD-NMs showed a significantly higher intracellular QUE concentration than QUE-NLs when the cells were incubated from 1 to 24 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25795488","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in neonatal calves after oral administration of quercetin aglycone or rutin.","year":"2015","journal":"Journal of dairy science","pmid":"25795488","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3168/jds.2015-9361","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25795488/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25795488/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9361","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7094564/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (neonatal Holstein calf)","design":"parallel (3 groups, repeated study on d 2 and d 29)","n":"21","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone vs rutin)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"BV of quercetin and its metabolites in newborn calves is more pronounced when quercetin is fed as QA than as RU.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative BV of quercetin of 72.5% on d 2 and of 49.6% on d 29","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results BV Studies","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC of quercetin and isorhamnetin was greater (P < 0.05) ... in QA- than in RU-fed calves","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"tended to be greater for total flavonols (P < 0.1)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"were greater (P < 0.001) on d 2 than on 29 for both treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax was greater (P < 0.05) in RU- than in QA-fed calves on both days","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26088982","title":"Enhancing oral bioavailability of quercetin using novel soluplus polymeric micelles.","year":"2014","journal":"Nanoscale research letters","pmid":"26088982","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/1556-276X-9-684","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26088982/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26088982/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-684","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4493852/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog)","design":"parallel (two groups of three dogs, randomly distributed)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, the Qu-PMs provide a promising carrier candidate with efficient delivery of quercetin for therapeutic treatment in near future.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Qu-PMs were absorbed much slower than pure quercetin with Tmax of 7.02 ± 2.02 h and 5.31 ± 1.08 h (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results text","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-inf value of Qu-PMs was significantly larger than that of pure quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results text","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative oral bioavailability of Qu-PMs calculated from AUC0-inf values was about 286% (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4; Results text; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23000882","title":"Effects of quercetin and menadione on intestinal calcium absorption and the underlying mechanisms.","year":"2013","journal":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology","pmid":"23000882","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23000882/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23000882/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.007","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (chick, Gallus gallus domesticus, 4 weeks old)","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, 4 groups: control, MEN, QT, MEN+QT)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (QT) 50 μM intraluminal (+ menadione 2.5 μmol/kg i.p.)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is intestinal 45Ca2+ absorption (plasma 45Ca) and oxidative-stress markers in chick intestine; quercetin is the intervention, not the absorbed compound. Quercetin's own absorption/PK not measured. Ca absorption values are figure-only.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"QT may be useful in preventing inhibition of chick intestinal Ca2+ absorption caused by MEN or other substances that deplete GSH, by blocking the oxidative stress and the FasL/Fas/caspase-3 pathway activation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"inhibited the intestinal Ca 2+ absorption after 30 min of treatment","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1A; Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the intestinal Ca 2+ absorption was similar to the control values","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QT alone did not either modify the chick intestinal Ca 2+ absorption","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23403185","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin from its aglycone and its glucorhamnoside rutin in lactating dairy cows after intraduodenal administration.","year":"2013","journal":"Journal of dairy science","pmid":"23403185","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3168/jds.2012-6234","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23403185/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23403185/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6234","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (lactating German Holstein dairy cows)","design":"randomized crossover? (printed: crossover design, QA and RU in 3 equimolar doses in alternate order)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone dihydrate and rutin trihydrate)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Duodenal administration enhanced bioavailability of QA almost to values previously reported in pigs after oral administration. In contrast to findings in monogastrics or after oral administration in cows, quercetin from RU seems to be unavailable when administered duodenally.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"range 368.8 to 983.3 nmol/L at 27 mg of quercetin equivalents/kg of body weight","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"interindividual variability of Cmax was high at each dosage of QA (396 to 983 nmol/L at the highest dosage","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2307","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"overall LSM 113 ± 6 min","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2307","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax was higher with the dose of 27 mg than 9 mg of QE/kg of BW","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"duodenal administration of RU did not result in a significant increase of plasma flavonol concentrations over baseline values","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.2307","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC of plasma total flavonols increased in a dose-dependent manner after administration of QA (P < 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22916908","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in cows after intraruminal application of quercetin aglycone and rutin.","year":"2012","journal":"Journal of dairy science","pmid":"22916908","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3168/jds.2012-5439","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22916908/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22916908/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5439","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (nonlactating dairy cows)","design":"randomized crossover? (printed: crossover design with 2-d wash-out); i.v. trial in 2 animals","n":"5","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone dihydrate; rutin trihydrate)","formTags":["rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results obtained in the present study indicate that the bioavailability of quercetin, including methylated derivatives with an intact flavonol structure, is significantly higher after intraruminal application of rutin compared with quercetin aglycone.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"cmax, μmol/L 0.09 ± 0.01a 1.0 ± 0.10b","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"tmax, min 30.0 ± 0.0a 42.0 ± 7.3a","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUCTotal, min × μmol/L 10.94 ± 1.76a 83.96 ± 9.35b","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Relative bioavailability, % 100 767.3","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability of total flavonols ... was 767.3% compared with quercetin aglycone (100%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"Absolute bioavailability of total flavonols was only 0.1 and 0.5% after quercetin aglycone and rutin","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"absolute bioavailability was calculated to be 0.5%","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Means in a row without a common letter differ significantly, P < 0.05.","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21776484","title":"Effects of O-methylated metabolites of quercetin on oxidative stress, thermotolerance, lifespan and bioavailability on Caenorhabditis elegans.","year":"2011","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"21776484","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c1fo10049a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21776484/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21776484/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c1fo10049a","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Caenorhabditis elegans, wild-type N2 nematode)","design":"other (in vivo model organism exposure study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quantification of levels of the flavonols and their main metabolites suggested an increased bioavailability of quercetin in the nematode compared to its methylated derivatives.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"suggested that greater uptake of quercetin than its methylated derivatives by the nematode exists","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3; Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20230651","title":"Oral bioavailability of quercetin from different quercetin glycosides in dogs.","year":"2010","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","pmid":"20230651","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S000711451000053X","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20230651/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20230651/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000053X","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, Beagle)","design":"randomized crossover (Latin square for oral forms; oral vs i.v. crossover)","n":"9 (7 evaluated glycoside comparison; 8 absolute bioavailability)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone, isoquercitrin, rutin)","formTags":["isoquercetin","rutin"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"we have shown that absolute bioavailability of quercetin was only 4 % in dogs. ... In contrast to other investigated species, relative quercetin bioavailability from rutin was not smaller than from quercetin aglycone itself.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.202","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC values of quercetin, isorhamnetin and of total plasma flavonols were significantly higher after administration of isoquercitrin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Peak concentrations were reached 11 h after ingestion of the glycoside, which was significantly later than after the two other treatments","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the respective values after quercetin and rutin treatment did not differ","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.200","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Tmax of the first peak was significantly shorter after administration of isoquercitrin","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results p.200","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20393998","title":"Absorption and tissue distribution of dietary quercetin and quercetin glycosides of apple skin in broiler chickens.","year":"2010","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","pmid":"20393998","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jsfa.3944","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393998/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393998/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3944","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chicken, male)","design":"parallel (randomly assigned cages, feeding experiment)","n":"240 hatched; 40 cages x 6 birds on day 21; two birds per cage on treatment","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (pure Q; apple skin extract and apple skin powder as Q glycoside sources)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This study has revealed that Q and its glycosides can be absorbed and metabolized by avian species, i.e. the broiler chicken.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a concentration-dependent response for deconjugated Q metabolites was observed in excreta, duodenum, liver, and plasma","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15907592","title":"Enhanced diltiazem bioavailability after oral administration of diltiazem with quercetin to rabbits.","year":"2005","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"15907592","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15907592/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15907592/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.004","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"parallel (groups of 8; control, co-administration, pretreatment, i.v.)","n":"NR (eight groups of eight stated in Methods text; 'eight groups' listed as control + 3 co-admin + 3 pretreat + i.v.)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as interacting agent; analyte measured is diltiazem)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analyte is diltiazem (drug), with quercetin as interacting pretreatment/co-administered agent; quercetin concentrations/absorption were not measured. Diltiazem PK values extracted for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The bioavailibility of diltiazem in the rabbits pretreated with quercetin is increased significantly compared with the control, but not in the rabbits co-administered with quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"relative bioavailability (RB%) of diltiazem pretreated with quercetin was 1.75–2.76 times higher than the control","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The absolute bioavailability (AB%) of diltiazem in the rabbits pretreated with quercetin was significantly higher (9.10–12.81%) than the control (4.64%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"AUC, AB% and Cmax of diltiazem co-administered with quercetin were higher than the control, but these were not significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12427482","title":"Quercetin significantly decreased cyclosporin oral bioavailability in pigs and rats.","year":"2002","journal":"Life sciences","pmid":"12427482","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02235-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12427482/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12427482/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02235-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (pigs and rats)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"pigs 6; rats 8","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as interacting agent, 50 mg/kg oral, dissolved in glycofurol); measured drug: cyclosporin (Sandimmune)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Drug-interaction PK study: measured analyte is cyclosporin (blood), with quercetin (50 mg/kg) as the co-administered precipitant. Quercetin's own absorption/PK not measured here ('data not shown'). Cyclosporin data extracted as a quercetin-interaction finding. Everted-sac rhodamine 123 transport data are figure-only.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In summary, quercetin significantly decreased the oral bioavailability of cyclosporin in pigs and rats, therefore it could serve as a potential chemoprotective agent. It is suggested that concurrent use of quercetin or quercetin - containing herbs or dietary supplements with cyclosporin or other CYP3A4/Pgp substrates requires close monitoring.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.233","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"coadministration of quercetin significantly decreased the total exposure of cyclosporin (AUC0-t) by 43%","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"quercetin did significantly reduce the early exposure of cyclosporin (AUC0-3) by 56% in pigs","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"no significant changes on Tmax of cyclosporin were found after quercetin coadministration in pigs and rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.232","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Table 1 does not mark these as significant","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9103284","title":"Oral absorption and metabolism of quercetin and sugar-conjugated derivatives in specific transport systems.","year":"1997","journal":"Cancer letters","pmid":"9103284","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0304-3835(97)04655-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9103284/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9103284/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3835(97)04655-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin and quercetin glycosides (Qr-3-rutinoside, Qr-3-glucoside, Qr-3-rhamnoside, Qr-4'-glucoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In the models studied the nature of the sugar moiety at the C3 and C4' position seemed not to be important for the rate of transport. Only Qr and Qr-3-rutinoside were absorbed and the recovery of Qr suggested an extensive metabolism or uptake by tissues.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Qr-3-rutinoside (1.3-2.3% of the dose)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Qr (aglycone) was detected in the resorbate after perfusion with Qr (0.3-0.4% of the dose)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"with Qr-3-glucoside (0.1-0.7% of the dose)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"only traces of Qr were detected at or below the LOQ (<10 ng/ml plasma) after Qr and Qr-3-glucoside dosing","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Apart from Qr-3-rutinoside (1.3-2.3% of the dose), none of the other glycosides were transferred to the serosal side","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The nature of the sugar moiety at the C3 and C4' position had no significant effect on the rate of transport.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41596825","title":"Nanoparticles for Synergistic Delivery of Curcumin and Quercetin Based on Zein and Sodium Caseinate: Preparation, Characterization, and Intestinal Absorption.","year":"2026","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"41596825","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/foods15020225","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41596825/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41596825/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020225","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12839586/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (co-delivered with curcumin in zein/sodium caseinate nanoparticles); measured absorption analyte is curcumin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (In vitro (simulated digestion, Caco-2) study; listed supplement quercetin is co-encapsulated but only its encapsulation efficiency is reported. All uptake/permeability/bioaccessibility values are for curcumin, not quercetin. Curcumin rows recorded for reference.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"which significantly improved the bioaccessibility and cellular translocation uptake of curcumin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"bioaccessibility of Zein-CS-Cur-Que finally produced was about three times as much as that of free curcumin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.11 / Abstract / Fig. 4H caption","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"permeability coefficients of the rest of the groups were significantly elevated, especially that of Zein-CS-Cur-Que","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.12 p.15","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the highest rate of uptake was observed in the final Zein-CS-Cur-Que","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.12 p.15 / Fig. 5B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41762160","title":"Species-specific deglucuronidation of quercetin glucuronides by the human gut microbiota.","year":"2026","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","pmid":"41762160","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/bbb/zbag032","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762160/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762160/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbag032","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro enzymatic/whole-cell assay)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (monoglucuronide metabolites Q3G, Q7G, Q3'G, Q4'G)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings delineate species-resolved deglucuronidation patterns underlying inter-individual differences in quercetin bioavailability and identify species microbiota-driven deconjugation into pharmacokinetic models.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"F. duncaniae's Vmax/Km (min-1) was ∼1.7–1.9 × higher for Q7G","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Q7G and Q3G were generally more labile than Q4′G and Q3′G","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4-5, p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"digesta consistently higher roughly twofold above feces overall","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42014646","title":"Quercetin-loaded exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via an anti-inflammatory mechanism.","year":"2026","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","pmid":"42014646","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02236-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42014646/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42014646/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02236-z","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13179245/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (exosome-loaded)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"By delivering Que in a stable and bioavailable form, Exo enhance their cellular uptake and anti-inflammatory potency.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Que-Exo achieved approximately 100% release by 6 h ... free Que ... reaching only 42.17% release at 6 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results; Discussion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42190375","title":"Elucidating the self-assembly of prolamin-derived peptide nanoparticles prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis: implications for loading quercetin and intestinal absorption.","year":"2026","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"42190375","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149736","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42190375/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42190375/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149736","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (loaded in gliadin or zein peptide nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results of intestinal absorption ability showed that the amphiphilic properties of GPNs and its charged characteristics facilitated the penetration through the mucus layer as well as improved the cellular uptake efficiency as compared to ZPNs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Different letters (a, b) indicate significant difference between GPNs-Q and ZPNs-Q (p<0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the quantified uptake of GPNs was significantly higher than ZPNs","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 7A caption; Results 3.5.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42284755","title":"Quercetin loaded ZIF-8 coated human serum albumin nanoparticles relieve pulmonary fibrosis via NUAK1-YAP axis.","year":"2026","journal":"Biomaterials advances","pmid":"42284755","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.215002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42284755/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42284755/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.215002","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (nanoparticle formulation and efficacy study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (loaded in ZIF-8 coated with human serum albumin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, we developed a bioengineered Que@ZIF-8/HSA nanoplatform exhibiting: (i) sustained Que release kinetics, (ii) broad-spectrum pulmonary cytocompatibility, and (iii) multilevel antifibrotic activity. This nanosystem reprograms macrophage-fibroblast crosstalk by downregulating NUAK1-dependent profibrotic signaling, thereby blocking YAP-driven fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (end of Discussion)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Que@ZIF-8/HSA showed a sustained release of approximately 36% over three days","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42300428","title":"Polyphenol combinations improve quercetin absorption and inhibit carbohydrate digestion while reducing glucose transport.","year":"2026","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"42300428","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d6fo00569a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42300428/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42300428/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo00569a","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro absorption/transport)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (alone and with kaempferol and isoquercetin)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings suggest that multi-component polyphenol formulations can enhance α-amylase inhibition and quercetin bioavailability while maintaining strong α-glucosidase inhibition.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In the mixture, quercetin transport efficiency significantly increased to 29.30 ± 1.30% (6.53 ± 0.190 μM basolateral concentration; p < 0.001 vs. single exposure).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The difference in transport efficiency between single-compound exposure and exposure to the kaempferol mixture was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42354404","title":"Deamidated Zein Peptide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Quercetin Delivery: Structural Analysis, Stability, and Antioxidant Properties.","year":"2026","journal":"Gels (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"42354404","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/gels12060506","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42354404/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42354404/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12060506","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13298411/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Q2@DDZ effectively preserved the antioxidant activity of Q and mitigated its premature Q release in simulated oral and gastric environments, while enabling sustained release in the intestinal phase, thereby enhancing its potential bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"effectively delayed premature leakage of Q in the acidic environment","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.8, p.11; Fig. 9 legend (different letters p < 0.05)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42395946","title":"Quercetin Delivered by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Improves Liver Fibrosis via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.","year":"2026","journal":"ACS omega","pmid":"42395946","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acsomega.6c03434","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42395946/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42395946/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6c03434","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13325349/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (preclinical formulation and efficacy study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"By successfully transforming a potent but poorly bioavailable phytochemical into a targeted nanotherapeutic, we present a promising preclinical strategy for liver fibrosis treatment and demonstrate a proof-of-concept platform for hydrophobic drug delivery.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42443946","title":"Enhancement of solubility and antioxidant activity of quercetin in choline-aspartate ionic liquid: spectroscopic, volumetric and kinetic insights.","year":"2026","journal":"BMC chemistry","pmid":"42443946","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01883-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42443946/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42443946/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-026-01883-1","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13644093/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro physicochemical)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These findings establish the [Ch][Asp] IL as a promising green excipient for enhancing the physicochemical performance of poorly soluble bioactive compounds.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"A substantial enhancement in quercetin solubility (p < 0.001) was observed upon incorporation of aqueous [Ch][Asp] IL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.13; Fig. 8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42781481","title":"Porous-starch-encapsulated quercetin remodels the gut microbiota and elevates short-chain fatty acids, alleviating hyperglycaemia-associated phenotypes in T2DM mice.","year":"2026","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition","pmid":"42781481","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1851659","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42781481/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42781481/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1851659","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13599724/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release test plus mouse efficacy study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free vs porous-starch-encapsulated microspheres)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Porous-starch encapsulation provides partial gastric protection and enhances intestinal availability of quercetin, thereby potentiating its metabolic benefits in T2DM mice.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Discussion)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC of PSQ were significantly lower than those of free QUE in both SGF and SIF (p < 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"p < 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The AUC of PSQ in SIF was significantly higher than that in SGF (p = 0.002)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42960614","title":"Engineering Quercetin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Oral Delivery: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Evaluation.","year":"2026","journal":"Assay and drug development technologies","pmid":"42960614","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1177/1540658X261502041","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42960614/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42960614/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1540658X261502041","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterization)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Que-NLCs were successfully produced by utilizing ultrasonic homogenization to resolve the issues of poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability of Que.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Free Que exhibited a comparatively faster initial release than Que-NLCs","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9-10; Fig. 6 caption","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39665312","title":"An in vitro investigation on the physicochemical properties of different quercetin formulations.","year":"2025","journal":"Journal of complementary & integrative medicine","pmid":"39665312","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1515/jcim-2024-2002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39665312/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39665312/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2024-2002","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Liquid-based, micellar, delivery systems such as LMQ (LipoMicel Quercetin) that microencapsulate quercetin with fatty acid compounds in a soft-gel capsule are more soluble and better absorbed than powder-based ones.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QUO presented the highest permeability among the four products, whereas QUX showed the lowest permeability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QUV had a considerably higher permeability than QUX","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly increased the TEER value within the first 4 h (≥22.7 %; p<0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant decrease in TEER value change (−39.0 %; p<0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"LMQ had the highest solubility of all quercetin formulations in both water and simulated intestinal fluid","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4; Fig. 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QUO, which exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on both the HepG2 liver cells and the Caco-2 cells","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5; Fig. 6; Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39976905","title":"Electronic structures of isoquercitrin and its pharmacokinetic exploration with Dengue virus 1 NS5 methyl transferase.","year":"2025","journal":"Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)","pmid":"39976905","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.14715/cmb/2025.71.2.16","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39976905/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39976905/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2025.71.2.16","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (computational: DFT, ADMET prediction, molecular docking)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (isoquercitrin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside)","formTags":["isoquercetin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The ADME and toxicity results revealed promising drug-like properties and low toxicity, underscoring the compound's therapeutic potential.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40074160","title":"Quercetin loaded biogenic squalene nano-lipid carriers for the treatment of dry eye syndrome.","year":"2025","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"40074160","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125457","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40074160/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40074160/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125457","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit; ex vivo goat cornea; in vitro)","design":"other (preclinical formulation comparison; within-animal comparison, NLC right eye vs solution left eye)","n":"12 rabbits (all in vivo studies)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (squalene nanostructured lipid carriers, QS-NLCs)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic studies further highlighted the improved bioavailability of QS-NLCs, as evidenced by increased tear production, prolonged half-life, and enhanced systemic exposure.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 4 Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QS-NLCs showed 2.79-fold higher half-life (T1/2), 3.02-fold higher area under the curve (AUC0-∞), and 2.88-fold higher mean retention time (MRT0-∞)","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.16; Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"76.90 ± 5.22 % and 30.61 ± 4.61 %, respectively, in 6 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.9; Fig. 4B","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40345208","title":"Pharmacokinetic Prediction and Cytotoxicity of New Quercetin Derivatives.","year":"2025","journal":"Chemistry & biodiversity","pmid":"40345208","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202500119","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40345208/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40345208/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202500119","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12351435/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in silico prediction + in vitro cytotoxicity)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin and α-glucosylated derivatives","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Three α-glucosylated derivatives were obtained, which demonstrated improved pharmacokinetics, including a higher volume of distribution and lower clearance rate, with minimal likelihood of cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition compared to QUE.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40505320","title":"Quercetin-3-β-aminobutyrate (HPS-β) as a promising novel anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of sepsis.","year":"2025","journal":"Bioorganic chemistry","pmid":"40505320","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108642","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40505320/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40505320/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108642","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro solubility measurement; mouse efficacy study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (and its 3-O-beta-aminobutyrate prodrug HPS-beta trifluoroacetate salt)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The modified compound (HPS-β trifluoroacetate salt form) exhibited a 17,500-fold increase in phosphate buffer solubility compared to the parent drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 3)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40790677","title":"Enhancing the encapsulation efficiency, bioavailability, and antioxidant efficacy of quercetin and maize peptide by a novel multi-frequency pulsed ultrasonic-assisted nanoliposomal encapsulation system.","year":"2025","journal":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","pmid":"40790677","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116874","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40790677/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40790677/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116874","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (specify): in vitro formulation study","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The system significantly enhanced the embedding rate and intracellular bioavailability of MP/Qu, in contrast to unencapsulated MP/Qu monomers and unsonicated liposomes.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"bioavailability of Qu from MP-Qu-Lipo significantly increased by 13.58 ± 1.02 % compared to Qu monomer","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.6 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"ultrasonic treatment further increased this by 11.71 ± 1.13 % in UT-MP-Qu-Lipo","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.6 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"liposome encapsulation significantly enhanced the bioavailability of Qu and MP (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.7 p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"ultrasonic treatment further increased the bioavailability of Qu and MP in UT-MP-Qu-Lipo compared to unsonicated MP-Qu-Lipo (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2.7 p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40795549","title":"Sodium alginate-mediated interfacial structuring in soy protein-quercetin composite emulsions: A synergistic strategy for encapsulation and bioavailability enhancement of lipophilic bioactives.","year":"2025","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"40795549","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145812","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40795549/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40795549/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145812","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (specify): in vitro formulation study","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"moderate SA addtion improved the antioxidant capacity of the emulsion and promoted the bioaccessibility of lutein and quercetin, thus establishing an efficient delivery system for dual bioactive compounds.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"At a SA concentration of 0.02 %, the bioaccessibility of Que. was also the highest. However, even with further increases in SA concentration, its bioaccessibility remained higher than that observed in the absence of SA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9 p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38569984","title":"Improving the properties of whey protein isolate-zein nanogels with novel acidifiers: Re-dispersity, stability and quercetin bioavailability.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"38569984","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131284","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38569984/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38569984/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131284","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In conclusion, this work successfully prepared WPI-zein nanogels to improve Que bioavailability and confirmed the feasibility of substituting acetic acid and citric acid for hydrochloric acid.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion, p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of citric acid and hydrochloric acid after gastric digestion","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.5, p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38581388","title":"Intranasal Delivery of Carvedilol- and Quercetin-Encapsulated Cationic Nanoliposomes for Cardiovascular Targeting: Formulation and In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies.","year":"2024","journal":"ACS applied bio materials","pmid":"38581388","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c00102","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581388/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581388/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c00102","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11530090/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro / ex vivo formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (co-formulated with carvedilol)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"CVD/QC-NLPs and CVD/QC-L.O.F. in situ gel showed better QC permeation of 67.28% and 75.09% from the goat nasal membrane for about 96 h, whereas CVD permeates within 48 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion and Future Perspectives, p.21","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QC exhibited greater permeation flux for cationic NLPs","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8, p.17","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"poor in vitro drug release of about ∼18%, whereas the ex vivo permeation study revealed 75.09%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8, p.17-18","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38614171","title":"Effect of ultrasonic power on delivery of quercetin in emulsions stabilized using octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified broken japonica rice starch.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"38614171","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131557","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38614171/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38614171/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131557","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Therefore, the results of this study confirm that ultrasound improved the stability of the emulsion and the digestive properties of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion, p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly higher than the bioavailability of quercetin delivered by a starch-based emulsion prepared without ultrasonication (18.87 %)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6.7, p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39255893","title":"Tea saponin-Zein binary complex as a quercetin delivery vehicle: preparation, characterization, and functional evaluation.","year":"2024","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"39255893","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135485","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255893/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255893/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135485","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and simulated digestion study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free vs Zein/tea saponin nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"During simulating gastrointestinal digestion procedure, ZQTNPs has higher release rate and bioavailability than free quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The highest solubility of 49.54 μg/mL for ZQTNPs is 30.16 times higher than that of free Que","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the bioavailability of ZQNPs and ZQTNPs is increased by 1.22 times and 3.21 times, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37141640","title":"Effective inhibition of breast cancer stem cell properties by quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles via reduction of Smad2/Smad3 phosphorylation and β-catenin signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer.","year":"2023","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","pmid":"37141640","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.077","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37141640/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37141640/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.077","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (solid lipid nanoparticles)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings demonstrate that SLNs improve the cytotoxic effect of QC in MDA-MB231 cells by increasing its bioavailability and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby effectively inhibiting CSC generation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37242034","title":"Novel Hybrid Inulin-Soy Protein Nanoparticles Simultaneously Loaded with (-)-Epicatechin and Quercetin and Their In Vitro Evaluation.","year":"2023","journal":"Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"37242034","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nano13101615","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37242034/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37242034/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13101615","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10223423/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (with (-)-epicatechin) in inulin-soy protein nanoparticles","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Nanoencapsulation of (-)-epicatechin and quercetin into hybrid encapsulating agents, inulin–soy protein, enhances their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.17","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the delivery of quercetin was significantly greater in NPs than in NEQs (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"NEQs and NPs showed no significant differences in the final cumulative release of both flavonoids","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37962857","title":"Quercetin Enhances the Availability of 5-Heptadecylresorcinol by Inhibiting the Expression of P-gp.","year":"2023","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"37962857","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05518","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37962857/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37962857/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05518","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Caco-2 transport plus parallel single-dose mouse groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin as co-administered P-gp inhibitor/synergist for AR-C17 (5-heptadecylresorcinol) absorption","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption/PK study of AR-C17 (5-heptadecylresorcinol) with quercetin as co-administered P-gp-inhibiting enhancer; quercetin concentrations/absorption were not measured as an absorption analyte. No numeric PK values in text or tables; results are figure-only.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin could promote the transport of AR-C17 in the intestine to further improve its bioavailability in the body, and the effect was the best when quercetin and AR-C17 were at a concentration ratio of 1:1.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"quercetin increased the AUC of AR-C17 and the excretion rate of DHBA and DHPPA most","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 6C","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38068974","title":"Hydroxyl Group Acetylation of Quercetin Enhances Intracellular Absorption and Persistence to Upregulate Anticancer Activity in HepG2 Cells.","year":"2023","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","pmid":"38068974","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ijms242316652","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38068974/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38068974/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316652","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10706045/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (and 3,7,3',4'-O-tetraacetylquercetin, 4Ac-Q)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Hydroxyl group acetylation of quercetin enhances its intracellular absorption and metabolic stability, which strengthen the anticancer activity, including cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction of cancer cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 5 Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"approximately 2.5-fold higher quercetin was observed in 4Ac-Q-added HepG2 cells than by quercetin addition","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the total peak area of the chromatograms in the 4Ac-Q treatment was quite larger than that of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34611857","title":"Formulation, Solubilization, and In Vitro Characterization of Quercetin-Incorporated Mixed Micelles of PEO-PPO-PEO Block Copolymers.","year":"2022","journal":"Applied biochemistry and biotechnology","pmid":"34611857","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12010-021-03691-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611857/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611857/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03691-w","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterization)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (QCN) in Pluronic P123/F88 mixed micelles","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, QCN-incorporated mixed P123/F88 micelles may represent an effective approach for enhancing QCN's oral bioavailability, antioxidant activity, and cell viability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (p.16)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"showed a controlled and sustained release profile","source":"fulltext","location":"In Vitro Drug Release Profile","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34710677","title":"Co-encapsulation of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and quercetin in double emulsion hydrogel beads: Microstructures, functional properties, and digestion behaviors.","year":"2022","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"34710677","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131427","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34710677/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34710677/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131427","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro simulated gastric + small-intestinal digestion, triplicate)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (co-encapsulated with EGCG)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"the hydrogel beads inhibited oil digestion without compromising the bioavailability of quercetin and increasing the bioavailability of EGCG.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the quercetin bioavailability was not significantly different expect for the ratio of 3:7","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The double emulsion with a (W1 + O):W2 ratio of 5:5 exhibits the highest bioavailabilities of EGCG and quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the bioavailabilities of quercetin are lower than those of EGCG within the double emulsions","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34952968","title":"Encapsulating quercetin in cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks improved its solubility and bioavailability.","year":"2022","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","pmid":"34952968","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jsfa.11738","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34952968/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34952968/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11738","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro physicochemical characterisation and solubility)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"γ-CD-MOFs are promising carriers for bioactive agents in food and pharmaceutical applications.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract (Conclusion)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The apparent solubility of Que-CD-MOFs was enhanced by 100-fold compared with that of pure Que.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35093441","title":"Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides self-assembled nanoparticles for delivery of quercetin and their anti-proliferative activities during gastrointestinal digestion in vitro.","year":"2022","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","pmid":"35093441","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.143","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35093441/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35093441/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.143","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro simulated oral-gastric-intestinal digestion)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin hydrate)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"During simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, QC-HSP NPs had the sustained release characteristics, and presented stronger anti-proliferative activity than free QC.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QC-HSP NPs (QC/HSP, 1:32, w/w) presented the highest QC release rate in small intestine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35122241","title":"Enhanced water dispersibility and Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability of quercetin by complexation with casein hydrolysate.","year":"2022","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"35122241","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.16049","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35122241/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35122241/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16049","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro solubility and Caco-2 permeability)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results from the Caco-2 cell permeation assay clarified that the complexation of Que with Pepcas should improve its oral bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Fa of Que@Blank and Que@Pepcas were 1.28% and 3.14%, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 (Fig. S6)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Papp value of Que from Que@Pepcas was ... ∼2.6-fold higher than that from Que@Blank","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4; Fig. 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"45.4-fold higher than that of Que@Blank","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35343862","title":"Targeted delivery of quercetin by biotinylated mixed micelles for non-small cell lung cancer treatment.","year":"2022","journal":"Drug delivery","pmid":"35343862","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/10717544.2022.2055225","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35343862/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35343862/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2022.2055225","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8967198/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release; cell and xenograft efficacy not extracted)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Que-MMICs demonstrated high accumulation at tumor site and exhibited superior anticancer activity in NSCLC bearing mice model.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Free Que showed rapid release and almost complete release within 4 h. In contrast, Que release from Que-MICs and Que-MMICs was in a controlled and sustained manner","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35429932","title":"The nanomicelles consisting of lotus root amylopectin and quinoa protein: Construction and encapsulation for quercetin.","year":"2022","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"35429932","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132924","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35429932/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35429932/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132924","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterization and simulated GI digestion)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["micellar"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Results showed that the coating layer of LRA can enhance the encapsulation efficiency, stability, and sustained release characteristic of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The release rate of quercetin from Que-QP-LRA nanomicelles was significantly less than that of Que-QP nanomicelles (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.7 p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35430382","title":"Design of a new light curable starch-based hydrogel drug delivery system to improve the release rate of quercetin as a poorly water-soluble drug.","year":"2022","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"35430382","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430382/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430382/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106191","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release study of hydrogel formulations)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quer release reached 56.62% after 8 h (almost double the previous study (27%)). Future in vivo studies are needed to assess the bioavailability of the synthesized nanoparticle in the body.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the most significant release was related to the hydrogel H4 with 56.62%, while the hydrogel H1 showed the lowest amount of 35.82%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.9 p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36015227","title":"A Comparative Study of Quercetin-Loaded Nanocochleates and Liposomes: Formulation, Characterization, Assessment of Degradation and In Vitro Anticancer Potential.","year":"2022","journal":"Pharmaceutics","pmid":"36015227","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14081601","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015227/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015227/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081601","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9415452/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (formulation development and in vitro characterization)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (liposomes and nanocochleates)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, it can be concluded that nanocochleates can act as a better alternative to liposomes for the delivery of drugs with poor stability and bioavailability, thus improving their therapeutic efficacy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.21)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Compared to liposomes, nanocochleates showed more controlled release due to their coiled structure.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36156668","title":"O-Sulfation disposition of curcumin and quercetin in SULT1A3 overexpressing HEK293 cells: the role of arylsulfatase B in cellular O-sulfation regulated by transporters.","year":"2022","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"36156668","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/d2fo01436j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156668/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156668/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo01436j","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro metabolism/transport study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our findings have revealed potentially important roles of BCRP and MRP4 in the O-sulfates excretion by curcumin and quercetin. The reduction in O-sulfate excretion led to a significant decrease in the sulfation extent (fmet) by aglycones, revealing a strong interplay of sulfation with efflux transport.","source":"fulltext","location":"5 Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"O-sulfation of quercetin was more efficient than curcumin according to the CLint values","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 p.10561","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MRPs played a more crucial role in the excretion of C-O-S and Q-O-S.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3-3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34034052","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin in zein-based colloidal particles-stabilized Pickering emulsions investigated by the in vitro digestion coupled with Caco-2 cell monolayer model.","year":"2021","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"34034052","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130152","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34034052/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34034052/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130152","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion/Caco-2)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pickering emulsions with shell quercetin (ZCP-QE) were more effective in promoting the bioaccessibility and cell uptake for further improving overall oral bioavailability of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"increased from 2.71% (bulk oil) to 38.18% (ZCPs-Q) and 18.97% (ZCPE-Q), particularly reached 41.22% for ZCP-QE","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"cell secretion level of quercetin was distinct for different quercetin forms after incubation for 4 h (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4.4 p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34529978","title":"Effects of quercetin and artemetin prenylation on bioavailability and bioactivity.","year":"2021","journal":"Chemistry and physics of lipids","pmid":"34529978","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105137","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34529978/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34529978/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105137","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (and 8-prenyl quercetin; artemetin and prenyl artemetins as comparators)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results showed that the 8-prenyl quercetin (6), 5-O-prenyl artemetin (7) and 8-prenyl artemetin (8) exerted a more marked reduction in HeLa cell viability and greatly affected HeLa cell lipid profile in a more marked way compared to their relative precursor quercetin (1) and artemetin (2).","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32481545","title":"Changes in the Content and Bioavailability of Onion Quercetin and Grape Resveratrol During In Vitro Human Digestion.","year":"2020","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"32481545","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/foods9060694","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481545/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481545/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9060694","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7353652/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion, triplicate)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (onion-derived)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results will improve our understanding of how human digestion influences the contents and free radical scavenging activities of quercetin and resveratrol.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"differ significantly (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the digestibility was similar for onion quercetin and grape resveratrol during in vitro human digestion (i.e., not significantly different)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32823976","title":"The Human Microbial Metabolism of Quercetin in Different Formulations: An In Vitro Evaluation.","year":"2020","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"32823976","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/foods9081121","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32823976/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32823976/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081121","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7466208/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro fermentation, triplicate)","n":"3 fecal donors pooled","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (unformulated vs phytosome)","formTags":["phytosome"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Native quercetin was more stable in the phytosome formulation upon 24 h in vitro fecal incubation. Quercetin was bioaccessible to human fecal microbiota in both products, showing the same profile for the production of phenolic catabolites.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"a significant difference (p < 0.05) in quercetin concentration for the unformulated and phytosome-formulated versions emerged after 24 h","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 (Fig. 1A)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quantified at significantly higher concentrations in the phytosome-formulated product with respect to the unformulated one","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2 (Fig. 2A)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35019280","title":"Injectable Quercetin-Loaded Hydrogel with Cartilage-Protection and Immunomodulatory Properties for Articular Cartilage Repair.","year":"2020","journal":"ACS applied bio materials","pmid":"35019280","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acsabm.9b00673","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35019280/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35019280/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.9b00673","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release from hydrogel; efficacy in rat osteochondral defect model not extracted)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results suggest that a well-designed drug delivery hydrogel with anti-inflammatory activities can promote cartilage regeneration.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30827656","title":"In vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of quercetin from the quercetin-fortified bread products with reduced glycemic potential.","year":"2019","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"30827656","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.199","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30827656/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30827656/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.199","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro static digestion with dialysis)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"quercetin (food grade, 98% purity) incorporated into baked and steamed bread","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Both baked and steamed bread were proven to be promising food carriers for delivering quercetin more efficiently compared to the pure quercetin supplement.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significantly lower potential bioaccessibility of quercetin (up to 55%) from the matched 3% sample was observed compared to that from the 3% fortified bread samples","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant difference was observed in the potentially bioaccessible amount of quercetin across all the bread samples with quercetin fortification","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the potential bioaccessibility (%) ... was significantly decreased with increasing quercetin fortification level in both bread systems","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"at each fortification level, there was no significant difference of quercetin profiles between the baked and steamed bread during digestion","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31191482","title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Starch Utilization Promotes Quercetin Degradation and Butyrate Production by Eubacterium ramulus.","year":"2019","journal":"Frontiers in microbiology","pmid":"31191482","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2019.01145","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191482/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191482/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01145","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6548854/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro mono- and co-culture)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results suggest that dietary substrates and interactions between species modulate the degradation of flavonoids and production of butyrate, thus shaping their bioavailability and bioactivity","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"We did not observe significant degradation of quercetin by either species in monoculture (Figure 2). However, a marked appearance of DOPAC (Figure 2)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31314514","title":"Mucoadhesive Chitosan-Gum Arabic Nanoparticles Enhance the Absorption and Antioxidant Activity of Quercetin in the Intestinal Cellular Environment.","year":"2019","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"31314514","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31314514/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31314514/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00008","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"parallel","n":"36 rats (6 groups of 6, as printed in Methods)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results provide a better understanding of QCG-NP absorption and indicate that QCG-NPs with mucoadhesion properties can be an effective delivery system for improving QUE absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Papp of free QUE (11.90 ± 1.07 × 10−6 cm/sec) was increased to 20.59 ± 0.86, 16.84 ± 0.94, 16.27 ± 0.49, and 12.85 ± 1.66 × 10−6 cm/sec","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3B; Results","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"permeability of QUE in QCG-NPs 2.2 was significantly lower than that of QCG-NPs 2.0","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.8614","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"FRAP value was the highest in QCG-NPs 2.0 (142.1 ± 22.4 µmol/L)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 4B; Results p.8614","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31553062","title":"Preparation and Characterization of Quercetin-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles by Electrospraying and Study of In Vitro Bioavailability.","year":"2019","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"31553062","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.14803","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31553062/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31553062/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14803","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (free vs zein-nanoparticle)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"quercetin-loaded zein nanoparticle provides stability to quercetin during gastrointestinal digestion, promoting greater bioavailability than free quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.2896)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Different letters (A, B) in bioavailability represent significant statistically differences by Tukey test (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 9B; text p.2895","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35527860","title":"Novel biodegradable and non-fouling systems for controlled-release based on poly(ε-caprolactone)/Quercetin blends and biomimetic bacterial S-layer coatings.","year":"2019","journal":"RSC advances","pmid":"35527860","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c9ra04398e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35527860/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35527860/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04398e","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9069632/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"a stable linear release was obtained (30% decrease compared to uncoated samples) in all the cases.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.24162","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the release could be restrained a 30 wt% with the help of the S-layer coating","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.24159-24160","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29535328","title":"Use of quercetin in animal feed: effects on the P-gp expression and pharmacokinetics of orally administrated enrofloxacin in chicken.","year":"2018","journal":"Scientific reports","pmid":"29535328","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-22354-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29535328/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29535328/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22354-1","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5849680/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chicken; also Caco-2 in vitro)","design":"parallel groups (3 groups per experiment)","n":"15 (enrofloxacin PK); 18 (Rho123 perfusion)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (as feed additive / P-gp modulator)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Measured analytes are enrofloxacin (plasma PK) and rhodamine 123 (jejunal perfusion); quercetin (15 or 60 mg/kg orally for 5 days) is the P-gp-modulating pretreatment and its own concentrations were not measured. Also Mdr1 mRNA/P-gp expression (not PK) data not extracted.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These presented findings have strong implication that quercetin contained in animal feed may have an effect on the bioavailability of numerous xenobiotics including antimicrobials, which are P-gp substrates, via overexpression of Mdr1 and efflux by P-gp.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"area under curve (AUC, 17.35 ± 1.04 μg∙h/mL) and peak concentration (Cmax, 1.79 ± 0.13 μg/mL) were decreased and drug clearance rate were increased","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30215253","title":"CuS@MOF-Based Well-Designed Quercetin Delivery System for Chemo-Photothermal Therapy.","year":"2018","journal":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","pmid":"30215253","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/acsami.8b13487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30215253/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30215253/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13487","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (formulation development with in vitro and mouse tumor-model experiments)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (dihydrate) in FA-BSA/CuS@ZIF-8 nanoparticles","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Consequently, our designed pH-resposive and tumor-targeted drug delivery system successfully solves the drawback of quercetin, which offers a promising nanoplatform for the application of quercetin in cancer therapy.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.31","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"our drug delivery carriers with FA-BSA modification could significantly improve the stability of quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32254423","title":"Quercetin nanoparticles with enhanced bioavailability as multifunctional agents toward amyloid induced neurotoxicity.","year":"2018","journal":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","pmid":"32254423","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c7tb03053c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32254423/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32254423/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tb03053c","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (nanoparticles made by pulsed laser ablation with PVP vs quercetin powder)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"we have fabricated Que NPs using a PLA method in water, which exhibited enhanced aqueous solubility and drug release activity.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"about 6 folds improvement can be seen","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27988001","title":"Novel cellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions enhance quercetin solution concentrations in vitro.","year":"2017","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","pmid":"27988001","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.067","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27988001/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27988001/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.067","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (amorphous solid dispersions with cellulose polymers)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"CASub and its blends with PVP are highly effective polymers for enhancing Q solution concentration in vitro, and provide a promising opportunity for increasing Q bioaccessibility and bioavailability in vivo.","source":"fulltext","location":"Summary of results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"reaching only a mean Cmax of 13.4 µg/mL and AUC of 972 µg min/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.2 p.89","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"10% Q dispersed in 20 PVP:70 CASub provided the most significant enhancement (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"HPMCAS or CCAB provided only modest (non-significant) improvements in Q solution concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Amorphous solubility was significantly higher than its crystalline counterpart at both pH values","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28165426","title":"Towards an Understanding of the Low Bioavailability of Quercetin: A Study of Its Interaction with Intestinal Lipids.","year":"2017","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"28165426","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/nu9020111","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165426/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165426/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020111","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5331542/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin aglycone","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"These results, together with the innate properties of quercetin, contribute to an understanding of the low bioavailability of quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"micelles inhibit absorption so that even under fasting conditions uptake is less than that observed in the complete absence of micelles","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2; Fig. 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"For both the fed and fasted states, increasing BSs in the micelles inhibits quercetin binding","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Replacing some of the PC with lysoPC causes an increase in binding. However, the change is not statistically significant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26542615","title":"Further exploring the absorption and enterocyte metabolism of quercetin forms in the Caco-2 model using nano-LC-TOF-MS.","year":"2016","journal":"Electrophoresis","pmid":"26542615","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/elps.201500375","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26542615/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26542615/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201500375","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Caco-2 transport assay)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"On the basis of these results, the in vivo uptake of quercetin could be higher than its 3-O-derivatives, and the enterocyte metabolism and efflux transport may play crucial roles.","source":"fulltext","location":"4 Concluding remarks p.1005","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin aglycon was absorbed by the Caco-2 cells in the range of orally available drugs, at higher rates than its 3-O-derivatives (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.1002","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26571009","title":"Lipid-based nanocarrier for quercetin delivery: system characterization and molecular interactions studies.","year":"2016","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","pmid":"26571009","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3109/03639045.2015.1118491","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26571009/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26571009/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2015.1118491","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and release study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results presented in this article revealed that it was possible to incorporate higher amounts of QU in a lipid-based NE with a reduced size and morphology of a nanocapsule.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion p.1172","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The velocity of release (K) from nanoemulsions was 3 times smaller, indicating that the NEs were able to control the release of the drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.1171","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the release profile of QU-NE 3 was similar to the release profile of QU-NE 8, since f1 was <15 and f2 >50","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1168","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26631584","title":"Quercetin derivatives as novel antihypertensive agents: Synthesis and physiological characterization.","year":"2016","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"26631584","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26631584/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26631584/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.021","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion test; ex vivo and in vivo pharmacology)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (Q1, control) and synthetic quercetin derivatives (Q2-Q6; Q5 = penta-ethyl ether)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The obtained results suggest that the substitution of all OH groups present in Q1 molecule with ethyl groups improves the bioavailability and stability of this flavonol.","source":"fulltext","location":"4. Conclusion p.169","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"improving lipophilicity by ethylation is important in increasing the amount of Q1 that could potentially reach the bloodstream","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 3.5, Table 2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27301074","title":"Esterification of Quercetin Increases Its Transport Across Human Caco-2 Cells.","year":"2016","journal":"Journal of food science","pmid":"27301074","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.13366","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27301074/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27301074/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13366","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (specify): in vitro transport","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (and its ester derivative TAQU)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"We have demonstrated that TAQU exhibited better membrane permeation than QU in Caco-2 Cells. This study may provide a useful strategy for molecular structure modification to improve oral absorption of hydrophilic compounds.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (final paragraph)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the transport rate for AP to BL flux of TAQU (5.23 × 10−6 cm/s) was significantly greater than that of QU","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Addition of verapamil, a P-gp inhibitor, significantly increased the Papp (A-B) of QU","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1830","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"no significant differences among Papp (control), Papp (verapamil), and Papp (MK571) in the transport of TAQU","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1830","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"transport of QU and TAQU across Caco-2 cell monolayers from AP to BL was significantly decreased with the decrease of temperature","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1829","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-25236255","title":"Characterisation of water-soluble proanthocyanidins of Pyracantha fortuneana fruit and their improvement in cell bioavailable antioxidant activity of quercetin.","year":"2015","journal":"Food chemistry","pmid":"25236255","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.091","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25236255/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25236255/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.091","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"PCs promote cellular antioxidant activity of Q in the mode cells of HepG2, and enhance the bioavailability of Q. Modulation of the solubility and stability of Q derived from by PCs may be determinant of the improved bioavailability of Q.","source":"fulltext","location":"5. Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the solubilisation of Q is significantly increased by 6.7-97.4% in presence of PCs in the fractions of PFF (P < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4; Fig. 3B","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The addition of F8 was the most effective at Q inhibiting peroxyl radical-induced DCFH oxidation (P > 0.01)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.2","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26344396","title":"Dual drug delivery of tamoxifen and quercetin: Regulated metabolism for anticancer treatment with nanosponges.","year":"2015","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","pmid":"26344396","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.052","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344396/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344396/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.052","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterization)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (co-loaded with tamoxifen in polyester nanosponges)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"NPs can be synthesized to encapsulate and protect TAM and QT and tune down the in vitro metabolism by up to 4-fold for QT and over 2-fold for TAM.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"3-fold reduction in metabolism from 74% QT (NP-4%) to 19%, and a 4-fold reduction from 80% to 21% (NP-8%)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.756","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26441251","title":"Use of physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling to study interindividual human variation and species differences in plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites.","year":"2015","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","pmid":"26441251","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26441251/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26441251/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.022","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (PBK modelling with in vitro kinetics)","n":"20 individual human liver S9 donors","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone and glucosides from onion)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Significant species differences occur in major circulating metabolites of quercetin suggesting that rat is not an adequate model to study effects of quercetin in man.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"average predicted bioavailability of quercetin aglycone was 0.005% of the dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 (ms p.14)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"ranged between 0.001 and 0.04% of the dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 (ms p.14); Discussion p.17","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"model prediction of 7.5% of the dose at the same dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 (ms p.15)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"3.5 to 5.7% of the dose was recovered in the urine","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4 (ms p.15)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"At a dose of 12 mg/kg bw quercetin, quercetin-3´-O-glucuronide becomes the major metabolite for all individuals","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Significant species differences occur in major circulating metabolites of quercetin suggesting that rat is not an adequate model","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22438067","title":"Quercetin increased bioavailability and decreased methylation of green tea polyphenols in vitro and in vivo.","year":"2012","journal":"Food & function","pmid":"22438067","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1039/c2fo10254d","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438067/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438067/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fo10254d","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3590855/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell experiments plus 2-week parallel-group mouse study)","n":"NR (mice: 4 groups of 5)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone, Sigma-Aldrich; 0.4% quercetin diet in mice); co-administered with EGCG / brewed green tea","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"In summary, we demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that quercetin increased the bioavailability of GTPs and decreased their methylation leading to an enhanced anti-proliferative effect in different cancer cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.641","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin increased the cellular absorption of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) four-fold in A549 cells","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 1 legend; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant change in cellular uptake of EGCG was observed in HepG2 cells","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.637","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"co-treatment with EGCG decreased the total intracellular concentration of quercetin 2- to 3-fold","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.1 p.637","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The combination of quercetin with GT decreased the tissue concentrations of total quercetin by 20-50%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5 p.639","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22609526","title":"Anti-inflammatory activity and percutaneous absorption of quercetin and its polymethoxylated compound and glycosides: the relationships to chemical structures.","year":"2012","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","pmid":"22609526","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2012.04.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609526/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609526/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2012.04.024","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro skin permeation, in vitro neutrophil assays, 5-day in vivo nude mouse skin irritation)","n":"n=4 skin samples per permeant","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone), rutin and other quercetin glycosides, quercetin pentamethylether (QM)","formTags":["isoquercetin","rutin"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin was the most active constituent among the related compounds. However, a low skin absorption of quercetin contributes to an unsatisfactory TI value for therapeutic and preventive aims. QM was successfully delivered by the skin route.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.863-864","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"QM showed 26-fold higher skin permeation compared to quercetin.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Q3 showed a flux of 2.87 nmol/cm2/h, which was 13-fold more potent than Q2","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The general trend for Kp was methoxylated compound > glycosides > quercetin (Table 4).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.860","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The stripping enhanced the flux of each compound (Fig. 3).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3 p.861","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21139040","title":"The bioflavonoid kaempferol is an Abcg2 substrate and inhibits Abcg2-mediated quercetin efflux.","year":"2011","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","pmid":"21139040","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1124/dmd.110.035212","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21139040/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21139040/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.110.035212","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro bidirectional transport)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (kaempferol as interacting flavonoid)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Kaempferol influenced Bcrp-mediated transport of quercetin, indicating its role as a BCRP inhibitor.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (Conclusion, p.6)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the Papp, A-B value of quercetin was greatly increased in MDCK/Bcrp1 cells","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21731393","title":"Colon-targeted quercetin delivery using natural polymer to enhance its bioavailability.","year":"2011","journal":"Pharmacognosy research","pmid":"21731393","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.4103/0974-8490.79113","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21731393/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21731393/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.79113","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3119269/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation/dissolution study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (model drug) in guar gum matrix tablets","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The present study concludes that guar gum has the capability of protecting the release of active drug quercetin in the upper part of the GIT and allowing the release of the drug content in the colon.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"only 15.4 and 12.4% drug release (for 40 and 50% guar gum containing formulation, respectively) was observed in the upper part of the GIT","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4; Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"F-1 showed better drug release, that is, 94.27%, at the end of the twenty-fourth hour ... in comparison to ... F-2, which released 82.13%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.4; Table 5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19446449","title":"The kinetic basis for age-associated changes in quercetin and genistein glucuronidation by rat liver microsomes.","year":"2010","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry","pmid":"19446449","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.02.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19446449/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19446449/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.02.006","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2872046/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes (free in PMC)","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro enzyme kinetics, pooled and individual microsomes)","n":"15 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone, in vitro substrate)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Thus, the capacity for flavonoid glucuronidation by rat liver microsomes is dependent on age, UGT isoenzymes and flavonoid structure.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"r=-.66, P=.54","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"r=-.86, P=.34","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"r=-.76, P=.45","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P values of one-way ANOVA for 30 μM quercetin were .0381 for 7-O-glucuronide","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3 legend; Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":".0034 for 4′-O-glucuronide","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":".00089 for 3′-O-glucuronide","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":".93 for total glucuronides","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3 legend","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"P values of one-way ANOVA for 300 μM were .058 for 7-O-glucuronide, .0009 for 4′-O-glucuronide, .016 for 3′-O-glucuronide and .50 for total glucuronides","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3 legend","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19128975","title":"In vitro solubility, stability and permeability of novel quercetin-amino acid conjugates.","year":"2009","journal":"Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry","pmid":"19128975","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19128975/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19128975/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.043","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro characterization)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (amino acid prodrugs)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Quercetin-glutamic acid conjugate Qu-E (4g/5g) showed remarkable increases in water solubility, stability, and cell permeability compared with quercetin, which warrants further development as a quercetin prodrug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Relative permeability (MDCK cell) 1.0 ... 5.2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"prodrugs did not show significant increases in cell permeabilities except aspartic acid [Qu-D], glutamic acid [Qu-E] and alanine-glutamic acid [Qu-AE] conjugates","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.2.3; Fig. 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19903372","title":"Quercetin and naringenin transport across human intestinal Caco-2 cells.","year":"2009","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","pmid":"19903372","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1211/jpp/61.11.0006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19903372/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19903372/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp/61.11.0006","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro transport)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (aglycone)","formTags":["aglycone"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"our results suggest that quercetin and naringenin are absorbed through the human intestinal epithelium by a passive diffusion mechanism. Quercetin also seems to use a pH-dependent and, directly or indirectly, an active ATP system to enter cells, a mechanism that is mediated by OATP carriers.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.1481)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin permeability from apical to basolateral side was higher at pH 6.5 ... than at pH 7.4","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1476-1477","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The quercetin efflux ratios were 1.98 and 2.67 at pH 7.4 and 6.5","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1477; Fig. 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"In the presence of probenecid ... quercetin permeability in the apical-to-basolateral direction was greatly enhanced","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1477","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin absorption was not affected","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1477","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin absorption was decreased at pH 6.5","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.1477","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Intestinal permeability from the apical to the basolateral side was higher for naringenin than for quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16959452","title":"In vitro evaluation of quercetin cutaneous absorption from topical formulations and its functional stability by antioxidant activity.","year":"2007","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","pmid":"16959452","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.08.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16959452/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16959452/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.08.006","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release, permeation and skin retention)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (1% in topical emulsions)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Concluding, this study demonstrates that quercetin remains functionally stable in formulations, and measuring the antioxidant activity is an efficient approach to evaluate quercetin skin retention with minimal interference of the tissue products.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"without significant statistical difference between the formulations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the release of the drug from the formulation 2 was about two times faster than formulation 1","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17228866","title":"Ester-based precursors to increase the bioavailability of quercetin.","year":"2007","journal":"Journal of medicinal chemistry","pmid":"17228866","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jm060912x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17228866/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17228866/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jm060912x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro transepithelial transport)","n":"223 individual transport experiments in total (Results 2.4)","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin and ester precursors (pentaacetylquercetin; 3'-Boc-aminoacyl tetraacetylquercetins)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Since elimination of residual acyl groups is expected to take place in vivo, ester derivatives of polyphenols may constitute a useful method to increase systemic aglycone concentrations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"MDCK-2 cells on the other ... appeared to possess weaker sulfate- and methyl-transferase activities so that the major specie found on the basolateral side was quercetin itself","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.4.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"total molar fraction of permeating quercetin derivatives reaching the basolateral side was not significantly higher than that of quercetin itself (Table 4)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.247","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15644141","title":"In vitro digestion and lactase treatment influence uptake of quercetin and quercetin glucoside by the Caco-2 cell monolayer.","year":"2005","journal":"Nutrition journal","pmid":"15644141","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-4-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15644141/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15644141/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-4-1","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC546214/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion/Caco-2 uptake)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Treating shallot digestates with lactase increased the recovery of quercetin aglycone 10-fold and decreased the recovery of quercetin-4'-glucoside. Lactase treatment increased the bioavailability of quercetin aglycone 14-fold and decreased the bioavailability of quercetin-4'-glucoside to the Caco-2 cells.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.14","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin-4'-glucoside uptake by the Caco-2 cells increased by approximately 2-fold following digestion (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin uptake from the digested samples was similar to the non-digested samples (p > 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significantly increased the amount of quercetin absorbed by the Caco-2 cells with a significant decrease in the amount of quercetin-4'-glucoside absorbed","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"had no effect on quercetin recovery from apple digestates","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15357005","title":"The effect of vehicles and pressure sensitive adhesives on the percutaneous absorption of quercetin through the hairless mouse skin.","year":"2004","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","pmid":"15357005","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/BF02980146","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357005/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357005/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980146","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro permeation/release study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Taken together, these observations indicate that improvement in the solubility and diffusivity of quercetin is necessary to realize fully the clinically applicable transdermal delivery system for the drug.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"PGMC resulted in the highest enhancing effect when the drug concentration was fixed at 30 mg/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.765","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the cumulative amount permeated after 24 h was about 75 and 5 times compared that of oleyl alcohol and oleic acid","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.766","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"FN 2 (containing 4 g of PSA) resulted in a three fold higher flux, compared with that of FN 4","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.767","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"permeation rate decreased from 0.21 to 0.10","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.767","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"overall permeation fluxes were less than 0.30 µg/cm2/h, which were significantly lower","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Discussion p.768","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the flux was apparently higher for FN 14","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.768","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15537334","title":"Uptake of quercetin and quercetin 3-glucoside from whole onion and apple peel extracts by Caco-2 cell monolayers.","year":"2004","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","pmid":"15537334","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/jf030733d","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15537334/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15537334/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030733d","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This use of the Caco2 cell model appears to be a simple and useful system for studying bioavailability of whole food phytochemicals and may be used to assess differences in bioavailability between foods.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"quercetin uptake reached 15.9 ± 1.19% of the total quercetin applied to the monolayer","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7175 col 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"quercetin 3-glucoside uptake reached only 0.45 ± 0.09%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7175 col 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Caco-2 cells took up 45.8 ± 10.0% of the total quercetin","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7175 col 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"only 4.5 ± 0.4% of the total quercetin 3-glucoside (Figure 3B; p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7175 col 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Pure quercetin aglycon was absorbed by the Caco-2 cells in higher concentrations than quercetin 3-glucoside (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.7175","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Caco-2 cells absorbed more onion quercetin aglycon than onion quercetin 3-glucoside (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results p.7175","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Quercetin uptake from the shallot was greater than the uptake of pure quercetin (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.7175","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"quercetin from shallot extract is more readily absorbed by Caco-2 cells than that from apple peel extract","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7177","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12028662","title":"Metabolism of quercetin and kaempferol by rat hepatocytes and the identification of flavonoid glycosides in human plasma.","year":"2002","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","pmid":"12028662","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/00498250110107886","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12028662/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12028662/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00498250110107886","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro incubation; small human uncontrolled single-group exposure)","n":"4 (human volunteers); 4 hepatocyte determinations","formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (rat hepatocytes, in vitro); Ginkgo biloba tablets containing quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (human plasma)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The results suggest that UGT1A9 is a key UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform for the metabolism of flavonoids, and that absorption of intact flavonoid glycosides is possible.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10945831","title":"Cellular uptake of dietary flavonoid quercetin 4'-beta-glucoside by sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1.","year":"2000","journal":"The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics","pmid":"10945831","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10945831/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10945831/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"in vitro uptake experiments","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Quercetin (quercetin 4'-β-glucoside and aglycone)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); 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See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Is Quercetin rutin better absorbed than quercetin aglycone / dihydrate?","anchor":"rutin-vs-aglycone","a":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate measured higher than rutin in 1 human head-to-head study we have (grade B, draft)."},{"q":"Should Quercetin be taken with food?","anchor":"with-food","a":"We have 50 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting."},{"q":"When is the best time to take Quercetin?","anchor":"best-time","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention timing."},{"q":"Is this dosing advice?","anchor":"calculator","a":"No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. 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oral vs i.v. crossover)","n":"9 (7 evaluated glycoside comparison; 8 absolute bioavailability)","title":"Oral bioavailability of quercetin from different quercetin glycosides in dogs.","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2010","comparison":"isoquercitrin vs quercetin aglycone","parameter":"Cmax1, Cmax2, AUCQuercetin, AUCIsorhamnetin, AUCTotal","direction_text":"isoquercitrin > quercetin","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.001 (Cmax, AUC quercetin, AUC total); <0.01 (AUC isorhamnetin)","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC values of quercetin, isorhamnetin and of total plasma flavonols were significantly higher after administration of isoquercitrin"}],"old_grade":"D","grade_v2":"D","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: D (no human head-to-head; 2 non-human studies); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"phytosome-vs-aglycone","a":"phytosome","b":"aglycone","aLabel":"Quercetin phytosome","bLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"micellar-vs-aglycone","a":"micellar","b":"aglycone","aLabel":"Micellar (LipoMicel)","bLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":"B","basis":"1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: second form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)","majority":"B_better","tally":{"B_better":1},"pmids":["11151743","11216481","12696973","12949368","22916908","25795488","30207714"],"anchor":"rutin-vs-aglycone","a":"rutin","b":"aglycone","aLabel":"Rutin","bLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"11151743","species":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover (diet-controlled), ascending doses within period","n":"16 randomised; 12 completed","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2000","comparison":"quercetin aglycone vs rutin, dose 1 (Q8 vs R16)","parameter":"AUC0-24h","direction_text":"aglycone > rutin","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.0090","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Results p.548","quote":"statistically significantly different for the two treatments at dose 1 (P=0.0090)"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"11151743","species":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover (diet-controlled), ascending doses within period","n":"16 randomised; 12 completed","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2000","comparison":"quercetin aglycone vs rutin, dose 2 (Q20 vs R40)","parameter":"AUC0-24h","direction_text":"aglycone > rutin","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.030","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Results p.548","quote":"and at dose 2, (P=0.030), but not at dose 3"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"11151743","species":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover (diet-controlled), ascending doses within period","n":"16 randomised; 12 completed","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2000","comparison":"quercetin aglycone vs rutin, dose 3 (Q50 vs R100)","parameter":"AUC0-24h","direction_text":"no significant difference","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.548","quote":"but not at dose 3"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"11151743","species":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover (diet-controlled), ascending doses within period","n":"16 randomised; 12 completed","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2000","comparison":"quercetin aglycone vs rutin, dose 1","parameter":"Cmax","direction_text":"aglycone > rutin","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.0025","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Results p.549","quote":"statistically significantly different ... at dose 1 (P=0.0025), but not at the two largest doses"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"11151743","species":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover (diet-controlled), ascending doses within period","n":"16 randomised; 12 completed","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2000","comparison":"quercetin aglycone vs rutin, doses 2 and 3","parameter":"Cmax","direction_text":"no significant difference","significant":"no","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.549","quote":"but not at the two largest doses"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"11151743","species":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover (diet-controlled), ascending doses within period","n":"16 randomised; 12 completed","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2000","comparison":"quercetin aglycone vs rutin, doses 1, 2, 3","parameter":"tmax","direction_text":"aglycone shorter than rutin","significant":"yes","p_value":"0.0019; 0.0050; 0.0098","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results p.549","quote":"The differences were statistically significant at all doses (P=0.0019, P=0.0050 and P=0.0098 for doses 1, 2 and 3, respectively)"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"11216481","species":"rodent","design":"parallel groups, single experimental meal; two experiments","n":"24 (Exp 1) and 40 (Exp 2)","title":"Respective bioavailability of quercetin aglycone and its glycosides in a rat model.","journal":"BioFactors (Oxford, England)","year":"2000","comparison":"rutin vs quercetin aglycone (4 h)","parameter":"plasma total quercetin metabolites","direction_text":"rutin lower (2.8 vs 11.7 µM)","significant":"NR","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results p.172","quote":"binding of a glucose-rhamnose ... markedly decreases it"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups)","n":"16","title":"Absorption and urinary excretion of quercetin, rutin, and alphaG-rutin, a water soluble flavonoid, in rats.","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2003","comparison":"RG vs Q","parameter":"AUC (quercetin)","direction_text":"RG-rutin > quercetin (about 4.5-fold)","significant":"NR","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Abstract; Results","quote":"approximately 4.5- and 2-fold higher"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups)","n":"16","title":"Absorption and urinary excretion of quercetin, rutin, and alphaG-rutin, a water soluble flavonoid, in rats.","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2003","comparison":"RG vs Q/RU","parameter":"24 h urinary excretion","direction_text":"RG-rutin highest","significant":"NR","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Abstract","quote":"The highest 24 h urinary excretion was observed in RG-rutin-administered rats."},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","design":"randomized? NR; sequential crossover-style single-dose tests with 1-day washout","n":"Exp 1: 4 pigs; Exp 2: 6; Exp 3: 3","title":"The bioavailability of quercetin in pigs depends on the glycoside moiety and on dietary factors.","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2003","comparison":"E1-R vs E1-Q and E1-Q3G","parameter":"AUC total","direction_text":"rutin < quercetin, Q3G","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Table 1","quote":"total bioavailability from the glucorhamnoside was significantly lower than that from quercetin or from Q3G"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","design":"randomized crossover? (printed: crossover design with 2-d wash-out); i.v. trial in 2 animals","n":"5","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in cows after intraruminal application of quercetin aglycone and rutin.","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2012","comparison":"R50 vs Q50","parameter":"Cmax","direction_text":"rutin > quercetin aglycone","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 1","quote":"Means in a row without a common letter differ significantly, P < 0.05."},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","design":"randomized crossover? (printed: crossover design with 2-d wash-out); i.v. trial in 2 animals","n":"5","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in cows after intraruminal application of quercetin aglycone and rutin.","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2012","comparison":"R50 vs Q50","parameter":"AUCTotal","direction_text":"rutin > quercetin aglycone","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Table 1","quote":"Means in a row without a common letter differ significantly, P < 0.05."},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","design":"randomized crossover? (printed: crossover design with 2-d wash-out); i.v. trial in 2 animals","n":"5","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in cows after intraruminal application of quercetin aglycone and rutin.","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2012","comparison":"R50 vs Q50","parameter":"Tmax","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"NR (same letter)","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax, min 30.0 ± 0.0a 42.0 ± 7.3a"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","design":"parallel (3 groups, repeated study on d 2 and d 29)","n":"21","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in neonatal calves after oral administration of quercetin aglycone or rutin.","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2015","comparison":"QA vs RU d 2","parameter":"AUC quercetin","direction_text":"QA > RU","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Results; Table 2","quote":"AUC of quercetin and isorhamnetin was greater (P < 0.05) ... in QA- than in RU-fed calves"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","design":"parallel (3 groups, repeated study on d 2 and d 29)","n":"21","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in neonatal calves after oral administration of quercetin aglycone or rutin.","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2015","comparison":"QA vs RU d 2","parameter":"AUC total flavonols","direction_text":"QA tended to be greater","significant":"no","p_value":"<0.1","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results","quote":"tended to be greater for total flavonols (P < 0.1)"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","design":"parallel (3 groups, repeated study on d 2 and d 29)","n":"21","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in neonatal calves after oral administration of quercetin aglycone or rutin.","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2015","comparison":"QA vs RU d 2","parameter":"Tmax isorhamnetin","direction_text":"RU later than QA on both days","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results; Table 2","quote":"Tmax was greater (P < 0.05) in RU- than in QA-fed calves on both days"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","design":"randomized crossover","n":"3","title":"Bioavailability of Quercetin from Onion Extracts after Intraruminal Application in Cows.","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2018","comparison":"R and OB vs Q and OS","parameter":"AUC of total flavonols","direction_text":"R, OB > Q, OS","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05 (different letters)","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Fig. 1 inset; Results","quote":"Bioavailability of quercetin calculated as the AUC of total plasma flavonols was significantly higher after rutin and OB extract compared to the aglycone and OS extract"},{"pair":"rutin-vs-aglycone","pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","design":"randomized crossover","n":"3","title":"Bioavailability of Quercetin from Onion Extracts after Intraruminal Application in Cows.","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2018","comparison":"R vs Q","parameter":"Cmax and AUC of total flavonols","direction_text":"R about 10x Cmax and 3-4x AUC vs Q (authors' approximation)","significant":"NR","p_value":"","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Discussion p.10190","quote":"approximately 10 times higher maximum total flavonol plasma concentrations and an 3-4 times greater AUC"}],"old_grade":"B","grade_v2":"B","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: second form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null}],"pk":[{"pmid":"10099940","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fried onions (Sainsbury's extra large, class II); quercetin glucosides","forms":[],"dose":"50.4 mg quercetin aglycone (225 g onions)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"after overnight fast","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak at 2 h","value":"248.4","variance":"± 103.9 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.93 para 1; Abstract","quote":"peak after 2 h (248.4 ± 103.9 ng/ml)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"SD inconsistent with Table 1 (116.2)"},{"pmid":"10099940","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fried onions (Sainsbury's extra large, class II); quercetin glucosides","forms":[],"dose":"50.4 mg quercetin aglycone (225 g onions)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"after overnight fast","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma quercetin, molar units","value":"0.73","variance":"± 0.30 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Discussion p.95 para 1","quote":"peak concentration of plasma quercetin (0.73 ± 0.30 µM)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units printed as mM in the text layer; page image shows µM"},{"pmid":"10099940","species":"human","arm":"","form":"fried onions (Sainsbury's extra large, class II); quercetin glucosides","forms":[],"dose":"50.4 mg quercetin aglycone (225 g onions)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"after overnight fast","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.93; Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Peak at the 2 h sampling time (samples at 0, 2, 4, 24, 48 h only); not a model-derived Tmax"},{"pmid":"10801919","species":"human","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin-3-glucoside (Extrasynthese #011095) (Extrasynthese)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"325 µmol (151 mg) µmol","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water only for 3 h; 2 g NaCl just before","n":"9","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak concentration","value":"5.0","variance":"± 1.0 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1; 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water only for 3 h; 2 g NaCl just before","n":"9","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-72h","value":"5276","variance":"± 730 (SEM)","units":"h × ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10801919","species":"human","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin-3-glucoside (Extrasynthese #011095) (Extrasynthese)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"325 µmol (151 mg) µmol","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water only for 3 h; 2 g NaCl just before","n":"9","analyte":"isorhamnetin (after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to peak isorhamnetin","value":"51","variance":"± 19 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Results p.1202 col 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10801919","species":"human","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin-4'-glucoside (Carl Roth #4564) (Carl Roth)","forms":[],"dose":"331 µmol (154 mg) µmol","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water only for 3 h; 2 g NaCl just before","n":"9","analyte":"isorhamnetin (after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to peak isorhamnetin","value":"32","variance":"± 5 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Results p.1202 col 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11053503","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sautéed yellow onions in margarine with ketchup/Italian seasonings (quercetin 4'-monoglucoside + 3,4'-diglucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"51.6 mg (total quercetin glucosides); meal 150 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast; light meal 3 h later; low-flavonoid diet 5 d before","n":"1","analyte":"quercetin glucosides (derived by authors as remainder)","matrix":"ileostomy fluid (0-48 h) / by difference","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"total amount absorbed, % dose","value":"78.1","variance":"","units":"% dose","location":"Table 2","quote":"We assumed that the remainder of the dose, 64.5–80.7%, was absorbed.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Author-assumed absorbed fraction (remainder not recovered in ileostomy fluid)"},{"pmid":"11053503","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sautéed yellow onions in margarine with ketchup/Italian seasonings (quercetin 4'-monoglucoside + 3,4'-diglucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"37.2 mg (total quercetin glucosides); 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Printed 80.7 does not equal remainder of printed recovery 19.9; recorded as printed (page image checked)"},{"pmid":"11053503","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sautéed yellow onions in margarine with ketchup/Italian seasonings (quercetin 4'-monoglucoside + 3,4'-diglucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"14.9 mg (total quercetin glucosides); meal 76 g","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast; light meal 3 h later; low-flavonoid diet 5 d before","n":"1","analyte":"quercetin glucosides (derived by authors as remainder)","matrix":"ileostomy fluid (0-48 h) / by difference","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"total amount absorbed, % dose","value":"80.7","variance":"","units":"% dose","location":"Table 2","quote":"We assumed that the remainder of the dose, 64.5–80.7%, was absorbed.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author-assumed absorbed fraction (remainder not recovered in ileostomy fluid)"},{"pmid":"11053503","species":"human","arm":"","form":"sautéed yellow onions in margarine with ketchup/Italian seasonings (quercetin 4'-monoglucoside + 3,4'-diglucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"10.9 mg (total quercetin glucosides); 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water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"527","variance":"","units":"µg hr/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsule","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"8 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-32h","value":"630","variance":"","units":"µg hr/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints footnote marker 'a' on this value; no footnote text found"},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsule","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"8 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; 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water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"882","variance":"","units":"µg hr/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsule","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"20 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-32h","value":"1058","variance":"","units":"µg hr/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsule","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"20 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"66.1","variance":"","units":"µg/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsule","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"20 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.7","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 labelled tmax (mean±SD); Methods say tmax analysed with Wilcoxon rank sum test"},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsule","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; 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water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis) (females)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h, females","value":"863","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Results p.549 (Gender differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"rutin capsule","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"40 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis) (males)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h, males","value":"525","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Results p.549 (Gender differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"rutin capsule","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis) (females)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h, females","value":"1946","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Results p.549 (Gender differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"rutin capsule","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis) (males)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h, males","value":"678","variance":"","units":"µg h/l","location":"Results p.549 (Gender differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"rutin capsule","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"16 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h gender difference (females vs males), p value only","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results p.549","quote":"The differences were statistically significant at all doses","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"p value row; no effect size printed"},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"rutin capsule","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"40 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h gender difference (females vs males), p value only","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results p.549","quote":"The differences were statistically significant at all doses","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"p value row; no effect size printed"},{"pmid":"11151743","species":"human","arm":"","form":"rutin capsule","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast; water 200 ml at 2 h; lunch at 4 h, snacks at 6 and 10 h, dinner 8 h","n":"16 randomised, 12 completed","analyte":"total plasma quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h gender difference (females vs males), p value only","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results p.549","quote":"The differences were statistically significant at all doses","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"p value row; no effect size printed"},{"pmid":"11300332","species":"human","arm":"","form":"QC12 prodrug dissolved in 40 ml normal saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 (equivalent to 298 mg quercetin; approx. 175 mg/m2 quercetin per Discussion) mg QC12","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QC12 (3'-(N-carboxymethyl)carbamoyl-3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone; quercetin prodrug)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (plasma, QC12)","value":"56.97","variance":"","units":"µM hour","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Patient 1"},{"pmid":"11300332","species":"human","arm":"","form":"QC12 prodrug dissolved in 40 ml normal saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 (equivalent to 298 mg quercetin; approx. 175 mg/m2 quercetin per Discussion) mg QC12","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (released from QC12)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (plasma, quercetin released)","value":"16.46","variance":"","units":"µM·hour","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Patient 1"},{"pmid":"11300332","species":"human","arm":"","form":"QC12 prodrug dissolved in 40 ml normal saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 (equivalent to 298 mg quercetin; approx. 175 mg/m2 quercetin per Discussion) mg QC12","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QC12 (3'-(N-carboxymethyl)carbamoyl-3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone; quercetin prodrug)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"44.54","variance":"± 13.00 (SD)","units":"µM hour","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I mean/SD row"},{"pmid":"11300332","species":"human","arm":"","form":"QC12 prodrug dissolved in 40 ml normal saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 (equivalent to 298 mg quercetin; approx. 175 mg/m2 quercetin per Discussion) mg QC12","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (released from QC12)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"8.24","variance":"± 6.81 (SD)","units":"µM·hour","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I mean/SD row"},{"pmid":"11300332","species":"human","arm":"","form":"QC12 prodrug dissolved in 40 ml normal saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 (equivalent to 298 mg quercetin; approx. 175 mg/m2 quercetin per Discussion) mg QC12","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QC12 (3'-(N-carboxymethyl)carbamoyl-3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone; quercetin prodrug)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma QC12 after IV","value":"108.7","variance":"± 41.67 (NR)","units":"µM","location":"Abstract (Summary)","quote":"we detected peak plasma concentrations of QC12 of 108.7 ± 41.67 µMolar","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"± type not stated; no Cmax in Table I"},{"pmid":"11300332","species":"human","arm":"","form":"QC12 prodrug dissolved in 40 ml normal saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 (equivalent to 298 mg quercetin; approx. 175 mg/m2 quercetin per Discussion) mg QC12","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (released from QC12)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma quercetin after IV QC12","value":"19.9","variance":"± 11.8 (NR)","units":"µM","location":"Abstract (Summary)","quote":"peak levels of quercetin 19.9 ± 11.8 µM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11300332","species":"human","arm":"","form":"QC12 prodrug dissolved in 40 ml normal saline","forms":[],"dose":"400 (equivalent to 298 mg quercetin; approx. 175 mg/m2 quercetin per Discussion) mg QC12","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (released from QC12)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"quercetin plasma AUC after QC12 vs projected AUC of equivalent IV quercetin (175 mg/m2)","value":"20%-25%","variance":"","units":"% of quercetin released from QC12","location":"Abstract; Discussion p.248","quote":"relative availability of quercetin of 20%-25% of the administered i.v. dose of QC12","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Estimated by authors using linear kinetics of earlier quercetin study; printed as '20%-25%'"},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"160 g stewed homogenized onions (quercetin glucosides, mainly quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside and quercetin-4'-O-glucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.31","variance":"± 1.46 (SD)","units":"µg•mL–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"isolated from onions, in 0.5% HPMC gel with 15% ethanol","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.12","variance":"± 1.63 (SD)","units":"µg•mL–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"buckwheat tea powder providing quercetin rutinoside, in HPMC gel","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.64","variance":"± 0.67 (SD)","units":"µg•mL–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I footnote: * p<0.05 between the two glycoside groups; ** significant within one group (buckwheat tea vs rutin). Marker printed: '*'"},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ground Rutinion forte tablets in HPMC gel","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.32","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"µg•mL–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I footnote: * p<0.05 between the two glycoside groups; ** significant within one group (buckwheat tea vs rutin). Marker printed: '*'"},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"160 g stewed homogenized onions (quercetin glucosides, mainly quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside and quercetin-4'-O-glucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.68","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"isolated from onions, in 0.5% HPMC gel with 15% ethanol","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.70","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"buckwheat tea powder providing quercetin rutinoside, in HPMC gel","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.32","variance":"± 1.83 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I footnote: * p<0.05 between the two glycoside groups; ** significant within one group (buckwheat tea vs rutin). Marker printed: '*'"},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ground Rutinion forte tablets in HPMC gel","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.98","variance":"± 2.94 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I footnote: * p<0.05 between the two glycoside groups; ** significant within one group (buckwheat tea vs rutin). Marker printed: '**'"},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"160 g stewed homogenized onions (quercetin glucosides, mainly quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside and quercetin-4'-O-glucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"9.7","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"h•µg•mL–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"isolated from onions, in 0.5% HPMC gel with 15% ethanol","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"8.4","variance":"± 9.1 (SD)","units":"h•µg•mL–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"buckwheat tea powder providing quercetin rutinoside, in HPMC gel","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"3.8","variance":"± 3.9 (SD)","units":"h•µg•mL–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I footnote: * p<0.05 between the two glycoside groups; ** significant within one group (buckwheat tea vs rutin). Marker printed: '*'"},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ground Rutinion forte tablets in HPMC gel","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"2.5","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"h•µg•mL–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table I footnote: * p<0.05 between the two glycoside groups; ** significant within one group (buckwheat tea vs rutin). Marker printed: '*'"},{"pmid":"11361045","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ground Rutinion forte tablets in HPMC gel","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg quercetin equivalent","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"water only first 2 h","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"rutin relative to quercetin-4'-glucoside, based on AUC and renal excretion","value":"about 15% to 20%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.497","quote":"relative bioavailability ... after intake of rutin is only about 15% to 20% of that of quercetin-4'-glucoside","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Dose-normalization not stated; author statement."},{"pmid":"12756216","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Onion and broccoli extract containing quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside (onion) and sulforaphane (broccoli); extract diluted 1 in 5","forms":[],"dose":"57 (mean concentration in perfusate) µM quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"overnight fast 10 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside","matrix":"jejunal perfusate","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fraction absorbed (fabs; luminal disappearance)","value":"60","variance":"± 31 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 1a; Abstract","quote":"60 ± 31% for quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12888197","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Rutin","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg rutin (328 µmol)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"1","analyte":"quercetin (after hydrolysis of glucuronides and sulfates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak level","value":"142.7","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.54","quote":"giving a peak level of 142.7 ng/ml at 5 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Tmax 5 h as printed"},{"pmid":"12888197","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Rutin","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg rutin (328 µmol)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"1","analyte":"quercetin (after hydrolysis of glucuronides and sulfates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak level","value":"5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.54","quote":"giving a peak level of 142.7 ng/ml at 5 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"nifedipine capsule","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg nifedipine","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"218","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"209","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"grapefruit juice","forms":[],"dose":"200 ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"320","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"nifedipine capsule","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg nifedipine","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"136","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"99","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"grapefruit juice","forms":[],"dose":"200 ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"141","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"nifedipine capsule","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg nifedipine","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"grapefruit juice","forms":[],"dose":"200 ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"nifedipine capsule","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg nifedipine","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"96","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"102","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"grapefruit juice","forms":[],"dose":"200 ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"129","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"nifedipine capsule","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg nifedipine","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"60","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"52","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"grapefruit juice","forms":[],"dose":"200 ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"46","variance":"","units":"ng ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"nifedipine capsule","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg nifedipine","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"0.6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (form NR)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"12959295","species":"human","arm":"","form":"grapefruit juice","forms":[],"dose":"200 ml","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"nitropyridine metabolite of nifedipine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is nifedipine/metabolite, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"14527089","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Ginkgo biloba extract tablets (quercetin and kaempferol, glycoside-derived; measured after hydrolysis) (Zhejiang CONBA Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"6 tablets with 150 ml water","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"empty stomach","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin (after hydrolysis, urine)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.30","variance":"± 0.41 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"summary row x±s as printed"},{"pmid":"14527089","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Ginkgo biloba extract tablets (quercetin and kaempferol, glycoside-derived; measured after hydrolysis) (Zhejiang CONBA Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"6 tablets with 150 ml water","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"empty stomach","n":"10","analyte":"kaempferol (after hydrolysis, urine)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.68","variance":"± 0.84 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"summary row x±s as printed; analyte kaempferol is not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3'-sulphate (peak 22)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"665","variance":"± 82 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3'-sulphate (peak 22)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0.12 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-glucuronide (peak 10)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"351","variance":"± 27 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-glucuronide (peak 10)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.60","variance":"± 0.10 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide (peak 17)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"112","variance":"± 18 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide (peak 17)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.60","variance":"± 0.10 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin diglucuronide (peak 9)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"62","variance":"± 12 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin diglucuronide (peak 9)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.80","variance":"± 0.12 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide sulphate (peak 14)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"123","variance":"± 26 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide sulphate (peak 14)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.5","variance":"± 0.22 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin diglucuronide (peak 9)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"'Estimates expressed as nM at peak plasma concentration'","value":"51","variance":"± 13 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 / Results text Cmax (62 nM) for the same metabolite"},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-glucuronide (peak 10)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"'Estimates expressed as nM at peak plasma concentration'","value":"306","variance":"± 42 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 / Results text Cmax (351 nM) for the same metabolite"},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide sulphate (peak 14)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"'Estimates expressed as nM at peak plasma concentration'","value":"117","variance":"± 12 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 / Results text Cmax (123 nM) for the same metabolite"},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide (peak 17)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"'Estimates expressed as nM at peak plasma concentration'","value":"98","variance":"± 17 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 / Results text Cmax (112 nM) for the same metabolite"},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3'-sulphate (peak 22)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"'Estimates expressed as nM at peak plasma concentration'","value":"539","variance":"± 46 (SEM)","units":"nM","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 / Results text Cmax (665 nM) for the same metabolite"},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3'-glucuronide (peak 19)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"detected but not quantifiable","value":"Trace","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16869998","species":"human","arm":"","form":"red onions (Allium cepa) fried 4 min in margarine; flavonol content quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside 107 (SE 1.4) µmol, quercetin-4'-glucoside 143 (SE 12) µmol, isorhamnetin-4'-glucoside 11 (SE 1.4) µmol (Sainsbury's onions)","forms":[],"dose":"275 (SE 8.8) µmol total flavonols","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight fast after 2-day low-flavonoid diet; no food restrictions beyond fasting stated for 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin-4'-glucuronide (peak 20)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"detected but not quantifiable","value":"Trace","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16945047","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Fortovase 200 mg capsules (Roche)","forms":[],"dose":"1200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized light breakfast (40 g Cheerios, 350 g 2% milk, 43 g toast, 9 g margarine, 4 g sugar) after overnight fast","n":"10","analyte":"saquinavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8 at steady state","value":"2.08","variance":"± 1.11 (IQR)","units":"hr•µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte (saquinavir); IQR printed as a single value in parentheses"},{"pmid":"16945047","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Fortovase 200 mg capsules (Roche)","forms":[],"dose":"1200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized light breakfast (40 g Cheerios, 350 g 2% milk, 43 g toast, 9 g margarine, 4 g sugar) after overnight fast","n":"10","analyte":"saquinavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum concentration during dosing interval","value":"0.68","variance":"± 0.45 (IQR)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte (saquinavir); IQR printed as a single value in parentheses"},{"pmid":"16945047","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin 500-Plus capsules + saquinavir (Fortovase) (Herbal Fields Supplements (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with standardized light breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"saquinavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8 at steady state","value":"1.60","variance":"± 1.35 (IQR)","units":"hr•µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte (saquinavir); IQR printed as a single value in parentheses"},{"pmid":"16945047","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin 500-Plus capsules + saquinavir (Fortovase) (Herbal Fields Supplements (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with standardized light breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"saquinavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum concentration during dosing interval","value":"0.51","variance":"± 0.43 (IQR)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte (saquinavir); IQR printed as a single value in parentheses"},{"pmid":"16945047","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Fortovase 200 mg capsules (Roche)","forms":[],"dose":"1200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized light breakfast (40 g Cheerios, 350 g 2% milk, 43 g toast, 9 g margarine, 4 g sugar) after overnight fast","n":"10","analyte":"saquinavir","matrix":"PBMC (intracellular)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8","value":"3.5","variance":"± 2.9 (IQR)","units":"hr•ng/10^6 cells","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte; printed as hr•ng/106 cells (superscript lost)"},{"pmid":"16945047","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Fortovase 200 mg capsules (Roche)","forms":[],"dose":"1200 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized light breakfast (40 g Cheerios, 350 g 2% milk, 43 g toast, 9 g margarine, 4 g sugar) after overnight fast","n":"10","analyte":"saquinavir","matrix":"PBMC (intracellular)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.97","variance":"± 0.57 (IQR)","units":"ng/10^6 cells","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte"},{"pmid":"16945047","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin 500-Plus capsules + saquinavir (Fortovase) (Herbal Fields Supplements (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with standardized light breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"saquinavir","matrix":"PBMC (intracellular)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.73 (IQR)","units":"hr•ng/10^6 cells","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte; printed as hr•ng/106 cells (superscript lost)"},{"pmid":"16945047","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin 500-Plus capsules + saquinavir (Fortovase) (Herbal Fields Supplements (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with standardized light breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"saquinavir","matrix":"PBMC (intracellular)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.43","variance":"± 0.24 (IQR)","units":"ng/10^6 cells","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte"},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin aglycone (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC in 8 h dosing interval (AUCss)","value":"62.5","variance":"","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Median (83.3) exceeds mean (62.5) as printed; no AUC label detail beyond column 'AUC'"},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin aglycone (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"15.4","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text separately gives 15.39 ng/ml"},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin aglycone (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin conjugated metabolites (total quercetin minus aglycone)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCss in 8 h dosing interval","value":"2000","variance":"","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin conjugated metabolites (total quercetin minus aglycone)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"336","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin conjugated metabolites (total quercetin minus aglycone)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin aglycone (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (text)","value":"15.39","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.210","quote":"The Cmax values for the quercetin aglycone and quercetin conjugated metabolites were 15.39 ng/ml and 447.8 ng/ml, respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic not specified in text; Table 1 mean Cmax is 15.4"},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin conjugated metabolites (total quercetin minus aglycone)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (text)","value":"447.8","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.210","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic not specified; Table 2 gives median Cmax 336 ng/ml (range 161-1210)"},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"average peak plasma concentration of total quercetin","value":"463","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Discussion p.214","quote":"the average peak plasma concentration of total quercetin for 10 subjects was 463 ng/ml at 3.5 h (arithmetic mean)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Arithmetic mean; at 3.5 h"},{"pmid":"18241083","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone capsules (Quercetin-500 Plus (Herbal Fields Supplements))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals; day 7 morning dose after standardized breakfast","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of average peak total quercetin","value":"3.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Discussion p.214","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Arithmetic mean"},{"pmid":"18424596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Shallot flesh (99.2% quercetin glucosides, 0.8% quercetin aglycone), homogenized in water","forms":[],"dose":"1.4 mg (4.63 µmol) quercetin per kg body weight mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"9","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.02","variance":"± 0.13 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 2; Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18424596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dry shallot skin (83.3% quercetin aglycone, 16.7% quercetin glucosides), pulverized and homogenized in water","forms":[],"dose":"1.4 mg (4.63 µmol) quercetin per kg body weight mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"9","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.95","variance":"± 0.62 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 2; Abstract","quote":"the Cmax was ;3 times higher than after shallot flesh intake (P < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 2 footnote states means ± SEM."},{"pmid":"18424596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Shallot flesh (99.2% quercetin glucosides, 0.8% quercetin aglycone), homogenized in water","forms":[],"dose":"1.4 mg (4.63 µmol) quercetin per kg body weight mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"9","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.33","variance":"± 0.50 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18424596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dry shallot skin (83.3% quercetin aglycone, 16.7% quercetin glucosides), pulverized and homogenized in water","forms":[],"dose":"1.4 mg (4.63 µmol) quercetin per kg body weight mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"9","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.78","variance":"± 0.15 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18424596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Shallot flesh (99.2% quercetin glucosides, 0.8% quercetin aglycone), homogenized in water","forms":[],"dose":"1.4 mg (4.63 µmol) quercetin per kg body weight mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"9","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"22.23","variance":"± 2.32 (SEM)","units":"µmol·h·L-1","location":"Table 2; Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18424596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dry shallot skin (83.3% quercetin aglycone, 16.7% quercetin glucosides), pulverized and homogenized in water","forms":[],"dose":"1.4 mg (4.63 µmol) quercetin per kg body weight mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"9","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"47.32","variance":"± 7.53 (SEM)","units":"µmol·h·L-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Abstract, which prints 47.23 ± 7.53 for dry skin AUC."},{"pmid":"18424596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Shallot flesh (99.2% quercetin glucosides, 0.8% quercetin aglycone), homogenized in water","forms":[],"dose":"1.4 mg (4.63 µmol) quercetin per kg body weight mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"9","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"individual Cmax range","value":"0.56–1.90","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.886","quote":"it ranged between 0.56 µmol/L and 1.90 µmol/L","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Range of individual maxima; text layer printed units as mmol/L (mu mangled), abstract/Table 2 image confirm µmol/L."},{"pmid":"18424596","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Dry shallot skin (83.3% quercetin aglycone, 16.7% quercetin glucosides), pulverized and homogenized in water","forms":[],"dose":"1.4 mg (4.63 µmol) quercetin per kg body weight mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight)","n":"9","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"individual Cmax range","value":"2.16–8.21","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.886","quote":"after dry skin intake after 3 h it ranged from 2.16 µmol/L to 8.21 µmol/L","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Range of individual maxima."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"11","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"189","variance":"± 141, 250 (IQR)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Baseline-corrected per Methods. Letters: Q50 a, Q100 ab, Q150 b (Q150 > Q50, P<0.05)."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"11","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"120","variance":"± 120, 330 (IQR)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"11","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440","value":"76.1","variance":"± 60.4, 135.0 (IQR)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Not significantly different among doses (no letters). Abstract range 76.1 to 305.8 µmol·min/L."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"11","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-480","value":"49.3","variance":"± 39.9, 55.4 (IQR)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters: Q50 a; Q100 b; Q150 b (Q100, Q150 > Q50, P<0.05)."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"295","variance":"± 188, 459 (IQR)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Baseline-corrected per Methods. Letters: Q50 a, Q100 ab, Q150 b (Q150 > Q50, P<0.05)."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"180","variance":"± 105, 420 (IQR)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440","value":"108.0","variance":"± 77.6, 194.0 (IQR)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Not significantly different among doses (no letters). Abstract range 76.1 to 305.8 µmol·min/L."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-480","value":"65.7","variance":"± 56.7, 104.6 (IQR)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters: Q50 a; Q100 b; Q150 b (Q100, Q150 > Q50, P<0.05)."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"150 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"431","variance":"± 242, 529 (IQR)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Baseline-corrected per Methods. Letters: Q50 a, Q100 ab, Q150 b (Q150 > Q50, P<0.05)."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"150 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"360","variance":"± 210, 420 (IQR)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"150 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440","value":"305.8","variance":"± 63.4, 382.0 (IQR)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Not significantly different among doses (no letters). Abstract range 76.1 to 305.8 µmol·min/L."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"150 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-480","value":"99.2","variance":"± 57.7, 161.9 (IQR)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letters: Q50 a; Q100 b; Q150 b (Q100, Q150 > Q50, P<0.05)."},{"pmid":"18716159","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate, hard gelatin capsules with mannitol and silicium dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution (quercetin dihydrate); capsules produced at Univ. Mainz)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"150 mg/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"Main study: fasting blood draws ~12 h after last capsules. PK day: total dose with standardized breakfast (2.2 MJ, 24 g protein, 46 g carbohydrate, 27 g fat) and 200 mL water","n":"12","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"median in Abstract","value":"360","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Abstract","quote":"Median maximum plasma concentrations of quercetin (431 nmol/L) were observed 360 min after intake of 150 mg quercetin","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"20125185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"flavonoid-rich juice mix; quercetin mainly from apple juice glycosides","forms":[],"dose":"6.3 ml/kg of 30 mg/l quercetin ml/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted morning dose with flavonoid-free diet","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (total quercetin after hydrolysis)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax plasma","value":"3.6","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type (mean vs median) not stated; table header 'mean ± s.d.'"},{"pmid":"20125185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"flavonoid-rich juice mix; quercetin mainly from apple juice glycosides","forms":[],"dose":"6.3 ml/kg of 30 mg/l quercetin ml/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted morning dose with flavonoid-free diet","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (total quercetin after hydrolysis)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax plasma","value":"0.15","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20125185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"flavonoid-rich juice mix; quercetin mainly from apple juice glycosides","forms":[],"dose":"6.3 ml/kg of 30 mg/l quercetin ml/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted morning dose with flavonoid-free diet","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (total quercetin after hydrolysis)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h (observed)","value":"1.77","variance":"± 1.63 (SD)","units":"µmol h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20125185","species":"human","arm":"","form":"flavonoid-rich juice mix; quercetin mainly from apple juice glycosides","forms":[],"dose":"6.3 ml/kg of 30 mg/l quercetin ml/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted morning dose with flavonoid-free diet","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (total quercetin after hydrolysis)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h adjusted for ingested dose","value":"1.77","variance":"± 1.63 (SD)","units":"µmol h/l","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote a: adjusted for ingested dose (chemically analysed)"},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol capsules 500 mg (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast (~500 kcal, 18 g fat, 70 g carbohydrate, 12 g protein)","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC12 (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"3558","variance":"± 2195 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol capsules 500 mg (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"high-fat breakfast (~750 kcal, 45 g fat, 60 g carbohydrate, 30 g protein)","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC12 (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"1966","variance":"± 643 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p < 0.05 vs days 7, 15 and 16"},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol 500 mg capsules + quercetin 500 mg capsules (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily; quercetin 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC12 (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"4025","variance":"± 1745 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol + quercetin 500 mg + 5% alcohol (ethanol) 100 mL (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily; quercetin 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC12 (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"3800","variance":"± 1482 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol capsules 500 mg (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast (~500 kcal, 18 g fat, 70 g carbohydrate, 12 g protein)","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"1274","variance":"± 790 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol capsules 500 mg (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"high-fat breakfast (~750 kcal, 45 g fat, 60 g carbohydrate, 30 g protein)","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"689","variance":"± 345 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p < 0.05 vs days 7, 15 and 16"},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol 500 mg capsules + quercetin 500 mg capsules (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily; quercetin 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"1272","variance":"± 613 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol + quercetin 500 mg + 5% alcohol (ethanol) 100 mL (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily; quercetin 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"1296","variance":"± 627 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol capsules 500 mg (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast (~500 kcal, 18 g fat, 70 g carbohydrate, 12 g protein)","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"3.0","variance":"± 3.0–4.5 (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol capsules 500 mg (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"high-fat breakfast (~750 kcal, 45 g fat, 60 g carbohydrate, 30 g protein)","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"5.0","variance":"± 4.5–5.0 (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p < 0.05 vs days 7, 15 and 16"},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol 500 mg capsules + quercetin 500 mg capsules (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily; quercetin 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"4.0","variance":"± 3.0–4.0 (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20528005","species":"human","arm":"","form":"trans-resveratrol + quercetin 500 mg + 5% alcohol (ethanol) 100 mL (Transmax (Biotivia) resveratrol; AOR quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily; quercetin 500 mg twice daily mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"standard breakfast","n":"8","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax (steady state, 12-h sampling)","value":"3.0","variance":"± 2.5–4.0 (IQR)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20638359","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ; Q3G + α-oligoglucosides, 1-7 additional glucose) (prepared by San-Ei Gen F.F.I.)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"2 mg quercetin aglycone equivalent/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight); flavonoid-free low-fat meal the evening before; lunch at 3 h in time-course","n":"5","analyte":"conjugated quercetin metabolites (measured as quercetin aglycone after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"apparent Cmax","value":"1.84","variance":"± 0.34 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results p.95 (top)","quote":"Cmax, Tmax and AUC, were 1.84 ± 0.34 µM, 1.8 ± 0.3 h and 5.99 ± 0.86 µM. h, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Variance type per Statistical analyses (means ± SEM); text says 'apparent pharmacokinetic parameters'"},{"pmid":"20638359","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ; Q3G + α-oligoglucosides, 1-7 additional glucose) (prepared by San-Ei Gen F.F.I.)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"2 mg quercetin aglycone equivalent/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight); flavonoid-free low-fat meal the evening before; lunch at 3 h in time-course","n":"5","analyte":"conjugated quercetin metabolites (measured as quercetin aglycone after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"apparent Tmax","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Results p.95","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type per Statistical analyses (SEM)"},{"pmid":"20638359","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ; Q3G + α-oligoglucosides, 1-7 additional glucose) (prepared by San-Ei Gen F.F.I.)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"2 mg quercetin aglycone equivalent/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight); flavonoid-free low-fat meal the evening before; lunch at 3 h in time-course","n":"5","analyte":"conjugated quercetin metabolites (measured as quercetin aglycone after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"apparent AUC (0-6 h sampling)","value":"5.99","variance":"± 0.86 (SEM)","units":"µM·h","location":"Results p.95","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed 'µM. h'; AUC interval not stated; variance type per Statistical analyses (SEM)"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"18","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"70.1","variance":"± 24.5 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"18","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"84.4","variance":"± 39.3 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"18","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"188.1","variance":"± 65.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"18","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"160.9","variance":"± 45.6 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"18","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"211.8","variance":"± 75.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"18","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"165.5","variance":"± 47.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"18","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"18","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"86.2","variance":"± 28.5 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"96.3","variance":"± 71.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"241.0","variance":"± 107.2 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"184.2","variance":"± 59.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.8","variance":"± 0.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"131.8","variance":"± 44.1 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"88.0","variance":"± 41.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"197.9","variance":"± 55.4 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"156.4","variance":"± 47.7 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.6","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.4","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"87.4","variance":"± 37.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"67.0","variance":"± 31.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"175.4","variance":"± 107.4 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"148.3","variance":"± 59.7 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table header; ng·h/mL from Results text"},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.6","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21680781","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg/day x13 days","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, empty stomach for midazolam; no food until 9:30 am","n":"6","analyte":"midazolam (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 x 25 g cereal bars enriched with onion skin extract (93.3% quercetin aglycone + 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside) plus 6 placebo capsules (NR (study products specifically made; bars by Schwartauer-Werke, extract by Rudolf Wild))","forms":[],"dose":"134 mg quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min presumed; trapezoidal (time range not stated)","value":"1475·5","variance":"± 221·7 (SEM)","units":"µmol/min per l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC time window not explicitly stated; plasma sampled to 1440 min"},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 capsules, each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate powder (22 mg quercetin aglycone) with mannitol and silicium dioxide, taken with 2 quercetin-free (placebo) cereal bars (NR (prepared in GMP facility, Univ. Mainz; quercetin dihydrate from Voigt Global Distribution))","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with placebo cereal bars and 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"287·8","variance":"± 29·3 (SEM)","units":"µmol/min per l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 x 25 g cereal bars enriched with onion skin extract (93.3% quercetin aglycone + 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside) plus 6 placebo capsules (NR (study products specifically made; bars by Schwartauer-Werke, extract by Rudolf Wild))","forms":[],"dose":"134 mg quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2·48","variance":"± 0·25 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 capsules, each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate powder (22 mg quercetin aglycone) with mannitol and silicium dioxide, taken with 2 quercetin-free (placebo) cereal bars (NR (prepared in GMP facility, Univ. Mainz; quercetin dihydrate from Voigt Global Distribution))","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with placebo cereal bars and 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0·40","variance":"± 0·04 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 x 25 g cereal bars enriched with onion skin extract (93.3% quercetin aglycone + 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside) plus 6 placebo capsules (NR (study products specifically made; bars by Schwartauer-Werke, extract by Rudolf Wild))","forms":[],"dose":"134 mg quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"250","variance":"± 29 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax from visual inspection of each participant's profile; mean given"},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 capsules, each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate powder (22 mg quercetin aglycone) with mannitol and silicium dioxide, taken with 2 quercetin-free (placebo) cereal bars (NR (prepared in GMP facility, Univ. Mainz; quercetin dihydrate from Voigt Global Distribution))","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with placebo cereal bars and 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"310","variance":"± 45 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax from visual inspection of each participant's profile; mean given"},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 x 25 g cereal bars enriched with onion skin extract (93.3% quercetin aglycone + 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside) plus 6 placebo capsules (NR (study products specifically made; bars by Schwartauer-Werke, extract by Rudolf Wild))","forms":[],"dose":"134 mg quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (3'-O-methyl quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"194·2","variance":"± 22·1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 capsules, each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate powder (22 mg quercetin aglycone) with mannitol and silicium dioxide, taken with 2 quercetin-free (placebo) cereal bars (NR (prepared in GMP facility, Univ. Mainz; quercetin dihydrate from Voigt Global Distribution))","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with placebo cereal bars and 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (3'-O-methyl quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"54·4","variance":"± 13·1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 x 25 g cereal bars enriched with onion skin extract (93.3% quercetin aglycone + 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside) plus 6 placebo capsules (NR (study products specifically made; bars by Schwartauer-Werke, extract by Rudolf Wild))","forms":[],"dose":"134 mg quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (3'-O-methyl quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"520","variance":"± 184 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 capsules, each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate powder (22 mg quercetin aglycone) with mannitol and silicium dioxide, taken with 2 quercetin-free (placebo) cereal bars (NR (prepared in GMP facility, Univ. Mainz; quercetin dihydrate from Voigt Global Distribution))","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with placebo cereal bars and 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (3'-O-methyl quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"370","variance":"± 42 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 x 25 g cereal bars enriched with onion skin extract (93.3% quercetin aglycone + 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside) plus 6 placebo capsules (NR (study products specifically made; bars by Schwartauer-Werke, extract by Rudolf Wild))","forms":[],"dose":"134 mg quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin (4'-O-methyl quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"213·1","variance":"± 20·6 (SEM)","units":"nmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 capsules, each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate powder (22 mg quercetin aglycone) with mannitol and silicium dioxide, taken with 2 quercetin-free (placebo) cereal bars (NR (prepared in GMP facility, Univ. Mainz; quercetin dihydrate from Voigt Global Distribution))","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with placebo cereal bars and 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin (4'-O-methyl quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"22·9","variance":"± 8·2 (SEM)","units":"nmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 x 25 g cereal bars enriched with onion skin extract (93.3% quercetin aglycone + 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside) plus 6 placebo capsules (NR (study products specifically made; bars by Schwartauer-Werke, extract by Rudolf Wild))","forms":[],"dose":"134 mg quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin (4'-O-methyl quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"340","variance":"± 33 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 capsules, each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate powder (22 mg quercetin aglycone) with mannitol and silicium dioxide, taken with 2 quercetin-free (placebo) cereal bars (NR (prepared in GMP facility, Univ. Mainz; quercetin dihydrate from Voigt Global Distribution))","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with placebo cereal bars and 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin (4'-O-methyl quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"160","variance":"± 55 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"2 x 25 g cereal bars enriched with onion skin extract (93.3% quercetin aglycone + 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside) plus 6 placebo capsules (NR (study products specifically made; bars by Schwartauer-Werke, extract by Rudolf Wild))","forms":[],"dose":"134 mg quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"inter-individual variability of Cmax (CV)","value":"24·6","variance":"± 24·6 (CV%)","units":"%","location":"Results p.5","quote":"Inter-individual variability of cmax values for plasma quercetin was 24·6 % (cereal bars) and 25·0 % (capsules).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as % inter-individual variability"},{"pmid":"21774840","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 capsules, each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate powder (22 mg quercetin aglycone) with mannitol and silicium dioxide, taken with 2 quercetin-free (placebo) cereal bars (NR (prepared in GMP facility, Univ. Mainz; quercetin dihydrate from Voigt Global Distribution))","forms":[],"dose":"132 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"after 12 h overnight fast; taken with placebo cereal bars and 200 ml water; standardised breakfast 120 min after dose","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"inter-individual variability of Cmax (CV)","value":"25·0","variance":"± 25·0 (CV%)","units":"%","location":"Results p.5","quote":"Inter-individual variability of cmax values for plasma quercetin was 24·6 % (cereal bars) and 25·0 % (capsules).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as % inter-individual variability"},{"pmid":"22114872","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo capsules (Quercetin capsules GNC (USA; BN 401922); pravastatin Mevalotin (Daiichi-Sankyo))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast; standardized meal 4 h after pravastatin, light meals after 10 h","n":"16","analyte":"pravastatin (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10h","value":"354.6","variance":"± 89.6 (SD)","units":"ng ml-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22114872","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg capsules (cellulose, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, gelatin) (Quercetin capsules GNC (USA; BN 401922); pravastatin Mevalotin (Daiichi-Sankyo))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; standardized meal 4 h after pravastatin, light meals after 10 h","n":"16","analyte":"pravastatin (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-10h","value":"437.8","variance":"± 118.6 (SD)","units":"ng ml-1 h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22114872","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo capsules (Quercetin capsules GNC (USA; BN 401922); pravastatin Mevalotin (Daiichi-Sankyo))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast; standardized meal 4 h after pravastatin, light meals after 10 h","n":"16","analyte":"pravastatin (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"123.2","variance":"± 48.3 (SD)","units":"ng ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22114872","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg capsules (cellulose, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, gelatin) (Quercetin capsules GNC (USA; BN 401922); pravastatin Mevalotin (Daiichi-Sankyo))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; standardized meal 4 h after pravastatin, light meals after 10 h","n":"16","analyte":"pravastatin (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"162.0","variance":"± 76.0 (SD)","units":"ng ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22114872","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Placebo capsules (Quercetin capsules GNC (USA; BN 401922); pravastatin Mevalotin (Daiichi-Sankyo))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast; standardized meal 4 h after pravastatin, light meals after 10 h","n":"16","analyte":"pravastatin (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.9","variance":"± 0.4 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote says tmax data are medians with range, but printed as '0.9 ± 0.4' (± SD in table, ± SD per column header 'mean ± SD'); recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"22114872","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin 500 mg capsules (cellulose, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, gelatin) (Quercetin capsules GNC (USA; BN 401922); pravastatin Mevalotin (Daiichi-Sankyo))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast; standardized meal 4 h after pravastatin, light meals after 10 h","n":"16","analyte":"pravastatin (off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.9","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote says tmax given as medians with range, printed as '0.9 ± 0.3'; P value for tmax 0.065 as printed (Wilcoxon signed-rank, per Methods)"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel powder (Malus domestica var. Macintosh) in applesauce (Oregon Freeze-Dry (apples))","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel powder; total quercetin glycosides 99.9 ± 2.3 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"63.8","variance":"± 22.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Different letters within a row differ at p<0.05 (as printed): letter a; table letters for Cmax (AP a, OP a, MP b) are inconsistent with text stating AP and OP significantly different"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel powder (Malus domestica var. Macintosh) in applesauce (Oregon Freeze-Dry (apples))","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel powder; total quercetin glycosides 99.9 ± 2.3 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.9","variance":"± 2.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant difference (text); letter not printed"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel powder (Malus domestica var. Macintosh) in applesauce (Oregon Freeze-Dry (apples))","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel powder; total quercetin glycosides 99.9 ± 2.3 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"843","variance":"± 371 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Different letters within a row differ at p<0.05 (as printed): letter a"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion powder (Allium cepa var. Gobi, outer layers) in applesauce (Gills Onions)","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion powder; total quercetin glycosides 98.5 ± 2.1 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"273.2","variance":"± 93.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Different letters within a row differ at p<0.05 (as printed): letter a; table letters for Cmax (AP a, OP a, MP b) are inconsistent with text stating AP and OP significantly different"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion powder (Allium cepa var. Gobi, outer layers) in applesauce (Gills Onions)","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion powder; total quercetin glycosides 98.5 ± 2.1 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 1.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant difference (text); letter not printed"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion powder (Allium cepa var. Gobi, outer layers) in applesauce (Gills Onions)","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion powder; total quercetin glycosides 98.5 ± 2.1 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"2340","variance":"± 713 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Different letters within a row differ at p<0.05 (as printed): letter c"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel powder + onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"42.5 g apple + 23.7 g onion; total quercetin glycosides 99.2 ± 2.2 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"136.5","variance":"± 45.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Different letters within a row differ at p<0.05 (as printed): letter b; table letters for Cmax (AP a, OP a, MP b) are inconsistent with text stating AP and OP significantly different"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel powder + onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"42.5 g apple + 23.7 g onion; total quercetin glycosides 99.2 ± 2.2 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.4","variance":"± 1.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant difference (text); letter not printed"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel powder + onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"42.5 g apple + 23.7 g onion; total quercetin glycosides 99.2 ± 2.2 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"1415","variance":"± 580 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Different letters within a row differ at p<0.05 (as printed): letter b"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel powder (Malus domestica var. Macintosh) in applesauce (Oregon Freeze-Dry (apples))","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel powder; total quercetin glycosides 99.9 ± 2.3 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Abstract duplicate","value":"63.8","variance":"± 22.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"Consumption of the OP resulted in Cmax = 273.2 ± 93.7 ng/mL, tmax = 2.0 ± 1.7 h, and t1/2 = 14.8 ± 4.8 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Matches Table 4; also printed in text as '63.8 g ng/mL' (typographical)"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"~3","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.3880","quote":"peak plasma isorhamnetin concentrations were reached at almost the same time (∼3 h after intake of AP and/or OP)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Approximate value printed by authors; applies to AP and/or OP"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel powder (Malus domestica var. Macintosh) in applesauce (Oregon Freeze-Dry (apples))","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel powder; total quercetin glycosides 99.9 ± 2.3 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h females","value":"868","variance":"± 311 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.3880","quote":"gender did not affect the relative bioavailability of quercetin (AUC0−24 h) when given as the AP (868 ± 311 ng·h/mL for females and 932 ± 641 ng·h/mL for males)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Sex subgroup; no significant sex difference reported"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel powder (Malus domestica var. Macintosh) in applesauce (Oregon Freeze-Dry (apples))","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel powder; total quercetin glycosides 99.9 ± 2.3 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h males","value":"932","variance":"± 641 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.3880","quote":"gender did not affect the relative bioavailability of quercetin (AUC0−24 h) when given as the AP (868 ± 311 ng·h/mL for females and 932 ± 641 ng·h/mL for males)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Sex subgroup; no significant sex difference reported"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion powder (Allium cepa var. Gobi, outer layers) in applesauce (Gills Onions)","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion powder; total quercetin glycosides 98.5 ± 2.1 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h females","value":"2260","variance":"± 425 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.3880","quote":"gender did not affect the relative bioavailability of quercetin (AUC0−24 h) when given as the AP (868 ± 311 ng·h/mL for females and 932 ± 641 ng·h/mL for males)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Sex subgroup; no significant sex difference reported"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion powder (Allium cepa var. Gobi, outer layers) in applesauce (Gills Onions)","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion powder; total quercetin glycosides 98.5 ± 2.1 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h males","value":"2681","variance":"± 977 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.3880","quote":"gender did not affect the relative bioavailability of quercetin (AUC0−24 h) when given as the AP (868 ± 311 ng·h/mL for females and 932 ± 641 ng·h/mL for males)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Sex subgroup; no significant sex difference reported"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion powder (Allium cepa var. Gobi, outer layers) in applesauce (Gills Onions)","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion powder; total quercetin glycosides 98.5 ± 2.1 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"fraction of subjects peaking at 0.5 h","value":"25%","variance":"","units":"% of subjects","location":"Results p.3880","quote":"In 25% of the subjects, the peak concentrations were achieved by 0.5 h after consumption of OP","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Peak at first sampling point"},{"pmid":"22439822","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion powder (Allium cepa var. Gobi, outer layers) in applesauce (Gills Onions)","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion powder; total quercetin glycosides 98.5 ± 2.1 mg g powder; mg quercetin glycosides","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed breakfast after 12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (quercetin + isorhamnetin after sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"fraction of subjects peaking by 4 h","value":"13%","variance":"","units":"% of subjects","location":"Results p.3880","quote":"in 13% subjects, the peak concentrations were reached by 4 h (data not shown)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.6","variance":"± 6.3 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text)"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.7","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"12.0","variance":"± 17.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.5","variance":"± 13.3 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text)"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.2","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"37.3","variance":"± 36.9 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.3","variance":"± 15.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text)"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"24.4","variance":"± 40.6 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.3","variance":"± 4.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text)"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"11.6","variance":"± 43.6 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.5","variance":"± 8.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text)"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.4","variance":"± 1.8 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"27.2","variance":"± 41.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.6","variance":"± 5.4 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text)"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.6","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"42.6","variance":"± 85.8 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"37.3","variance":"± 31.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text); significance superscript vs AP"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.3","variance":"± 0.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"113.9","variance":"± 86.7 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"212.8","variance":"± 120.1 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text); significance superscript vs AP"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.4","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"897.9","variance":"± 656.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"168.8","variance":"± 93.1 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text); significance superscript vs AP"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.8","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"591.0","variance":"± 293.5 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"43.0","variance":"± 64.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text); significance superscript vs AP"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.0","variance":"± 1.4 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"Q glucuronide sulfate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"453.6","variance":"± 668.4 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"90.1","variance":"± 31.0 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text); significance superscript vs AP"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.6","variance":"± 2.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"509.6","variance":"± 204.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"65.4","variance":"± 25.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Relative quantification: values are ng (IS equivalent)/mL relative to quercetin 4'-O-glucoside internal standard; measured in positive ESI mode (per text); significance superscript vs AP"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.5","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl Q diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h","value":"717.2","variance":"± 284.0 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized apple peel powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"85 g apple peel; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"sum of six quercetin metabolites","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h, sum","value":"155.1","variance":"± 179.7 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2; Results p.8518","quote":"significantly higher in the OP (AUC0−24 h = 3283.1 ± 1665.3 ng·h/mL) as compared with the AP (AUC0−24 h = 155.1 ± 179.7 ng·h/mL) (P < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Sum as printed by authors; text gives P < 0.05, Table 2 superscript d gives P < 0.001 for OP"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"sum of six quercetin metabolites","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h, sum","value":"3283.1","variance":"± 1665.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2; Results p.8518","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text and Table 2 report different P thresholds for this comparison"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl quercetin glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"participants with three-sequential absorption phases","value":"5.2","variance":"± 1.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results p.8518","quote":"average tmax values of methyl quercetin glucuronide (5.2 ± 1.1 h) and methyl quercetin diglucuronide (6.0 ± 0.0 h) ... three-sequential","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Subgroup; n not printed; text says 'shorter' but the values are longer than the two-phase values (1.4, 2.1 h) as printed"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl quercetin diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"participants with three-sequential absorption phases","value":"6.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results p.8518","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl quercetin glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"participants with two-sequential absorption phases","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results p.8518","quote":"tmax of methyl quercetin glucuronide 1.4 ± 0.5 h and tmax of methyl quercetin diglucuronide 2.1 ± 1.2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"methyl quercetin diglucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"participants with two-sequential absorption phases","value":"2.1","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results p.8518","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"all quercetin metabolites","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h, females","value":"4,258.5","variance":"± 2,066.5 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.8519","quote":"the AUC0−24 h for females (4,258.5 ± 2,066.5) was greater than the AUC0−24 h for males (2,551.6 ± 820.5) but not significantly (calculated P = 0.053)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units not printed in this sentence; appears to refer to OP (Fig. 7) summed over metabolites; treatment not explicit in sentence; arm assignment inferred from Fig. 7 (OP only) caption"},{"pmid":"22867437","species":"human","arm":"","form":"micronized onion powder in applesauce","forms":[],"dose":"47.5 g onion; ~180 µmol total quercetin glycosides (100 mg) g; µmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast, breakfast","n":"16","analyte":"all quercetin metabolites","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 h, males","value":"2,551.6","variance":"± 820.5 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.8519","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units not printed in this sentence; arm assignment inferred from Fig. 7 (OP only) caption"},{"pmid":"22935338","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone tablets (USANA (provided by Dr Tim Wood))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.3","variance":"± 1.8 (SD)","units":"μmol/L","location":"Abstract","quote":"resulted in maximal plasma Q (2.3 ± 1.8 μmol/L) at approximately 10 hours","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Data presented as means ± SD (Methods 2.8)"},{"pmid":"22935338","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone tablets (USANA (provided by Dr Tim Wood))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"approximately 10 hours","variance":"","units":"hours","location":"Abstract; Methods 2.2; Results 3.1","quote":"evokes Cmax at 10 hours and elevates plasma Q for at least 13 hours","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Discussion also says maximal concentrations at 7-13 hours"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (QU995, >=99.5%) 500 mg + 26.9 g Tang dry mix in 250 mL spring water (Quercegen QU995 / Tang (Kraft))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"354.4","variance":"± 87.6 (SEM)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"Data are shown as means ± SEM (standard error of mean).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (QU995, >=99.5%) 500 mg + 26.9 g Tang dry mix in 250 mL spring water (Quercegen QU995 / Tang (Kraft))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.7","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed as mean ± SEM per Table 6 footnote; Tmax may not be median"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (QU995, >=99.5%) 500 mg + 26.9 g Tang dry mix in 250 mL spring water (Quercegen QU995 / Tang (Kraft))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal","value":"3845.9","variance":"± 689.8 (SEM)","units":"μg/L.h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results p.H235) prints units as μg/L.h2; Table 6 prints μg/L.h"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in nutrition bar (measured content 531.2 ± 32.1 mg) (First Strike (NSRDEC))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"698.1","variance":"± 189.5 (SEM)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"Data are shown as means ± SEM (standard error of mean).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in nutrition bar (measured content 531.2 ± 32.1 mg) (First Strike (NSRDEC))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.3","variance":"± 0.5 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed as mean ± SEM per Table 6 footnote; Tmax may not be median"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in nutrition bar (measured content 531.2 ± 32.1 mg) (First Strike (NSRDEC))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal","value":"5314.8","variance":"± 1432.4 (SEM)","units":"μg/L.h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results p.H235) prints units as μg/L.h2; Table 6 prints μg/L.h"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone chews, 2 chews (measured content 265.1 ± 11.1 mg per chew vs claim 250 mg) (RealFX Q-Plus (Nutravail))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1051.9","variance":"± 393.1 (SEM)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"Data are shown as means ± SEM (standard error of mean).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone chews, 2 chews (measured content 265.1 ± 11.1 mg per chew vs claim 250 mg) (RealFX Q-Plus (Nutravail))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.3","variance":"± 0.8 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed as mean ± SEM per Table 6 footnote; Tmax may not be median"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone chews, 2 chews (measured content 265.1 ± 11.1 mg per chew vs claim 250 mg) (RealFX Q-Plus (Nutravail))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal","value":"4147.1","variance":"± 671.8 (SEM)","units":"μg/L.h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results p.H235) prints units as μg/L.h2; Table 6 prints μg/L.h"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone chews, 2 chews (measured content 265.1 ± 11.1 mg per chew vs claim 250 mg) (RealFX Q-Plus (Nutravail))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"individual subject: highest individual","value":"approximately 2849","variance":"","units":"μg/L","location":"Results p.H235","quote":"approximately 2849 μg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as 'approximately'"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone chews, 2 chews (measured content 265.1 ± 11.1 mg per chew vs claim 250 mg) (RealFX Q-Plus (Nutravail))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"individual subject: lowest individual","value":"approximately 270","variance":"","units":"μg/L","location":"Results p.H235","quote":"approximately 270 μg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as 'approximately'"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in nutrition bar (measured content 531.2 ± 32.1 mg) (First Strike (NSRDEC))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"individual subject: subject UM3","value":"approximately 1578","variance":"","units":"μg/L","location":"Results p.H235","quote":"approximately 1578 μg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as 'approximately'"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in nutrition bar (measured content 531.2 ± 32.1 mg) (First Strike (NSRDEC))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"individual subject: subject UM12","value":"approximately 374","variance":"","units":"μg/L","location":"Results p.H235","quote":"approximately 374 μg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as 'approximately'"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (QU995, >=99.5%) 500 mg + 26.9 g Tang dry mix in 250 mL spring water (Quercegen QU995 / Tang (Kraft))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"individual subject: subject UM16","value":"approximately 682","variance":"","units":"μg/L","location":"Results p.H235","quote":"approximately 682 μg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as 'approximately'"},{"pmid":"23094941","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (QU995, >=99.5%) 500 mg + 26.9 g Tang dry mix in 250 mL spring water (Quercegen QU995 / Tang (Kraft))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted >=12 h; standardized MRE meals thereafter","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"individual subject: subject UM5","value":"approximately 89","variance":"","units":"μg/L","location":"Results p.H235","quote":"approximately 89 μg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as 'approximately'"},{"pmid":"23963751","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion soup with freeze-dried onion parenchyma scales; ~97.5% of Q as glucosides (mainly Q-4'-glucoside and Q-3,4'-glucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"1 (target); 0.78 or 1.02 per soup batch mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"meal (soup); fasting NR","n":"11","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"breast milk","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"calculated from mean milk concentrations","value":"68","variance":"± 8.44 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2; Abstract","quote":"The Cmax = 68 ± 8.44 nmol/L concentration of Q in the milk was calculated for Tmax = 11.89 ± 3.37 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"PK parameters 'calculated from the mean values ... ± SEM' per Table 2 title; text also says parameters were calculated for each subject"},{"pmid":"23963751","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion soup with freeze-dried onion parenchyma scales; ~97.5% of Q as glucosides (mainly Q-4'-glucoside and Q-3,4'-glucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"1 (target); 0.78 or 1.02 per soup batch mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"meal (soup); fasting NR","n":"11","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"breast milk","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"11.89","variance":"± 3.37 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2; Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23963751","species":"human","arm":"","form":"onion soup with freeze-dried onion parenchyma scales; ~97.5% of Q as glucosides (mainly Q-4'-glucoside and Q-3,4'-glucoside)","forms":[],"dose":"1 (target); 0.78 or 1.02 per soup batch mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"meal (soup); fasting NR","n":"11","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"breast milk","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"2609.68","variance":"± 224.15 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L × h","location":"Table 2; Methods 2.5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"interval 0-48 h postexposure per Methods"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"19.8","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"18.3","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"85.1","variance":"","units":"µmol/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"77.6","variance":"","units":"µmol/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.6","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.3","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"112.4","variance":"","units":"µmol/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"89.6","variance":"","units":"µmol/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GG/AA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.6","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"20.4","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"121.9","variance":"","units":"µmol/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"122.0","variance":"","units":"µmol/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"caffeine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.6","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.8","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"91.5","variance":"","units":"µmol/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"77.9","variance":"","units":"µmol/L·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg caffeine mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, before quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25025048","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin capsules (GNC Quercetin 500) + caffeine capsule (GNC Quercetin 500; caffeine capsules Xinhua Pharmaceutical)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin daily x13 days + 500 mg quercetin with 100 mg caffeine on day 14 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"caffeine given after overnight fast with 150 mL water (phase 1); phase 2 timing 8:00 AM, fasting status not stated","n":"6","analyte":"paraxanthine (17X)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Statistic type and meaning of bracketed values not defined in Table 1 footnote (printed as value (a, b)); GA/CA genotype, after 14-day quercetin treatment"},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"quercetin (total, after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.43","variance":"± 0.18 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"quercetin (total, after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.1","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"quercetin (total, after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"17.71","variance":"± 1.98 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L x h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.41","variance":"± 0.06 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"12.0","variance":"± 1.6 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"6.52","variance":"± 0.74 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L x h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"tamarixetin (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.48","variance":"± 0.07 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"tamarixetin (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.8","variance":"± 0.7 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"tamarixetin (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"5.16","variance":"± 0.83 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L x h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"Qtotal (sum of quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.18","variance":"± 0.26 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"Qtotal (sum of quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.8","variance":"± 0.8 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"Qtotal (sum of quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"29.45","variance":"± 3.24 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L x h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"quercetin (total, after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"lowest responder","value":"0.43","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results (PK para)","quote":"Plasma quercetin Cmax in the lowest responder (0.43 mmol/L)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints mmol/L (µ mangled); Table 1 shows µmol/L"},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"quercetin (total, after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"highest responder","value":"3.03","variance":"","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results (PK para)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text prints mmol/L; Table 1 shows µmol/L"},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"quercetin (total, after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h lowest responder","value":"5.1","variance":"","units":"µmol/L x h","location":"Results (PK para)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25280405","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (USANA Health Sciences)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"1095 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with standardized breakfast after 10-12 h fast","n":"16","analyte":"quercetin (total, after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h highest responder","value":"32.8","variance":"","units":"µmol/L x h","location":"Results (PK para)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0-24 h presumed; not stated)","value":"124.8","variance":"± 12.6 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC interval not stated; baseline-corrected"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"same","value":"599.1","variance":"± 106.6 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"P is for A vs B, paired t test"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.21","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.14","variance":"± 0.22 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"156","variance":"± 30 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Obtained by visual inspection"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"175","variance":"± 21 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"oral bioavailability (%) = minimum absorbed amount estimated from Cmax x plasma volume / dose","value":"0.15","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Author-estimated 'minimum absorbed amount'; not true bioavailability"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"oral bioavailability (%) = minimum absorbed amount estimated from Cmax x plasma volume / dose","value":"0.64","variance":"± 0.12 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Author-estimated 'minimum absorbed amount'; not true bioavailability"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"7.2","variance":"± 1.2 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as µmol × min/L although Cmax is in nmol/L"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"13.0","variance":"± 1.4 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"195","variance":"± 44 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"37.5","variance":"± 7.0 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as µmol × min/L although Cmax is in nmol/L"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"50.4","variance":"± 9.9 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"268","variance":"± 46 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"4.7","variance":"± 1.3 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as µmol × min/L although Cmax is in nmol/L"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.6","variance":"± 1.9 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"243","variance":"± 40 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"24.7","variance":"± 4.5 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as µmol × min/L although Cmax is in nmol/L"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"46.6","variance":"± 8.0 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"253","variance":"± 37 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, men","value":"126.5","variance":"± 21.9 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex difference reported"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax, men","value":"0.23","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax, men","value":"172","variance":"± 60 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, women","value":"123.2","variance":"± 14.9 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex difference reported"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax, women","value":"0.20","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax, women","value":"140","variance":"± 20 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, men","value":"533.0","variance":"± 149.1 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex difference reported"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax, men","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.28 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax, men","value":"155","variance":"± 31 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, women","value":"665.2","variance":"± 161.4 (SEM)","units":"µmol × min/L","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significant sex difference reported"},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax, women","value":"1.28","variance":"± 0.36 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax, women","value":"195","variance":"± 29 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Results p.349 (Sex differences)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"3 hard gelatin capsules of onion skin extract powder (132 mg extract per capsule) + 3 placebo capsules (Rudolf Wild GmbH onion skin extract)","forms":[],"dose":"163 mg quercetin equivalents (approx.)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"inter-individual variability (CV) of Cmax","value":"67.4","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.348","quote":"inter-individual variability of Cmax values ... was 67.4 % for onion skin extract powder","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"26482244","species":"human","arm":"","form":"6 hard gelatin capsules each 25 mg quercetin dihydrate + mannitol + silicon dioxide (Voigt Global Distribution quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"134 mg quercetin aglycone (150 mg quercetin dihydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted dosing, standardized meals after","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"inter-individual variability (CV) of Cmax","value":"18.3","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.348","quote":"and 18.3 % for quercetin dihydrate","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in hard gelatin capsule (with mannitol, silicium dioxide), taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min","value":"62","variance":"± 12 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel extract (pomactive hfv) in 10 gelatin capsules, taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min","value":"87","variance":"± 27 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple chips (cv. Elstar) vacuum-impregnated with apple peel extract","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min","value":"104","variance":"± 24 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel (cv. Jonagored) with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min","value":"52","variance":"± 12 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in hard gelatin capsule (with mannitol, silicium dioxide), taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"109","variance":"± 24 (SEM)","units":"nmol·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel extract (pomactive hfv) in 10 gelatin capsules, taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"200","variance":"± 36 (SEM)","units":"nmol·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple chips (cv. Elstar) vacuum-impregnated with apple peel extract","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"205","variance":"± 26 (SEM)","units":"nmol·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel (cv. Jonagored) with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"111","variance":"± 25 (SEM)","units":"nmol·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in hard gelatin capsule (with mannitol, silicium dioxide), taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"280","variance":"± 51 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; superscript 'b' (means with no common letter differ, P<0.05, 1-way ANOVA Tukey); Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel extract (pomactive hfv) in 10 gelatin capsules, taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"105","variance":"± 30 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; superscript 'a' (means with no common letter differ, P<0.05, 1-way ANOVA Tukey); Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple chips (cv. Elstar) vacuum-impregnated with apple peel extract","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"135","variance":"± 34 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; superscript 'ab' (means with no common letter differ, P<0.05, 1-way ANOVA Tukey); Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel (cv. Jonagored) with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"140","variance":"± 33 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; superscript 'ab' (means with no common letter differ, P<0.05, 1-way ANOVA Tukey); Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in hard gelatin capsule (with mannitol, silicium dioxide), taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min","value":"74","variance":"± 13 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel extract (pomactive hfv) in 10 gelatin capsules, taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min","value":"112","variance":"± 30 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple chips (cv. Elstar) vacuum-impregnated with apple peel extract","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min","value":"125","variance":"± 27 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel (cv. Jonagored) with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min","value":"62","variance":"± 13 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in hard gelatin capsule (with mannitol, silicium dioxide), taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"126","variance":"± 23 (SEM)","units":"nmol·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel extract (pomactive hfv) in 10 gelatin capsules, taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"267","variance":"± 53 (SEM)","units":"nmol·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple chips (cv. Elstar) vacuum-impregnated with apple peel extract","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"242","variance":"± 33 (SEM)","units":"nmol·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel (cv. Jonagored) with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"124","variance":"± 32 (SEM)","units":"nmol·L-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in hard gelatin capsule (with mannitol, silicium dioxide), taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"290","variance":"± 50 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; superscript 'b' (means with no common letter differ, P<0.05, 1-way ANOVA Tukey); Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel extract (pomactive hfv) in 10 gelatin capsules, taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"105","variance":"± 30 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; superscript 'a' (means with no common letter differ, P<0.05, 1-way ANOVA Tukey); Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple chips (cv. Elstar) vacuum-impregnated with apple peel extract","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"135","variance":"± 34 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; superscript 'a' (means with no common letter differ, P<0.05, 1-way ANOVA Tukey); Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel (cv. Jonagored) with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"160","variance":"± 36 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 header: mean ± SEM, n = 6 women; superscript 'ab' (means with no common letter differ, P<0.05, 1-way ANOVA Tukey); Methods: concentrations corrected for individual baseline (T0) flavonol concentrations"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple chips (cv. Elstar) vacuum-impregnated with apple peel extract","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min (Abstract)","value":"104","variance":"± 24 (NR)","units":"µmol·min∙L−1","location":"Abstract","quote":"AUC0–1440 min: 104 ± 24 μmol·min∙L−1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract does not state SD or SEM; Table 3 gives SEM"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel extract (pomactive hfv) in 10 gelatin capsules, taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min (Abstract)","value":"87","variance":"± 27 (NR)","units":"µmol∙min∙L−1","location":"Abstract","quote":"AUC0–1440 min: 87 ± 27 μmol∙min∙L−1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract does not state SD or SEM; Table 3 gives SEM"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple chips (cv. Elstar) vacuum-impregnated with apple peel extract","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min individual range across participants","value":"38.1–192.1","variance":"","units":"µmol∗min∗L−1","location":"Results p.162 (Section 3, last paragraph)","quote":"observed AUC(0–1440 min) range after supplementations were 38.1 μmol∗min∗L−1–192.1 μmol∗min∗L−1 for enriched apple chips","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"analyte not explicitly stated in text (Fig. 3 refers to plasma quercetin AUC)"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried apple peel (cv. Jonagored) with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min individual range across participants","value":"12.8–88.3","variance":"","units":"µmol∗min∗L−1","location":"Results p.162 (Section 3, last paragraph)","quote":"observed AUC(0–1440 min) range after supplementations were 12.8 μmol∗min∗L−1–88.3 μmol∗min∗L−1 for apple peel","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"analyte not explicitly stated in text (Fig. 3 refers to plasma quercetin AUC)"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"apple peel extract (pomactive hfv) in 10 gelatin capsules, taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min individual range across participants","value":"23.5–196.5","variance":"","units":"µmol∗min∗L−1","location":"Results p.162 (Section 3, last paragraph)","quote":"observed AUC(0–1440 min) range after supplementations were 23.5 μmol∗min∗L−1–196.5 μmol∗min∗L−1 for apple peel extract capsules","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"analyte not explicitly stated in text (Fig. 3 refers to plasma quercetin AUC)"},{"pmid":"28847395","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in hard gelatin capsule (with mannitol, silicium dioxide), taken with quercetin-free apple chips","forms":[],"dose":"71 µmol quercetin equivalents","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"standardized quercetin-free diet; test product given with 200 mL water","n":"6","analyte":"Plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-1440 min individual range across participants","value":"21.7–86.7","variance":"","units":"µmol∗min∗L−1","location":"Results p.162 (Section 3, last paragraph)","quote":"observed AUC(0–1440 min) range after supplementations were 21.7 μmol∗min∗L−1–86.7 μmol∗min∗L−1 for quercetin capsule control treatment","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"analyte not explicitly stated in text (Fig. 3 refers to plasma quercetin AUC)"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Diclofenac sodium tablet (Voveran (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"diclofenac sodium","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.95","variance":"± 0.98 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Diclofenac sodium tablet (Voveran (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"diclofenac sodium","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.12","variance":"± 0.35 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Diclofenac sodium tablet (Voveran (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"diclofenac sodium","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"9.06","variance":"± 2.46 (SD)","units":"μg.h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Diclofenac sodium tablet (Voveran (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"4-hydroxydiclofenac","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.19","variance":"± 0.04 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Diclofenac sodium tablet (Voveran (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"4-hydroxydiclofenac","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.25","variance":"± 0.46 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Diclofenac sodium tablet (Voveran (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"4-hydroxydiclofenac","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1.14","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"μg.h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin capsule (pretreatment) + diclofenac sodium 100 mg (Jarrow Formulas (quercetin); Voveran (diclofenac))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin twice daily for 10 days; diclofenac 100 mg single dose day 11","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"diclofenac fasted","n":"12","analyte":"diclofenac sodium","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.41","variance":"± 1.36 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin capsule (pretreatment) + diclofenac sodium 100 mg (Jarrow Formulas (quercetin); Voveran (diclofenac))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin twice daily for 10 days; diclofenac 100 mg single dose day 11","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"diclofenac fasted","n":"12","analyte":"diclofenac sodium","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"± 0.51 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin capsule (pretreatment) + diclofenac sodium 100 mg (Jarrow Formulas (quercetin); Voveran (diclofenac))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin twice daily for 10 days; diclofenac 100 mg single dose day 11","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"diclofenac fasted","n":"12","analyte":"diclofenac sodium","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"16.73","variance":"± 5.01 (SD)","units":"μg.h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin capsule (pretreatment) + diclofenac sodium 100 mg (Jarrow Formulas (quercetin); Voveran (diclofenac))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin twice daily for 10 days; diclofenac 100 mg single dose day 11","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"diclofenac fasted","n":"12","analyte":"4-hydroxydiclofenac","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.13","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"μg/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin capsule (pretreatment) + diclofenac sodium 100 mg (Jarrow Formulas (quercetin); Voveran (diclofenac))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin twice daily for 10 days; diclofenac 100 mg single dose day 11","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"diclofenac fasted","n":"12","analyte":"4-hydroxydiclofenac","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.76","variance":"± 0.71 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"29168292","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin capsule (pretreatment) + diclofenac sodium 100 mg (Jarrow Formulas (quercetin); Voveran (diclofenac))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin twice daily for 10 days; diclofenac 100 mg single dose day 11","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"diclofenac fasted","n":"12","analyte":"4-hydroxydiclofenac","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"0.82","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"μg.h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is diclofenac/metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting agent"},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"unformulated quercetin (film-coated tablet, batch 89107) (Indena SpA (supplied))","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"4774.93","variance":"± 1190.61 (SD)","units":"min × ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"unformulated quercetin (film-coated tablet, batch 89107) (Indena SpA (supplied))","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.93","variance":"± 2.22 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"unformulated quercetin (film-coated tablet, batch 89107) (Indena SpA (supplied))","forms":[],"dose":"500 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"290.00","variance":"± 31.19 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin Phytosome (quercetin:sunflower lecithin 1:1 plus about one fifth food-grade excipients; about 40% total quercetin by HPLC), 2 x 250 mg film-coated tablets (Quercetin Phytosome / QUERCEFIT (Indena SpA))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"500 mg (Quercetin Phytosome, 2 x 250 mg tablets)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"96,163.87","variance":"± 9291.31 (SD)","units":"min × ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.0001 vs A; § P<0.005 vs C"},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin Phytosome (quercetin:sunflower lecithin 1:1 plus about one fifth food-grade excipients; about 40% total quercetin by HPLC), 2 x 250 mg film-coated tablets (Quercetin Phytosome / QUERCEFIT (Indena SpA))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"500 mg (Quercetin Phytosome, 2 x 250 mg tablets)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"223.10","variance":"± 16.32 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.0001 vs A; § P<0.005 vs C"},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin Phytosome (quercetin:sunflower lecithin 1:1 plus about one fifth food-grade excipients; about 40% total quercetin by HPLC), 2 x 250 mg film-coated tablets (Quercetin Phytosome / QUERCEFIT (Indena SpA))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"500 mg (Quercetin Phytosome, 2 x 250 mg tablets)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"202.50","variance":"± 35.97 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin Phytosome, 1 x 250 mg film-coated tablet (batch 89108) (Quercetin Phytosome / QUERCEFIT (Indena SpA))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"250 mg (Quercetin Phytosome)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"50,401.53","variance":"± 6418.22 (SD)","units":"min × ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.0001 vs A"},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin Phytosome, 1 x 250 mg film-coated tablet (batch 89108) (Quercetin Phytosome / QUERCEFIT (Indena SpA))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"250 mg (Quercetin Phytosome)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"126.35","variance":"± 14.79 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.0001 vs A"},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin Phytosome, 1 x 250 mg film-coated tablet (batch 89108) (Quercetin Phytosome / QUERCEFIT (Indena SpA))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"250 mg (Quercetin Phytosome)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"228.75","variance":"± 36.61 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin Phytosome, 1 x 250 mg film-coated tablet (batch 89108) (Quercetin Phytosome / QUERCEFIT (Indena SpA))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"250 mg (Quercetin Phytosome)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum concentration printed in text as 'about 100 ng/mL'","value":"about 100","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.173","quote":"1 tablet (250 mg) and 2 tablets (250 mg each) of Quercetin Phytosome led to maximum quercetin concentrations of about 100 ng/mL and 170 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 Cmax for C (126.35 ng/ml); likely refers to Fig. 2 curve"},{"pmid":"30328058","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin Phytosome (quercetin:sunflower lecithin 1:1 plus about one fifth food-grade excipients; about 40% total quercetin by HPLC), 2 x 250 mg film-coated tablets (Quercetin Phytosome / QUERCEFIT (Indena SpA))","forms":["phytosome"],"dose":"500 mg (Quercetin Phytosome, 2 x 250 mg tablets)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (plasma; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum concentration printed in text as '170 ng/mL'","value":"about 170","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.173","quote":"maximum quercetin concentrations of about 100 ng/mL and 170 ng/mL, respectively","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 Cmax for B (223.10 ng/ml) and with text a few lines later (223 ng/ml)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (free + conjugated, after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"314.66","variance":"± 135.46 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (free + conjugated, after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.25","variance":"± 0.44 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin (free + conjugated, after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1703.50","variance":"± 348.67 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"112.41","variance":"± 52.30 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.38","variance":"± 0.62 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"510.86","variance":"± 102.29 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica flower buds, hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (GMP))","forms":[],"dose":"445 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (450 mg quercetin, 98% purity; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. 90 ± 10 mg shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"plasma quercetin (Table 2 row not labelled free or total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"14.48","variance":"± 6.65 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica flower buds, hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (GMP))","forms":[],"dose":"445 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (450 mg quercetin, 98% purity; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. 90 ± 10 mg shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"plasma quercetin (Table 2 row not labelled free or total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.12","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica flower buds, hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (GMP))","forms":[],"dose":"445 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (450 mg quercetin, 98% purity; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. 90 ± 10 mg shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"plasma quercetin (Table 2 row not labelled free or total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"27.44","variance":"± 7.49 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± standard deviation)"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h (text)","value":"1703.50","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.46828","quote":"the average plasma concentration of quercetin was 62.08-fold higher (AUC0−24h = 1703.50 ng·h/mL) for FQ-35 compared to that of UQ (AUC0−24 h = 27.44 ng·h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text value, no SD given here; same as Table 2"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica flower buds, hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (GMP))","forms":[],"dose":"445 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (450 mg quercetin, 98% purity; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. 90 ± 10 mg shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"plasma quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h (text)","value":"27.44","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Results p.46828","quote":"compared to that of UQ (AUC0−24 h = 27.44 ng·h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text value; same as Table 2"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold improvement of FQ-35 vs unformulated quercetin (free)","value":"18.61","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Discussion p.46830; Abstract (18.6-fold)","quote":"Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve estimation provided an 18.61-fold improvement in the bioavailability of free forms","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract prints 18.6-fold; ratio as stated by authors"},{"pmid":"36570285","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Quercetin micelles (sunflower oil, lecithin) in fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel, dried powder in hard-shell gelatin capsule (Akay Natural Ingredients (Hybrid-FenuMAT / QuerciFEN))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"180 ± 5 mg quercetin per capsule (500 mg FQ-35 powder, 35.5% quercetin; capsule 600 ± 10 mg incl. shell)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"16","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold improvement of FQ-35 vs unformulated quercetin (total)","value":"62.08","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results p.46828; Discussion p.46830; Abstract (62-fold)","quote":"62.08-fold higher for total quercetin bioavailability compared to an equivalent dose of unformulated quercetin","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract prints 62-fold; ratio as stated by authors"},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"hard gel capsule, unformulated quercetin aglycone (Natural Factors (standard product))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"77.3","variance":"± 6.1 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"hard gel capsule, unformulated quercetin aglycone (Natural Factors (standard product))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.8","variance":"± 9.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"hard gel capsule, unformulated quercetin aglycone (Natural Factors (standard product))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.0","variance":"± 3.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote: Tmax = median time to reach Cmax; SD printed beside it"},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"197.0","variance":"± 8.0 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.4","variance":"± 22.0 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote: Tmax = median time to reach Cmax; SD printed beside it"},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"543.1","variance":"± 20.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"52.5","variance":"± 51.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.9","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote: Tmax = median time to reach Cmax; SD printed beside it"},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"1000 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1128.8","variance":"± 52.3 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"1000 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"150.4","variance":"± 117.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"1000 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.9","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Footnote: Tmax = median time to reach Cmax; SD printed beside it"},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"1000 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h range reported in abstract","value":"77.3 to 1128.9","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"The AUC0–24 ranged from 77.3 to 1128.9 ng·h/ml","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract says 1128.9; Table 2 says 1128.8"},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-24 ratio vs Standard 500 mg (labelled 'Standard vs. LM')","value":"2.5","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-24 ratio vs Standard 500 mg (labelled 'Standard vs. LM')","value":"7.0","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"1000 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-24 ratio vs Standard 500 mg (labelled 'Standard vs. LM')","value":"14.6","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-24 ratio text (255%)","value":"2.6","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Discussion p.6","quote":"LM 250 mg ... AUC0–24 ratio = 2.6 (255%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Discussion gives 2.6 (255%); Results text and Table 4 give 2.5"},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"500 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-24 ratio text (703%)","value":"7.0","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Discussion p.6","quote":"up to 7 times better absorption (703%)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"1000 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-24 ratio text (1460%)","value":"14.6","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Discussion p.6","quote":"AUC0–24 ratio = 14.6 (1460%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Results text/abstract say 15-fold; Cmax '22-fold'"},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"250 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-24 ratio (Results text)","value":"2.5","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Results 3.2","quote":"AUC0–24 ratio = 2.5; p = 0.914","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"37600550","species":"human","arm":"","form":"soft gel LipoMicel (Natural Factors (standard); LipoMicel (Natural Factors Group))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"1000 mg quercetin aglycone","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted (overnight 10 h; no food until 4 h post-dose); standardized lunch at 4 h and dinner at 8 h","n":"10","analyte":"total quercetin (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"capillary whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"approx. 3 times faster peak vs standard","value":"approx. 3 times faster","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results 3.2","quote":"approx. 3 times faster peak concentrations","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"qualitative"},{"pmid":"39961223","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"mono-glucuronides of quercetin (QC-GA, IR-GA) in plasma","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h of mono-glucuronides, dose-adjusted to 100 mg quercetin equivalent; soluble QC-3R (B) vs quercetin (A)","value":"approximately 10 times higher","variance":"","units":"","location":"Section 3.4.2, Fig. 5","quote":"The administration of solubilized QC-3R was approximately 10 times higher than that of quercetin (Fig. 5).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Stated at week 0 and week 4 (Fig. 5 caption: 'approximately tenfold higher AUC'). Individual AUC values are shown only in Fig. 5."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"EubioQuercetin (Q3R 56%, L-arginine 34%, sodium ascorbate 7%, reduced starch 3%) (EubioQuercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"two HPMC capsules of 215 mg EubioQuercetin (50 mg quercetin core equivalent) daily (period 1); two 115 mg capsules daily (period 2) mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"1178.3","variance":"","units":"nM·h / 100 mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. AUClast (nM·h / 100 mg)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated. Sampling 0-24 h."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"EubioQuercetin (Q3R 56%, L-arginine 34%, sodium ascorbate 7%, reduced starch 3%) (EubioQuercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"two HPMC capsules of 215 mg EubioQuercetin (50 mg quercetin core equivalent) daily (period 1); two 115 mg capsules daily (period 2) mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"194.8","variance":"","units":"nM","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Cmax (nM)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"EubioQuercetin (Q3R 56%, L-arginine 34%, sodium ascorbate 7%, reduced starch 3%) (EubioQuercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"two HPMC capsules of 215 mg EubioQuercetin (50 mg quercetin core equivalent) daily (period 1); two 115 mg capsules daily (period 2) mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Tmax (h)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated. Text 3.2.3 says EubioQuercetin 'reached Cmax 4 h after administration', inconsistent with Table 3 Tmax 7.2/9.7 h."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"EubioQuercetin (EubioQuercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"as A-T1 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"1627.1","variance":"","units":"nM·h / 100 mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. AUClast (nM·h / 100 mg)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated. Sampling 0-24 h."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"EubioQuercetin (EubioQuercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"as A-T1 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"216.9","variance":"","units":"nM","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Cmax (nM)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"EubioQuercetin (EubioQuercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"as A-T1 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9.7","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Tmax (h)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated. Text 3.2.3 says EubioQuercetin 'reached Cmax 4 h after administration', inconsistent with Table 3 Tmax 7.2/9.7 h."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (94%, from Sophora japonica flower buds)","forms":[],"dose":"two HPMC capsules of 500 mg quercetin daily mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"282.7","variance":"","units":"nM·h / 100 mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. AUClast (nM·h / 100 mg)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated. Sampling 0-24 h."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (94%, from Sophora japonica flower buds)","forms":[],"dose":"two HPMC capsules of 500 mg quercetin daily mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"36.9","variance":"","units":"nM","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Cmax (nM)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin (94%, from Sophora japonica flower buds)","forms":[],"dose":"two HPMC capsules of 500 mg quercetin daily mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.7","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Tmax (h)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated. Text 3.2.3 says quercetin reached Cmax at 4 h (Table 3: 3.7 h)."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"as B-C1 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"332.3","variance":"","units":"nM·h / 100 mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. AUClast (nM·h / 100 mg)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated. Sampling 0-24 h."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"as B-C1 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"40.5","variance":"","units":"nM","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Cmax (nM)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated."},{"pmid":"41014182","species":"human","arm":"","form":"quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"as B-C1 mg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasting","n":"NR","analyte":"eight quercetin conjugates (total, nM per 100 mg quercetin equivalent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.7","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters. Tmax (h)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 3 gives single values without variance; 'Values are equivalent to 100 mg of parent structure of quercetin'. Statistic type not stated. Text 3.2.3 says quercetin reached Cmax at 4 h (Table 3: 3.7 h)."},{"pmid":"8891673","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis of quercetin, glycosides, glucuronides and sulphates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak level","value":"190","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8891673","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis of quercetin, glycosides, glucuronides and sulphates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak level","value":"204","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8891673","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Fried onions (215 g raw yellow onions equivalent) containing quercetin-4'-O-glucoside and quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside","forms":[],"dose":"64.2 mg quercetin expressed as aglycone","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (low-protein breakfast)","n":"2","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis of quercetin, glycosides, glucuronides and sulphates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak level","value":"196","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8891673","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis of quercetin, glycosides, glucuronides and sulphates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to reach peak level","value":"2.7","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8891673","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis of quercetin, glycosides, glucuronides and sulphates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to reach peak level","value":"3.1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8891673","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Fried onions (215 g raw yellow onions equivalent) containing quercetin-4'-O-glucoside and quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside","forms":[],"dose":"64.2 mg quercetin expressed as aglycone","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (low-protein breakfast)","n":"2","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis of quercetin, glycosides, glucuronides and sulphates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to reach peak level","value":"2.9","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"8891673","species":"human","arm":"","form":"Fried onions (215 g raw yellow onions equivalent) containing quercetin-4'-O-glucoside and quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside","forms":[],"dose":"64.2 mg quercetin expressed as aglycone","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (low-protein breakfast)","n":"2","analyte":"total quercetin (aglycone after acid hydrolysis of quercetin, glycosides, glucuronides and sulphates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak level (mean), text","value":"196","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.3","quote":"The mean peak plasma level of quercetin was 196 ng/ml.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (98.5% purity, Roth) mixed in ration (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed: given with morning ration (diet 38% barley, 37% wheat, 20% soya meal, 2% soya oil, 3% premix)","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free + conjugated, after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"257.6","variance":"± 27.3 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1062","quote":"reached a maximum value of 257.6 ± 27.3 ng/mL 4 h after quercetin ingestion","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"± type not stated in text; figure legends use SEM"},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (98.5% purity, Roth) mixed in ration (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed: given with morning ration (diet 38% barley, 37% wheat, 20% soya meal, 2% soya oil, 3% premix)","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free + conjugated, after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.1062","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Time of maximum as printed ('4 h after quercetin ingestion')"},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (98.5% purity, Roth) mixed in ration (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed: given with morning ration (diet 38% barley, 37% wheat, 20% soya meal, 2% soya oil, 3% premix)","n":"4","analyte":"isorhamnetin (conjugated)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"29.5","variance":"± 5.8 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1062","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Maximum concentration of conjugated metabolite; ± type not stated"},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (98.5% purity, Roth) mixed in ration (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed: given with morning ration (diet 38% barley, 37% wheat, 20% soya meal, 2% soya oil, 3% premix)","n":"4","analyte":"tamarixetin (conjugated)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"28.4","variance":"± 5.7 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1062","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Maximum concentration of conjugated metabolite; ± type not stated"},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (98.5% purity, Roth) mixed in ration (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed: given with morning ration (diet 38% barley, 37% wheat, 20% soya meal, 2% soya oil, 3% premix)","n":"4","analyte":"kaempferol (conjugated)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.4","variance":"± 5.4 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1062","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Maximum concentration of conjugated metabolite; ± type not stated"},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (with ration)","n":"1","analyte":"total quercetin (free + conjugated, after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.243","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results p.1062 col 2","quote":"maximum plasma concentration of 1.243 µg/mL of total quercetin 2.5 h after the application","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"single animal, preliminary experiment"},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (with ration)","n":"1","analyte":"total quercetin (free + conjugated, after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.1062 col 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (with ration)","n":"1","analyte":"isorhamnetin (free + conjugated)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"95.2","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1062 col 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"single animal"},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (with ration)","n":"1","analyte":"tamarixetin (free + conjugated)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"98.1","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1062 col 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"single animal"},{"pmid":"10832067","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (Roth)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"500 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (with ration)","n":"1","analyte":"kaempferol (free + conjugated)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"42.3","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.1062 col 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"single animal"},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"392.9","variance":"± 85.1 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"isorhamnetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"47.3","variance":"± 7.7 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not 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(SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative to quercetin aglycone, based on AUCTotal","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"605.7","variance":"± 31.3 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"isorhamnetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"65.3","variance":"± 25.1 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"tamarixetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"100.5","variance":"± 13.0 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"total flavonols (quercetin+isorhamnetin+tamarixetin)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"771.5","variance":"± 30.4 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative to quercetin aglycone, based on AUCTotal","value":"148","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"relative total bioavailability ... 148% (P = 0.07) and 23% (P < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"rutin","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"2","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"103.8","variance":"± 36.7 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"rutin","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"2","analyte":"isorhamnetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"6.8","variance":"± 3.0 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"rutin","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"2","analyte":"tamarixetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"9.2","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC represents the bioavailability ... as apparent from the area under the curve to 24 h","quoteCheck":"value not in 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... 148% (P = 0.07) and 23% (P < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.19","variance":"± 0.33 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2803","quote":"maximal quercetin concentration (cmax) of 1.19 ± 0.33 µmol/L (n = 4) was reached after 120 min (tmax)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"120","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.2803","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"isorhamnetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"106.7","variance":"± 40.5 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Results p.2804","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"isorhamnetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"240","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.2804","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"tamarixetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"180.9","variance":"± 57.1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Results p.2804","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 50 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"tamarixetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"210","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.2804","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak at 90 min","value":"1.48","variance":"± 0.33 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2804","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second, higher peak","value":"1.78","variance":"± 0.38 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Results p.2804","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second peak","value":"210","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.2804","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"148 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"90","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.2804","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"rutin","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"148 µmol/kg 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(conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"87.4","variance":"± 16.6 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"10.1","variance":"± 1.5 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"11.1","variance":"± 1.1 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"6","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"108.6","variance":"± 18.7 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body (equivalent to 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"6","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative to quercetin aglycone","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (conjugated, after deconjugation)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"153.1","variance":"± 17.9 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"14.3","variance":"± 1.0 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin (conjugated)","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"14.4","variance":"± 1.3 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard diet","n":"6","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"jugular plasma (enzyme-treated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"181.8","variance":"± 19.9 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12949368","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Q3G","forms":[],"dose":"29.6 µmol/kg body","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"mixed into 200 g standard 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median)"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone mixed into test meal","forms":[],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (200 g standard diet, 2% crude fat)","n":"6","analyte":"sum of quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal 0-24 h","value":"86.6","variance":"± 11.3 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Sum of quercetin and metabolites with intact flavonol structure; MCT significantly higher than standard and LCT (superscript a vs b)"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone mixed into test meal","forms":[],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (200 g standard diet, 2% crude fat)","n":"6","analyte":"sum of quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative to standard diet (AUCtotal)","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Standard = 100%; printed without variance"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g lard/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.334","variance":"± 0.034 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Cmax of quercetin (main metabolite after deconjugation); not significantly different between diets (Results p.1049)"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g lard/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"65.0","variance":"± 5.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean (not median); not significantly different from standard"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g lard/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"sum of quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal 0-24 h","value":"96.7","variance":"± 8.5 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Sum of quercetin and metabolites with intact flavonol structure; MCT significantly higher than standard and LCT (superscript a vs b)"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g lard/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"sum of quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative to standard diet (AUCtotal)","value":"112","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Standard = 100%; printed without variance"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g MCT oil/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.288","variance":"± 0.030 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Cmax of quercetin (main metabolite after deconjugation); not significantly different between diets (Results p.1049)"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g MCT oil/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"170.0","variance":"± 20.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean; MCT significantly later than LCT and standard (superscript b, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g MCT oil/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"sum of quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal 0-24 h","value":"119.7","variance":"± 8.7 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Sum of quercetin and metabolites with intact flavonol structure; MCT significantly higher than standard and LCT (superscript a vs b)"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g MCT oil/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"sum of quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative to standard diet (AUCtotal)","value":"138","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Standard = 100%; printed without variance"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone mixed into test meal","forms":[],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (200 g standard diet, 2% crude fat)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"text: 95 min after intake","value":"95","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.1049","quote":"mean peak plasma concentration (cmax) was reached 95 min (tmax) after intake","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same as Table 2"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g lard/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"text","value":"65","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.1049","quote":"plasma concentrations of quercetin peaked after 65 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same as Table 2"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g MCT oil/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"text","value":"170","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.1049","quote":"rose steadily over 170 min until peak level","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same as Table 2"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g MCT oil/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"sum of quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"enhancement vs standard (Abstract)","value":"38","variance":"","units":"% increase","location":"Abstract","quote":"Bioavailability was enhanced by 38 % (P<0.05) and 12 % (P>0.05) after intake with the MCT and LCT diets","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract states +38%, consistent with 138% in Table 2"},{"pmid":"17181879","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (162 g diet with 15 g lard/100 g diet)","n":"6","analyte":"sum of quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"enhancement vs standard (Abstract)","value":"12","variance":"","units":"% increase","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Consistent with 112% in Table 2"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Salicylamide 8 mg/kg body weight, dispersed into regular meal (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg body weight salicylamide","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal fed 12 h after last meal","n":"7","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.1","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Salicylamide 8 mg/kg plus quercetin 10 mg/kg dispersed into regular meal (quercetin from Roth)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal fed 12 h after last meal","n":"7","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.3","variance":"± 0.05 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-supplemented diet 10 mg/kg/day (two meals of 5 mg/kg) for 1 week, then single salicylamide 8 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight/day quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal 12 h after last meal","n":"5","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.7","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Salicylamide 8 mg/kg body weight, dispersed into regular meal (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg body weight salicylamide","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal fed 12 h after last meal","n":"7","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Salicylamide 8 mg/kg plus quercetin 10 mg/kg dispersed into regular meal (quercetin from Roth)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal fed 12 h after last meal","n":"7","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-supplemented diet 10 mg/kg/day (two meals of 5 mg/kg) for 1 week, then single salicylamide 8 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight/day quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal 12 h after last meal","n":"5","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Salicylamide 8 mg/kg body weight, dispersed into regular meal (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg body weight salicylamide","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal fed 12 h after last meal","n":"7","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"14.2","variance":"± 1.1 (SEM)","units":"h·µg·mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Salicylamide 8 mg/kg plus quercetin 10 mg/kg dispersed into regular meal (quercetin from Roth)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal fed 12 h after last meal","n":"7","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"11.8","variance":"± 0.7 (SEM)","units":"h·µg·mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"22188411","species":"pig","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-supplemented diet 10 mg/kg/day (two meals of 5 mg/kg) for 1 week, then single salicylamide 8 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight/day quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"drug dispersed in regular meal 12 h after last meal","n":"5","analyte":"salicylamide metabolites (SAM, glucuronides and sulfates after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; off-target analyte)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"8.6","variance":"± 0.8 (SEM)","units":"h·µg·mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 mean ± SEM; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus salicylamide alone"},{"pmid":"11216481","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-glucoside, 0.15% of meal","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg quercetin equivalents (83 mg/kg BW)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"semi-purified diet adapted 14 d; food access 0800-1600; experimental meal on last day","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin metabolites (quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"3-O-glucosylation vs aglycone, 4 h plasma","value":"+184","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.172","quote":"improves the absorption of quercetin in the small intestine (+184%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as '+184%'; author-stated, not computed here"},{"pmid":"11216481","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin 3-rutinoside), 0.2% of meal","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"20 mg quercetin equivalents (83 mg/kg BW)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"semi-purified diet adapted 14 d; food access 0800-1600; experimental meal on last day","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin metabolites (quercetin + isorhamnetin + tamarixetin after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"rhamnose or glucose-rhamnose moiety vs aglycone (decrease)","value":"75 to 100","variance":"","units":"% decrease","location":"Results p.172","quote":"markedly decreases it (from 75 to 100%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as 'from 75 to 100%' decrease"},{"pmid":"11481403","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone, 15 µmol/L in buffer","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"14.70 ± 0.60 nmol/min","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food deprived","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal wall","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net absorption by intestinal wall, % of perfused dose","value":"14","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.2110 col.2; Results p.2111 col.1","quote":"the remaining of perfused quercetin (14%) corresponded to the net absorption","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11481403","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone, 15 µmol/L in buffer","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"14.70 ± 0.60 nmol/min","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food deprived","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal wall","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net absorption by intestinal wall","value":"2.10","variance":"± 0.40 (SEM)","units":"nmol/min","location":"Results p.2112 col.2","quote":"the net absorption of quercetin (2.10 ± 0.40 nmol/min) was markedly lower (P < 0.05) than that of phloretin (3.60 ± 0.20 nmol/min)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Compared with phloretin (3.60 ± 0.20 nmol/min), not the same compound"},{"pmid":"11481403","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucose), 15 µmol/L in buffer","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"14.20 ± 0.40 nmol/min","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food deprived","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"intestinal wall","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net absorption by intestinal wall, % of perfused dose","value":"25","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.2111 col.1","quote":"the net absorption of isoquercitrin perfusion was higher than that observed after quercetin perfusion (P < 0.05; 25% vs. 14%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11481403","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucose), 15 µmol/L in buffer","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"14.20 ± 0.40 nmol/min","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food deprived","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"intestinal wall","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net absorption by intestinal wall","value":"3.61","variance":"± 0.13 (SEM)","units":"nmol/min","location":"Results p.2113 col.1","quote":"5.81 ± 0.26 nmol/min vs. 3.61 ± 0.13 nmol/min for isoquercitrin alone; P < 0.05","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Isoquercitrin alone value, as comparator in phloridzin experiment"},{"pmid":"11481403","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin 15 µmol/L + phloridzin 150 µmol/L","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"14.20 + 146.40 nmol/min","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food deprived","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"intestinal wall","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net absorption by intestinal wall with phloridzin","value":"5.81","variance":"± 0.26 (SEM)","units":"nmol/min","location":"Results p.2113 col.1","quote":"a 61% increase in the net absorption of isoquercitrin (5.81 ± 0.26 nmol/min vs. 3.61 ± 0.13 nmol/min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11481403","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin 15 µmol/L + phloridzin 150 µmol/L","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"14.20 + 146.40 nmol/min","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"food deprived","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"intestinal wall","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"percent increase in net absorption with phloridzin vs isoquercitrin alone","value":"61","variance":"","units":"% increase","location":"Results p.2113 col.1","quote":"a 61% increase in the net absorption of isoquercitrin","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12612151","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-3-glucoside perfusion, 50 µmol/L (Roth (standard))","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 µmol/L in perfusate (10 mL injected, then 1 mL/min for 20 min)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-glucoside","matrix":"perfusion fluid","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"disappearance of Q3G from perfusion fluid (hydrolysis) during intestinal passage, % of inlet","value":"29","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results, Intestinal hydrolysis","quote":"29% of quercetin-3-glucoside (13.8 ± 0.7 µmol/L) disappeared from the perfusion fluid","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12612151","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-3-glucoside perfusion, 50 µmol/L (Roth (standard))","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 µmol/L in perfusate (10 mL injected, then 1 mL/min for 20 min)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-glucoside","matrix":"perfusion fluid","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Q3G hydrolyzed during intestinal passage (disappearance), concentration","value":"13.8","variance":"± 0.7 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Abstract; Results","quote":"13.8 ± 0.7 µmol/L quercetin-3-glucoside was hydrolyzed during intestinal passage","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12631412","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronides and sulfates","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.9","variance":"± 1.0 (SEM)","units":"nmol mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Data after enzymatic hydrolysis"},{"pmid":"12631412","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin glucuronides and sulfates","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.5","variance":"± 1.6 (SEM)","units":"nmol mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Difference vs 50 mg/kg printed as 90%*"},{"pmid":"12631412","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronides and sulfates","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2906.1","variance":"± 230.6 (SEM)","units":"nmol min mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12631412","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin glucuronides and sulfates","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"4818.0","variance":"± 385.0 (SEM)","units":"nmol min mL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Difference vs 50 mg/kg printed as 70%**"},{"pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aglycone suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"4.13","variance":"","units":"nmol/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as nmol/h; no variance given"},{"pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aglycone suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"methylated quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1.91","variance":"","units":"nmol/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as nmol/h; no variance given"},{"pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"9.97","variance":"","units":"nmol/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as nmol/h; no variance given"},{"pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin in 0.5% CMC-Na (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"methylated quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"9.75","variance":"","units":"nmol/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as nmol/h; no variance given"},{"pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RG-rutin (4G-alpha-D-glucopyranosylrutin 81.8%, isoquercitrin 13.4%) in 0.5% CMC-Na (Toyo Sugar Refining Co.)","forms":["isoquercetin","rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"20.25","variance":"","units":"nmol/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as nmol/h; no variance given"},{"pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"RG-rutin (4G-alpha-D-glucopyranosylrutin 81.8%, isoquercitrin 13.4%) in 0.5% CMC-Na (Toyo Sugar Refining Co.)","forms":["isoquercetin","rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"methylated quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"73.3","variance":"","units":"nmol/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as nmol/h; no variance given"},{"pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Mixture of rutin and RG-rutin in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"25.44","variance":"","units":"nmol/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as nmol/h; no variance given"},{"pmid":"12696973","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Mixture of rutin and RG-rutin in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"4","analyte":"methylated quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"71.62","variance":"","units":"nmol/h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as nmol/h; no variance given"},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate in PEG 200:DMSO (70:30 v/v) (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1,018","variance":"","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed in Table 2 on page image (µg/mL, µg min/mL, µg min2/mL); verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate in ethanol:PEG 200 (10:90) (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"1.04","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (single-sample-per-rat design; no statistical analysis)"},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate suspension in 0.67% Na CMC with glycerin (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"0.61","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (single-sample-per-rat design; no statistical analysis)"},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate in ethanol:PEG 200 (10:90) (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"120","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate suspension in 0.67% Na CMC with glycerin (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"180","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate in ethanol:PEG 200 (10:90) (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCt","value":"243.4","variance":"","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate suspension in 0.67% Na CMC with glycerin (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCt","value":"138.3","variance":"","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate in ethanol:PEG 200 (10:90) (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"280","variance":"","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate suspension in 0.67% Na CMC with glycerin (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"165.2","variance":"","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"12737533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate suspension in 0.67% Na CMC with glycerin (Winlab quercetin dihydrate)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight, continued 6 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative bioavailability suspension vs solution","value":"about 59%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2","quote":"The relative bioavailability of the suspension formulation to that of the solution was found to be about 59%.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author approximation"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel suspension with Tween 80","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg paclitaxel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1605","variance":"± 409 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"2835","variance":"± 721 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"4205","variance":"± 1103 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"4978","variance":"± 1211 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"5123","variance":"± 1263 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"5301","variance":"± 1328 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel suspension with Tween 80","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg paclitaxel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"104","variance":"± 27 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"161","variance":"± 31 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"248","variance":"± 63 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"279","variance":"± 71 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"288","variance":"± 74 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"299","variance":"± 76 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel suspension with Tween 80","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg paclitaxel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.6","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 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(off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel suspension with Tween 80","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg paclitaxel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"176","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"261","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"309","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"318","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension (distilled water + Tween 80) then paclitaxel","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"329","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel prodrug (7-mPEG 5000-succinyloxymethyloxycarbonyl-paclitaxel)","forms":[],"dose":"280 mg/kg prodrug (40 mg/kg as paclitaxel)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"6384","variance":"± 1719 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"8039","variance":"± 2041 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"9458","variance":"± 2542 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"10 066","variance":"± 2546 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"10 539","variance":"± 2562 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"12 901","variance":"± 3348 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel prodrug (7-mPEG 5000-succinyloxymethyloxycarbonyl-paclitaxel)","forms":[],"dose":"280 mg/kg prodrug (40 mg/kg as paclitaxel)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"339","variance":"± 85 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"399","variance":"± 106 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"452","variance":"± 121 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"399","variance":"± 106 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"516","variance":"± 128 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"615","variance":"± 189 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel prodrug (7-mPEG 5000-succinyloxymethyloxycarbonyl-paclitaxel)","forms":[],"dose":"280 mg/kg prodrug (40 mg/kg as paclitaxel)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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(off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"1.3","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel prodrug (7-mPEG 5000-succinyloxymethyloxycarbonyl-paclitaxel)","forms":[],"dose":"280 mg/kg prodrug (40 mg/kg as paclitaxel)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"125","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"148","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"157","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"165","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension then prodrug","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC rate vs control)","value":"202","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is paclitaxel, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"15018990","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"paclitaxel suspension with Tween 80","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg paclitaxel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"paclitaxel (off-target)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"i.v. 2 mg/kg reference","value":"3992","variance":"± 902 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1 footnote","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15182387","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-ß-glucoside","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/l in perfusion buffer (1 ml/min for 30 min)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"feed limited to 5 g overnight","n":"7","analyte":"total quercetin (after deconjugation)","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC 0-30 min (trapezoidal)","value":"90·2","variance":"± 9·0 (SEM)","units":"µmol·min/l","location":"Results p.843","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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quote","note":"'up to 0·6 (SEM 0·1) µmol/l for Q3galactoside'; other groups trace"},{"pmid":"15736313","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"unlabeled quercetin plus 14C-quercetin (4-position of C-ring) (Sigma; 14C-QUER from NCI Radiochemical Carcinogen Repository)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6-7 per time point (Table 1)","analyte":"quercetin (total)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"plasma level peak","value":"10","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.41","quote":"plasma levels of PTER and QUER peaked at 60 and 10 minutes, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text says plasma levels peaked at 10 min for QUER; Table 1 total QUER highest at 10 min (2.3 µM)"},{"pmid":"15736313","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma) in DMSO/physiological saline 1:0.5 (0.15 mL) (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5-6 per time point (Fig 1); 4-5 per time point (Table 2)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"highest plasma concentration, 5 min after IV","value":"46","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Results p.40 (end) - p.41 (start)","quote":"highest concentration in plasma (~95 µM PTER and ~46 µM QUER 5 minutes after administration)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed with approximate sign (text '~46'); value read from text, not figure"},{"pmid":"15833931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[2-14C]quercetin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside (specific activity 138.8 MBq/mmol) (synthesized in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"3.26 mg (7.6 mg/kg); radioactivity 58.5 × 10^6 dpm mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; dosed in 1 g stock rat feed","n":"3 per time point (0.5, 1, 2, 5 h); 12 rats total","analyte":"total 14C radioactivity","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak plasma radioactivity concentration (expressed as µM), 2.9% of ingested radioactivity","value":"14","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Results p.2; Discussion p.6","quote":"peak concentration of 2.9% of the ingested radioactivity (14 µM) at 0.5 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"radioactivity-derived (includes metabolites); Discussion: 'peak plasma concentration of 14 µM (2.9% of the administered dose) at 0.5 h'"},{"pmid":"15833931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[2-14C]quercetin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside (specific activity 138.8 MBq/mmol) (synthesized in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"3.26 mg (7.6 mg/kg); radioactivity 58.5 × 10^6 dpm mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight; dosed in 1 g stock rat feed","n":"3 per time point (0.5, 1, 2, 5 h); 12 rats total","analyte":"total 14C radioactivity","matrix":"absorbed (blood and internal organs)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"absorbed radioactivity, approx.","value":"6","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Abstract; Discussion p.6","quote":"~6% being absorbed and present in blood and internal organs, primarily the liver and kidneys","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 1 total absorbed at 1 h 6.4%; earlier report 6.4% (Mullen 2002)"},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"iv, proposed model","value":"0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"iv, proposed model","value":"48.72","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"iv, proposed model","value":"0.084","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"iv, proposed model","value":"17.27","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate 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non-compartmental","value":"19.38","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, iv, non-compartmental","value":"30.58","variance":"","units":"h*µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"oral, proposed model","value":"0.078","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"oral, non-compartmental","value":"0.083","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"oral, non-compartmental","value":"0.2","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, oral, non-compartmental","value":"0.06","variance":"","units":"h*µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"oral, proposed model","value":"0.42","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"oral, proposed model","value":"2.53","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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(Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"oral, non-compartmental","value":"2.93","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, oral, non-compartmental","value":"14.63","variance":"","units":"h*µg/ml","location":"Table III","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (unchanged)","matrix":"portal vein","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of oral dose absorbed into portal vein as unchanged quercetin","value":"6.7","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"about 6.7% of oral dose was absorbed into portal vein in the form of unchanged quercetin","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (unchanged)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"F1, fraction of dose absorbed as unchanged quercetin (model); unit as printed","value":"0.04","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed as F1(%) 0.04 in Table II; text states 6.7% absorbed into portal vein as unchanged quercetin"},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin glucuronide/sulfate conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"F2, fraction of dose converted in gut and reaching systemic circulation as conjugates (model); unit as printed","value":"0.51","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed as F2(%) 0.51 in Table II"},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"intraportal, total quercetin","value":"20.44","variance":"± 5.1 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"20.44 ± 5.1 and 23.31 ± 2.96 µg h/ml, unpaired student t-test, p > 0.05","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"± printed as T and µ as 2 in text layer"},{"pmid":"15948033","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 15% (w/v) HP-beta-CD water solution (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"iv, total quercetin","value":"23.31","variance":"± 2.96 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16006787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in starch-glycerol basal diet (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"75 mg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, then meal","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (flavonol, by UV-VIS absorbance at 413 nm)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak plasma level","value":"7","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.180","quote":"The peak level was reached 7 h after administration of both compounds","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16006787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin in starch-glycerol basal diet (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"150 mg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted overnight, then meal","n":"4","analyte":"rutin/flavonol (by UV-VIS absorbance at 413 nm)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak plasma level","value":"7","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.180","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16006787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 1 mg/ml in NaHCO3-taurocholate buffer + 20% DMSO (0.2 ml) (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"200 µg per segment","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal lumen (ligated loop)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"maximum % of flavonoid taken up (disappearance from lumen)","value":"60","variance":"","units":"% (max. apparently taken up by gut)","location":"Results p.180; Fig. 2","quote":"the maximum percentage of flavonoid that was apparently taken up by the gut was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for quercetin (60%) than for rutin (45%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16006787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin 1 mg/ml (0.2 ml) (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 µg per segment","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"4","analyte":"rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside)","matrix":"intestinal lumen (ligated loop)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"maximum % of flavonoid taken up","value":"45","variance":"","units":"% (max. apparently taken up by gut)","location":"Results p.180; Fig. 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16006787","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin spiked with 1.0 µmol/l [14C]quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"200 µg (labelled+unlabelled mixture)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"","n":"4","analyte":"[14C]quercetin","matrix":"incubation buffer (outer)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"percentage traversing gut wall into outer buffer","value":"1.5","variance":"","units":"% (max.; not exceeding)","location":"Results p.180; Discussion p.181","quote":"not exceeding 1.5% of the total flavonol","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16787048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"boysenberry anthocyanin extract (predominantly C3G, 5.01 ± 0.26 µmol/L)","forms":[],"dose":"0 mmol/L D-glucose (competitor)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"in vitro (mice fasted 2-3 h before tissue harvest)","n":"3","analyte":"cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G)","matrix":"mucosal solution (mouse jejunum, Ussing chamber)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"C3G disappearance, no glucose","value":"44.8","variance":"± 11.3 (SEM)","units":"% disappearance over 2 h","location":"Results p.4915","quote":"without D-glucose, 44.8 ± 11.3%, with 40 mmol/L glucose 30.1 ± 6.5%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"off-target analyte (anthocyanin); interaction control"},{"pmid":"16787048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"boysenberry anthocyanin extract (predominantly C3G, 5.01 ± 0.26 µmol/L)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mmol/L D-glucose (competitor)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"in vitro (mice fasted 2-3 h before tissue harvest)","n":"3","analyte":"cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G)","matrix":"mucosal solution (mouse jejunum, Ussing chamber)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"C3G disappearance, 40 mmol/L glucose","value":"30.1","variance":"± 6.5 (SEM)","units":"% disappearance over 2 h","location":"Results p.4915","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte (anthocyanin)"},{"pmid":"16787048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"boysenberry anthocyanin extract (C3G ~5 µmol/L)","forms":[],"dose":"0 µmol/L phloridzin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"in vitro (mice fasted 2-3 h before tissue harvest)","n":"3","analyte":"cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G)","matrix":"mucosal solution (mouse jejunum, Ussing chamber)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"C3G disappearance, no phloridzin","value":"41.7","variance":"± 6.5 (SEM)","units":"% disappearance over 2 h","location":"Results p.4915-4916","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte (anthocyanin)"},{"pmid":"16787048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"boysenberry anthocyanin extract (C3G ~5 µmol/L)","forms":[],"dose":"200 µmol/L phloridzin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"in vitro (mice fasted 2-3 h before tissue harvest)","n":"3","analyte":"cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G)","matrix":"mucosal solution (mouse jejunum, Ussing chamber)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"C3G disappearance, 200 µmol/L phloridzin","value":"34.2","variance":"± 9.3 (SEM)","units":"% disappearance over 2 h","location":"Results p.4916","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte (anthocyanin)"},{"pmid":"16787048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"boysenberry anthocyanin extract (C3G ~5 µmol/L)","forms":[],"dose":"0 µmol/L Q3G","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"in vitro (mice fasted 2-3 h before tissue harvest)","n":"2-4","analyte":"cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G)","matrix":"mucosal solution (mouse jejunum, Ussing chamber)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"C3G disappearance without Q3G","value":"65.9","variance":"± 2.3 (SEM)","units":"% disappearance over 2 h","location":"Results p.4916","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"off-target analyte (anthocyanin); n printed as 2-4 in Fig. 8/9 legends"},{"pmid":"16787048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-glucoside (Q3G) in DMSO (0.25% final) + C3G","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 µmol/L Q3G","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"in vitro (mice fasted 2-3 h before tissue harvest)","n":"2-4 (Fig. 8/9); 4 (Fig. 10)","analyte":"cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G)","matrix":"mucosal solution (mouse jejunum, Ussing chamber)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"C3G disappearance with 50 µmol/L Q3G","value":"17.2","variance":"± 1.7 (SEM)","units":"% disappearance over 2 h","location":"Results p.4916","quote":"without Q3G, 65.9 ± 2.3%; with 50 µmol/L Q3G, 17.2 ± 1.7%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"off-target analyte (anthocyanin)"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone in ethanol/1% glycerol-water","forms":[],"dose":"0.25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"57.8","variance":"± 18.1 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.117 (PK and metabolism)","quote":"mean (n = 10) Cmax values of 57.8 ± 18.1, 64.8 ± 16.9 and 75.2 ± 6.9 ng mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract gives means only (57.8, 64.8, 75.2)"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"64.8","variance":"± 16.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.117 (PK and metabolism)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract gives means only (57.8, 64.8, 75.2)"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"1.00 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"75.2","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results p.117 (PK and metabolism)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract gives means only (57.8, 64.8, 75.2)"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone in ethanol/1% glycerol-water","forms":[],"dose":"0.25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8.0","variance":"± 2.4 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results p.117 (PK and metabolism)","quote":"mean Tmax of 8.0 ± 2.4, 6.4 ± 1.5 and 7.2 ± 2.3 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean (not median); Discussion p.119 separately states Tmax values of 8.3-11.4 h (inconsistent)"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.4","variance":"± 1.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results p.117 (PK and metabolism)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean (not median)"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"1.00 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.2","variance":"± 2.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results p.117 (PK and metabolism)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean (not median)"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone in ethanol/1% glycerol-water","forms":[],"dose":"0.25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-60","value":"838.3","variance":"± 178.5 (SD)","units":"ug/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Noncompartmental per Methods"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-60","value":"1262.8","variance":"± 345.1 (SD)","units":"ug/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Noncompartmental per Methods"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"1.00 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-60","value":"1623.4","variance":"± 464.4 (SD)","units":"ug/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Noncompartmental per Methods"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone in ethanol/1% glycerol-water","forms":[],"dose":"0.25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"862.6","variance":"± 205.3 (SD)","units":"ug/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Noncompartmental per Methods"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1324.2","variance":"± 326.0 (SD)","units":"ug/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Noncompartmental per Methods"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"1.00 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1735.0","variance":"± 411.9 (SD)","units":"ug/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Noncompartmental per Methods"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone in ethanol/1% glycerol-water","forms":[],"dose":"0.25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-60 (Abstract)","value":"838.2","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints 838.2 for 0.25 mg/kg vs Table 5 838.3 (inconsistent by 0.1)"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-60 (Abstract)","value":"1262.8","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract value; same as Table 5"},{"pmid":"17154349","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isorhamnetin aglycone","forms":[],"dose":"1.00 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total, after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-60 (Abstract)","value":"1623.4","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract value; same as Table 5"},{"pmid":"18059045","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tianjihuang 80% ethanol extract","forms":[],"dose":"23.0 g/kg extract (equivalent to 48.3 mg/kg quercitrin and 62.1 mg/kg isoquercitrin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.30","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"maximum concentration of quercitrin and isoquercitrin occurs after approximately 1.30 and 1.17 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Non-compartmental (DAS 2.0); Tmax and Cmax read from observed values; Tmax printed as 'tmax' (mean ± SD)"},{"pmid":"18059045","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tianjihuang 80% ethanol extract","forms":[],"dose":"23.0 g/kg extract (equivalent to 48.3 mg/kg quercitrin and 62.1 mg/kg isoquercitrin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.17","variance":"± 0.24 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental (DAS 2.0); Tmax and Cmax read from observed values; Tmax printed as 'tmax' (mean ± SD)"},{"pmid":"18059045","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tianjihuang 80% ethanol extract","forms":[],"dose":"23.0 g/kg extract (equivalent to 48.3 mg/kg quercitrin and 62.1 mg/kg isoquercitrin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"3673","variance":"± 447 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental (DAS 2.0); Tmax and Cmax read from observed values"},{"pmid":"18059045","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tianjihuang 80% ethanol extract","forms":[],"dose":"23.0 g/kg extract (equivalent to 48.3 mg/kg quercitrin and 62.1 mg/kg isoquercitrin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"4309","variance":"± 332 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental (DAS 2.0); Tmax and Cmax read from observed values"},{"pmid":"18059045","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tianjihuang 80% ethanol extract","forms":[],"dose":"23.0 g/kg extract (equivalent to 48.3 mg/kg quercitrin and 62.1 mg/kg isoquercitrin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"7181","variance":"± 1576 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental (DAS 2.0); Tmax and Cmax read from observed values"},{"pmid":"18059045","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tianjihuang 80% ethanol extract","forms":[],"dose":"23.0 g/kg extract (equivalent to 48.3 mg/kg quercitrin and 62.1 mg/kg isoquercitrin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"7689","variance":"± 2006 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental (DAS 2.0); Tmax and Cmax read from observed values"},{"pmid":"18059045","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tianjihuang 80% ethanol extract","forms":[],"dose":"23.0 g/kg extract (equivalent to 48.3 mg/kg quercitrin and 62.1 mg/kg isoquercitrin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"7319","variance":"± 1611 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental (DAS 2.0); Tmax and Cmax read from observed values"},{"pmid":"18059045","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tianjihuang 80% ethanol extract","forms":[],"dose":"23.0 g/kg extract (equivalent to 48.3 mg/kg quercitrin and 62.1 mg/kg isoquercitrin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"7875","variance":"± 2074 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Non-compartmental (DAS 2.0); Tmax and Cmax read from observed values"},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Sigma) dispersed in 4‰ CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"5.00","variance":"± 1.18 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 label 'Tmax'."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (GMS, soya lecithin, Tween-80, PEG 400); mean diameter 155.3 nm, EE 91.1%, DL 13.2%","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"8.00","variance":"± 1.38 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 label 'Tmax'."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Sigma) dispersed in 4‰ CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"5.90","variance":"± 1.24 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 label 'Cmax'."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (GMS, soya lecithin, Tween-80, PEG 400); mean diameter 155.3 nm, EE 91.1%, DL 13.2%","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"12.22","variance":"± 2.15 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 label 'Cmax'."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Sigma) dispersed in 4‰ CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0→48h)","value":"56.73","variance":"± 9.23 (SD)","units":"(µg/mL)·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 label 'AUC(0→48h)'."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (GMS, soya lecithin, Tween-80, PEG 400); mean diameter 155.3 nm, EE 91.1%, DL 13.2%","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0→48h)","value":"324.18","variance":"± 41.35 (SD)","units":"(µg/mL)·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 label 'AUC(0→48h)'."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (GMS, soya lecithin, Tween-80, PEG 400); mean diameter 155.3 nm, EE 91.1%, DL 13.2%","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"12.22","variance":"± 2.15 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.5 p.243","quote":"The Cmax value of quercetin in SLNs (12.22 ± 2.15 μg/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same as Table 3."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Sigma) dispersed in 4‰ CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"5.90","variance":"± 1.24 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.5 p.243","quote":"(5.90 ± 1.24 μg/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same as Table 3."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (GMS, soya lecithin, Tween-80, PEG 400); mean diameter 155.3 nm, EE 91.1%, DL 13.2%","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel = AUC QT-SLNs / AUC quercetin suspension x 100%","value":"571.4","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"The relative bioavailability of QT-SLNs to quercetin suspension was 571.4%.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text also says 5.71 times greater (p<0.05) and 'more than 5 fold' in Conclusion."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-SLNs in artificial gastric juice, 4 mL containing 10 mg quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"gastric perfusate (disappearance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorbed in stomach after 2 h","value":"6.20","variance":"± 1.46 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 3.4.1; Abstract","quote":"The absorption percent after 2 h in the stomach was only (6.20 ± 1.46) %","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Absorption percentage calculated by authors from drug remaining in perfusate/stomach (in situ)."},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-SLNs in Krebs-Ringer, 25 mL, 2 h","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"segment perfusate (disappearance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorbed in duodenum (2 h perfusion)","value":"13.00","variance":"± 2.41 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 3.4.3","quote":"absorption percentages of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were (13.00 ± 2.41) %, (17.57 ± 1.84) %, (30.44 ± 2.21) %, (22.03 ± 1.77) %","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-SLNs, 25 mL, 2 h","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"segment perfusate (disappearance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorbed in jejunum (2 h perfusion)","value":"17.57","variance":"± 1.84 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 3.4.3","quote":"absorption percentages of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were (13.00 ± 2.41) %, (17.57 ± 1.84) %, (30.44 ± 2.21) %, (22.03 ± 1.77) %","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-SLNs, 25 mL, 2 h","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"segment perfusate (disappearance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorbed in ileum (2 h perfusion)","value":"30.44","variance":"± 2.21 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 3.4.3","quote":"absorption percentages of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were (13.00 ± 2.41) %, (17.57 ± 1.84) %, (30.44 ± 2.21) %, (22.03 ± 1.77) %","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"18951932","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-SLNs, 25 mL, 2 h","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"segment perfusate (disappearance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorbed in colon (2 h perfusion)","value":"22.03","variance":"± 1.77 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 3.4.3","quote":"absorption percentages of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were (13.00 ± 2.41) %, (17.57 ± 1.84) %, (30.44 ± 2.21) %, (22.03 ± 1.77) %","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-72h","value":"1872.3","variance":"± 426.2 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (quercetin)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-72h","value":"2746.8","variance":"± 729.4 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (quercetin)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2042.9","variance":"± 418.3 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (quercetin)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2972.2","variance":"± 818.7 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (quercetin)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"209.5","variance":"± 47.1 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (quercetin). Table 3 footnote prints '#P=0.223 for Cmax (Student's t-test)' while the C column value carries superscript b (P<0.05); inconsistent within table. Abstract states Cmax significantly increased."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"252.4","variance":"± 85.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (quercetin). Table 3 footnote prints '#P=0.223 for Cmax (Student's t-test)' while the C column value carries superscript b (P<0.05); inconsistent within table. Abstract states Cmax significantly increased."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.1","variance":"± 1.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (quercetin). Footnote: †P=1 (Wilcoxon signed ranks test); statistic reported as mean±SD."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.3","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 (quercetin). Footnote: †P=1 (Wilcoxon signed ranks test); statistic reported as mean±SD."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-72h","value":"2057.4","variance":"± 689.2 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-72h","value":"2880.0","variance":"± 930.0 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-72h","value":"6170.0","variance":"± 1136.1 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text). Table 5 prints the same arm C mean with different SD (1077.8): inconsistent with Table 4."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2363.0","variance":"± 870.8 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3524.7","variance":"± 1196.7 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"7459.1","variance":"± 1419.7 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text). Table 5 prints the same arm C mean with different SD (1346.8): inconsistent with Table 4."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"109.5","variance":"± 28.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"157.7","variance":"± 29.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"235.2","variance":"± 30.1 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8.5","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.3","variance":"± 1.9 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8.6","variance":"± 2.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 (isorhamnetin). IS in arm B arises from quercetin biotransformation; in arm C from absorbed IS plus IS biotransformed from QU (per text)."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin (99%)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"SNK post hoc AUC0-72h A vs B","value":"0.060","variance":"","units":"P value","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SNK P value for A vs B"},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"calculated by authors","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-72h, isorhamnetin alone + quercetin alone (sum of single administrations)","value":"4937.4","variance":"± 1265.2 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-72h, coadministration (Table 5)","value":"6170.0","variance":"± 1077.8 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD differs from Table 4 (1136.1) for same mean."},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"calculated by authors","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, isorhamnetin alone + quercetin alone (sum of single administrations)","value":"5887.7","variance":"± 1534.0 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"18954533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isorhamnetin 1.0 mg/kg + quercetin 1.0 mg/kg","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 each mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"12","analyte":"total isorhamnetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf, coadministration (Table 5)","value":"7459.1","variance":"± 1346.8 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD differs from Table 4 (1419.7) for same mean."},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated quercetin","value":"3.48","variance":"± 0.72 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated quercetin","value":"5.93","variance":"± 1.66 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marked f: significant vs CQ at P<0.05 (Student's t test)"},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated quercetin","value":"11.59","variance":"± 7.56 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated quercetin","value":"14.86","variance":"± 7.22 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","value":"3.25","variance":"± 0.91 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","value":"5.59","variance":"± 2.18 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","value":"18.47","variance":"± 11.04 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","value":"18.95","variance":"± 7.15 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated total (sum)","value":"6.30","variance":"± 1.03 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated total (sum)","value":"11.03","variance":"± 3.20 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marked f: significant vs CQ at P<0.05 (Student's t test)"},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated total (sum)","value":"28.96","variance":"± 18.74 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"deconjugated total (sum)","value":"31.47","variance":"± 13.06 (SD)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated quercetin","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated quercetin","value":"2.5","variance":"± 1.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated quercetin","value":"14.4","variance":"± 8.8 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated quercetin","value":"11.2","variance":"± 7.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","value":"4.4","variance":"± 3.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","value":"5.5","variance":"± 3.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","value":"24.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","value":"20.8","variance":"± 7.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated total","value":"3.2","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated total","value":"3.6","variance":"± 2.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated total","value":"20.8","variance":"± 7.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"deconjugated total","value":"14.4","variance":"± 8.8 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"25.30","variance":"± 6.41 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"50.58","variance":"± 24.66 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"339.4","variance":"± 212.4 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"409.5","variance":"± 245.7 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"48.90","variance":"± 15.16 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"94.76","variance":"± 37.11 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marked f: significant vs CQ at P<0.05 (Student's t test)"},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"587.0","variance":"± 310.2 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin (quercetin metabolites)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"654.4","variance":"± 239.5 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"74.20","variance":"± 21.50 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (aglycone), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"145.34","variance":"± 61.69 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marked f: significant vs CQ at P<0.05 (Student's t test)"},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"926.4","variance":"± 515.5 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19292474","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), Sigma, in 1% CMC suspension (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg bw","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 17 h","n":"5","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin + isorhamnetin metabolites, total","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48h","value":"1063.9","variance":"± 479.1 (SD)","units":"µM × h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19375897","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT in ethyl oleate (7%)/Tween 80 (48%)/ethanol (45%) microemulsion, diluted in Krebs-Ringer","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal perfusate (disappearance from lumen)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"uptake percentage, whole small intestine perfusion, 6 h","value":"34.53","variance":"± 1.64 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated for Table 4/5"},{"pmid":"19375897","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT micelle (same surfactant/cosurfactant ratio as ME without oil)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal perfusate (disappearance from lumen)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"uptake percentage, whole small intestine perfusion, 6 h","value":"21.20","variance":"± 2.32 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± value printed; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated for Table 4/5"},{"pmid":"19375897","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT in ethyl oleate (7%)/Tween 80 (48%)/ethanol (45%) microemulsion, diluted in Krebs-Ringer","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal perfusate (disappearance from lumen)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mean uptake percentage in duodenum closed loop, 2 h","value":"37.52","variance":"± 0.99 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 title 'Absorption of drugs at various regions'; n and variance type not stated. Section 2.6.4 describes closed loop; section 3.6 calls it single pass perfusion (inconsistent method description)."},{"pmid":"19375897","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT in ethyl oleate (7%)/Tween 80 (48%)/ethanol (45%) microemulsion, diluted in Krebs-Ringer","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal perfusate (disappearance from lumen)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mean uptake percentage in jejunum closed loop, 2 h","value":"34.40","variance":"± 2.62 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 title 'Absorption of drugs at various regions'; n and variance type not stated. Section 2.6.4 describes closed loop; section 3.6 calls it single pass perfusion (inconsistent method description)."},{"pmid":"19375897","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT in ethyl oleate (7%)/Tween 80 (48%)/ethanol (45%) microemulsion, diluted in Krebs-Ringer","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal perfusate (disappearance from lumen)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mean uptake percentage in ileum closed loop, 2 h","value":"40.82","variance":"± 1.41 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 title 'Absorption of drugs at various regions'; n and variance type not stated. Section 2.6.4 describes closed loop; section 3.6 calls it single pass perfusion (inconsistent method description)."},{"pmid":"19375897","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT in ethyl oleate (7%)/Tween 80 (48%)/ethanol (45%) microemulsion, diluted in Krebs-Ringer","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal perfusate (disappearance from lumen)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"mean uptake percentage in colon closed loop, 2 h","value":"47.30","variance":"± 2.83 (NR)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 title 'Absorption of drugs at various regions'; n and variance type not stated. Section 2.6.4 describes closed loop; section 3.6 calls it single pass perfusion (inconsistent method description)."},{"pmid":"19807098","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"supernatant of cecal contents from Q3G-fed rats (363 µmol/L methylquercetin; aglycone negligible)","forms":[],"dose":"736 nmol monomethylquercetin (2 mL instilled)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin derivatives (mainly unconjugated methylquercetin) instilled","matrix":"ligated segment luminal contents","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"amount of absorption (instilled minus remaining), cecum","value":"318","variance":"± 37 (SEM)","units":"nmol","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"As printed; author-derived"},{"pmid":"19807098","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"supernatant of cecal contents from Q3G-fed rats (363 µmol/L methylquercetin; aglycone negligible)","forms":[],"dose":"736 nmol monomethylquercetin (2 mL instilled)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin derivatives (mainly unconjugated methylquercetin) instilled","matrix":"ligated segment luminal contents","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"rate of absorption per mucosal area, cecum","value":"425","variance":"± 79 (SEM)","units":"nmol/cm2·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote b: significant difference cecum vs ileum (P<0.05); units as printed in page image (nmol/cm2·h)"},{"pmid":"19807098","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same cecal-contents supernatant","forms":[],"dose":"363 nmol monomethylquercetin (1 mL instilled)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin derivatives (mainly unconjugated methylquercetin) instilled","matrix":"ligated segment luminal contents","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"amount of absorption (instilled minus remaining), ileum","value":"226","variance":"± 23 (SEM)","units":"nmol","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"As printed; author-derived"},{"pmid":"19807098","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same cecal-contents supernatant","forms":[],"dose":"363 nmol monomethylquercetin (1 mL instilled)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin derivatives (mainly unconjugated methylquercetin) instilled","matrix":"ligated segment luminal contents","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"rate of absorption per mucosal area, ileum","value":"251","variance":"± 30 (SEM)","units":"nmol/cm2·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote b: significant difference cecum vs ileum (P<0.05); units as printed in page image (nmol/cm2·h)"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in PEG400/ethanol (4:1 v/v), 30 mg/mL (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h; 1 mL sesame oil given 30 min before surgery","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (last/inf not specified), noncompartmental","value":"57","variance":"± 6 (SEM)","units":"min µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in PEG400/ethanol (4:1 v/v), 30 mg/mL (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h; 1 mL sesame oil given 30 min before surgery","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"0.41","variance":"± 0.08 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"lymph","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (last/inf not specified), noncompartmental","value":"218","variance":"± 77 (SEM)","units":"min µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 significantly different from plasma of the same compound (paired t test), Table 2"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"lymph","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"1.97","variance":"± 0.96 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 significantly different from plasma of the same compound (paired t test), Table 2"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin in PEG400/ethanol (4:1 v/v), 100 mg/mL (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"rutin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (last/inf not specified), noncompartmental","value":"150","variance":"± 22 (SEM)","units":"min µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin in PEG400/ethanol (4:1 v/v), 100 mg/mL (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"rutin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"1.35","variance":"± 0.37 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"rutin","matrix":"lymph","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (last/inf not specified), noncompartmental","value":"395","variance":"± 41 (SEM)","units":"min µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* P<0.05 significantly different from plasma of the same compound (paired t test), Table 2"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"rutin","matrix":"lymph","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"0.86","variance":"± 0.13 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: * not marked for rutin lymph Cmax"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in PEG400/ethanol (4:1 v/v), 30 mg/mL (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h; 1 mL sesame oil given 30 min before surgery","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax (sampling every 30 min)","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.548-549","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax given in text only; not in Table 2"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"lymph","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax (sampling every 30 min)","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.548-549","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax given in text only; not in Table 2"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin in PEG400/ethanol (4:1 v/v), 100 mg/mL (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"rutin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax (sampling every 30 min)","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.548-549","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax given in text only; not in Table 2"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"rutin","matrix":"lymph","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax (sampling every 30 min)","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.548-549","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax given in text only; not in Table 2"},{"pmid":"19916501","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"same (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"as above","n":"6","analyte":"rutin","matrix":"lymph","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC as printed in Abstract","value":"359","variance":"± 41 (SEM)","units":"min µg/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"INCONSISTENT with Table 2 (395 ± 41) and Abstract text; Table 2 prints 395. Recorded as printed in Abstract."},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EMIQ dissolved in water","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin (deconjugated)","value":"10.7","variance":"± 1.5 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EMIQ dissolved in water","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total quercetin","value":"46.0","variance":"± 7.0 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EMIQ dissolved in water","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total isorhamnetin","value":"55.1","variance":"± 11.3 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EMIQ dissolved in water","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total tamarixetin","value":"11.2","variance":"± 2.4 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a,c,d' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IQC suspended in water by sonication","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin (deconjugated)","value":"2.66","variance":"± 0.81 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IQC suspended in water by sonication","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total quercetin","value":"15.8","variance":"± 3.6 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IQC suspended in water by sonication","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total isorhamnetin","value":"13.8","variance":"± 4.6 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IQC suspended in water by sonication","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total tamarixetin","value":"6.70","variance":"± 2.81 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a,b,c,d' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspended in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin (deconjugated)","value":"0.26","variance":"± 0.06 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspended in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total quercetin","value":"2.6","variance":"± 0.7 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspended in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total isorhamnetin","value":"1.50","variance":"± 4.59 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05); printed as 1.50 ± 4.59 (SEM larger than mean; as printed)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspended in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total tamarixetin","value":"0.89","variance":"± 0.23 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b,d' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin (deconjugated)","value":"8.36","variance":"± 1.30 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total quercetin","value":"39.4","variance":"± 4.8 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total isorhamnetin","value":"42.9","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05); printed as 42.9 ± 0.1 (as printed)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total tamarixetin","value":"8.51","variance":"± 1.60 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'a,c' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin (deconjugated)","value":"0.91","variance":"± 0.62 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total quercetin","value":"3.9","variance":"± 1.6 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total isorhamnetin","value":"0.91","variance":"± 0.13 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total tamarixetin","value":"1.19","variance":"± 0.33 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b,d' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin suspended in water","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin (deconjugated)","value":"0.11","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin suspended in water","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total quercetin","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin suspended in water","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total isorhamnetin","value":"0.79","variance":"± 0.61 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rutin suspended in water","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total tamarixetin","value":"0.60","variance":"± 0.30 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b,d' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin (deconjugated)","value":"1.87","variance":"± 0.76 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total quercetin","value":"5.3","variance":"± 1.3 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total isorhamnetin","value":"3.10","variance":"± 0.97 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total tamarixetin","value":"2.10","variance":"± 0.61 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b,c,d' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin (deconjugated)","value":"0.69","variance":"± 0.21 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total quercetin","value":"2.4","variance":"± 0.4 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total isorhamnetin","value":"1.25","variance":"± 0.28 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"dissolved in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h of total tamarixetin","value":"0.72","variance":"± 0.20 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; significance letters 'b,d' (groups with different letters differ, Bonferroni/Dunn, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in DMSO","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 M solution, 50 µl/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"anaesthetized","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h after intravenous quercetin in DMSO (reference for F values)","value":"131","variance":"± 6 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 2 footnote","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text layer printed '1316'; page image shows 131 ± 6 µM · h, n=5"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (alpha-oligoglucosyl IQC), dissolved in water","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"3.1 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tamarixetin","value":"2.89","variance":"± 1.41 (SEM)","units":"µM · h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"EMIQ dose-escalation (3.1, 11, 50 µmol/kg); n=6"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EMIQ dissolved in water","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"11 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total quercetin","value":"2.55","variance":"± 0.48 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"EMIQ dose-escalation (3.1, 11, 50 µmol/kg); n=6"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EMIQ dissolved in water","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"11 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after 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µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax from observed data","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.2036; Discussion p.2038","quote":"Tmax values of quercetin were 15 and 30 min for EMIQ and Q3M","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text only; not in a table"},{"pmid":"19952424","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EMIQ dissolved in water","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"not fasted; urethane-anaesthetized","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax from observed data","value":"6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.2036; Discussion p.2038","quote":"reached a peak 6 h after administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text only; not in a 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groups)","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0~T)","value":"3321.05","variance":"","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 4a","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0~T)","value":"2841.63","variance":"","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 4a","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (flavonoids ≥24%, ginkgolide ≥6%)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"6.32","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"5.83","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.33","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (flavonoids ≥24%, ginkgolide ≥6%)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"180.23","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"323.56","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"280.54","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (flavonoids ≥24%, ginkgolide ≥6%)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0~T)","value":"1139.59","variance":"","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0~T)","value":"2228.21","variance":"","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0~T)","value":"1630.94","variance":"","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 4b","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (flavonoids ≥24%, ginkgolide ≥6%)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"7.21","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"4.32","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"6.16","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (flavonoids ≥24%, ginkgolide ≥6%)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"195.96","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"672.29","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"291.57","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (flavonoids ≥24%, ginkgolide ≥6%)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0~T)","value":"1153.66","variance":"","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0~T)","value":"2722.37","variance":"","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis of glycosides/conjugates)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (0~T)","value":"1738.889","variance":"","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 4c","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed; parameters from software 3p97; no SD/statistic type given in table"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0~T fold increase vs GBE","value":"2.42","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"The AUC0~T ... of GBP and GBS compared with that of GBE were increased 2.42, 1.95 and 2.35 times and 2.07, 1.43 and 1.51 times","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold increase vs GBE as stated by authors (order quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin)"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0~T fold increase vs GBE","value":"2.07","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"The AUC0~T ... of GBP and GBS compared with that of GBE were increased 2.42, 1.95 and 2.35 times and 2.07, 1.43 and 1.51 times","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold increase vs GBE as stated by authors (order quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin)"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0~T fold increase vs GBE","value":"1.95","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"The AUC0~T ... of GBP and GBS compared with that of GBE were increased 2.42, 1.95 and 2.35 times and 2.07, 1.43 and 1.51 times","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold increase vs GBE as stated by authors (order quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin)"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"kaempferol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0~T fold increase vs GBE","value":"1.43","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"The AUC0~T ... of GBP and GBS compared with that of GBE were increased 2.42, 1.95 and 2.35 times and 2.07, 1.43 and 1.51 times","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold increase vs GBE as stated by authors (order quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin)"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + soya phospholipid complex (GBE:phospholipid equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0~T fold increase vs GBE","value":"2.35","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"The AUC0~T ... of GBP and GBS compared with that of GBE were increased 2.42, 1.95 and 2.35 times and 2.07, 1.43 and 1.51 times","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold increase vs GBE as stated by authors (order quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin)"},{"pmid":"20603197","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"GBE + poloxamer-188 solid dispersion (equivalent weights)","forms":[],"dose":"samples equivalent to 20.3, 14.7 and 3.2 mg/kg of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, respectively mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (18 rats in three groups)","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0~T fold increase vs GBE","value":"1.51","variance":"","units":"times (fold)","location":"Results 3.3 p.6","quote":"The AUC0~T ... of GBP and GBS compared with that of GBE were increased 2.42, 1.95 and 2.35 times and 2.07, 1.43 and 1.51 times","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold increase vs GBE as stated by authors (order quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin)"},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"free quercetin (no hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0→t)","value":"32.2","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"total quercetin (after 4 M HCl hydrolysis, aglycone)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0→t)","value":"265","variance":"± 20 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"free quercetin (no hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0→∞)","value":"39.3","variance":"± 6.5 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints free AUC(0→∞) as 39.3 ± 6.9 (SD) vs Table 1 39.3 ± 6.5 and Results text 39.3 ± 6.9"},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"total quercetin (after 4 M HCl hydrolysis, aglycone)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0→∞)","value":"313","variance":"± 16 (SD)","units":"ng/ml h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"free quercetin (no hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"0.17","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"total quercetin (after 4 M HCl hydrolysis, aglycone)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"0.83","variance":"± 1.01 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"free quercetin (no hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"32.4","variance":"± 8.2 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"total quercetin (after 4 M HCl hydrolysis, aglycone)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"164","variance":"± 48 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints total Cmax as 164 ± 49 vs Table 1 and Results text 164 ± 48"},{"pmid":"20951785","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"FLCWKG herbal granules (Daphniphyllum calycinum root + Polygonum hydropiper); contains quercetin 0.21 mg/g (Haikou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., lot 090407)","forms":[],"dose":"15 g/kg (granules)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"commercial chow ad libitum; fasting NR","n":"NR (abstract: six male rats; Methods: three rats per group, two groups)","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of free QCT in µM (Discussion)","value":"0.11","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Discussion p.913","quote":"free QCT was quickly absorbed and the Tmax was only 10 min, but the Cmax was quite low, i.e. 0.11 µM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Tmax 10 min printed in Discussion vs 0.17 ± 0.00 h in Table"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.55","variance":"± 0.26 (NR)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Abstract; Results p.4 (Pharmacokinetics Results)","quote":"The Cmax values of total quercetin were 0.55 ( 0.26, 1.10 ( 0.53, and 2.05 ( 0.26 μg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.33","variance":"± 1.94 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Abstract; Results p.4","quote":"Tmax of 2.33 ( 1.94, 2.75 ( 3.67, and 2.50 ( 1.82 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"120 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.10","variance":"± 0.53 (NR)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Abstract; Results p.4 (Pharmacokinetics Results)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"120 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.75","variance":"± 3.67 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Abstract; Results p.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"240 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.05","variance":"± 0.26 (NR)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Abstract; Results p.4 (Pharmacokinetics Results)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"240 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.50","variance":"± 1.82 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Abstract; Results p.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (0-36 h)","value":"5.29","variance":"± 1.35 (NR)","units":"μg·mL-1·h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"120 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (0-36 h)","value":"10.02","variance":"± 4.43 (NR)","units":"μg·mL-1·h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"240 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (0-36 h)","value":"22.51","variance":"± 3.05 (NR)","units":"μg·mL-1·h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"60 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5.44","variance":"± 1.28 (NR)","units":"μg·mL-1·h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"120 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"10.49","variance":"± 5.17 (NR)","units":"μg·mL-1·h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21417279","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tartary buckwheat 60% ethanol extract powder (rutin 0.1951 g/g, quercetin 0.0482 g/g)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"240 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h, water ad libitum; food access 8:00-16:00 after","n":"6","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"24.03","variance":"± 3.33 (NR)","units":"μg·mL-1·h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± value as printed; variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"21466223","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Neoral (cyclosporine microemulsion), vehicle glycofurol (Neoral (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 mg/kg CSP","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld another 3 h","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporine (CSP, off-target analyte)","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"261.5","variance":"± 114.0 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is cyclosporine, not quercetin; quercetin/rutin are the interacting agents"},{"pmid":"21466223","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (purity 98%) in glycofurol, given orally immediately before CSP (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld another 3 h","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporine (CSP, off-target analyte)","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"84.1","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is cyclosporine, not quercetin; quercetin/rutin are the interacting agents; table prints percent change vs CSP alone as (-67.8%)"},{"pmid":"21466223","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin hydrate (purity 95%) in glycofurol, equimolar with 50 mg/kg quercetin (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"110 mg/kg rutin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld another 3 h","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporine (CSP, off-target analyte)","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"96.3","variance":"± 45.1 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is cyclosporine, not quercetin; quercetin/rutin are the interacting agents; table prints percent change vs CSP alone as (-63.2%)"},{"pmid":"21466223","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Neoral (cyclosporine microemulsion), vehicle glycofurol (Neoral (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"1.25 mg/kg CSP","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld another 3 h","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporine (CSP, off-target analyte)","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-540","value":"65.5","variance":"± 25.8 (SD)","units":"μg min mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is cyclosporine, not quercetin; quercetin/rutin are the interacting agents"},{"pmid":"21466223","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (purity 98%) in glycofurol, given orally immediately before CSP (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld another 3 h","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporine (CSP, off-target analyte)","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-540","value":"37.2","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"μg min mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is cyclosporine, not quercetin; quercetin/rutin are the interacting agents; table prints percent change vs CSP alone as (-43.3%)"},{"pmid":"21466223","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin hydrate (purity 95%) in glycofurol, equimolar with 50 mg/kg quercetin (Sigma)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"110 mg/kg rutin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld another 3 h","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporine (CSP, off-target analyte)","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-540","value":"28.0","variance":"± 11.1 (SD)","units":"μg min mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"analyte is cyclosporine, not quercetin; quercetin/rutin are the interacting agents; table prints percent change vs CSP alone as (-57.2%)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUEINM (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"10","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF·MeOH (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"10","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUETBR·2H2O (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"285","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUEINM (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1401","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF·MeOH (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2612","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"656","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUETBR·2H2O (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"840","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"7493","variance":"","units":"ng·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUEINM (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"40921","variance":"","units":"ng·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF·MeOH (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"30084","variance":"","units":"ng·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"19232","variance":"","units":"ng·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUETBR·2H2O (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"74430","variance":"","units":"ng·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL (AUC of formulation / AUC of QUE dihydrate control)","value":"1","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUEINM (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL (AUC of formulation / AUC of QUE dihydrate control)","value":"5.46","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF·MeOH (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL (AUC of formulation / AUC of QUE dihydrate control)","value":"4.01","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL (AUC of formulation / AUC of QUE dihydrate control)","value":"2.57","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUETBR·2H2O (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL (AUC of formulation / AUC of QUE dihydrate control)","value":"9.93","variance":"","units":"","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"from Table 1; statistic not stated (n=3 rats/group; likely computed from group data)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUECAF·MeOH (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax at 5 min, as µM","value":"7.7","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Discussion p.7","quote":"The QUECAF 3 MeOH cocrystal peaked rapidly at 5 min with 7.7 μM free QUE.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"free QUE; text value, as µM (Table 1 gives 2612 ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"21846121","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin dihydrate (synthesized in-house (quercetin dihydrate from Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg quercetin/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"food (not water) deprived 18 h before experiment","n":"3","analyte":"free (unconjugated) quercetin aglycone","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax at 30 min, as µM","value":"0.84","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Discussion p.7","quote":"the QUE dihydrate control peaked at 30 min with 0.84 μM QUE aglycon","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"free QUE aglycone; text value (Table 1 gives 285 ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6.5023","variance":"± 2.1929 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8.3602","variance":"± 1.4768 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"11.2510","variance":"± 4 0.8991 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); SD printed as '4 0.8991' (stray character '4' before value), recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.08","variance":"± 1.96 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); identical Tmax values are printed for isorhamnetin and kaempferol at every dose"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.00","variance":"± 1.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); identical Tmax values are printed for isorhamnetin and kaempferol at every dose"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.00","variance":"± 1.82 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); identical Tmax values are printed for isorhamnetin and kaempferol at every dose"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.5955","variance":"± 0.2227 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.6384","variance":"± 0.2423 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.8550","variance":"± 0.4128 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.7208","variance":"± 0.6926 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2.4668","variance":"± 1.0575 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"4.6048","variance":"± 2.0251 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.08","variance":"± 1.96 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); identical Tmax values are printed for isorhamnetin and kaempferol at every dose"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.00","variance":"± 1.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); identical Tmax values are printed for isorhamnetin and kaempferol at every dose"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.00","variance":"± 1.82 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); identical Tmax values are printed for isorhamnetin and kaempferol at every dose"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.2174","variance":"± 0.0736 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.2529","variance":"± 0.1211 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.3972","variance":"± 0.1879 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.5862","variance":"± 0.1531 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.0545","variance":"± 0.4891 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.8828","variance":"± 1.0372 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.58","variance":"± 2.78 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.50","variance":"± 1.82 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.25","variance":"± 1.84 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.0933","variance":"± 0.246 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); SD printed as shown (0.246 / 0.635 / 0.716), larger than the mean for 120 and 240 mg/kg and without leading zero, possible typographical error in paper"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"120 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.1420","variance":"± 0.635 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); SD printed as shown (0.246 / 0.635 / 0.716), larger than the mean for 120 and 240 mg/kg and without leading zero, possible typographical error in paper"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.1906","variance":"± 0.716 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 mean ± SD (n = 6); SD printed as shown (0.246 / 0.635 / 0.716), larger than the mean for 120 and 240 mg/kg and without leading zero, possible typographical error in paper"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak of mean plasma concentration-time curve","value":"3.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.7-8","quote":"the quercetin peak concentration in plasma occurred at 3.5 h, while those for isorhamnetin and kaempferol were both 8.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text peak time of group mean curve; Table 4 prints mean individual Tmax 4.25 h"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak of mean plasma concentration-time curve","value":"8.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.7-8","quote":"the quercetin peak concentration in plasma occurred at 3.5 h, while those for isorhamnetin and kaempferol were both 8.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text peak time of group mean curve; Table 4 prints mean individual Tmax 7.00 h"},{"pmid":"22056665","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) powder dispersed in deionized water with 0.5% CMC-Na (9, 18, 36 mg/mL) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.)","forms":[],"dose":"240 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h (free water) before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol (total after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak of mean plasma concentration-time curve","value":"8.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.3 p.7-8","quote":"the quercetin peak concentration in plasma occurred at 3.5 h, while those for isorhamnetin and kaempferol were both 8.0 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text peak time of group mean curve; Table 4 prints mean individual Tmax 7.00 h"},{"pmid":"22584252","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in dimethylacetamide 15%, PEG 400 45%, 5% dextrose 40% (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"18 mg/kg per hour","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"13","analyte":"curcumin (off-target analyte: co-administered compound; quercetin is the interacting agent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (steady state during infusion, 80 min)","value":"300","variance":"± 68.0 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC, µg min/ml","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22584252","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin + quercetin dihydrate (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"curcumin 18 mg/kg per hour; quercetin 56 mg/kg bolus then 16.5 mg/kg per hour mg/kg per hour","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"8","analyte":"curcumin (off-target analyte: co-administered compound; quercetin is the interacting agent)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (steady state during infusion, 80 min)","value":"240","variance":"± 43.7 (SD)","units":"µg min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC, µg min/ml","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"asterisk significance vs curcumin-alone control"},{"pmid":"22718742","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"75% ethanol reflux extract of Oldenlandia diffusa in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg extract (equivalent to 17.1 mg/kg quercetin) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total as measured, not hydrolysed per methods)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"62.5","variance":"± 2.46 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table VI","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed (ng/h/mL); table caption says 'Rat Serum' while text says plasma"},{"pmid":"22718742","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"75% ethanol reflux extract of Oldenlandia diffusa in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg extract (equivalent to 17.1 mg/kg quercetin) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total as measured, not hydrolysed per methods)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"18.27","variance":"± 0.82 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table VI","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22718742","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"75% ethanol reflux extract of Oldenlandia diffusa in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/kg extract (equivalent to 17.1 mg/kg quercetin) g/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total as measured, not hydrolysed per methods)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.62","variance":"± 0.04 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table VI","quote":"The Tmax was 0.54 ± 0.05, 0.80 ± 0.11, 0.55 ± 0.07, 1.08 ± 0.05 and 0.62 ± 0.04 h for OA, p-CA, FA, kaemperol and quercetin","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Also in text p.890; text lists quercetin Tmax 0.62 ± 0.04 h; Tmax determined by inspecting data"},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TFH extract powder (quercetin ~3% w/w, isorhamnetin 10%, kaempferol 1%) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-96 h","value":"0.8393","variance":"± 0.4050 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TFH extract powder (quercetin ~3% w/w, isorhamnetin 10%, kaempferol 1%) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.71 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TFH extract powder (quercetin ~3% w/w, isorhamnetin 10%, kaempferol 1%) (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.0453","variance":"± 0.0131 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fig. 3C y-axis is in ng/mL; Table 4 prints µg/mL (units recorded as printed in Table 4)"},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"solid dispersion formulation","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-96 h","value":"2.6519","variance":"± 0.7603 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"solid dispersion formulation","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.3333","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"solid dispersion formulation","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.3428","variance":"± 0.0703 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fig. 3C y-axis is in ng/mL; Table 4 prints µg/mL (units recorded as printed in Table 4)"},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"solid dispersion formulation","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel = AUC(formulation)/AUC(TFH)","value":"3.1596","variance":"","units":"ratio (no unit printed)","location":"Table 4","quote":"the relative bioavailability were 2.8998, 3.1596 and 2.2725 for isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in TFH SD formulations","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calculated by authors (Equation 2) from AUC0-96 h"},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"self-emulsifying formulation","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-96 h","value":"1.2990","variance":"± 0.4376 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"self-emulsifying formulation","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.3664","variance":"± 0.0747 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"self-emulsifying formulation","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.1906","variance":"± 0.716 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed '0.1906 ± 0.716' (SD as printed, probably 0.0716); Fig. 3C axis is ng/mL while Table 4 prints µg/mL"},{"pmid":"22757776","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"self-emulsifying formulation","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (component of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel = AUC(formulation)/AUC(TFH)","value":"1.5477","variance":"","units":"ratio (no unit printed)","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Calculated by authors (Equation 2) from AUC0-96 h"},{"pmid":"23122060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Q3Gn mixture (Q3G 31.8%, mono 23.3%, di 20.3%, tri-hepta adducts) in MOPS pH 6.5 (San-Ei Gen F.F.I. (Q3Gn))","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 mL of 10 mmol/L Q3Gn","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight food deprivation (fasted), anesthetized","n":"5-6","analyte":"quercetin glucosides (total quercetin-derivatives)","matrix":"portal plasma","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated % absorbed in portal blood at 15 min (approximate, calculated by authors using portal blood flow from literature)","value":"14.6","variance":"± 2.0 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.10","quote":"estimated percentages of absorbed quercetin glucosides in the portal blood were 14.6 ±2.0%, 23.4 ± 3.9%, 32.5 ± 7.1%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author approximation based on assumed portal blood flow"},{"pmid":"23122060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Q3Gn + O-IM (San-Ei Gen F.F.I. (Q3Gn))","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 mL of 10 mmol/L Q3Gn","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight food deprivation (fasted), anesthetized","n":"5-6","analyte":"quercetin glucosides (total quercetin-derivatives)","matrix":"portal plasma","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated % absorbed in portal blood at 15 min (approximate, calculated by authors using portal blood flow from literature)","value":"23.4","variance":"± 3.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.10","quote":"estimated percentages of absorbed quercetin glucosides in the portal blood were 14.6 ±2.0%, 23.4 ± 3.9%, 32.5 ± 7.1%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author approximation based on assumed portal blood flow"},{"pmid":"23122060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Q3Gn + M-IM (San-Ei Gen F.F.I. (Q3Gn))","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 mL of 10 mmol/L Q3Gn","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"overnight food deprivation (fasted), anesthetized","n":"5-6","analyte":"quercetin glucosides (total quercetin-derivatives)","matrix":"portal plasma","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"estimated % absorbed in portal blood at 15 min (approximate, calculated by authors using portal blood flow from literature)","value":"32.5","variance":"± 7.1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.10","quote":"estimated percentages of absorbed quercetin glucosides in the portal blood were 14.6 ±2.0%, 23.4 ± 3.9%, 32.5 ± 7.1%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author approximation based on assumed portal blood flow"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"clopidogrel bisulfate (PLATLESS tablet suspended in 0.5% CMC)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg clopidogrel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC total 0-inf","value":"474","variance":"± 121 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"clopidogrel bisulfate (PLATLESS tablet suspended in 0.5% CMC)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg clopidogrel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"34.4","variance":"± 6.6 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"clopidogrel bisulfate (PLATLESS tablet suspended in 0.5% CMC)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg clopidogrel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.71","variance":"± 2.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate suspended in 0.5% CMC","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"250 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"4","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC total 0-inf","value":"1390","variance":"± 586 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate suspended in 0.5% CMC","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"250 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"4","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"72.0","variance":"± 10.3 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate suspended in 0.5% CMC","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"250 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"4","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.08","variance":"± 0.63 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLATLESS 150 mg tablet","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg clopidogrel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast","n":"6","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC total 0-inf","value":"35.0","variance":"± 11.7 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLATLESS 150 mg tablet","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg clopidogrel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast","n":"6","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.39","variance":"± 1.65 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLATLESS 150 mg tablet","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg clopidogrel","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"overnight fast","n":"6","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.67","variance":"± 0.26 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin as tablet","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"6","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC total 0-inf","value":"30.1","variance":"± 6.1 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin as tablet","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"6","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.53","variance":"± 1.69 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23139136","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin as tablet","forms":[],"dose":"250 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fast","n":"6","analyte":"clopidogrel carboxylic acid","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.50","variance":"± 0.55 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is the clopidogrel metabolite, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered P-gp inhibitor"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1·275","variance":"± 0·126 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2·65","variance":"± 0·91 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"328·8","variance":"± 27·8 (SEM)","units":"µM × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1·935","variance":"± 0·237 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2·25","variance":"± 1·04 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"512·8","variance":"± 82·9 (SEM)","units":"µM × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with MCT emulsion (Extrasynthese; MCT oil from Unilever)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1·431","variance":"± 0·073 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with MCT emulsion (Extrasynthese; MCT oil from Unilever)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0·65","variance":"± 0·15 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with MCT emulsion (Extrasynthese; MCT oil from Unilever)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"367·0","variance":"± 41·7 (SEM)","units":"µM × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0·740","variance":"± 0·134 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5·00","variance":"± 1·10 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"184·0","variance":"± 33·7 (SEM)","units":"µM × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2·075","variance":"± 0·412 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5·40","variance":"± 1·17 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"577·9","variance":"± 73·3 (SEM)","units":"µM × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with MCT emulsion (Extrasynthese; MCT oil from Unilever)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1·142","variance":"± 0·205 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with MCT emulsion (Extrasynthese; MCT oil from Unilever)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5·00","variance":"± 0·89 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with MCT emulsion (Extrasynthese; MCT oil from Unilever)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"404·9","variance":"± 64·8 (SEM)","units":"µM × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Total flavonols (quercetin + isorhamnetin)","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1·767","variance":"± 0·205 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Total flavonols (quercetin + isorhamnetin)","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2·85","variance":"± 0·90 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with glucose (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Total flavonols (quercetin + isorhamnetin)","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h","value":"512·7","variance":"± 54·5 (SEM)","units":"µM × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Total flavonols (quercetin + isorhamnetin)","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3·727","variance":"± 0·351 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Total flavonols (quercetin + isorhamnetin)","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail vein)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4·35","variance":"± 1·47 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Plasma treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase (total = free + conjugates); Tmax from direct observation"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Total flavonols (quercetin + isorhamnetin)","matrix":"plasma (peripheral, tail 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with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with LCT emulsion (Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"thoracic lymph","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"lymph Cmax","value":"0·832","variance":"± 0·167 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Lymph treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with MCT emulsion (Extrasynthese; MCT oil from Unilever)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 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(Extrasynthese)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"thoracic lymph","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"lymph Cmax","value":"0·235","variance":"± 0·038 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Lymph treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase"},{"pmid":"23200408","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (aglycone) in 1 ml duodenal infusion with MCT emulsion (Extrasynthese; MCT oil from Unilever)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight recovery with free access to glucose-NaCl solution; duodenum perfused with glucose-NaCl at 1.5 ml/h","n":"5","analyte":"Isorhamnetin","matrix":"thoracic lymph","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"lymph Cmax","value":"0·130","variance":"± 0·023 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Table 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β-glucuronidase/sulfatase"},{"pmid":"23470334","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QGR (purity >98%) in normal saline, isolated from G. biloba leaves","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"QGR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"1,775.96","variance":"± 36.92 (SD)","units":"μg/mL × min","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV route; units as printed in page image"},{"pmid":"23470334","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QGR (purity >98%) in normal saline, isolated from G. biloba leaves","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"QGR","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"1,790.24","variance":"± 37.53 (SD)","units":"μg/mL × min","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV route; units as printed in page image"},{"pmid":"23470334","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QGR (purity 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printed '1797 29'; page image shows 179 ± 29"},{"pmid":"23792276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin suspension (NR (Sigma anhydrous QT))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23792276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin suspension (NR (Sigma anhydrous QT))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"6,178","variance":"± 89 (SD)","units":"ng h ml-1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"one-compartment model analysis"},{"pmid":"23792276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in Capmul MCM (QT 19:1)/Tween 20/ethanol 40:40:20 w/w self-emulsifying system","forms":[],"dose":"50 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(SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in propylene glycol (Nacalai)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (Q, deconjugated)","matrix":"plasma (mouse)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"after single intragastric dose, 50 mg/kg","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0.00 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in propylene glycol (Nacalai)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (Q, deconjugated)","matrix":"plasma (mouse)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not 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intragastric dose, 50 mg/kg","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.00 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in propylene glycol (Nacalai)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (anesthetized, lymph cannulated)","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (Q, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not stated)","value":"27.5","variance":"± 4.01 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in propylene glycol (Nacalai)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (anesthetized, lymph cannulated)","n":"5","analyte":"O-methylated quercetin (MeQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after single intragastric dose, 50 mg/kg","value":"0.92","variance":"± 0.15 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in propylene glycol (Nacalai)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (anesthetized, lymph cannulated)","n":"5","analyte":"O-methylated quercetin (MeQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"after single intragastric dose, 50 mg/kg","value":"15.7","variance":"± 4.83 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in propylene glycol (Nacalai)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR (anesthetized, lymph cannulated)","n":"5","analyte":"O-methylated quercetin (MeQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not stated)","value":"25.3","variance":"± 4.80 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-prenyl quercetin in propylene glycol (synthesized in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"8-prenyl quercetin (PQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after single intragastric dose, 50 mg/kg","value":"1.18","variance":"± 0.37 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-prenyl quercetin in propylene glycol (synthesized in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"8-prenyl quercetin (PQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"after single intragastric dose, 50 mg/kg","value":"1.20","variance":"± 0.12 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-prenyl quercetin in propylene glycol (synthesized in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"8-prenyl quercetin (PQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not stated)","value":"10.3","variance":"± 1.92 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-prenyl quercetin in propylene glycol (synthesized in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"O-methylated 8-prenyl quercetin (MePQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after single intragastric dose, 50 mg/kg","value":"0.20","variance":"± 0.07 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-prenyl quercetin in propylene glycol (synthesized in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"O-methylated 8-prenyl quercetin (MePQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"after single intragastric dose, 50 mg/kg","value":"0.80","variance":"± 0.12 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23902958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"8-prenyl quercetin in propylene glycol (synthesized in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"O-methylated 8-prenyl quercetin (MePQ, deconjugated)","matrix":"lymph (rat)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (interval not stated)","value":"2.25","variance":"± 0.32 (SEM)","units":"µmol/L · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units printed as µmol/L on page image (text layer shows mmol/L)"},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (anhydrous) suspension in deionized water (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1641.17","variance":"± 42.68 (SEM)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"column assignment (second column 'free QT') verified on page image; one-compartment model"},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (anhydrous) suspension in deionized water (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"89.12","variance":"± 4.52 (SEM)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (anhydrous) suspension in deionized water (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free drug combination in deionized water (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg QT (with 10 mg/kg Tmx citrate)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1650.34","variance":"± 24.70 (SEM)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"QT column under 'Tmx citrate + QT'"},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free drug combination in deionized water (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg QT (with 10 mg/kg Tmx citrate)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"82.59","variance":"± 2.78 (SEM)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free drug combination in deionized water (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg QT (with 10 mg/kg Tmx citrate)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried PLGA nanoparticles with Tmx and QT, dispersed in deionized water","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4701.15","variance":"± 111.85 (SEM)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"QT column under 'Tmx-QT-NPs'"},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried PLGA nanoparticles with Tmx and QT, dispersed in deionized water","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"232.31","variance":"± 6.90 (SEM)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried PLGA nanoparticles with Tmx and QT, dispersed in deionized water","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"23927416","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"freeze-dried PLGA nanoparticles with Tmx and QT, dispersed in deionized water","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in QT oral bioavailability, Tmx-QT-NPs vs free QT and vs free Tmx + QT","value":"~2.9","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.7","quote":"co-formulated NPs increased the oral bioavailability of QT by ∼2.9-fold in comparison with free QT and its combination with free Tmx citrate","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"author-stated; Abstract says ~3-fold"},{"pmid":"24333909","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QR-CNLC (GMS/MCT, lecithin, DDAB; 126.6 nm particle size; EE 89.3%)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"liver tissue","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax","value":"0.808","variance":"","units":"µg/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24333909","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QR-CNLC (GMS/MCT, lecithin, DDAB; 126.6 nm particle size; EE 89.3%)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"liver tissue","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUC (time range NR)","value":"3.26","variance":"","units":"h·µg/g (printed as 'hµg/g')","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24333909","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspended in 0.5% w/v CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"liver tissue","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax","value":"0.224","variance":"","units":"µg/g","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24333909","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspended in 0.5% w/v CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"liver tissue","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUC (time range NR)","value":"2.16","variance":"","units":"h·µg/g (printed as 'hµg/g')","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24333909","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"liver tissue","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"re = relative uptake rate, AUC(QR-CNLC)/AUC(QR)","value":"1.51","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24333909","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspended in 0.5% w/v CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"lung tissue","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax (text)","value":"0.367","variance":"","units":"µg/mg","location":"Results 3.3 p.4","quote":"Pneumonic peak concentration of quercetin was 0.367 µg/mg 2 h after intact quercetin administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints µg/mg; Table 3 prints 0.367 µg/g. Unit inconsistency within paper."},{"pmid":"24333909","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QR-CNLC (GMS/MCT, lecithin, DDAB; 126.6 nm particle size; EE 89.3%)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"lung tissue","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax (text)","value":"1.662","variance":"","units":"µg/mg","location":"Results 3.3 p.4","quote":"the value was markedly increased to 1.662 µg/mg 0.5 h after QR-CNLC treatment","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints µg/mg; Table 3 prints 1.662 µg/g."},{"pmid":"24462958","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"TFH solution (Sichuan Medco Pharmaceutical (TFH powder))","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg TFH (quercetin 1.88 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-96h","value":"8.96","variance":"± 3.58 (SD)","units":"µg/mL·h","location":"Table 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dose)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"rutin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"121.7","variance":"± 19.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote says Wilcoxon test; Methods say unpaired Student's t test."},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin + rutin mixture solution (Sigma Aldrich (compounds))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.37","variance":"± 0.51 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin + rutin mixture solution (Sigma Aldrich (compounds))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"rutin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.17","variance":"± 1.19 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal formulation (Hippophae rhamnoides fruit, Bacopa monnieri leaf, Dioscorea bulbifera bulb) capsule batch SRM 001 (Varanasi Bioresearch Pvt Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (equivalent quercetin and rutin dose)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.27","variance":"± 0.86 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal formulation capsule batch SRM 001 (Varanasi Bioresearch Pvt Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (equivalent quercetin and rutin dose)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"rutin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.43","variance":"± 0.85 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin + rutin mixture solution (Sigma Aldrich (compounds))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"944.27","variance":"± 70.57 (SD)","units":"ng/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin + rutin mixture solution (Sigma Aldrich (compounds))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"rutin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"389.45","variance":"± 42.30 (SD)","units":"ng/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal formulation (Hippophae rhamnoides fruit, Bacopa monnieri leaf, Dioscorea bulbifera bulb) capsule batch SRM 001 (Varanasi Bioresearch Pvt Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (equivalent quercetin and rutin dose)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"337.20","variance":"± 14.75 (SD)","units":"ng/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote says Wilcoxon test; Methods say unpaired Student's t test."},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal formulation capsule batch SRM 001 (Varanasi Bioresearch Pvt Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (equivalent quercetin and rutin dose)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"rutin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"684.83","variance":"± 15.52 (SD)","units":"ng/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote says Wilcoxon test; Methods say unpaired Student's t test."},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin + rutin mixture solution (Sigma Aldrich (compounds))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC (0–∞))","value":"972.17","variance":"± 85.77 (SD)","units":"ng/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin + rutin mixture solution (Sigma Aldrich (compounds))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"rutin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC (0–∞))","value":"456.67","variance":"± 29.80 (SD)","units":"ng/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal formulation (Hippophae rhamnoides fruit, Bacopa monnieri leaf, Dioscorea bulbifera bulb) capsule batch SRM 001 (Varanasi Bioresearch Pvt Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (equivalent quercetin and rutin dose)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC (0–∞))","value":"406.60","variance":"± 24.78 (SD)","units":"ng/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"24888486","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal formulation capsule batch SRM 001 (Varanasi Bioresearch Pvt Ltd)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (equivalent quercetin and rutin dose)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"rutin (total plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (printed AUC (0–∞))","value":"731.40","variance":"± 31.15 (SD)","units":"ng/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote says Wilcoxon test; Methods say unpaired Student's t test."},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"0.90","variance":"± 0.16 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.14","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.53","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + verapamil (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 25 mg/kg verapamil mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"1.98","variance":"± 0.69 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + verapamil (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 25 mg/kg verapamil mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.23","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + verapamil (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 25 mg/kg verapamil mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.26","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + CQ conjugate (carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin) (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 40 mg/kg CQ conjugate mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"1.89","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + CQ conjugate (carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin) (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 40 mg/kg CQ conjugate mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0.01 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + CQ conjugate (carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin) (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 40 mg/kg CQ conjugate mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.79","variance":"± 0.09 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + carboxymethyl chitosan (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 36 mg/kg CMCS mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"0.95","variance":"± 0.20 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + carboxymethyl chitosan (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 36 mg/kg CMCS mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.16","variance":"± 0.03 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Taxol + carboxymethyl chitosan (Taxol)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX + 36 mg/kg CMCS mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.53","variance":"± 0.19 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PTX-loaded CQ PMs","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-36h","value":"6.46","variance":"± 1.24 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PTX-loaded CQ PMs","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.97","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"24927684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PTX-loaded CQ PMs","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"5","analyte":"paclitaxel (PTX)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.16","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: PTX, not quercetin"},{"pmid":"25364697","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"metoprolol tartrate solution (water) (gift sample from Matrix Laboratories)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"metoprolol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5757.24","variance":"± 1010.69 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Results text gives alone Cmax as 962.17 (equals Table 1 AUC0-12 combination value), inconsistent with Table 1 Cmax 5757.24"},{"pmid":"25364697","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"metoprolol tartrate solution + quercetin suspension (Tween 80, CMC) (quercetin Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg metoprolol tartrate + 10 mg/kg quercetin mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"metoprolol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1411.03","variance":"± 275.62 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Results text gives alone Cmax as 962.17 (equals Table 1 AUC0-12 combination value), inconsistent with Table 1 Cmax 5757.24"},{"pmid":"25364697","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"metoprolol tartrate solution (water) (gift sample from Matrix Laboratories)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"metoprolol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (metoprolol, not quercetin)"},{"pmid":"25364697","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"metoprolol tartrate solution + quercetin suspension (Tween 80, CMC) (quercetin Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg metoprolol tartrate + 10 mg/kg quercetin mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"metoprolol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (metoprolol, not quercetin)"},{"pmid":"25364697","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"metoprolol tartrate solution (water) (gift sample from Matrix Laboratories)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"metoprolol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"9434.65","variance":"± 3525.02 (SD)","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Abstract/Results text assign 9434.65 to the combination group and 962.17 to metoprolol alone, inconsistent with Table 1 (alone 9434.65; combination 962.17) and with the stated decrease"},{"pmid":"25364697","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"metoprolol tartrate solution + quercetin suspension (Tween 80, CMC) (quercetin Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg metoprolol tartrate + 10 mg/kg quercetin mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"metoprolol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"962.17","variance":"± 242.81 (SD)","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Abstract/Results text assign 9434.65 to the combination group and 962.17 to metoprolol alone, inconsistent with Table 1 (alone 9434.65; combination 962.17) and with the stated decrease"},{"pmid":"25364697","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"metoprolol tartrate solution (water) (gift sample from Matrix Laboratories)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"metoprolol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"16670.79","variance":"± 12129.06 (SD)","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Abstract/Results text assign 16670.79 to combination and 1113.68 to alone, inconsistent with Table 1"},{"pmid":"25364697","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"metoprolol tartrate solution + quercetin suspension (Tween 80, CMC) (quercetin Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg metoprolol tartrate + 10 mg/kg quercetin mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"metoprolol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1113.68","variance":"± 441.83 (SD)","units":"ng/h/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte. Abstract/Results text assign 16670.79 to combination and 1113.68 to alone, inconsistent with Table 1"},{"pmid":"25454664","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution (propylene glycol/solubilizer)","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3.69","variance":"± 0.63 (SD)","units":"mg/L h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV route (tail vein), quercetin measured after acetonitrile-acetic acid hydrolysis step; n=5 per Statistical analysis section, group size not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"25454664","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution (propylene glycol/solubilizer)","forms":[],"dose":"8 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"18.28","variance":"± 2.14 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV route (tail vein), quercetin measured after acetonitrile-acetic acid hydrolysis step; n=5 per Statistical analysis section, group size not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"25454664","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"hyaluronic acid-quercetin conjugate self-assembled micelles (172.1 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"8 mg/kg QT equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"18.07","variance":"± 2.68 (SD)","units":"mg/L h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV route (tail vein), quercetin measured after acetonitrile-acetic acid hydrolysis step; n=5 per Statistical analysis section, group size not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"25454664","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"hyaluronic acid-quercetin conjugate self-assembled micelles (172.1 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"8 mg/kg QT equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"24.22","variance":"± 3.06 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV route (tail vein), quercetin measured after acetonitrile-acetic acid hydrolysis step; n=5 per Statistical analysis section, group size not otherwise stated"},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ritonavir suspended in 0.25% w/v CMC","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2179.47","variance":"± 92.57 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance printed as ±; type not stated, assumed SD not confirmed"},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"co-amorphous RTV:quercetin 1:2 molar","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2754.44","variance":"± 223.13 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated; * p<0.05 vs pure RTV"},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ritonavir suspended in 0.25% w/v CMC","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"co-amorphous RTV:quercetin 1:2 molar","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* p<0.05 vs pure RTV"},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ritonavir suspended in 0.25% w/v CMC","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"14390.31","variance":"± 3597.75 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"co-amorphous RTV:quercetin 1:2 molar","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"16246.77","variance":"± 3428.84 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated; not significant"},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ritonavir suspended in 0.25% w/v CMC","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"14757.06","variance":"± 3402.11 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated"},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"co-amorphous RTV:quercetin 1:2 molar","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"16641.99","variance":"± 3453.39 (SD)","units":"ng h/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"variance type not stated; not significant"},{"pmid":"25542681","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"co-amorphous RTV:quercetin 1:2 molar","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg RTV equivalent","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"ritonavir","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold increase vs pure RTV","value":"1.15","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.5 para 1","quote":"increase in the bioavailability for binary amorphous form after considering AUC parameter was found 1.15-fold, which is not statistically significant","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract and Conclusion state 1.12 fold (abstract) / 1.15 fold (conclusion); Abstract: 'no significant enhancement of oral bioavailability (1.12 fold...)' - inconsistent with 1.15"},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate suspended in 2.5% w/v aqueous sodium CMC (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.435","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text gives 435 ng/ml at 4 h"},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate suspended in 2.5% w/v aqueous sodium CMC (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"240","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate suspended in 2.5% w/v aqueous sodium CMC (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"594","variance":"","units":"µg/ml min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no variance reported"},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA 75/25 nanoparticles, initial drug loading 15% w/w, suspended in water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak","value":"2.426","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4: two peaks (2.426; 0.925). Text says 2.4 µg/ml within 15 min."},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA 75/25 nanoparticles, initial drug loading 15% w/w, suspended in water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second peak","value":"0.925","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text says ~900 ng/ml at 6 h"},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA 75/25 nanoparticles, initial drug loading 15% w/w, suspended in water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"15","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA 75/25 nanoparticles, initial drug loading 15% w/w, suspended in water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second peak","value":"360","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA 75/25 nanoparticles, initial drug loading 15% w/w, suspended in water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3107","variance":"","units":"µg/ml min","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no variance reported"},{"pmid":"25786720","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PLGA 75/25 nanoparticles, initial drug loading 15% w/w, suspended in water (in-house)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (total after hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"% relative bioavailability, AUC(Qu-NP)/AUC(Qu-SUS) x100","value":"523","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetic studies; Abstract","quote":"relative bioavailability of quercetin was determined by comparing the AUC values of Qu-NP with that of quercetin suspension and was found to be 523%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract: '523% relative increase'; Conclusion: 'increase of 523% in relative oral bioavailability'"},{"pmid":"25945049","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG 400 with 20% ethanol","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, interval not stated","value":"18.4","variance":"± 7.0 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL per minute","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus; Table 2 label: AUC"},{"pmid":"25945049","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG 400/20% ethanol","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, interval not stated","value":"37.0","variance":"± 10.5 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL per minute","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus; Table 2 label: AUC"},{"pmid":"25945049","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lipid-coated perfluoropentane nanodroplets, ~280 nm, encapsulation 99.41±0.20%","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, interval not stated","value":"60.5","variance":"± 5.9 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL per minute","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus; Table 2 label: AUC; * P<0.05 vs quercetin group"},{"pmid":"25945049","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"as NQ","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, interval not stated","value":"67.6","variance":"± 6.8 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL per minute","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV bolus; Table 2 label: AUC; * P<0.05 vs quercetin group"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"3276.92","variance":"± 396.67 (NR)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote a: significantly different from nanoparticles at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PCL/Pluronic F-127 nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"17,458.25","variance":"± 3152.95 (NR)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote a: significantly different from nanoparticles at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"3283.75","variance":"± 394.26 (NR)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote a: significantly different from nanoparticles at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PCL/Pluronic F-127 nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-inf)","value":"17,697.90","variance":"± 3087.07 (NR)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote a: significantly different from nanoparticles at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"369.20","variance":"± 108.07 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote a: significantly different from nanoparticles at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PCL/Pluronic F-127 nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1277.34","variance":"± 216.67 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote a: significantly different from nanoparticles at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote a: significantly different from nanoparticles at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PCL/Pluronic F-127 nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote a: significantly different from nanoparticles at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PCL/Pluronic F-127 nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel, AUC nanoparticles vs suspension","value":"538","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 Frel (%)"},{"pmid":"25973544","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PCL/Pluronic F-127 nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"free quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in AUC(0-t)","value":"5.38","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results","quote":"5.38-fold increase in relative bioavailability as compared with quercetin suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"consistent with 538% in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"11.26","variance":"± 0.09 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 2; Results p.3930","quote":"Cmax achieved was 11.26±0.09 µg/mL in 6 hours","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.30","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 2; Results p.3930","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marks * (vs free QT) and # (vs QT-PBCA+P-80)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"19.11","variance":"± 0.25 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 2; Results p.3930","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marks * (vs free QT)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6","variance":"","units":"hours","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8","variance":"","units":"hours","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marked * in Table 2; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8","variance":"","units":"hours","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Marked * in Table 2; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal","value":"104.22","variance":"± 2.05 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 2; Results p.3931","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal","value":"248","variance":"± 6.82 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 prints 248±6.82; text prints 248.63±6.82 (see next row). Table marks * and #"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal (text value)","value":"248.63","variance":"± 6.82 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Results p.3931","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text value; Table 2 prints 248±6.82"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtotal","value":"313.97","variance":"± 7.88 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 2; Results p.3931","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table marks *"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold vs free QT","value":"2.38","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results p.3931","quote":"relative bioavailability of QT-PBCA NPs and QT-PBCA+P-80 enhanced QT bioavailability by 2.38- and 4.93-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold-increase as printed; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold vs free QT","value":"4.93","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract; Results p.3931","quote":"relative bioavailability of QT-PBCA NPs and QT-PBCA+P-80 enhanced QT bioavailability by 2.38- and 4.93-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fold-increase as printed; no variance printed. Text also says AUCs were ~2.4- and 4.1-fold higher than free QT"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, brain","value":"22.91","variance":"± 3.35 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, brain","value":"201.76","variance":"± 43.63 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"heart (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, heart","value":"18.88","variance":"± 2.09 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"heart (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, heart","value":"124.29","variance":"± 60.40 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"liver (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, liver","value":"21.44","variance":"± 3.97 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"liver (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, liver","value":"248.91","variance":"± 11.36 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"kidney (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, kidney","value":"43.67","variance":"± 2.28 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"kidney (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, kidney","value":"603.66","variance":"± 35.23 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"spleen (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, spleen","value":"19.44","variance":"± 1.35 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin solution (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"spleen (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, spleen","value":"284.09","variance":"± 27.66 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, brain","value":"33.28","variance":"± 1.27 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, brain","value":"298.66","variance":"± 25.44 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"heart (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, heart","value":"17.45","variance":"± 3.71 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"heart (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, heart","value":"92.85","variance":"± 1.81 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"liver (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, liver","value":"25.88","variance":"± 3.01 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"liver (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, liver","value":"214.74","variance":"± 23.21 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"kidney (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, kidney","value":"31.65","variance":"± 2.81 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"kidney (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, kidney","value":"397.75","variance":"± 17.98 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"spleen (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, spleen","value":"26.21","variance":"± 1.17 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"spleen (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, spleen","value":"208.27","variance":"± 44.51 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, brain","value":"37.43","variance":"± 1.53 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, brain","value":"386.47","variance":"± 71.41 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"heart (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, heart","value":"15.76","variance":"± 0.43 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"heart (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, heart","value":"104.79","variance":"± 9.21 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"liver (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, liver","value":"27.11","variance":"± 1.91 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"liver (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, liver","value":"236.08","variance":"± 54.35 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"kidney (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, kidney","value":"30.04","variance":"± 2.31 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"kidney (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, kidney","value":"362.40","variance":"± 29.16 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"spleen (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, spleen","value":"25.83","variance":"± 2.67 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3 (µg/mL)"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"spleen (tissue)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUCtotal, spleen","value":"190.70","variance":"± 60.28 (SD)","units":"ug·h/mL (printed as µg·h/mL)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue distribution, unit as printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"kidney (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, kidney (text value)","value":"32.49","variance":"± 2.81 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Results p.3931","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text value; Table 3 prints 31.65±2.81"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PBCA NPs coated with 1% polysorbate-80 (166.6 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"kidney (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, kidney (text value)","value":"30.95","variance":"± 2.31 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Results p.3931","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text value; Table 3 prints 30.04±2.31"},{"pmid":"26089668","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (161.1 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"liver (tissue)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax, liver (text value)","value":"25.88","variance":"± 3.00 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as µg/mL)","location":"Results p.3931","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text prints ±3.00; Table 3 prints 25.88±3.01"},{"pmid":"26319324","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QC in ethanol/Cremophor EL (1/1) diluted in saline (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (i.v.)","value":"10.68","variance":"± 3.57 (SD)","units":"µg/L h (as printed)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26319324","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QC-loaded O-carboxymethyl chitosan-cholic acid self-aggregates","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (i.v.)","value":"52.69","variance":"± 19.03 (SD)","units":"µg/L h (as printed)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26319324","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QC-loaded glycyrrhetinic acid-modified CMCA self-aggregates","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (i.v.)","value":"79.02","variance":"± 12.92 (SD)","units":"µg/L h (as printed)","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26848536","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (QGG), in physiologic saline","forms":[],"dose":"0.327 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QGG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"12,383","variance":"± 1899 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26848536","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (QGG), in physiologic saline","forms":[],"dose":"0.327 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QGG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"12,804","variance":"± 1929 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26848536","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (QGG), in physiologic saline","forms":[],"dose":"0.981 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QGG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"32,744","variance":"± 8937 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26848536","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (QGG), in physiologic saline","forms":[],"dose":"0.981 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QGG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"33,210","variance":"± 9329 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26848536","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (QGG), in physiologic saline","forms":[],"dose":"2.943 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QGG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"107,917","variance":"± 9692 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26848536","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (QGG), in physiologic saline","forms":[],"dose":"2.943 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"QGG","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"108,968","variance":"± 10100 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27143878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin lecithin-based mixed polymeric micelles (Que:lecithin:Pluronic P123:DSPE-PEG2K 3:1:17.5:2.5 w/w)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-last","value":"922.6","variance":"± 1,102.5 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27143878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin lecithin-based mixed polymeric micelles (Que:lecithin:Pluronic P123:DSPE-PEG2K 3:1:17.5:2.5 w/w)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1,056.9","variance":"± 1,130.7 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract/Results state AUC0-inf of LMPM increased 2.4-fold vs free solution"},{"pmid":"27143878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in DMSO/PEG400 3/7 for IV PK; propylene glycol solution (1 mg/mL) for release study","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-last","value":"343.3","variance":"± 125.1 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27143878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in DMSO/PEG400 3/7 for IV PK; propylene glycol solution (1 mg/mL) for release study","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"444.2","variance":"± 153.4 (SD)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27199443","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pollen Typhae extract in 0.5% CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.05; naringenin 1.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.1","variance":"± 1.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table VI","quote":"Quercetin plasma concentration reached a maximum at 6.1 h after administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table states data are mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"27199443","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pollen Typhae extract in 0.5% CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.05; naringenin 1.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.7","variance":"± 4.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table VI","quote":"average Cmax of 16.7 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27199443","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pollen Typhae extract in 0.5% CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.05; naringenin 1.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"128.0","variance":"± 21.8 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table VI","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27199443","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pollen Typhae extract in 0.5% CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.05; naringenin 1.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"134.0","variance":"± 22.2 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table VI","quote":"The area under the curve (AUC0–∞) was 134 ng h/mL","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Text prints '134 ng h/mL'"},{"pmid":"27199443","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pollen Typhae extract in 0.5% CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.05; naringenin 1.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"naringenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.2","variance":"± 1.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table VI","quote":"Naringenin plasma concentration reached a maximum at 4.2 h after administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Naringenin is a co-measured flavonoid, not the listed supplement (quercetin); recorded for completeness"},{"pmid":"27199443","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pollen Typhae extract in 0.5% CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.05; naringenin 1.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"naringenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"411.3","variance":"± 193.0 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table VI","quote":"average Cmax of 411.3 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27199443","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pollen Typhae extract in 0.5% CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.05; naringenin 1.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"naringenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"1277.4","variance":"± 567.8 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table VI","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27199443","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pollen Typhae extract in 0.5% CMC-Na solution","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.05; naringenin 1.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"naringenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1294.8","variance":"± 565.0 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table VI","quote":"The AUC0–∞ was 1294.8 ng h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27431774","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin raw material (purity >98%) in 0.3% CMC-Na (Nantong Feiyu Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"7.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2.04","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"mg/L h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text p.106 prints the same values."},{"pmid":"27431774","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT + Lipoid S 100 (1:1 molar), 25% w/w quercetin (Lipoid GmbH (phospholipid))","forms":[],"dose":"equivalent to 7.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8.12","variance":"± 0.95 (SD)","units":"mg/L h","location":"Table 2","quote":"increase in AUC0–t (8.12 ± 0.95 vs. 2.04 ± 0.38 mg/L h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27431774","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin raw material (purity >98%) in 0.3% CMC-Na (Nantong Feiyu Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"7.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2.41","variance":"± 0.51 (SD)","units":"mg/L h","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC0–∞ (8.60 ± 1.25 vs. 2.41 ± 0.51 mg/L h)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27431774","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT + Lipoid S 100 (1:1 molar), 25% w/w quercetin (Lipoid GmbH (phospholipid))","forms":[],"dose":"equivalent to 7.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"8.60","variance":"± 1.25 (SD)","units":"mg/L h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27431774","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin raw material (purity >98%) in 0.3% CMC-Na (Nantong Feiyu Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"7.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.07 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD; no statistic for Tmax stated beyond table."},{"pmid":"27431774","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT + Lipoid S 100 (1:1 molar), 25% w/w quercetin (Lipoid GmbH (phospholipid))","forms":[],"dose":"equivalent to 7.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0.10 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No significance mark on Tmax in table."},{"pmid":"27431774","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin raw material (purity >98%) in 0.3% CMC-Na (Nantong Feiyu Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"7.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.67","variance":"± 0.08 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax (1.58 ± 0.11 vs. 0.67 ± 0.08 μg/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract/Table 2 unit µg/mL; AUC given in mg/L h."},{"pmid":"27431774","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT + Lipoid S 100 (1:1 molar), 25% w/w quercetin (Lipoid GmbH (phospholipid))","forms":[],"dose":"equivalent to 7.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before dosing","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.58","variance":"± 0.11 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"a 2.4-fold increase was observed","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"32116.48","variance":"± 9821.92 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"25274.44","variance":"± 9623.67 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"28280.09","variance":"± 9226.11 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"19682.86","variance":"± 6525.58 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"29301.87","variance":"± 8789.25 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"19398.18","variance":"± 7754.19 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin. Table superscript 'b' vs CsA alone."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"37368.60","variance":"± 14650.46 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"31479.18","variance":"± 13392.53 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"34135.53","variance":"± 17290.60 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"23042.65","variance":"± 10567.90 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"32643.59","variance":"± 12685.94 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"21665.49","variance":"± 10194.81 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin. Table superscript 'b' vs CsA alone."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.93","variance":"± 0.19 (SD)","units":"NR (unit not printed in table)","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.56","variance":"± 3.22 (SD)","units":"NR (unit not printed in table)","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.90","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"NR (unit not printed in table)","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.58","variance":"± 2.69 (SD)","units":"NR (unit not printed in table)","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.81","variance":"± 0.26 (SD)","units":"NR (unit not printed in table)","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.56","variance":"± 1.52 (SD)","units":"NR (unit not printed in table)","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2405.07","variance":"± 447.95 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1288.11","variance":"± 430.75 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin. Table superscript 'c' vs CsA alone."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2307.00","variance":"± 705.51 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1146.85","variance":"± 111.26 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin. Table superscript 'b' vs CsA alone."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune injection diluted with water, oral gavage (Novartis Sandimmune)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h, food withheld 3 h after dosing","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2485.35","variance":"± 579.03 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"27510982","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in Cremophor EL/water vehicle, oral gavage 0.5 h before CsA (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporine A (CsA), whole blood/plasma","matrix":"blood/plasma (paper says 'plasma' and 'blood')","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1326.37","variance":"± 421.57 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: cyclosporine concentrations, not quercetin. Table superscript 'b' vs CsA alone."},{"pmid":"27515345","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone in isotonic phosphate buffer pH 6.2 (0.05% DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"2.36 µg/ml","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"polyphenol-free diet for one week","n":"4-6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal perfusion","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorption (eqn 3, from Peff)","value":"85.02","variance":"± 1.37 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Superscript a on alone value (P<0.05 vs co-administered)."},{"pmid":"27515345","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"both aglycones in buffer pH 6.2 (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.36 + naringenin 3.5 µg/ml","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"polyphenol-free diet for one week","n":"4-6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"intestinal perfusion","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorption (eqn 3, from Peff)","value":"65.48","variance":"± 6.15 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27515345","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"naringenin aglycone in buffer pH 6.2 (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"3.5 µg/ml","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"polyphenol-free diet for one week","n":"4-6","analyte":"naringenin","matrix":"intestinal perfusion","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorption (eqn 3, from Peff)","value":"94.82","variance":"± 3.15 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target co-measured analyte (naringenin). Superscript a on alone value (P<0.05 vs co-administered)."},{"pmid":"27515345","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"both aglycones in buffer pH 6.2 (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 2.36 + naringenin 3.5 µg/ml","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"polyphenol-free diet for one week","n":"4-6","analyte":"naringenin","matrix":"intestinal perfusion","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% absorption (eqn 3, from Peff)","value":"74.04","variance":"± 6.57 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target co-measured analyte (naringenin)."},{"pmid":"27555122","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"purified quercetin dissolved in water (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.91","variance":"± 2.77 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD nearly equal to the mean (2.77 vs 2.91); recorded as printed. Table lists arithmetic mean."},{"pmid":"27555122","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"purified quercetin dissolved in water (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.6","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"Quercetin was rapidly absorbed and achieved a peak level before 1 h","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27555122","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"purified quercetin dissolved in water (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"10.41","variance":"± 2.91 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400/water solution, IV","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400/water solution, IV","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"176","variance":"± 13.4 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400/water solution, IV","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"167","variance":"± 8.21 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400/water solution, IV","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr (%), printed as 'relative oral bioavailability'; reference is the IV dose","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD printed. Paper labels Fr 'relative oral bioavailability' but IV is set at 100%, so reference is the IV solution."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin water suspension, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin water suspension, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.4","variance":"± 0.08 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin water suspension, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"0.55","variance":"± 0.25 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote: ⁎ P<0.05 and ⁎⁎ P<0.01 vs Q-NPZ; † P<0.01 vs Q-sol (oral). Marks printed: †"},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin water suspension, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr (%), printed as 'relative oral bioavailability'; reference is the IV dose","value":"0.32","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD printed. Paper labels Fr 'relative oral bioavailability' but IV is set at 100%, so reference is the IV solution."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400:water 60:40 v/v, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.6","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400:water 60:40 v/v, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.41 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400:water 60:40 v/v, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"6.77","variance":"± 2.20 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400:water 60:40 v/v, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr (%), printed as 'relative oral bioavailability'; reference is the IV dose","value":"4.11","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD printed. Paper labels Fr 'relative oral bioavailability' but IV is set at 100%, so reference is the IV solution."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in water, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in water, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.62","variance":"± 0.33 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in water, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"4.6","variance":"± 0.88 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in water, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr (%), printed as 'relative oral bioavailability'; reference is the IV dose","value":"2.72","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD printed. Paper labels Fr 'relative oral bioavailability' but IV is set at 100%, so reference is the IV solution."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles, spray-dried; loading 62.4 ± 1.24 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.0","variance":"± 2.8 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles, spray-dried; loading 62.4 ± 1.24 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.6","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote: ⁎ P<0.05 and ⁎⁎ P<0.01 vs Q-NPZ; † P<0.01 vs Q-sol (oral). Marks printed: †"},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles, spray-dried; loading 62.4 ± 1.24 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"60.54","variance":"± 10.42 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote: ⁎ P<0.05 and ⁎⁎ P<0.01 vs Q-NPZ; † P<0.01 vs Q-sol (oral). Marks printed: †"},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles, spray-dried; loading 62.4 ± 1.24 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr (%), printed as 'relative oral bioavailability'; reference is the IV dose","value":"34.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD printed. Paper labels Fr 'relative oral bioavailability' but IV is set at 100%, so reference is the IV solution."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles with HP-beta-CD; loading 68.7 ± 1.12 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.5","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles with HP-beta-CD; loading 68.7 ± 1.12 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.4","variance":"± 0.59 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote: ⁎ P<0.05 and ⁎⁎ P<0.01 vs Q-NPZ; † P<0.01 vs Q-sol (oral). Marks printed: †"},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles with HP-beta-CD; loading 68.7 ± 1.12 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"94.51","variance":"± 18.71 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 3 footnote: ⁎ P<0.05 and ⁎⁎ P<0.01 vs Q-NPZ; † P<0.01 vs Q-sol (oral). Marks printed: *,†"},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles with HP-beta-CD; loading 68.7 ± 1.12 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr (%), printed as 'relative oral bioavailability'; reference is the IV dose","value":"57.0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD printed. Paper labels Fr 'relative oral bioavailability' but IV is set at 100%, so reference is the IV solution."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400:water 60:40 v/v, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr % as printed in Results text","value":"4%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.107 (In vivo pharmacokinetic)","quote":"for Q-sol or Q-HPCD, the oral bioavailability of the flavonoid was only of 4% or 2.5%, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 4.11 (Q-sol oral) and 2.72 (Q-HPCD); text rounds to 4% and 2.5%. Inconsistent (2.72 vs 2.5)."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in water, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr % as printed in Results text","value":"2.5%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.107","quote":"only of 4% or 2.5%, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 2.72."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles, spray-dried; loading 62.4 ± 1.24 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr % as printed in Results text","value":"35%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.107","quote":"the relative oral bioavailability ... was found to be 35% for Q-NPZ and 57% for Q-HPCD-NPZ","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 34.6."},{"pmid":"27615118","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanoparticles with HP-beta-CD; loading 68.7 ± 1.12 µg/mg","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr % as printed in Results text and Abstract","value":"57%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.107; Abstract says 'approx. 60%'","quote":"57% for Q-HPCD-NPZ","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract: 'relative oral bioavailability was calculated to be approx. 60%'; Table 3 prints 57.0; Discussion: 'relative oral bioavailability of quercetin was calculated to be close to 60% in rat'."},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (extracted from Sophora japonica in laboratory), suspension/solution","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (AUC0-t per text)","value":"2851.20","variance":"± 253.22 (SD)","units":"µg·mL-1·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (extracted from Sophora japonica in laboratory), suspension/solution","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"220.83","variance":"± 36.08 (SD)","units":"µg.mL-1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (extracted from Sophora japonica in laboratory), suspension/solution","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:egg lecithin 1:20, 20% Cremophor RH40, ethanol; dispersed in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (AUC0-t per text)","value":"26 638.91","variance":"± 1155.85 (SD)","units":"µg·mL-1·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:egg lecithin 1:20, 20% Cremophor RH40, ethanol; dispersed in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1235.17","variance":"± 78.04 (SD)","units":"µg.mL-1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no significance flag in Table 5; Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:egg lecithin 1:20, 20% Cremophor RH40, ethanol; dispersed in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:egg lecithin 1:20, 26% Cremophor RH40, ethanol; dispersed in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (AUC0-t per text)","value":"34 789.16","variance":"± 1360.41 (SD)","units":"µg·mL-1·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:egg lecithin 1:20, 26% Cremophor RH40, ethanol; dispersed in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1422.00","variance":"± 129.12 (SD)","units":"µg.mL-1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27667265","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:egg lecithin 1:20, 26% Cremophor RH40, ethanol; dispersed in water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (oral PK)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR for PK","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma/serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 reports n=6 per group; Methods state 18 rats in three groups"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Tokyo Chemical Industry), plain drug","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.40","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic not specified in Table 1; Methods state results expressed as average ± SD (n=4 per group)"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded SLNs, size 74.61 ± 4.23 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"14.34","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic not specified in Table 1; Methods state results expressed as average ± SD (n=4 per group)"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded NLCs, size 67.46 ± 3.29 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"20.63","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic not specified in Table 1; Methods state results expressed as average ± SD (n=4 per group)"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Tokyo Chemical Industry), plain drug","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax with SD from Results text","value":"6.40","variance":"± 0.29 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 4.6 p.311 (text)","quote":"Cmax ... 6.40 ± 0.29 µg/mL (plain drug), 14.34 ± 0.95 µg/mL (SLNs) and 20.63 ± 1.09 µg/mL (NLCs)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text gives ± without naming SD; Methods state average ± SD"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded SLNs, size 74.61 ± 4.23 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax with SD from Results text","value":"14.34","variance":"± 0.95 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 4.6 p.311 (text)","quote":"Cmax ... 6.40 ± 0.29 µg/mL (plain drug), 14.34 ± 0.95 µg/mL (SLNs) and 20.63 ± 1.09 µg/mL (NLCs)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text gives ± without naming SD; Methods state average ± SD"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded NLCs, size 67.46 ± 3.29 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax with SD from Results text","value":"20.63","variance":"± 1.09 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 4.6 p.311 (text)","quote":"Cmax ... 6.40 ± 0.29 µg/mL (plain drug), 14.34 ± 0.95 µg/mL (SLNs) and 20.63 ± 1.09 µg/mL (NLCs)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text gives ± without naming SD; Methods state average ± SD"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Tokyo Chemical Industry), plain drug","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.7","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic not specified in Table 1; Methods state results expressed as average ± SD (n=4 per group)"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded SLNs, size 74.61 ± 4.23 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.7","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded NLCs, size 67.46 ± 3.29 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Tokyo Chemical Industry), plain drug","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"102.72","variance":"","units":"µg h mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded SLNs, size 74.61 ± 4.23 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"357.44","variance":"","units":"µg h mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded NLCs, size 67.46 ± 3.29 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"551.84","variance":"","units":"µg h mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded SLNs, size 74.61 ± 4.23 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"vs naive/plain drug (text)","value":"3.5","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 4.6 p.311","quote":"enhance the relative bioavailability of quercetin by 3.5-folds and 5.4-folds, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded NLCs, size 67.46 ± 3.29 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"vs naive/plain drug (text)","value":"5.4","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 4.6 p.311","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract says 'approx. 6 folds' (NLCs); text says 5.4-fold; Table 1 AUC ratio not calculated by extractor"},{"pmid":"27756627","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded NLCs, size 67.46 ± 3.29 nm","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"vs naive drug (Abstract, NLCs)","value":"6","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"NLCs substantially enhanced the relative bioavailability (approx. 6 folds)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"approximate; inconsistent with 5.4-fold in Results 4.6"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"24625.1","variance":"± 1563.8 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"31328.4","variance":"± 10693.8 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.1","variance":"± 2.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4964.8","variance":"± 1095.2 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"39529.2","variance":"± 6108.2 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"42730.3","variance":"± 7511.1 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.0","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6694.5","variance":"± 1690.0 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1394.6","variance":"± 868.0 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1400.7","variance":"± 866.8 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.9","variance":"± 3.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"316.1","variance":"± 132.0 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1583.9","variance":"± 583.3 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1597.3","variance":"± 589.7 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.3","variance":"± 0.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"842.1","variance":"± 508.4 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"units as printed in Table 1; Fig. 4 axes show µg/ml and text gives ng/ml for Cmax, so unit not reconciled by authors"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (Abstract)","value":"24625.1","variance":"± 1563.8 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L−1","location":"Abstract","quote":"Q3G ... AUC at 39529.2 ± 6108.2 mg·h·L−1 or 24625.1 ± 1563.8 mg·h·L−1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract; matches Table 1"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (Abstract)","value":"39529.2","variance":"± 6108.2 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L−1","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract; matches Table 1"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (Abstract)","value":"1394.6","variance":"± 868.1 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L−1","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract SD 868.1; Table 1 prints 868.0"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (Abstract)","value":"1583.9","variance":"± 583.3 (SD)","units":"mg·h·L−1","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract; matches Table 1"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Q3G and quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"double peak Tmax1 approx (Abstract)","value":"0.75","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Abstract","quote":"Tmax1 ≈ 0.75 h, Tmax2 ≈ 5 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"two maxima observed in concentration-time curves"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Q3G and quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"double peak Tmax2 approx (Abstract)","value":"5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax in text","value":"6694.5","variance":"± 1690 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.4 (Pharmacokinetic study)","quote":"Q3G with Cmax at 6694.5 ± 1690 ng/ml or 4964.8 ± 1095.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text unit ng/ml vs Table 1 mg/L"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"Q3G","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax in text","value":"4964.8","variance":"± 1095.2 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text unit ng/ml vs Table 1 mg/L"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (purity >=98%) (Chengmust Biological Technology)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax in text","value":"842.1","variance":"± 508.4 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text unit ng/ml vs Table 1 mg/L"},{"pmid":"27775094","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (isolated from Nelumbo nucifera, purity >=96%)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax in text","value":"316.1","variance":"± 132 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"text unit ng/ml vs Table 1 mg/L"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1185.91","variance":"± 70.43 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1628.77","variance":"± 129.73 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit printed 'ng/mLh' (ng·h/mL)"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1633.25","variance":"± 128.70 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit printed 'ng/mLh'"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (CA) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1393.22","variance":"± 152.52 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (CA) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (CA) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2115.06","variance":"± 213.58 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit printed 'ng/mLh' (ng·h/mL)"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (CA) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2125.31","variance":"± 190.22 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit printed 'ng/mLh'"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + quercetin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1586.20","variance":"± 165.06 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + quercetin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + quercetin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2715.75","variance":"± 283.88 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit printed 'ng/mLh' (ng·h/mL)"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + quercetin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2735.63","variance":"± 285.90 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit printed 'ng/mLh'"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid + quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 7.5 + 7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1843.14","variance":"± 198.34 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid + quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 7.5 + 7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid + quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 7.5 + 7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3498.28","variance":"± 374.35 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit printed 'ng/mLh' (ng·h/mL)"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid + quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 7.5 + 7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3521.63","variance":"± 377.20 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit printed 'ng/mLh'"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin solution in water","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"548.92","variance":"± 24.17 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV 1 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"977.26","variance":"± 118.34 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"p.o. 3 mg/kg suspension"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin solution in water","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"553.66","variance":"± 25.22 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"979.95","variance":"± 11,530 (SD)","units":"ng/mLh","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SD printed as 11,530 (as printed; appears implausible vs mean 979.95; possible typographical error)"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"711.54","variance":"± 76.43 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"3 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (CA) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr melatonin (pretreated/control), fold","value":"1.3","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.4 p.788","quote":"relative bioavailability (Fr) of melatonin was increased by 1.3, 1.7 and 2.14-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + quercetin suspension in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 15 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr melatonin (pretreated/control), fold","value":"1.7","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.4 p.788","quote":"relative bioavailability (Fr) of melatonin was increased by 1.3, 1.7 and 2.14-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Discussion gives 1.3-fold and 1.67-fold for CA and QT"},{"pmid":"28070878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"melatonin + caffeic acid + quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"5 (MT); 7.5 + 7.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, fasting to 4 h post dose (oral)","n":"6","analyte":"melatonin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr melatonin (pretreated/control), fold","value":"2.14","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.4 p.788","quote":"relative bioavailability (Fr) of melatonin was increased by 1.3, 1.7 and 2.14-fold","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"28189992","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rivastigmine (Vasudha Pharma Chemicals)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"rivastigmine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"51.08","variance":"± 3.89 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28189992","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rivastigmine (Vasudha Pharma Chemicals)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"rivastigmine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed '1 ± 00'"},{"pmid":"28189992","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"rivastigmine (Vasudha Pharma Chemicals)","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active 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plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"99.75","variance":"± 3.54 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28189992","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg daily for 10 days","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted at least 24 h before rivastigmine","n":"6","analyte":"rivastigmine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed '1 ± 00'"},{"pmid":"28189992","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg daily for 10 days","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted at least 24 h before rivastigmine","n":"6","analyte":"rivastigmine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"271.03","variance":"± 36.31 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28189992","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg daily for 10 days","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted at least 24 h before rivastigmine","n":"6","analyte":"rivastigmine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"309.51","variance":"± 51.14 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"28189992","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoparticles by antisolvent precipitation, <300 nm (SEM)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg daily for 10 days","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted at least 24 h before rivastigmine","n":"6","analyte":"rivastigmine","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"170.58","variance":"± 6.06 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Luteolin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.42","variance":"± 0.09 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Apigenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.51","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.29","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Luteolin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.04","variance":"± 0.60 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Apigenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.42","variance":"± 0.11 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"1.79","variance":"± 0.29 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Luteolin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"16.00","variance":"± 2.38 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Apigenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"2.91","variance":"± 0.74 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3.88","variance":"± 1.00 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Luteolin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"19.89","variance":"± 5.06 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Apigenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"5.03","variance":"± 1.72 (SD)","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 header: parameters estimated using the mean concentration-time profiles from six rats per time point"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (Results text, mean only)","value":"3.88","variance":"","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics Study p.5-6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"same value as Table 5"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Luteolin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (Results text, mean only)","value":"19.89","variance":"","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics Study p.5-6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"same value as Table 5"},{"pmid":"28373891","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Matricaria chamomilla L. extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 8.51; luteolin 56.49; apigenin 13.82 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"Apigenin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (Results text, mean only)","value":"5.03","variance":"","units":"µg h/ml","location":"Results, Pharmacokinetics Study p.5-6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"same value as Table 5"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"202.10","variance":"± 11.27 (SD)","units":"ng/mL g","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed 'ng/mL g' (brain/lung presumably ng/g tissue; plasma ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No unit printed in Table 4 header"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2540.60","variance":"± 199.76 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL g","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed 'ng min/mL g'"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"109.86","variance":"± 12.01 (SD)","units":"ng/mL g","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed 'ng/mL g' (brain/lung presumably ng/g tissue; plasma ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No unit printed in Table 4 header"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1075.80","variance":"± 71.92 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL g","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed 'ng min/mL g'"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion with chitosan (QNE5-based mucoadhesive nanoemulsion)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1788.68","variance":"± 3.67 (SD)","units":"ng/mL g","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed 'ng/mL g' (brain/lung presumably ng/g tissue; plasma ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion with chitosan (QNE5-based mucoadhesive nanoemulsion)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No unit printed in Table 4 header"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion with chitosan (QNE5-based mucoadhesive nanoemulsion)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"24893.11","variance":"± 368.85 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL g","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed 'ng min/mL g'"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion with chitosan (QNE5-based mucoadhesive nanoemulsion)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"374.59","variance":"± 19.60 (SD)","units":"ng/mL g","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed 'ng/mL g' (brain/lung presumably ng/g tissue; plasma ng/mL)"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion with chitosan (QNE5-based mucoadhesive nanoemulsion)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No unit printed in Table 4 header"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion with chitosan (QNE5-based mucoadhesive nanoemulsion)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"4704.76","variance":"± 188.56 (SD)","units":"ng min/mL g","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units as printed 'ng min/mL g'"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"comparative bioavailability AUCi.n./AUCi.v. (blood)","value":"2.42","variance":"± 0.06 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Comparator: same formulation i.v.; SEM per footnote"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"comparative bioavailability AUCi.n./AUCi.v. (brain)","value":"236.16","variance":"± 2.38 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Comparator: same formulation i.v.; SEM per footnote"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion with chitosan (QNE5-based mucoadhesive nanoemulsion)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"comparative bioavailability AUCi.n./AUCi.v. (blood)","value":"25.41","variance":"± 2.08 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Comparator: same formulation i.v.; SEM per footnote"},{"pmid":"28604104","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion with chitosan (QNE5-based mucoadhesive nanoemulsion)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"comparative bioavailability AUCi.n./AUCi.v. (brain)","value":"529.10","variance":"± 38.04 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Comparator: same formulation i.v.; SEM per footnote"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"bromocriptine","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"115.53","variance":"± 6.44 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; not marked significant vs BRO alone; header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"289.11","variance":"± 20.85 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; * significant (p<0.05) vs control (BRO alone); header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoparticles prepared by antisolvent precipitation (100-300 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"400.09","variance":"± 16.71 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; * significant (p<0.05) vs control (BRO alone); header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"bromocriptine","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.50","variance":"± 00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; not marked significant vs BRO alone; header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.50","variance":"± 00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; not marked significant vs BRO alone; header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoparticles prepared by antisolvent precipitation (100-300 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.50","variance":"± 00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; not marked significant vs BRO alone; header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"bromocriptine","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"409.29","variance":"± 74.06 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; not marked significant vs BRO alone; header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"819.88","variance":"± 93.91 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; * significant (p<0.05) vs control (BRO alone); header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoparticles prepared by antisolvent precipitation (100-300 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1250.90","variance":"± 161.94 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; * significant (p<0.05) vs control (BRO alone); header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"bromocriptine","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"430.58","variance":"± 79.90 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; not marked significant vs BRO alone; header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"869.93","variance":"± 101.12 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; * significant (p<0.05) vs control (BRO alone); header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28990837","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoparticles prepared by antisolvent precipitation (100-300 nm)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"bromocriptine (co-administered drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1354.83","variance":"± 165 (SD)","units":"h ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is bromocriptine; * significant (p<0.05) vs control (BRO alone); header mean ± SD, n = 6"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 15 mg/kg + EGB 6 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"196.96","variance":"± 41.18 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 30 mg/kg + EGB 12 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"324.82","variance":"± 82.18 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 45 mg/kg + EGB 18 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"442.31","variance":"± 91.64 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 15 mg/kg + EGB 6 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"200.44","variance":"± 40.09 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 30 mg/kg + EGB 12 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"326.99","variance":"± 82.03 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 45 mg/kg + EGB 18 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"442.97","variance":"± 91.30 (SD)","units":"µg·L−1·h","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 15 mg/kg + EGB 6 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"799.82","variance":"± 137.15 (SD)","units":"ng·mL−1","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 30 mg/kg + EGB 12 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1 239.81","variance":"± 292.58 (SD)","units":"ng·mL−1","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"28991533","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract EGB + ligustrazine LGT) (Xingxiong injection)","forms":[],"dose":"LGT 45 mg/kg + EGB 18 mg/kg mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QCR, rutin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2 351.05","variance":"± 326.46 (SD)","units":"ng·mL−1","location":"Table 6 (page image p.717)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Intravenous administration, so not an oral absorption value; CL printed as 'CL' (not CL/F); AUC printed in µg·L−1·h while Cmax in ng·mL−1; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"29153998","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (Sigma-Aldrich standard) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.087","variance":"± 0.001 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2 (verified on page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV dose 10 mg/kg; oral dose 20 mg/kg (doses differ); CL listed for both routes in the table as 'CL'"},{"pmid":"29153998","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (Sigma-Aldrich standard) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.95","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2 (verified on page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV dose 10 mg/kg; oral dose 20 mg/kg (doses differ); CL listed for both routes in the table as 'CL'"},{"pmid":"29153998","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (Sigma-Aldrich standard) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"152.32","variance":"± 15.34 (SD)","units":"ng ml−1","location":"Table 2 (verified on page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV dose 10 mg/kg; oral dose 20 mg/kg (doses differ); CL listed for both routes in the table as 'CL'"},{"pmid":"29153998","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (Sigma-Aldrich standard) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"87.78","variance":"± 11.73 (SD)","units":"ng ml−1","location":"Table 2 (verified on page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV dose 10 mg/kg; oral dose 20 mg/kg (doses differ); CL listed for both routes in the table as 'CL'"},{"pmid":"29153998","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (Sigma-Aldrich standard) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"76.45","variance":"± 15.62 (SD)","units":"ng h ml−1","location":"Table 2 (verified on page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV dose 10 mg/kg; oral dose 20 mg/kg (doses differ); CL listed for both routes in the table as 'CL'"},{"pmid":"29153998","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (Sigma-Aldrich standard) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"20.95","variance":"± 5.34 (SD)","units":"ng h ml−1","location":"Table 2 (verified on page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV dose 10 mg/kg; oral dose 20 mg/kg (doses differ); CL listed for both routes in the table as 'CL'"},{"pmid":"29153998","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (Sigma-Aldrich standard) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"81.34","variance":"± 18.23 (SD)","units":"ng h ml−1","location":"Table 2 (verified on page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV dose 10 mg/kg; oral dose 20 mg/kg (doses differ); CL listed for both routes in the table as 'CL'"},{"pmid":"29153998","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (Sigma-Aldrich standard) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"20 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"22.78","variance":"± 6.18 (SD)","units":"ng h ml−1","location":"Table 2 (verified on page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV dose 10 mg/kg; oral dose 20 mg/kg (doses differ); CL listed for both routes in the table as 'CL'"},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"186.6","variance":"± 15.1 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer."},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.14","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer. No variance printed"},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"111.3","variance":"± 13.1 (SD)","units":"ng h mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer."},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG + quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg EGCG + 10 mg/kg quercetin mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"672.5","variance":"± 7.3 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer."},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG + quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg EGCG + 10 mg/kg quercetin mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.18","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer. No variance printed"},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG + quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg EGCG + 10 mg/kg quercetin mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"365.5","variance":"± 25.5 (SD)","units":"ng h mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer."},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG + fisetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg EGCG + 10 mg/kg fisetin mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1450.8","variance":"± 11.2 (SD)","units":"ng mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer."},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG + fisetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg EGCG + 10 mg/kg fisetin mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.14","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer. No variance printed"},{"pmid":"29168878","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"EGCG + fisetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg EGCG + 10 mg/kg fisetin mg per kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"5","analyte":"EGCG","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"825.3","variance":"± 46.7 (SD)","units":"ng h mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is EGCG/catechins, not quercetin; quercetin is the co-administered enhancer."},{"pmid":"29169211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Mang-Guo-Zhi-Ke tablets (crushed, dissolved in water, 240 mg/mL)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"61.75","variance":"± 15.86 (SD)","units":"μg/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (p.8) gives Cmax of mangiferin as 'ng/mL'; table unit for quercetin is μg/L"},{"pmid":"29169211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Mang-Guo-Zhi-Ke tablets (crushed, dissolved in water, 240 mg/mL)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.17","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Results text p.7 and Abstract give quercetin Tmax as 0.16 h; Table 6 prints 0.17 h"},{"pmid":"29169211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Mang-Guo-Zhi-Ke tablets (crushed, dissolved in water, 240 mg/mL)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"text value","value":"0.16","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.7","quote":"quercetin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and kaempferol were absorbed rapidly and reached the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at 0.16, 0.25 and 0.25 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 6 (0.17). Text: 'reached the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at 0.16, 0.25 and 0.25 h' for quercetin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempferol; Abstract: 'between 0.16 and 0.25 h'"},{"pmid":"29169211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Mang-Guo-Zhi-Ke tablets (crushed, dissolved in water, 240 mg/mL)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"171.23","variance":"± 51.99 (SD)","units":"μgh/L","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units printed as 'μgh/L'; AUC from zero to last measurable concentration"},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE solution (IV)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: IV. Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6)."},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE solution (IV)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"22.97","variance":"","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: IV. Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6). Fig. 6 y-axis labelled μg/mL"},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE solution (IV)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"7.89","variance":"","units":"mg⋅L-1⋅h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: IV. Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6)."},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-OA-CNPs and PTX-OA-CNPs in spray-dried polymeric microspheres (PMs)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.94","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: intratracheal PMs. Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6)."},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-OA-CNPs and PTX-OA-CNPs in spray-dried polymeric microspheres (PMs)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.54","variance":"","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: intratracheal PMs. Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6). Fig. 6 y-axis labelled μg/mL"},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-OA-CNPs and PTX-OA-CNPs in spray-dried polymeric microspheres (PMs)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"29.62","variance":"","units":"mg⋅L-1⋅h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: intratracheal PMs. Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6)."},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PTX + QUE (IV)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg QUE + 15 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.083","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: IV (combined with PTX). Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6)."},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PTX + QUE (IV)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg QUE + 15 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"21.86","variance":"","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: IV (combined with PTX). Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6). Fig. 6 y-axis labelled μg/mL"},{"pmid":"29180863","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PTX + QUE (IV)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg QUE + 15 mg/kg PTX mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–t","value":"11.09","variance":"","units":"mg⋅L-1⋅h-1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Route: IV (combined with PTX). Statistic and variance not printed in Table 3 (Fig. 6 shows mean ± SD, n=6)."},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.0","variance":"± 1.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded MPEG-b-PLLA micelle (QUT 6.1 ± 0.4% drug loading; EE 82.5 ± 2.1%; size 88.5 ± 2.6 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"40 (QUT equivalent) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.3","variance":"± 1.6 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"628.67","variance":"± 64.66 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded MPEG-b-PLLA micelle (QUT 6.1 ± 0.4% drug loading; EE 82.5 ± 2.1%; size 88.5 ± 2.6 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"40 (QUT equivalent) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1920.83","variance":"± 250.14 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–48","value":"4318.42","variance":"± 470.31 (SD)","units":"ng/mL∗h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded MPEG-b-PLLA micelle (QUT 6.1 ± 0.4% drug loading; EE 82.5 ± 2.1%; size 88.5 ± 2.6 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"40 (QUT equivalent) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–48","value":"38312.97","variance":"± 4346.72 (SD)","units":"ng/mL∗h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"4633.71","variance":"± 557.67 (SD)","units":"ng/mL∗h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded MPEG-b-PLLA micelle (QUT 6.1 ± 0.4% drug loading; EE 82.5 ± 2.1%; size 88.5 ± 2.6 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"40 (QUT equivalent) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"41677.10","variance":"± 4573.95 (SD)","units":"ng/mL∗h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29234675","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"micelle vs aqueous suspension (based on AUC0–∞)","value":"9","variance":"","units":"-fold","location":"Abstract / Results p.6","quote":"provided a 9-fold increase in the relative oral bioavailability of QUT as compared with the QUT aqueous suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Ratio stated by authors as '9-fold'; not computed by extractor"},{"pmid":"29327653","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension in 0.4% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD printed for Tmax"},{"pmid":"29327653","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in sodium taurocholate/Pluronic P123 mixed micelles (DL 12.6%, EE 95.9%, 16.20 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"8","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No SD printed for Tmax"},{"pmid":"29327653","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension in 0.4% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.82","variance":"± 0.51 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29327653","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in sodium taurocholate/Pluronic P123 mixed micelles (DL 12.6%, EE 95.9%, 16.20 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.13","variance":"± 0.53 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29327653","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension in 0.4% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24","value":"50.38","variance":"± 5.26 (SD)","units":"h.mg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29327653","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in sodium taurocholate/Pluronic P123 mixed micelles (DL 12.6%, EE 95.9%, 16.20 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"80 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin (after hydrolysis of conjugates)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24","value":"80.42","variance":"± 1.34 (SD)","units":"h.mg/L","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29552082","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ardisia japonica ethanol (95%) extract, yield 8.9%","forms":[],"dose":"0.93 g/kg extract","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin-3-rhamnoside (quercitrin)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.60 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"n=10 rats per Fig. 3 legend; one-compartment model (DAS 1.0)."},{"pmid":"29552082","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ardisia japonica ethanol (95%) extract, yield 8.9%","forms":[],"dose":"0.93 g/kg extract","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin-3-rhamnoside (quercitrin)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.08","variance":"± 8.28 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"n=10 rats per Fig. 3 legend; one-compartment model (DAS 1.0). SD exceeds mean"},{"pmid":"29552082","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ardisia japonica ethanol (95%) extract, yield 8.9%","forms":[],"dose":"0.93 g/kg extract","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin-3-rhamnoside (quercitrin)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24h","value":"6.44","variance":"± 12.00 (SD)","units":"ng/mL∗h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results 3.4) prints 6.44 ± 11.99 ng (mL h)−1; Table 6 prints 12.00. n=10 rats per Fig. 3 legend; one-compartment model (DAS 1.0)."},{"pmid":"29552082","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ardisia japonica ethanol (95%) extract, yield 8.9%","forms":[],"dose":"0.93 g/kg extract","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin-3-rhamnoside (quercitrin)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24h (text)","value":"6.44","variance":"± 11.99 (SD)","units":"ng (mL h)−1","location":"Results 3.4 p.8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 6 SD (12.00)"},{"pmid":"29552082","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ardisia japonica ethanol (95%) extract, yield 8.9%","forms":[],"dose":"0.93 g/kg extract","doseBasis":"compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin-3-rhamnoside (quercitrin)","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–∞","value":"6.95","variance":"± 20.67 (SD)","units":"ng/mL∗h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"n=10 rats per Fig. 3 legend; one-compartment model (DAS 1.0)."},{"pmid":"30253803","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin in deionized water","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (gavage 08:00-10:00 am)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma concentration within 6 h","value":"0.402","variance":"± 0.133 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Results p.6 (Detection of quercetin in plasma)","quote":"The maximum plasma concentration of free QT solution (100 mg/kg) within 6 h after oral administration was 0.402 ± 0.133 μg/ml","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as mean ± 0.133 (error type SEM per figure legend; text calls it 'maximum plasma concentration')"},{"pmid":"30253803","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin conjugated to dextran-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (QT-SPION), loading 42%","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR (gavage 08:00-10:00 am)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum plasma concentration, printed 'in 3 h'","value":"0.137","variance":"± 0.029 (SEM)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Results p.6","quote":"This for 100 mg/kg in 3 h after oral administration of QT-SPIONs was 0.137 ± 0.029 μg/ml","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Authors' abstract/discussion say QT-SPION plasma concentrations were higher than free QT, but this text states free QT max was significantly higher (p < 0.05); inconsistent."},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu enveloped in Soluplus micelles with Poloxamer 407 (polymer:drug 7.7 w/w; solubilisation efficiency 70.70%, drug loading 8.33%) (NR (Qu from Cayman Chemical))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Qu equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.83","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units µg/ml as shown on page image of Table 3 (text layer and Results text print 'mg/ml'; Fig. 4c axis is µg/ml). No variance given in table."},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu enveloped in Soluplus micelles with Poloxamer 407 (polymer:drug 7.7 w/w; solubilisation efficiency 70.70%, drug loading 8.33%) (NR (Qu from Cayman Chemical))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Qu equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"","units":"hour","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu enveloped in Soluplus micelles with Poloxamer 407 (polymer:drug 7.7 w/w; solubilisation efficiency 70.70%, drug loading 8.33%) (NR (Qu from Cayman Chemical))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Qu equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"58.83","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed in Table 3 (Table 3 row label has no units)"},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu enveloped in Soluplus micelles with Poloxamer 407 (polymer:drug 7.7 w/w; solubilisation efficiency 70.70%, drug loading 8.33%) (NR (Qu from Cayman Chemical))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Qu equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCextra (extrapolated area)","value":"55.01","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu enveloped in Soluplus micelles with Poloxamer 407 (polymer:drug 7.7 w/w; solubilisation efficiency 70.70%, drug loading 8.33%) (NR (Qu from Cayman Chemical))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Qu equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtot (total, AUC0-inf)","value":"113.85","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin pure drug suspension (Cayman Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.45","variance":"","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Units µg/ml as shown on page image of Table 3 (text layer and Results text print 'mg/ml'; Fig. 4c axis is µg/ml). No variance given in table."},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin pure drug suspension (Cayman Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"","units":"hour","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin pure drug suspension (Cayman Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUClast","value":"3.46","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed in Table 3 (Table 3 row label has no units)"},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin pure drug suspension (Cayman Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCextra (extrapolated area)","value":"0.86","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin pure drug suspension (Cayman Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCtot (total, AUC0-inf)","value":"4.33","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC unit not printed"},{"pmid":"30322273","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu enveloped in Soluplus micelles with Poloxamer 407 (polymer:drug 7.7 w/w; solubilisation efficiency 70.70%, drug loading 8.33%) (NR (Qu from Cayman Chemical))","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"10 mg/kg (Qu equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative bioavailability, Qu-SMs vs pure drug suspension (from AUC comparison)","value":"1676","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.S553; Conclusion","quote":"The relative bioavailability was found to be 1676%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Which AUC was used is not specified; printed as 1676%."},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dissolved in EtOH:Tween 80 1:1 then diluted with DDW to 6 mg/mL (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"49.65","variance":"± 15.76 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dissolved in EtOH:Tween 80 1:1 then diluted with DDW to 6 mg/mL (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"17.51","variance":"± 6.15 (SD)","units":"h·µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles, QUE:TPGS:lecithin 6:40:80 w/w","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"87.99","variance":"± 28.64 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles, QUE:TPGS:lecithin 6:40:80 w/w","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"27.74","variance":"± 8.82 (SD)","units":"h·µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles, QUE:TPGS:lecithin 6:40:80 w/w","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BA (%) (IV-IV) relative to free QUE IV","value":"158","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"intravenous and oral administration of QUE-loaded LsbPMs was found to have significantly increased the relative bioavailability to 158% and 360%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text also states AUC of LsbPMs 1.58-times higher than free QUE (IV)"},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dissolved in EtOH:Tween 80 1:1 then diluted (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dissolved in EtOH:Tween 80 1:1 then diluted (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.53","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dissolved in EtOH:Tween 80 1:1 then diluted (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"0.25","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"h·µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles, QUE:TPGS:lecithin 6:40:80 w/w (encapsulation efficiency 98.88%, drug loading 4.72%, size 92.2 ± 0.35 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles, QUE:TPGS:lecithin 6:40:80 w/w (encapsulation efficiency 98.88%, drug loading 4.72%, size 92.2 ± 0.35 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.52","variance":"± 1.31 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles, QUE:TPGS:lecithin 6:40:80 w/w (encapsulation efficiency 98.88%, drug loading 4.72%, size 92.2 ± 0.35 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"0.90","variance":"± 0.26 (SD)","units":"h·µg/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dissolved in EtOH:Tween 80 1:1 then diluted (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BA (%) (Oral-Oral), reference","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reference arm"},{"pmid":"30518853","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles, QUE:TPGS:lecithin 6:40:80 w/w (encapsulation efficiency 98.88%, drug loading 4.72%, size 92.2 ± 0.35 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"BA (%) (Oral-Oral) relative to free QUE oral","value":"360","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"The relative oral BA of QUE-loaded LsbPMs with respect to free QUE was found to be 3.6-fold higher.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Text expresses as 3.6-fold; Abstract as 360%"},{"pmid":"30610857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate PEGylated liposomes of AMD and of QUE, mixed (Sichuan Synergy Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"0.88 mg/kg QUE (with 5.0 mg/kg AMD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.647","variance":"± 0.126 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as µg/mL on page image"},{"pmid":"30610857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"separate PEGylated liposomes of AMD and of QUE, mixed (Sichuan Synergy Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"0.88 mg/kg QUE (with 5.0 mg/kg AMD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0~t","value":"8.01","variance":"± 1.0 (SD)","units":"h·µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30610857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PEGylated liposomes co-encapsulating AMD and QUE (HSPC:CH:DSPE-PEG2000 73.07:24.36:2.57 mol/mol; QUE:HSPC 1:20 mol/mol) (Sichuan Synergy Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"0.88 mg/kg QUE (with 5.0 mg/kg AMD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.918","variance":"± 1.581 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Unit printed as µg/mL on page image (text layer/abstract show mg/mL for DOX table)"},{"pmid":"30610857","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"PEGylated liposomes co-encapsulating AMD and QUE (HSPC:CH:DSPE-PEG2000 73.07:24.36:2.57 mol/mol; QUE:HSPC 1:20 mol/mol) (Sichuan Synergy Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"0.88 mg/kg QUE (with 5.0 mg/kg AMD)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 8 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0~t","value":"7.29","variance":"± 2.16 (SD)","units":"h·µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.47","variance":"± 2.63 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","quote":"reached the Cmax (7.47 ± 2.63 ug/mL) at Tmax (54.0 ± 25.1 min)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.46","variance":"± 2.94 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.35","variance":"± 0.11 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","quote":"IQ could be detected in rat plasma and reached the Cmax (0.35 ± 0.11 ug/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.60","variance":"± 2.67 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.91","variance":"± 1.34 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (>=96% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.04","variance":"± 0.85 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (>=96% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.17","variance":"± 1.85 (SD)","units":"ug/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"54.0","variance":"± 25.1 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin (50 mg/kg oral). Mean ± SD as per Table 2 title (not median)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"42.0","variance":"± 16.4 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin (50 mg/kg oral). Mean ± SD as per Table 2 title (not median)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"27.0","variance":"± 6.7 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral). Mean ± SD as per Table 2 title (not median)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"42.0","variance":"± 16.4 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral). Mean ± SD as per Table 2 title (not median)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral). Mean ± SD as per Table 2 title (not median)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (>=96% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"222.0","variance":"± 119.2 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","quote":"Tmax (222.0 ± 119.2 min) of QG was delayed compared with Tmax (54.0 ± 25.1 min) of Qr","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (50 mg/kg oral). Mean ± SD as per Table 2 title (not median)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (>=96% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"360","variance":"± 120 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (50 mg/kg oral). Mean ± SD as per Table 2 title (not median)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2,590.5","variance":"± 987.9 (SD)","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Table 2; Results p.8","quote":"the AUC0-t (2,590.5 ± 987.9 mg/L min)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1,150.0","variance":"± 454.2 (SD)","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin (50 mg/kg oral). INCONSISTENT: Abstract prints 1,550.0 ± 454.2 mg/L min for QG in the Qr group; Table 2 and Results text print 1,150.0 ± 454.2."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"17.2","variance":"± 7.3 (SD)","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral). Text: AUC of IQ could only be assessed until 90-120 min."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2,212.7","variance":"± 914.1 (SD)","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"669.3","variance":"± 188.3 (SD)","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with isoquercitrin (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (>=96% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"962.7","variance":"± 602.3 (SD)","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (>=96% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3,505.7","variance":"± 1,565.0 (SD)","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; mean ± SD, n = 5. Analyte measured in the group dosed with quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (50 mg/kg oral)."},{"pmid":"30941276","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (>=98% purity) (Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted ~12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (Abstract value)","value":"1,550.0","variance":"± 454.2 (SD)","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Abstract","quote":"AUC0-t of QG in the; Qr group (1,550.0 ± 454.2 mg/L min)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 2 and Results text (1,150.0 ± 454.2); recorded as printed in Abstract, not resolved."},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in vehicle (15% ethanol, 15% polyoxyethylene castor oil, 70% ddH2O)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"curcumin (CUR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"131.26","variance":"± 199.32 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in vehicle (15% ethanol, 15% polyoxyethylene castor oil, 70% ddH2O)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin (THC, CUR metabolite)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"264.15","variance":"± 125.29 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"curcumin (CUR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"125.27","variance":"± 89.59 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin (THC, CUR metabolite)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"101.02","variance":"± 81.08 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Asterisk in table: p < 0.05 compared with the single group"},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (QR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"299.79","variance":"± 100.40 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"; QR dosed only in combined group (15 mg/kg)"},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"paeoniflorin (PF)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"841.47","variance":"± 507.38 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in vehicle (15% ethanol, 15% polyoxyethylene castor oil, 70% ddH2O)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"curcumin (CUR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.13","variance":"± 4.97 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in vehicle (15% ethanol, 15% polyoxyethylene castor oil, 70% ddH2O)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin (THC, CUR metabolite)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9.60","variance":"± 8.41 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"curcumin (CUR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"9.80","variance":"± 4.92 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin (THC, CUR metabolite)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.72","variance":"± 10.26 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (QR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.19","variance":"± 0.04 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"; QR dosed only in combined group (15 mg/kg)"},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"paeoniflorin (PF)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.62","variance":"± 0.32 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in vehicle (15% ethanol, 15% polyoxyethylene castor oil, 70% ddH2O)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"curcumin (CUR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"463.78","variance":"± 347.08 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in vehicle (15% ethanol, 15% polyoxyethylene castor oil, 70% ddH2O)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin (THC, CUR metabolite)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2586.61","variance":"± 2012.70 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"curcumin (CUR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"851.44","variance":"± 301.24 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin (THC, CUR metabolite)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1147.21","variance":"± 1043.68 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (QR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"842.53","variance":"± 396.03 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"; QR dosed only in combined group (15 mg/kg)"},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"paeoniflorin (PF)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1990.01","variance":"± 1582.78 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in vehicle (15% ethanol, 15% polyoxyethylene castor oil, 70% ddH2O)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"curcumin (CUR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"530.89","variance":"± 462.59 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in vehicle (15% ethanol, 15% polyoxyethylene castor oil, 70% ddH2O)","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin (THC, CUR metabolite)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"3508.73","variance":"± 2020.58 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"curcumin (CUR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1324.10","variance":"± 1077.48 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin (THC, CUR metabolite)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1622.50","variance":"± 1596.29 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin (QR)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1011.10","variance":"± 374.96 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"; QR dosed only in combined group (15 mg/kg)"},{"pmid":"31029801","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution of curcumin, quercetin, paeoniflorin in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"CUR 300, QR 15, PF 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"paeoniflorin (PF)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"2487.51","variance":"± 1300.08 (SD)","units":"µg/L·h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin ground with 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.763","variance":"± 0.182 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin ground with 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.046","variance":"± 0.256 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin ground with 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"8.882","variance":"± 0.501 (SD)","units":"µg/mL×hours","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded PLGA/lecithin hybrid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.661","variance":"± 0.679 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Column header in Table 1 reads 'QUE emulsions'; text and table title identify this arm as QUE-PLNs"},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded PLGA/lecithin hybrid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.145","variance":"± 0.323 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Column header in Table 1 reads 'QUE emulsions'; text and table title identify this arm as QUE-PLNs"},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded PLGA/lecithin hybrid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"22.396","variance":"± 0.564 (SD)","units":"µg/mL×hours","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Column header in Table 1 reads 'QUE emulsions'; text and table title identify this arm as QUE-PLNs"},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded PLGA/lecithin/sodium taurocholate hybrid nanoparticles, particle size 110.6 nm, EE 96.22%","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.807","variance":"± 0.548 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded PLGA/lecithin/sodium taurocholate hybrid nanoparticles, particle size 110.6 nm, EE 96.22%","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.026","variance":"± 0.225 (SD)","units":"hours","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded PLGA/lecithin/sodium taurocholate hybrid nanoparticles, particle size 110.6 nm, EE 96.22%","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"33.319","variance":"± 0.483 (SD)","units":"µg/mL×hours","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded PLGA/lecithin hybrid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBA vs QUE suspensions","value":"252.15%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"The relative oral bioavailability ... was just 252.15% for QUE-PLNs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calculated by authors (noncompartmental model); Column header in Table 1 reads 'QUE emulsions'; text and table title identify this arm as QUE-PLNs"},{"pmid":"31213814","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded PLGA/lecithin/sodium taurocholate hybrid nanoparticles, particle size 110.6 nm, EE 96.22%","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBA vs QUE suspensions","value":"375.12%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"relative oral bioavailability of QUE-cPLNs ... up to 375.12% compared to QUE suspensions","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"176","variance":"± 13.4 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; Cmax 176 μg/mL as printed on page image"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-last (time 0 to last)","value":"167","variance":"± 8.21 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (Fr), AUCoral/AUCiv x100","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reported as F (relative oral bioavailability vs IV); IV reference = 100"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aqueous suspension (15.5 ± 4.3 µm), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aqueous suspension (15.5 ± 4.3 µm), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.37","variance":"± 0.08 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aqueous suspension (15.5 ± 4.3 µm), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-last (time 0 to last)","value":"0.55","variance":"± 0.25 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aqueous suspension (15.5 ± 4.3 µm), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (Fr), AUCoral/AUCiv x100","value":"0.33","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reported as F (relative oral bioavailability vs IV); IV reference = 100"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.60","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.40","variance":"± 0.41 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-last (time 0 to last)","value":"6.77","variance":"± 2.20 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (Fr), AUCoral/AUCiv x100","value":"4.10","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reported as F (relative oral bioavailability vs IV); IV reference = 100"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles (no cyclodextrin), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.7","variance":"± 1.5 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles (no cyclodextrin), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.20","variance":"± 0.40 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles (no cyclodextrin), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-last (time 0 to last)","value":"19.6","variance":"± 4.12 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles (no cyclodextrin), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (Fr), AUCoral/AUCiv x100","value":"11.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reported as F (relative oral bioavailability vs IV); IV reference = 100"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles with HP-β-CD, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.3","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles with HP-β-CD, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.89","variance":"± 1.05 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles with HP-β-CD, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-last (time 0 to last)","value":"61.4","variance":"± 24.5 (SD)","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles with HP-β-CD, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (Fr), AUCoral/AUCiv x100","value":"36.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Reported as F (relative oral bioavailability vs IV); IV reference = 100"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin solution in PEG400:water (6:4 v/v), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"oral solution, text","value":"about 4","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.10 para 1 (PDF p.10)","quote":"for the oral solution, the oral bioavailability of the flavonoid was only of about 4%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 4.10"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles (no cyclodextrin), oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"text, Q-NP","value":"11","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.10 para 1","quote":"ranged from 11% to 36% (for Q-NP and Q-HPCD-NP, respectively)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 11.8"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles with HP-β-CD, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"text, Q-HPCD-NP","value":"36","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.10 para 1","quote":"ranged from 11% to 36% (for Q-NP and Q-HPCD-NP, respectively)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 36.8"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles with HP-β-CD, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"abstract/discussion/conclusion","value":"close to 37","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Discussion; Conclusions","quote":"relative oral bioavailability of quercetin was calculated to be close to 37%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 36.8; text on p.10 says 36%"},{"pmid":"31472219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded casein nanoparticles with HP-β-CD, oral","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text","value":"61","variance":"","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Results p.9 para 3","quote":"the AUC was the highest and represented 61 µg h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 61.4 ± 24.5"},{"pmid":"31482519","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liposomal copper-quercetin (DSPC:cholesterol 55:45; 300 mM CuSO4 inside), IV","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin), IV bolus","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n ≥ 4 mice per treatment group (4 per time point)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC reported as AUC0-24h in Abstract (CuSO4 arm)","value":"8382","variance":"","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 caption prints 'flavopiridol ... (5 mg/kg)' but text and Methods describe quercetin 50 mg/kg IV; recorded as printed, caption appears erroneous. Abstract states AUC0-24H of 8382.1 μg h/mL."},{"pmid":"31482519","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liposomal copper-quercetin (DSPC:cholesterol 55:45; 100 mM copper gluconate inside), IV","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin), IV bolus","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n ≥ 4 mice per treatment group (4 per time point)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC reported as AUC0-24h in Abstract (CuSO4 arm)","value":"1577","variance":"","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 caption prints 'flavopiridol ... (5 mg/kg)' but text and Methods describe quercetin 50 mg/kg IV; recorded as printed, caption appears erroneous."},{"pmid":"31482519","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liposomal copper-quercetin (DSPC:cholesterol 55:45; 300 mM CuSO4 inside), IV","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin), IV bolus","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n ≥ 4 mice per treatment group (4 per time point)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24H (Abstract)","value":"8382.1","variance":"","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"copper-quercetin formulations had an AUC0-24H of 8382.1 μg h/mL when administered to mice at 50 mg/kg","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2 and Results print 8382 for the CuSO4 formulation; abstract does not specify CuSO4 vs CuG"},{"pmid":"31482519","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liposomal copper-quercetin (DSPC:cholesterol 55:45; 300 mM CuSO4 inside), IV","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin), IV bolus","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n ≥ 4 mice per treatment group (4 per time point)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, text","value":"8382","variance":"","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Results p.8 (PDF p.8)","quote":"AUC is 8382 μg h/mL for the quercetin formulations prepared using liposomes made with copper sulfate","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"31482519","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liposomal copper-quercetin (DSPC:cholesterol 55:45; 100 mM copper gluconate inside), IV","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin), IV bolus","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n ≥ 4 mice per treatment group (4 per time point)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC, text","value":"1577","variance":"","units":"μg h/mL","location":"Results p.8 (PDF p.8)","quote":"1577 μg h/mL for quercetin formulations prepared using liposomes made with CuG","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"31482519","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Liposomal copper-quercetin (DSPC:cholesterol 55:45; 300 mM CuSO4 inside), IV","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg (quercetin), IV bolus","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n ≥ 4 mice per treatment group (4 per time point)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC reported in μmol/mL (Discussion, comparison with literature)","value":"1.94","variance":"","units":"μmol/mL","location":"Discussion p.10 (PDF p.11)","quote":"an 18 fold increase in total drug exposure (AUC) (1.94 versus 0.106 μmol/mL) [24]","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"1.94 μmol/mL is the authors' value for the CuSO4 formulation; 0.106 μmol/mL is from the cited literature liposomal formulation"},{"pmid":"31771913","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (quercetin aglycone from Sigma; QS purified from Apocynum venetum (93% purity))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"15 µmol in 0.5 ml propylene glycol with 2% DMSO","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"diet removed 12 h before surgery","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin-3-glucuronide","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum observed over 30 min jejunal surgery","value":"3.0","variance":"± 1.0 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results 3.2 (p.5)","quote":"reaching a maximum (3.0 ± 1.0 µM) by 20 min and had not changed significantly by 30 min (2.9 ± 0.6 µM)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"31771913","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-sophoroside (QS) (quercetin aglycone from Sigma; QS purified from Apocynum venetum (93% purity))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"15 µmol in 0.5 ml propylene glycol with 2% DMSO","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"diet removed 12 h before surgery","n":"4","analyte":"intact QS","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum observed in plasma","value":"3.7","variance":"± 1.2 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results 3.3 (p.5)","quote":"the maximum concentration observed in plasma was 3.7 ± 1.2 µM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"31771913","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (quercetin aglycone from Sigma; QS purified from Apocynum venetum (93% purity))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"15 µmol in 0.5 ml propylene glycol with 2% DMSO","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"diet removed 12 h before surgery","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin-3-glucuronide","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum during 150 min cecal surgery","value":"0.4","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results 3.2 (p.5)","quote":"the maximum concentrations of Q3GA and I3GA in the plasma during the 150 min cecal surgery, were 0.4 ± 0.2 µM and 0.2 ± 0.0 µM","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"31771913","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (quercetin aglycone from Sigma; QS purified from Apocynum venetum (93% purity))","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"15 µmol in 0.5 ml propylene glycol with 2% DMSO","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"diet removed 12 h before surgery","n":"3","analyte":"isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide","matrix":"portal vein plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum during 150 min cecal surgery","value":"0.2","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"µM","location":"Results 3.2 (p.5)","quote":"0.4 ± 0.2 µM and 0.2 ± 0.0 µM, respectively, which are only 13% and 6% of the maximum concentration of Q3GA and I3GA in jejunal surgery","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"31781321","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Q-PC:PVP K30 1:3 mass ratio (quercetin:lecithin:PVP 1:1:3) (quercetin from Sigma Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (pure quercetin content)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.143","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4); Abstract","quote":"The maximum serum concentration of Q-SD was considerably increased to 4.143 μg/mL from 1.517 μg/mL of QT or 2.523 μg/mL of Q-PC.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic not stated; no variance printed; matrix called serum in text, 'blood' on Fig. 1b axis"},{"pmid":"31781321","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (quercetin from Sigma Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (pure quercetin content)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.517","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4)","quote":"The maximum serum concentration of Q-SD was considerably increased to 4.143 μg/mL from 1.517 μg/mL of QT or 2.523 μg/mL of Q-PC.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"31781321","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:soy lecithin 1:1 mass ratio (quercetin from Sigma Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (pure quercetin content)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.523","variance":"","units":"μg/mL","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4)","quote":"The maximum serum concentration of Q-SD was considerably increased to 4.143 μg/mL from 1.517 μg/mL of QT or 2.523 μg/mL of Q-PC.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"statistic not stated; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"31781321","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Q-PC:PVP K30 1:3 mass ratio (quercetin:lecithin:PVP 1:1:3) (quercetin from Sigma Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (pure quercetin content)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"12.015","variance":"","units":"μg·h/mL","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4); Abstract","quote":"the area under the curve of Q-SD was remarkably increased to 12.015 μg·h/mL from 5.461 μg·h/mL of QT and 8.074 μg·h/mL of Q-SD","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC time interval not stated (sampling 0.25-8 h); no variance"},{"pmid":"31781321","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (quercetin from Sigma Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (pure quercetin content)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"5.461","variance":"","units":"μg·h/mL","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4)","quote":"the area under the curve of Q-SD was remarkably increased to 12.015 μg·h/mL from 5.461 μg·h/mL of QT and 8.074 μg·h/mL of Q-SD","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC time interval not stated"},{"pmid":"31781321","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:soy lecithin 1:1 mass ratio (quercetin from Sigma Chemical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (pure quercetin content)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"","value":"8.074","variance":"","units":"μg·h/mL","location":"Results 3.1 (p.4)","quote":"the area under the curve of Q-SD was remarkably increased to 12.015 μg·h/mL from 5.461 μg·h/mL of QT and 8.074 μg·h/mL of Q-SD","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints '8.074 μg·h/mL of Q-SD' where context implies Q-PC (typographical error in paper); assigned to Q-PC by arm context, flagged for reviewer. AUC time interval not stated"},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin crystalline (physical, unformulated) (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1.85","variance":"± 0.95 (SD)","units":"mg/L*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:poloxamer 188 1:7 w/w amorphous solid dispersion by hot melt extrusion (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1.92","variance":"± 0.89 (SD)","units":"mg/L*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:6:1 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"1.95","variance":"± 0.84 (SD)","units":"mg/L*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:5:2 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"3.96","variance":"± 1.07 (SD)","units":"mg/L*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:4:3 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"6.55","variance":"± 2.46 (SD)","units":"mg/L*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin crystalline (physical, unformulated) (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.36","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:poloxamer 188 1:7 w/w amorphous solid dispersion by hot melt extrusion (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.41","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:6:1 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.33","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:5:2 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.83","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:4:3 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.41","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin crystalline (physical, unformulated) (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.58","variance":"± 0.16 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:poloxamer 188 1:7 w/w amorphous solid dispersion by hot melt extrusion (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.56","variance":"± 0.45 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:6:1 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.82","variance":"± 0.85 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:5:2 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.04","variance":"± 0.25 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31909684","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin:F68:HPMC E5 1:4:3 w/w ASD (Que from Shifeng Corp. (>99% purity))","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg Que, oral","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"NR (30 male Wistar rats in 5 groups; Fig. 10 legend states n = 3)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.61","variance":"± 0.08 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"± type not stated in Table 2; Fig. 10 legend says mean ± SD (n = 3). Fig. 10 axis gives Que concentration in µg/mL while Table 2 gives mg/L."},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoniazid-quercetin 1:1 cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text p.5 says Tmax advanced from 0.70 to 0.50 h"},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture of quercetin and isoniazid, equimolar","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.70","variance":"± 0.11 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoniazid-quercetin 1:1 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1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture of quercetin and isoniazid, equimolar","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"0.73","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"μg⋅h⋅mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoniazid-quercetin 1:1 cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL, cocrystal vs physical mixture (also described as AUC 28.91-fold)","value":"28.91","variance":"","units":"ratio (as printed, no unit)","location":"Table 1; Results 3.3 p.5","quote":"AUC and CMAX of QCT in INH-QCT cocrystal are 28.91-fold and 13.24-fold, 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listed supplement"},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoniazid-quercetin 1:1 cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoniazid (co-former drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.56","variance":"± 0.95 (SD)","units":"μg⋅mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"INH, not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture of quercetin and isoniazid, equimolar","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoniazid (co-former drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.11","variance":"± 10.02 (SD)","units":"μg⋅mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"INH, not the listed supplement; SD larger than mean as printed"},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoniazid-quercetin 1:1 cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoniazid (co-former drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"21.22","variance":"± 1.14 (SD)","units":"μg⋅h⋅mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"INH, not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture of quercetin and isoniazid, equimolar","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoniazid (co-former drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"13.59","variance":"± 18.29 (SD)","units":"μg⋅h⋅mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"INH, not the listed supplement; SD larger than mean as printed"},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoniazid-quercetin 1:1 cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoniazid (co-former drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"21.83","variance":"± 1.11 (SD)","units":"μg⋅h⋅mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"INH, not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture of quercetin and isoniazid, equimolar","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoniazid (co-former drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"14.62","variance":"± 18.52 (SD)","units":"μg⋅h⋅mL−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"INH, not the listed supplement; SD larger than mean as printed"},{"pmid":"31945451","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoniazid-quercetin 1:1 cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"5","analyte":"isoniazid (co-former drug, not the supplement)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL, cocrystal vs mixture","value":"1.56","variance":"","units":"ratio (as printed, no unit)","location":"Table 1; Results 3.3 p.5","quote":"the FREL still keeps at 1.56 (Table 1)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"INH, not the listed supplement"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vehicle (0.5% Na-CMC)","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"7","analyte":"phenolsulfonphthalein (IV probe drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"175","variance":"± 42 (SD)","units":"μg·min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: IV PSP after oral quercetin pretreatment; no significant difference vs control"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"phenolsulfonphthalein (IV probe drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"166","variance":"± 44 (SD)","units":"μg·min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: IV PSP after oral quercetin pretreatment; no significant difference vs control"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"phenolsulfonphthalein (IV probe drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"143","variance":"± 25 (SD)","units":"μg·min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: IV PSP after oral quercetin pretreatment; no significant difference vs control"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate in 0.5% Na-CMC","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"250 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"5","analyte":"phenolsulfonphthalein (IV probe drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"207","variance":"± 109 (SD)","units":"μg·min/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: IV PSP after oral quercetin pretreatment; no significant difference vs control"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4","analyte":"phenolsulfonphthalein (IV probe drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"186","variance":"± 52 (SD)","units":"μg·min/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: IV PSP after oral quercetin pretreatment; no significant difference vs control"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"phenolsulfonphthalein (IV probe drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"171","variance":"± 39 (SD)","units":"μg·min/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: IV PSP after oral quercetin pretreatment; no significant difference vs control"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"phenolsulfonphthalein (IV probe drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"167","variance":"± 35 (SD)","units":"μg·min/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: IV PSP after oral quercetin pretreatment; no significant difference vs control"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"250 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"phenolsulfonphthalein (IV probe drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"158","variance":"± 20 (SD)","units":"μg·min/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte: IV PSP after oral quercetin pretreatment; no significant difference vs control"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel trihydrate","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4","analyte":"docetaxel (oral victim drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"141","variance":"± 35 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel trihydrate","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4","analyte":"docetaxel (oral victim drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"39.3","variance":"± 24.0 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel trihydrate","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4","analyte":"docetaxel (oral victim drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.21","variance":"± 1.87 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"docetaxel (oral victim drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"251","variance":"± 65 (SD)","units":"ng·h/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte; asterisk P<0.05 vs control in Table 3"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"docetaxel (oral victim drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"97.8","variance":"± 32.7 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte; asterisk P<0.05 vs control in Table 3"},{"pmid":"32104488","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3","analyte":"docetaxel (oral victim drug, not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.417","variance":"± 0.144 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte"},{"pmid":"32357395","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vehicle only then sulfasalazine","forms":[],"dose":"0 (quercetin); sulfasalazine 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"sulfasalazine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table labelled tmax"},{"pmid":"32357395","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich), form not specified (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"sulfasalazine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"22.5","variance":"± 8.70 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32357395","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vehicle only then sulfasalazine","forms":[],"dose":"0 (quercetin); sulfasalazine 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"sulfasalazine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"122","variance":"± 23.2 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"179 ± 23.0 ng/mL vs. 122 ± 23.2 ng/mL, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"32357395","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich), form not specified (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"sulfasalazine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"179","variance":"± 23.0 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"the Cmax was significantly higher by 1.5-fold (p < 0.05, power > 0.8)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table marks * significant vs control"},{"pmid":"32357395","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"vehicle only then sulfasalazine","forms":[],"dose":"0 (quercetin); sulfasalazine 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"sulfasalazine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC8h","value":"25700","variance":"± 9980 (SD)","units":"min·ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract prints 25.7 ± 9.98 min·µg/mL (same quantity, different unit as printed)"},{"pmid":"32357395","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich), form not specified (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"sulfasalazine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC8h","value":"44500","variance":"± 11800 (SD)","units":"min·ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Abstract; Results 3.4","quote":"AUC8h of sulfasalazine with or without quercetin pretreatment was 44.5 ± 11.8 min∙μg/mL and 25.7","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Inconsistent: Abstract p<0.05, Results text says 'not significantly different (P < 0.05, power < 0.8)'; Table 1 has no asterisk on AUC"},{"pmid":"32397764","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Aladdin Chemical) free (Aladdin)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after i.v. dose","value":"1.31","variance":"","units":"mg/L","location":"Fig. 4A table; Results text","quote":"higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax, 2.5 mg/L vs 1.31 mg/L)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"values in table inside Fig. 4A; plot y-axis labelled µg/mL"},{"pmid":"32397764","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin encapsulated in rat plasma-derived exosomes","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"after i.v. dose","value":"2.5","variance":"","units":"mg/L","location":"Fig. 4A table; Results text","quote":"higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax, 2.5 mg/L vs 1.31 mg/L)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"32397764","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Aladdin Chemical) free (Aladdin)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"20.119","variance":"","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Fig. 4A table","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text describes AUC as 'from zero time to infinity (AUC0-t)'; table labelled AUC(0-t); verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"32397764","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin encapsulated in rat plasma-derived exosomes","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"149.9","variance":"","units":"mg/L*min","location":"Fig. 4A table","quote":"AUC0-t of Que in Exo-Que was higher to 7.5-fold as compared to free Que","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"** p<0.01 in table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 20% v/v glycerol in saline; quetiapine oral (Merck (QCN); Micro Labs (QTE))","forms":[],"dose":"QCN 10; QTE 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted, fasting kept >=4 h after QTE","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quetiapine oral (Micro Labs)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 20% v/v glycerol in saline; quetiapine oral (Merck (QCN); Micro Labs (QTE))","forms":[],"dose":"QCN 10; QTE 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted, fasting kept >=4 h after QTE","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"92.07","variance":"± 12.15 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax of QTE increased significantly upon QCN pre-treatment (92.07 ± 12.15 vs 21.24 ± 3.07 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"comparator arm II"},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quetiapine oral (Micro Labs)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"21.24","variance":"± 3.07 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Abstract: significant (p<0.05) increase in QTE exposure (Mann-Whitney)"},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 20% v/v glycerol in saline; quetiapine oral (Merck (QCN); Micro Labs (QTE))","forms":[],"dose":"QCN 10; QTE 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted, fasting kept >=4 h after QTE","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"627.98","variance":"± 80.33 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quetiapine oral (Micro Labs)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"114.691","variance":"± 14.91 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 20% v/v glycerol in saline; quetiapine oral (Merck (QCN); Micro Labs (QTE))","forms":[],"dose":"QCN 10; QTE 10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted, fasting kept >=4 h after QTE","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"723.78","variance":"± 85.73 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quetiapine oral (Micro Labs)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"118.43","variance":"± 13.17 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quetiapine i.v. bolus","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"not fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"229.08","variance":"± 75.94 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"32623931","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quetiapine i.v. bolus","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"not fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quetiapine","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"240.26","variance":"± 81.63 (SD)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure QUE (crystalline) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1247.79","variance":"± 104.42 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure QUE (crystalline) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.25","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure QUE (crystalline) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"10318.69","variance":"± 946.67 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pure QUE (crystalline) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"12215.53","variance":"± 1792.88 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints AUC0-∞"},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:1 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1830.14","variance":"± 92.95 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:1 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.14","variance":"± 0.65 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:1 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"16970.86","variance":"± 1893.73 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:1 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"19152.99","variance":"± 3245.98 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints AUC0-∞"},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:2 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2114.20","variance":"± 137.23 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:2 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.17","variance":"± 0.52 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:2 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"18029.77","variance":"± 1126.47 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:2 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"20580.38","variance":"± 2708.25 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints AUC0-∞"},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:4 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2833.78","variance":"± 537.64 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:4 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.61","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 flags ** only for 1:4 group; text says Tmax shortened to 91%, 94%, 49% of pure QUE"},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:4 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"23252.76","variance":"± 2475.90 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33295808","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-COS ASD 1:4 (w/w) suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg QUE (ASD groups equivalent to 50 mg/kg QUE)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total, after acid hydrolysis of plasma)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"27569.59","variance":"± 6112.24 (SD)","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints AUC0-∞"},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"natural quercetin (suspension containing a tensoactive)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.14","variance":"± 1.28 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","quote":"maximum drug concentrations (Cmax) observed in groups Q and PQ were 1.14 ± 1.28 µg/mL and 8.90 ± 4.62 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Results text prints \"±\" without naming SD or SEM (Fig. 1 caption, which shows the curves, says mean ± SEM; not stated for the text values)."},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pluronic F127-encapsulated quercetin micelles in saline solution","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg P-quercetin (containing 50 mg/kg quercetin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.90","variance":"± 4.62 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","quote":"8.90 ± 4.62 µg/mL, respectively, i.e., a 7.8-fold increment for P-quercetin","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Results text prints \"±\" without naming SD or SEM (Fig. 1 caption, which shows the curves, says mean ± SEM; not stated for the text values)."},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"natural quercetin (suspension containing a tensoactive)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","quote":"The time to Cmax was increased from 15 min (for natural quercetin) to 1 h (for P-quercetin).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text calls it time to Cmax"},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pluronic F127-encapsulated quercetin micelles in saline solution","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg P-quercetin (containing 50 mg/kg quercetin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","quote":"increased from 15 min (for natural quercetin) to 1 h (for P-quercetin)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"natural quercetin (suspension containing a tensoactive)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 (partial curve)","value":"13.43","variance":"","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table gives single value per group; model-independent analysis of average plasma levels"},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pluronic F127-encapsulated quercetin micelles in saline solution","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg P-quercetin (containing 50 mg/kg quercetin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24 (partial curve)","value":"57.70","variance":"","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"natural quercetin (suspension containing a tensoactive)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (total curve)","value":"44.20","variance":"","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pluronic F127-encapsulated quercetin micelles in saline solution","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg P-quercetin (containing 50 mg/kg quercetin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (total curve)","value":"133.70","variance":"","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33450917","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Pluronic F127-encapsulated quercetin micelles in saline solution","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"100 mg/kg P-quercetin (containing 50 mg/kg quercetin)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"'higher bioavailability' from AUC, PQ vs Q (author-stated)","value":"302.5%","variance":"","units":"% higher","location":"Results 2.1, p.3","quote":"translating into a 302.5% higher bioavailability","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Discussion (p.7) states 'a 3-fold bioavailability'; basis of 302.5% (AUC0-24 vs AUC0-inf) not stated"},{"pmid":"33800848","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QU-loaded SNEDDS, 50% w/w TPGS, 30% PEG 200, 20% w/w pumpkin seed oil; globule size 320 nm","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"491.3","variance":"± 172.2 (SEM)","units":"µg/L","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","quote":"QU SNEDDS formula showed elevated Cmax value of 491.3 ± 172.2 µg/L compared to QU suspension value of 163.2 ± 74 µg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fig. 6 caption states mean ± SEM"},{"pmid":"33800848","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"163.2","variance":"± 74 (SEM)","units":"µg/L","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","quote":"compared to QU suspension value of 163.2 ± 74 µg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fig. 6 caption states mean ± SEM"},{"pmid":"33800848","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QU-loaded SNEDDS, 50% w/w TPGS, 30% PEG 200, 20% w/w pumpkin seed oil; globule size 320 nm","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","quote":"SNEDDS formula reduced Tmax to 0.5 ± 0.0 h compared to 0.83 ± 0.26 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"33800848","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.83","variance":"± 0.26 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","quote":"compared to 0.83 ± 0.26 h (Figure 6C)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"33800848","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QU-loaded SNEDDS, 50% w/w TPGS, 30% PEG 200, 20% w/w pumpkin seed oil; globule size 320 nm","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCt","value":"2286","variance":"± 500.1 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/L","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","quote":"AUCt data were significantly improved with 2286 ± 500.1 µg h/L and 1525.7 ± 378.8 for QU SNEDDS formula and QU suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval NR (paper prints only \"AUCt\", defined as area under the concentration-time curve; final time point not stated)."},{"pmid":"33800848","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCt","value":"1525.7","variance":"± 378.8 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/L","location":"Results 2.4, p.7","quote":"1525.7 ± 378.8 for QU SNEDDS formula and QU suspension, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"unit not repeated in text for this value; taken from same sentence as the 2286 value (µg h/L)"},{"pmid":"33800848","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QU-loaded SNEDDS, 50% w/w TPGS, 30% PEG 200, 20% w/w pumpkin seed oil; globule size 320 nm","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"improvement in bioavailability vs suspension (author-stated)","value":"149.8%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Results 2.4; Conclusions","quote":"149.8% improvement in bioavailability of QU in SNEDDS relative to its suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"worded as 'improvement'; basis (AUCt) not defined"},{"pmid":"33996410","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin hybrid nanocrystals, ~280 nm (272 ± 12 nm, Table 1)","forms":[],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"82.40","variance":"± 12.22 (SD)","units":"h·µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33996410","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin hybrid nanocrystals, ~550 nm (538 ± 18 nm, Table 1)","forms":[],"dose":"90 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"50.32","variance":"± 5.88 (SD)","units":"h·µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33996410","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin hybrid nanocrystals, ~280 nm","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"total quercetin (after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"445.49","variance":"± 58.02 (SD)","units":"h·µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"33996410","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin hybrid nanocrystals, ~550 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(Que-glu)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1735.62","variance":"± 458.55 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34142631","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400:water 60:40","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.29","variance":"± 0.23 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34142631","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in water with 0.4% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.28","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34142631","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanosuspension 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(SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34142631","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"soybean lecithin nanosuspension with piperine","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.01","variance":"± 3.12 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"34142631","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in PEG400:water 60:40","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1675.13","variance":"± 113.45 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed '1675.13 ± 113.45**8' in Table 3 (stray character after SD)"},{"pmid":"34142631","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in water with 0.4% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 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Group (QUE alone vs CUR+QUE) not stated. Full PK table is in supplementary Table S4, not in PDF."},{"pmid":"34813906","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"spray-dried solid SNEDDS pellets, reconstituted with water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold increase, QUE SD-S-SNEDDS pellets alone vs unprocessed QUE alone","value":"5.03","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.5.11.2","quote":"The AUCs of SD-S-SNEDDS pellets of QUE were found to be 5.03 (alone) and 5.57 (combination) folds higher","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval (AUC0-t vs AUC0-inf) not specified for the fold values."},{"pmid":"34813906","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"spray-dried solid SNEDDS pellets, reconstituted with water","forms":[],"dose":"50 (each) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold increase, CUR+QUE SD-S-SNEDDS pellets vs unprocessed CUR+QUE","value":"5.57","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results 3.5.11.2; Abstract","quote":"About 50.23– and 5.57-folds increase in bioavailability was observed for curcumin and quercetin respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract calls this 'bioavailability'; Results and Conclusion section call it AUC fold increase."},{"pmid":"35056127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin drug (Sisco Research Laboratories, 99%)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35056127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin drug (Sisco Research Laboratories, 99%)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1634.28","variance":"± 70.18 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35056127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin drug (Sisco Research Laboratories, 99%)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48","value":"18,748.47","variance":"± 930.16 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35056127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin drug (Sisco Research Laboratories, 99%)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"24,079.09","variance":"± 3556.69 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35056127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ultrasonically prepared nanoemulsion (ethyl oleate, Tween 20, Labrasol)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35056127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ultrasonically prepared nanoemulsion (ethyl oleate, Tween 20, Labrasol)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5962.74","variance":"± 238.54 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance marker ** printed in Table 5; comparator not explicitly stated (presumably vs Que-PD)"},{"pmid":"35056127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ultrasonically prepared nanoemulsion (ethyl oleate, Tween 20, Labrasol)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48","value":"83,667.94","variance":"± 1610.30 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance marker ** printed in Table 5; comparator not explicitly stated (presumably vs Que-PD)"},{"pmid":"35056127","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ultrasonically prepared nanoemulsion (ethyl oleate, Tween 20, Labrasol)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"128,205.28","variance":"± 14677.35 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance marker ** printed in Table 5; comparator not explicitly stated (presumably vs Que-PD)"},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.7080","variance":"± 0.219 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: values are mean ± SEM of three samples; Methods/text state mean ± SD and six rats per group. Significance marker *** (P<0.001) printed; footnote says 'with reference to control' (comparator unclear)."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan-TPP nanoparticles with glycerol monooleate and poloxamer 407, lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (of GA and quercetin, as printed)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.8551","variance":"± 0.353 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: values are mean ± SEM of three samples; Methods/text state mean ± SD and six rats per group. Significance marker ** (P<0.01) printed; footnote says 'with reference to control' (comparator unclear)."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: values are mean ± SEM of three samples; Methods/text state mean ± SD and six rats per group. No significance marker printed."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan-TPP nanoparticles with glycerol monooleate and poloxamer 407, lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (of GA and quercetin, as printed)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: values are mean ± SEM of three samples; Methods/text state mean ± SD and six rats per group. No significance marker printed."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"3.4871","variance":"± 0.6 (SEM)","units":"h*µg/mL","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: values are mean ± SEM of three samples; Methods/text state mean ± SD and six rats per group. Significance marker ** (P<0.01) printed; footnote says 'with reference to control' (comparator unclear)."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan-TPP nanoparticles with glycerol monooleate and poloxamer 407, lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (of GA and quercetin, as printed)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"5.6734","variance":"± 2.64 (SEM)","units":"h*µg/mL","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: values are mean ± SEM of three samples; Methods/text state mean ± SD and six rats per group. Significance marker **** (P<0.0001) printed; footnote says 'with reference to control' (comparator unclear)."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"polyherbal extract in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"3.3870","variance":"± 1.8 (SEM)","units":"h*µg/mL","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: values are mean ± SEM of three samples; Methods/text state mean ± SD and six rats per group. Significance marker **** (P<0.0001) printed; footnote says 'with reference to control' (comparator unclear)."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan-TPP nanoparticles with glycerol monooleate and poloxamer 407, lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (of GA and quercetin, as printed)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"4.8073","variance":"± 0.44 (SEM)","units":"h*µg/mL","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 footnote: values are mean ± SEM of three samples; Methods/text state mean ± SD and six rats per group. Significance marker ** (P<0.01) printed; footnote says 'with reference to control' (comparator unclear)."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan-TPP nanoparticles with glycerol monooleate and poloxamer 407, lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg (of GA and quercetin, as printed)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC total (text), polyherbal nanoparticles","value":"5.6734","variance":"± 2.64 (SD)","units":"mg h/mL","location":"Results, Discussion para 2","quote":"6.6086 ± 1.51 mg h/mL and 5.6734 ± 2.64 mg h/mL for polyherbal nanoparticles of GA and quercetin, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same numbers as Table 2 AUC0-∞ but units printed 'mg h/mL' in text (Table 2 prints h*µg/mL); variance labelled SD in text vs SEM in Table 2 footnote. Inconsistent; recorded as printed."},{"pmid":"35179095","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"quercetin and gallic acid","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fourfold increase in bioavailability, polyherbal nanoparticles vs polyherbal extract (not analyte-specific)","value":"fourfold","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"polyherbal nanoparticles had a typical sustained release profile with a fourfold increase in bioavailability when compared to polyherbal extract","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Not stated per analyte, dose-normalised or by which AUC; extract dose 400 mg/kg vs nanoparticles 100 mg/kg. Quercetin AUC0-inf ratio from Table 2 values is not stated in the paper."},{"pmid":"35353535","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"crystalline quercetin suspended in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4-6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"8.2","variance":"± 3.3 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 8.2 ± 3.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table footnote: mean ± S.E. (n = 4-6)"},{"pmid":"35353535","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded poly(lipoic acid) nanoparticles (QUE/pLA), freeze-dried, suspended in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg QUE/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4-6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"130","variance":"± 18 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 130 ± 18*","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35353535","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"crystalline quercetin suspended in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4-6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.083","variance":"± 0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Tmax (h) 0.083 ± 0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35353535","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded poly(lipoic acid) nanoparticles (QUE/pLA), freeze-dried, suspended in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg QUE/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4-6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.1","variance":"± 0.12 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Tmax (h) 2.1 ± 0.12*","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35353535","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"crystalline quercetin suspended in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4-6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"19","variance":"± 9.8 (SEM)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC0−inf. (ng h/mL) 19 ± 9.8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35353535","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded poly(lipoic acid) nanoparticles (QUE/pLA), freeze-dried, suspended in distilled water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg QUE/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"4-6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"710","variance":"± 56 (SEM)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC0−inf. (ng h/mL) 710 ± 56*","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35353535","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE solution 5 mg/mL in 70% PEG400/30% saline","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf after IV 2 mg/kg (reference for BA)","value":"98.58","variance":"","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Results 3.4 p.1473 (Supporting Information Fig. S2)","quote":"Based on the AUC0−inf. value (98.58 ng h/mL; Supporting Information Figure S2) of intravenously administered QUE","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says IV QUE '(2 mg/mL)' whereas Methods give 5 mg/mL solution at 2 mg/kg dose"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution radiolabeled with 99mTc","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.74","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"%ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"Cmax attained was 2.74 ± 0.42% ID/g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution radiolabeled with 99mTc","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution radiolabeled with 99mTc","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"26.91","variance":"± 2.73 (SD)","units":"h %ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution radiolabeled with 99mTc","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"30.06","variance":"± 4.47 (SD)","units":"h %ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded novasomes (oleic acid, Brij 35, cholesterol), radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.10","variance":"± 0.72 (SD)","units":"%ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"Cmax of 99mTc-QRC-NOVs... 4.10 ± 0.72","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded novasomes (oleic acid, Brij 35, cholesterol), radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded novasomes (oleic acid, Brij 35, cholesterol), radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"29.05","variance":"± 3.55 (SD)","units":"h %ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded novasomes (oleic acid, Brij 35, cholesterol), radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"39.53","variance":"± 5.42 (SD)","units":"h %ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"selenium-plated QRC novasomes, radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.74","variance":"± 0.76 (SD)","units":"%ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"5.74 ± 0.76% ID/g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"selenium-plated QRC novasomes, radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"selenium-plated QRC novasomes, radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"33.63","variance":"± 4.64 (SD)","units":"h %ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35456709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"selenium-plated QRC novasomes, radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg (QRC equivalent), 100 µL IV tail vein","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 per time point (24 mice per group)","analyte":"99mTc-labelled quercetin (radioactivity)","matrix":"blood","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"51.64","variance":"± 7.71 (SD)","units":"h %ID/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV administration; tissue radioactivity as %ID/g (not measured quercetin concentration)"},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"12.87","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.54","variance":"","units":"µg mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"3.88 × 10^3","variance":"","units":"(µg mL-1) × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints scientific notation; value field left empty when printed in x10^n form"},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal 1:1 suspension, equivalent to quercetin 10 mg kg-1","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"25.31","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal 1:1 suspension, equivalent to quercetin 10 mg kg-1","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.71","variance":"","units":"µg mL-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal 1:1 suspension, equivalent to quercetin 10 mg kg-1","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"1.52 × 10^4","variance":"","units":"(µg mL-1) × min","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints scientific notation; value field left empty when printed in x10^n form"},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal 1:1 suspension, equivalent to quercetin 10 mg kg-1","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"restated in Discussion","value":"0.71","variance":"","units":"µg mL-1","location":"Discussion p.21857","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Discussion text restates Table 1 Cmax; units as page image of Table 1 (µg mL-1); discussion text layer shows 'mg mL1' for µ"},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal 1:1 suspension, equivalent to quercetin 10 mg kg-1","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12 restated in Discussion","value":"15 216.63","variance":"","units":"(µg mL-1)·min","location":"Discussion p.21857","quote":"the area under the curve (AUC) was 15 216.63 (µg mL-1)·min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Discussion text restates Table 1 AUC (1.52 × 10^4) with more digits; text layer shows 'mg mL1', page image not separately checked for the Discussion line"},{"pmid":"35516602","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal 1:1 suspension, equivalent to quercetin 10 mg kg-1","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0-12 based, cocrystal vs quercetin crystals","value":"392","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.3 p.21857","quote":"the relative bioavailability of quercetin was 392% in the quercetin–nicotinamide cocrystals (1 : 1)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"artesunate (ART) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"29.60","variance":"± 6.2 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"artesunate (ART) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"dihydroartemisinin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"62.72","variance":"± 13.20 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"52.20","variance":"± 12.20 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"dihydroartemisinin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"112.13","variance":"± 22.60 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"175.73","variance":"± 26.60 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"QRT Cmax 175.73 ± 26.60 (Table 4)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"artesunate (ART) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"artesunate (ART) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"dihydroartemisinin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.09 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"dihydroartemisinin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.00","variance":"± 0.90 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"artesunate (ART) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"29.02","variance":"± 5.32 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"artesunate (ART) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"dihydroartemisinin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"135.88","variance":"± 26.32 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"77.16","variance":"± 15.21 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"dihydroartemisinin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"266.14","variance":"± 54.19 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12h","value":"1073.53","variance":"± 151.65 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"artesunate (ART) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"29.02","variance":"± 5.02 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"artesunate (ART) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"dihydroartemisinin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"138.91","variance":"± 27.01 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"77.96","variance":"± 14.85 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"dihydroartemisinin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"268.53","variance":"± 55.14 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1189.44","variance":"± 163.75 (SD)","units":"ng h mL-1","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 footnote: mean ± SD, n = 3; Methods state six rats per group"},{"pmid":"35541625","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"ART + quercetin (QRT) aqueous suspension","forms":[],"dose":"5 each mg kg-1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6 (Methods) / 3 (Table 4)","analyte":"artesunate","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"restated in text","value":"52.2","variance":"± 12.2 (SD)","units":"ng mL-1","location":"Results 3.4 p.41801","quote":"when ART was given in combination with QRT, the Cmax values of ART and DHA were 52.2 ± 12.2 ng mL-1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"restates Table 4 (52.20 ± 12.20)"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin coarse powder suspension in pure water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"35.92","variance":"± 2.42 (SD)","units":"µg·mL−1·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanocrystal (high pressure homogenization)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"72.19","variance":"± 6.80 (SD)","units":"µg·mL−1·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"drug nanocrystal self-stabilized Pickering emulsion (oil phase Labrafac Lipophile WL 1349)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"99.31","variance":"± 8.39 (SD)","units":"µg·mL−1·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin coarse powder suspension in pure water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.33","variance":"± 1.63 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD; Tmax reported as mean (not median)"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanocrystal (high pressure homogenization)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.92","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD; Tmax reported as mean (not median)"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"drug nanocrystal self-stabilized Pickering emulsion (oil phase Labrafac Lipophile WL 1349)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.75","variance":"± 1.26 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD; Tmax reported as mean (not median)"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin coarse powder suspension in pure water","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.51","variance":"± 0.23 (SD)","units":"µg·mL−1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanocrystal (high pressure homogenization)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.43","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"µg·mL−1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"drug nanocrystal self-stabilized Pickering emulsion (oil phase Labrafac Lipophile WL 1349)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.06","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"µg·mL−1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5: n = 6, mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"35631483","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanocrystal (high pressure homogenization)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg·kg−1","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"text restatement","value":"2.96","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results 3.8 p.14","quote":"QT–NC (2.96 ± 0.17) h (p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table 5 (2.92 ± 0.17) for QT-NC Tmax"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in 15% ethanol/15% polyoxyethylene castor oil/70% ddH2O","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (tissue)","value":"13.30","variance":"± 3.04 (SD)","units":"mg/L · h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in 15% ethanol/15% polyoxyethylene castor oil/70% ddH2O","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (tissue)","value":"18.00","variance":"± 8.00 (SD)","units":"mg/L · h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in 15% ethanol/15% polyoxyethylene castor oil/70% ddH2O","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax (tissue)","value":"8.00","variance":"± 2.83 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in 15% ethanol/15% polyoxyethylene castor oil/70% ddH2O","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (tissue)","value":"1298.46","variance":"± 451.20 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"curcumin 300, quercetin 15, paeoniflorin 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (tissue)","value":"13.58","variance":"± 3.65 (SD)","units":"mg/L · h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"curcumin 300, quercetin 15, paeoniflorin 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (tissue)","value":"46.49","variance":"± 32.64 (SD)","units":"mg/L · h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"curcumin 300, quercetin 15, paeoniflorin 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax (tissue)","value":"10.40","variance":"± 7.80 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"curcumin 300, quercetin 15, paeoniflorin 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"tetrahydrocurcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (tissue)","value":"1219.63","variance":"± 563.68 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in 15% ethanol/15% polyoxyethylene castor oil/70% ddH2O","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (tissue)","value":"1.09","variance":"± 1.05 (SD)","units":"mg/L · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in 15% ethanol/15% polyoxyethylene castor oil/70% ddH2O","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (tissue)","value":"1.09","variance":"± 1.05 (SD)","units":"mg/L · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in 15% ethanol/15% polyoxyethylene castor oil/70% ddH2O","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax (tissue)","value":"3.20","variance":"± 1.10 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"curcumin in 15% ethanol/15% polyoxyethylene castor oil/70% ddH2O","forms":[],"dose":"300 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (tissue)","value":"328.97","variance":"± 423.12 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"curcumin 300, quercetin 15, paeoniflorin 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (tissue)","value":"0.46","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"mg/L · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"curcumin 300, quercetin 15, paeoniflorin 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf (tissue)","value":"0.46","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"mg/L · h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"curcumin 300, quercetin 15, paeoniflorin 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax (tissue)","value":"3.20","variance":"± 1.10 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36638836","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"mixture solution in same vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"curcumin 300, quercetin 15, paeoniflorin 55 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"25","analyte":"curcumin","matrix":"liver tissue homogenate","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (tissue)","value":"90.25","variance":"± 50.34 (SD)","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table caption states n = 5 (5 rats per time point; tissue from different rats at each time point)"},{"pmid":"36839896","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure drug dispersed in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer (Sisco Research Laboratories)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"beta-carotene","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"2","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (beta-carotene), not quercetin"},{"pmid":"36839896","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimised ultrasonicated nanoemulsion (capmul, Gelucire 44/14, Acconon MCM C8)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"beta-carotene","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"4","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (beta-carotene), not quercetin"},{"pmid":"36839896","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure drug dispersed in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer (Sisco Research Laboratories)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"beta-carotene","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"2851.64","variance":"± 274.03 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (beta-carotene), not quercetin"},{"pmid":"36839896","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimised ultrasonicated nanoemulsion (capmul, Gelucire 44/14, Acconon MCM C8)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"beta-carotene","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"5536.90","variance":"± 203.486 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (beta-carotene), not quercetin; flagged ** p<0.005 vs beta-carotene pure drug"},{"pmid":"36839896","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure drug dispersed in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer (Sisco Research Laboratories)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"beta-carotene","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48","value":"19,325.32","variance":"± 864.26 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (beta-carotene), not quercetin"},{"pmid":"36839896","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimised ultrasonicated nanoemulsion (capmul, Gelucire 44/14, Acconon MCM C8)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"beta-carotene","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-48","value":"94,325.65","variance":"± 1387.50 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (beta-carotene), not quercetin; flagged ** p<0.005 vs beta-carotene pure drug"},{"pmid":"36839896","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure drug dispersed in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer (Sisco Research Laboratories)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"beta-carotene","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"23,345.09","variance":"± 4231.32 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (beta-carotene), not quercetin"},{"pmid":"36839896","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"optimised ultrasonicated nanoemulsion (capmul, Gelucire 44/14, Acconon MCM C8)","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"beta-carotene","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"125,784.35","variance":"± 12,546.55 (SD)","units":"ng/h/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (beta-carotene), not quercetin; flagged ** p<0.005 vs beta-carotene pure drug"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tween 80 vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"5 -FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (listed as AUC in Table 2; text: 'AUCmax')","value":"671958.40","variance":"± 127069.57 (SD)","units":"(µg/ml) × min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Table 2 caption: 5 rats per group (Methods: 6 per group)"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma, 99%) IP (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 10; 5-FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (listed as AUC in Table 2; text: 'AUCmax')","value":"1438428","variance":"± 76917.67 (SD)","units":"(µg/ml) × min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Table 2 caption: 5 rats per group (Methods: 6 per group)"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tween 80 vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"5 -FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"10","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Table 2 caption: 5 rats per group (Methods: 6 per group)"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma, 99%) IP (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 10; 5-FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"10","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Table 2 caption: 5 rats per group (Methods: 6 per group)"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tween 80 vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"5 -FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"1.45","variance":"± 0.30 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Table 2 caption: 5 rats per group (Methods: 6 per group)"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma, 99%) IP (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 10; 5-FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"3.10","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Table 2 caption: 5 rats per group (Methods: 6 per group)"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tween 80 vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"5 -FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"67.50","variance":"± 13.46 (SD)","units":"(µg/ml) × min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Table 2 caption: 5 rats per group (Methods: 6 per group)"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma, 99%) IP (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 10; 5-FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"153.89","variance":"± 21.36 (SD)","units":"(µg/ml) × min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Table 2 caption: 5 rats per group (Methods: 6 per group)"},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tween 80 vehicle","forms":[],"dose":"5 -FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (text)","value":"1.45","variance":"± 0.03 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Results 3.5 p.507-508","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Text prints ± 0.03; Table 1/Table 2 print ± 0.30 for control. Inconsistent."},{"pmid":"36912048","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Sigma, 99%) IP (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"quercetin 10; 5-FU 50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"5-fluorouracil","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax (text/abstract)","value":"3.10","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Abstract; Results 3.5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Off-target analyte (5-FU after IV dosing), quercetin not measured. Abstract prints 'lg/ml' (µg/ml)"},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"1.17","variance":"± 0.36 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"2.75","variance":"± 0.84 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"3.36","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (vehicle not stated for i.v.) (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"22.5","variance":"± 4.79 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"0.92","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.08","variance":"± 0.49 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"0.83","variance":"± 0.26 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"9.41","variance":"± 1.97 (SD)","units":"h•µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"15.19","variance":"± 2.24 (SD)","units":"h•µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"24.11","variance":"± 3.75 (SD)","units":"h•µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (vehicle not stated for i.v.) (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"111.77","variance":"± 16.77 (SD)","units":"h•µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"10.02","variance":"± 1.83 (SD)","units":"h•µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"16.12","variance":"± 2.71 (SD)","units":"h•µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"25.88","variance":"± 3.87 (SD)","units":"h•µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (vehicle not stated for i.v.) (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"118.57","variance":"± 15.69 (SD)","units":"h•µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37043980","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin (vehicle not stated for i.v.) (Solarbio Life Science)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"/","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax printed as '/' for i.v. dose"},{"pmid":"37375211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (EECQ)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free, after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"57.65","variance":"± 14.28 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37375211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (EECQ)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free, after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"447.06","variance":"± 47.05 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37375211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (EECQ)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free, after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"474.23","variance":"± 51.49 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with text (Results 2.4.9, p.10), which prints 471.23 ± 51.49 h*ng/mL."},{"pmid":"37375211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (EECQ)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free, after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.17","variance":"± 0.41 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD as printed (not stated as median)."},{"pmid":"37375211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (EECQ)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (co-analyte, not the listed supplement; after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"56.35","variance":"± 13.14 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37375211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (EECQ)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (co-analyte, not the listed supplement; after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"144.83","variance":"± 20.76 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37375211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (EECQ)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (co-analyte, not the listed supplement; after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"156.57","variance":"± 21.09 (SD)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37375211","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (EECQ)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"trans-resveratrol (co-analyte, not the listed supplement; after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.58","variance":"± 0.20 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD as printed (not stated as median)."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight (stated for PK study generally)","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax printed as a single value; statistic not stated separately from 'mean ± SD' table heading."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight (stated for PK study generally)","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"69494","variance":"± 13067 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"IV value is the initial concentration at Tmax 0 h."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight (stated for PK study generally)","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"97524","variance":"± 34067 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 6.25 mg/mL + HP-β-CD 30.2 mg/mL in water","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax printed as a single value; statistic not stated separately from 'mean ± SD' table heading."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 6.25 mg/mL + HP-β-CD 30.2 mg/mL in water","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"358","variance":"± 128 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 6.25 mg/mL + HP-β-CD 30.2 mg/mL in water","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4790","variance":"± 1478 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanospheres, quercetin loading 74.8 ± 0.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 0.5% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax printed as a single value; statistic not stated separately from 'mean ± SD' table heading."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanospheres, quercetin loading 74.8 ± 0.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 0.5% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1925","variance":"± 561 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanospheres, quercetin loading 74.8 ± 0.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 0.5% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"56019","variance":"± 44131 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanocapsules, quercetin loading 74.1 ± 7.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 8.3% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax printed as a single value; statistic not stated separately from 'mean ± SD' table heading."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanocapsules, quercetin loading 74.1 ± 7.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 8.3% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"955","variance":"± 400 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanocapsules, quercetin loading 74.1 ± 7.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 8.3% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"24986","variance":"± 8860 (SD)","units":"ng h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin 6.25 mg/mL + HP-β-CD 30.2 mg/mL in water","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr as stated in text","value":"5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.8 para 2","quote":"The relative oral bioavailability (Fr) of quercetin in the control formulation (Q) was 5% (Table 4)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text rounds Table 4 value 4.9."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanospheres, quercetin loading 74.8 ± 0.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 0.5% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr as stated in text","value":"57","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2.3 p.7; Discussion p.8","quote":"the relative oral bioavailability of quercetin when formulated in zein nanospheres was of about 57%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Consistent with Table 4 (57.4). Abstract assigns 26% to Q-NS and 57% to Q-NC, which contradicts Table 4 and the Results."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanocapsules, quercetin loading 74.1 ± 7.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 8.3% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr as stated in text","value":"26","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.2.3 p.7; Discussion p.8","quote":"Q-NC (ca. 26%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Consistent with Table 4 (25.6). Abstract assigns 26% to Q-NS and 57% to Q-NC, which contradicts Table 4 and the Results."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanospheres, quercetin loading 74.8 ± 0.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 0.5% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr as stated in Abstract","value":"26","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"relative oral bioavailability of 26% and 57% for Q-NS and Q-NC, respectively, compared to a 5% for the control formulation","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 4 and Results (Q-NS 57.4%)."},{"pmid":"37423375","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"zein nanocapsules, quercetin loading 74.1 ± 7.8 µg/mg NP, EE 82.3 ± 8.3% (Table 2)","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"≥5","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr as stated in Abstract","value":"57","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"relative oral bioavailability of 26% and 57% for Q-NS and Q-NC, respectively, compared to a 5% for the control formulation","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 4 and Results (Q-NC 25.6%)."},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE anhydrous (USP standard)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"18.7","variance":"± 7.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE anhydrous (USP standard)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.4","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE anhydrous (USP standard)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"26.8","variance":"± 11.5 (SD)","units":"ng*h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"897.4","variance":"± 231.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.3","variance":"± 0.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"743.0","variance":"± 182.0 (SD)","units":"ng*h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"193.1","variance":"± 113.9 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.4","variance":"± 0.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"262.8","variance":"± 67.6 (SD)","units":"ng*h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"516.7","variance":"± 252.5 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.2","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"184.4","variance":"± 54.1 (SD)","units":"ng*h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"616.8","variance":"± 129.5 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"1705.3","variance":"± 224.0 (SD)","units":"ng*h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE anhydrous (USP standard)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of Cmax stated in text","value":"15 min","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 1","quote":"QUE exhibited the lowest Cmax of 18.7 ± 7.6 ng/mL after 15 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text gives 15 min; Table 2 gives Tmax 0.4 ± 0.3 h (24 min)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"approximate time of peak, all forms","value":"approximately 20 min","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","quote":"Peak plasma concentrations for QUE and all cocrystals are reached after approximately 20 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold increase vs QUE (text)","value":"64","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","quote":"64-fold improvement in bioavailability versus the parent drug (AUC = 1705.3 ± 224.0 ng.h/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text: 64-fold (Table 3 FREL 63.6). Abstract assigns '64-fold' to QUEBET·MeOH and '27-fold' to QUEPTF, inconsistent with text/Table 3."},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold increase vs QUE (text)","value":"28","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","quote":"close to a 28-fold increase in comparison to QUE","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text: close to 28-fold (Table 3 FREL 27.7). Abstract says 27-fold for QUEPTF; see abstract row."},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold increase vs QUE (text)","value":"10","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","quote":"a 10-fold increase with 262.8 ± 67.6 ng.h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text: 10-fold (Table 3 FREL 9.8)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC fold increase vs QUE (text)","value":"7","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Results, In Vivo PK para 2","quote":"7-fold increase compared to QUE with 184.4 ± 54.1 ng.h/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text: 7-fold (Table 3 FREL 6.9)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in oral bioavailability vs QUE anhydrate (abstract)","value":"64","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"64-, 27-, 10- and 7-fold increase in oral bioavailability for QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, and QUETHP","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract lists values in order QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, QUETHP, which contradicts Results text and Table 3 (QUEPTF 64, QUEBET 28). Recorded as printed in order."},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in oral bioavailability vs QUE anhydrate (abstract)","value":"27","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"64-, 27-, 10- and 7-fold increase in oral bioavailability for QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, and QUETHP","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract lists values in order QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, QUETHP, which contradicts Results text and Table 3 (QUEPTF 64, QUEBET 28). Recorded as printed in order."},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in oral bioavailability vs QUE anhydrate (abstract)","value":"10","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"64-, 27-, 10- and 7-fold increase in oral bioavailability for QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, and QUETHP","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract lists values in order QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, QUETHP, which contradicts Results text and Table 3 (QUEPTF 64, QUEBET 28). Recorded as printed in order."},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"fold increase in oral bioavailability vs QUE anhydrate (abstract)","value":"7","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"64-, 27-, 10- and 7-fold increase in oral bioavailability for QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, and QUETHP","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract lists values in order QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, QUETHP, which contradicts Results text and Table 3 (QUEPTF 64, QUEBET 28). Recorded as printed in order."},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL = AUC[cocrystal]/AUC[QUE]","value":"63.6","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Calculated by authors from Table 2; Table 3 AUC column label printed differently (ng·min/mL) from Table 2 (ng*h/mL)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL = AUC[cocrystal]/AUC[QUE]","value":"9.8","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Calculated by authors from Table 2; Table 3 AUC column label printed differently (ng·min/mL) from Table 2 (ng*h/mL)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL = AUC[cocrystal]/AUC[QUE]","value":"27.7","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Calculated by authors from Table 2; Table 3 AUC column label printed differently (ng·min/mL) from Table 2 (ng*h/mL)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"FREL = AUC[cocrystal]/AUC[QUE]","value":"6.9","variance":"","units":"ratio (unitless)","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Calculated by authors from Table 2; Table 3 AUC column label printed differently (ng·min/mL) from Table 2 (ng*h/mL)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE anhydrous (USP standard)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"dissolution medium (PBS 6.8, 37 C)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"in vitro dissolution AUC(0-240 min), trapezoids from mean solubility data","value":"13.50","variance":"","units":"mg·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"In vitro (not plasma); AUC calculated by sum of trapezoids from mean solubility data (footnote a)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"dissolution medium (PBS 6.8, 37 C)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"in vitro dissolution AUC(0-240 min), trapezoids from mean solubility data","value":"18.05","variance":"","units":"mg·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"In vitro (not plasma); AUC calculated by sum of trapezoids from mean solubility data (footnote a)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"dissolution medium (PBS 6.8, 37 C)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"in vitro dissolution AUC(0-240 min), trapezoids from mean solubility data","value":"11.03","variance":"","units":"mg·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"In vitro (not plasma); AUC calculated by sum of trapezoids from mean solubility data (footnote a)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"dissolution medium (PBS 6.8, 37 C)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"in vitro dissolution AUC(0-240 min), trapezoids from mean solubility data","value":"14.57","variance":"","units":"mg·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"In vitro (not plasma); AUC calculated by sum of trapezoids from mean solubility data (footnote a)"},{"pmid":"37547881","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"cocrystal","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg QUE/kg body weight (oral gavage, in vivo)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"4","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"dissolution medium (PBS 6.8, 37 C)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"in vitro dissolution AUC(0-240 min), trapezoids from mean solubility data","value":"16.43","variance":"","units":"mg·min/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"In vitro (not plasma); AUC calculated by sum of trapezoids from mean solubility data (footnote a)"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"41.2","variance":"± 5.25 (SE)","units":"(min × µg)/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.69","variance":"± 0.15 (SE)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"89.3","variance":"","units":"(min × µg)/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5/60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed as '5/60' (two peaks where slash shown)"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"59.6","variance":"± 8.12 (SE)","units":"(min × µg)/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.80","variance":"± 0.15 (SE)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"quercetin metabolite (conjugates; total minus parent)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"21.3","variance":"± 5.42 (SE)","units":"(min × µg)/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"quercetin metabolite (conjugates; total minus parent)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.25 (SE)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"quercetin metabolite (conjugates; total minus parent)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30/90","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Printed as '30/90' (two peaks where slash shown)"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"5.4","variance":"± 2.6 (SE)","units":"(min × µg)/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.23","variance":"± 0.20 (SE)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"5.42","variance":"","units":"(min × µg)/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"59.4","variance":"± 9.70 (SE)","units":"(min × µg)/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.34 (SE)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table value (SE); sparse-sampling NCA"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; 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figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"quercetin metabolite (conjugates; total minus parent)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCinf","value":"421.2","variance":"","units":"(min × µg)/g","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (0.83 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"0.36","variance":"± 0.03 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3.1","quote":"tmax of 15 min and a Cmax of 0.36 ± 0.03 µg/mL for the parent compound","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 2 gives 0.36 (0.031); variance type: paper states mean ± SEM in Methods"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (0.83 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"quercetin metabolite (conjugates; total minus parent)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"0.40","variance":"± 0.07 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3.1","quote":"reach a Cmax of 0.40 ± 0.07 µg/mL at 45 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (0.83 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"0.64","variance":"± 0.17 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3.1","quote":"the Cmax (0.64 ± 0.17 µg/mL) of the total Que was reported at 60 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text; vs oral Me","value":"0.69","variance":"± 0.15 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3.1","quote":"significantly higher Cmax of the parent compound in serum (0.69 ± 0.15 µg/mL vs 0.36 ± 0.03 µg/mL, p = 0.0485, n = 4-8)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"n as printed 4-8"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"0.45 mg/kg (0.145 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"parent quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"0.07","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.4.1","quote":"parent Que ... (Cmax = 0.07 ± 0.02 µg/mL, p = 0.0286, n = 3)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"p vs metabolite (0.17) per text"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"0.45 mg/kg (0.145 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"quercetin metabolite (conjugates; total minus parent)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"0.17","variance":"± 0.04 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.4.1","quote":"with a Cmax equal to (0.17 ± 0.04 µg/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 gives 0.17 (0.037)"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-HP-β-CD powder","forms":[],"dose":"0.45 mg/kg (0.147 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"2.14","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.4.1","quote":"Cmax of 2.14 µg/mL at 15 min (total Que)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 gives 2.2 (0.37) and tmax 30/60; text says 15 min and p = 0.0286 (n = 3) vs blend"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-HP-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg (0.34 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"0.91","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.4.1","quote":"tmax = 30 min to reach the Cmax of 0.91 µg/mL (the total Que)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 gives tmax 60 for total"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (0.83 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text oral Me total AUC0-t","value":"153.0","variance":"± 13.15 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"vs. 153.0 ± 13.15 µg/mL for the Que-Me-β-CD","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units printed as µg/mL in text; Table 2 gives 153 (13.2) (min × µg)/mL. Refers to oral Me arm."},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"0.45 mg/kg (0.145 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text oral HP total AUC0-t","value":"34.2","variance":"± 6.36 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"with an AUC0−t of 34.2 ± 6.36 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units printed as µg/mL in text; Table 4 gives (min × µg)/mL"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"0.45 mg/kg (0.145 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel serum as listed in Results 3.5","value":"391","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"reaching the highest relative bioavailability (Frel) compared to that of all the tested formulations ... 391%, 500%, 1362%, 689% and 730%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Reference arm not clearly stated; values mapped in the order printed: HP (PO), Me (PO), Me (IN), HP-MLMPs (IN), Me-MLMPs (IN). Eq. 1 defines Frel as IN vs PO AUCinf dose-normalised."},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 mg/kg (0.83 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel serum as listed in Results 3.5","value":"500","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"reaching the highest relative bioavailability (Frel) compared to that of all the tested formulations ... 391%, 500%, 1362%, 689% and 730%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Reference arm not clearly stated; values mapped in the order printed: HP (PO), Me (PO), Me (IN), HP-MLMPs (IN), Me-MLMPs (IN). Eq. 1 defines Frel as IN vs PO AUCinf dose-normalised."},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-Me-β-CD powder (20 mg loaded in device)","forms":[],"dose":"2.7 mg/kg (0.88 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel serum as listed in Results 3.5","value":"1362","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"reaching the highest relative bioavailability (Frel) compared to that of all the tested formulations ... 391%, 500%, 1362%, 689% and 730%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Reference arm not clearly stated; values mapped in the order printed: HP (PO), Me (PO), Me (IN), HP-MLMPs (IN), Me-MLMPs (IN). Eq. 1 defines Frel as IN vs PO AUCinf dose-normalised."},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-HP-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg (0.34 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel serum as listed in Results 3.5","value":"689","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"reaching the highest relative bioavailability (Frel) compared to that of all the tested formulations ... 391%, 500%, 1362%, 689% and 730%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Reference arm not clearly stated; values mapped in the order printed: HP (PO), Me (PO), Me (IN), HP-MLMPs (IN), Me-MLMPs (IN). Eq. 1 defines Frel as IN vs PO AUCinf dose-normalised."},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel serum as listed in Results 3.5","value":"730","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"reaching the highest relative bioavailability (Frel) compared to that of all the tested formulations ... 391%, 500%, 1362%, 689% and 730%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Reference arm not clearly stated; values mapped in the order printed: HP (PO), Me (PO), Me (IN), HP-MLMPs (IN), Me-MLMPs (IN). Eq. 1 defines Frel as IN vs PO AUCinf dose-normalised."},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"lyophilized Que-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex","forms":[],"dose":"0.45 mg/kg (0.145 mg) Per os","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel of HP-PO vs Me-PO","value":"128","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"the Frel compared to the Que-Me-β-CD was 128%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-HP-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg (0.34 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel of HP-MLMP vs Me-MLMP (IN)","value":"106","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.15","quote":"Frel of 106% of the Que-HP-β-CD-MLMP lyophilizate compared to the Que-Me-β-CD-MLMPs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"described as not significantly different"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text","value":"108.3","variance":"± 14.64 (SEM)","units":"min × µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3.2","quote":"AUC0−t of 108.3 ± 14.64 min × µg/mL for the total Que","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Unit printed as min × µg/mL in text (Table 3: (min × µg)/g)"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"2.40","variance":"± 0.572 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3.2","quote":"The Cmax of the total Que in the brain was reported 15 min after the administration (2.40 ± 0.572 µg/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Unit printed µg/mL in text; Table 3 µg/g"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-Me-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1.46 mg/kg (0.47 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"quercetin metabolite (conjugates; total minus parent)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text","value":"2.25","variance":"± 0.450 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3.2","quote":"a Cmax of 2.25 ± 0.450 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 gives 2.3 (0.45); p = 0.0087 (n = 6) metabolite vs parent per text"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-HP-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg (0.34 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"text","value":"257.1","variance":"± 22.4 (SEM)","units":"min·µg/mL","location":"Results 3.4.2","quote":"an AUC0−t of 257.1 ± 22.4 min·µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 5 gives 257 (22.4) (min × µg)/g"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-HP-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg (0.34 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"brain Frel of HP-MLMP (IN) vs HP-IN","value":"385","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.17","quote":"highest Frel in the brain ... 385%, 2079%, and 328% compared to the Que-HP-β-CD, Que-Me-β-CD and Que-Me-β-CD-MLMPs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Frel vs oral not definable (no measurable brain Que after oral)"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-HP-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg (0.34 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"brain Frel of HP-MLMP (IN) vs Me-IN","value":"2079","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.17","quote":"highest Frel in the brain ... 385%, 2079%, and 328% compared to the Que-HP-β-CD, Que-Me-β-CD and Que-Me-β-CD-MLMPs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Frel vs oral not definable (no measurable brain Que after oral)"},{"pmid":"37631250","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que-HP-β-CD lyophilizate blended with MLMPs","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg (0.34 mg) Intranasal","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 (per Table 2-5 captions; figures show n = 3-9)","analyte":"total quercetin (parent + metabolite, after beta-glucuronidase)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"brain Frel of HP-MLMP (IN) vs MeMLMP-IN","value":"328","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.5 p.17","quote":"highest Frel in the brain ... 385%, 2079%, and 328% compared to the Que-HP-β-CD, Que-Me-β-CD and Que-Me-β-CD-MLMPs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Frel vs oral not definable (no measurable brain Que after oral)"},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-NLC in situ gel (Lutrol F127 10% + gellan gum 0.8%)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"183","variance":"± 11.7 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"Cmax 183.41 ± 11.76 ng/mL and Tmax of 2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract prints 183.41 ± 11.76; Results text prints 183 ± 11.760 ng/mL; Table IV prints 183 ± 11.7"},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT solution","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"62.0","variance":"± 21.6 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT solution","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"75","variance":"± 18.8 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-NLC dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"111","variance":"± 3.12 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-NLC in situ gel (Lutrol F127 10% + gellan gum 0.8%)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT solution","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT solution","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-NLC dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-NLC in situ gel (Lutrol F127 10% + gellan gum 0.8%)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"993.5","variance":"± 3.1 (SD)","units":"ng∙h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT solution","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"471.5","variance":"± 31.3 (SD)","units":"ng∙h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT solution","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"404.5","variance":"± 4.22 (SD)","units":"ng∙h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-NLC dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"755.6","variance":"± 2.09 (SD)","units":"ng∙h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-NLC in situ gel (Lutrol F127 10% + gellan gum 0.8%)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1026.2","variance":"± 3.4 (SD)","units":"ng∙h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT solution","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"686.7","variance":"± 29.2 (SD)","units":"ng∙h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT solution","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"702.5","variance":"± 4.29 (SD)","units":"ng∙h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38316672","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-NLC dispersion","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg QT","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3 per sampling time point (18 animals per group)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"955.4","variance":"± 2.15 (SD)","units":"ng∙h/mL","location":"Table IV","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38330142","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"deconjugated quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after deconjugation)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of Cmax","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.7 (Fig. 1A)","quote":"The maximum concentration (Cmax) of the deconjugated Q in the plasma was achieved 0.5 h after administration in all cases","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Applies to Q, Q+aT, Q+cellulose, Q+aT+cellulose"},{"pmid":"38330142","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"deconjugated isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after deconjugation)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of Cmax","value":"1 to 6","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.7 (Fig. 1A)","quote":"the Cmax values of IR were observed later (1 to 6 h after administration)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Range printed in text; applies to the Q-containing arms in Fig. 1A"},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in 60% PEG400","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.29","variance":"± 0.10 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in 60% PEG400","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1316.16","variance":"± 658.77 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in 60% PEG400","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"2489.35","variance":"± 643.44 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Bulk quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.53","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Bulk quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.73","variance":"± 6.33 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Bulk quercetin in 0.5% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"89.93","variance":"± 38.42 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin supersaturated drug delivery system: Que:PVP K30:xylitol 1:5:1","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.18","variance":"± 0.04 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin supersaturated drug delivery system: Que:PVP K30:xylitol 1:5:1","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"159.59","variance":"± 49.64 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin supersaturated drug delivery system: Que:PVP K30:xylitol 1:5:1","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"897.53","variance":"± 242.63 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + TPGS (Que:PVP K30:xylitol:TPGS 1:5:1:1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.56","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + TPGS (Que:PVP K30:xylitol:TPGS 1:5:1:1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"32.78","variance":"± 11.29 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + TPGS (Que:PVP K30:xylitol:TPGS 1:5:1:1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"239.36","variance":"± 62.23 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + sodium oleate","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.36","variance":"± 0.28 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + sodium oleate","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"22.03","variance":"± 8.76 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + sodium oleate","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"136.59","variance":"± 49.52 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + piperine","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.10","variance":"± 0.06 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + piperine","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"33.91","variance":"± 10.83 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS + piperine","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"293.75","variance":"± 65.34 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"12.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.68","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"12.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"121.81","variance":"± 93.45 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"12.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"289.43","variance":"± 130.43 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.42","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"136.95","variance":"± 40.25 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"480.17","variance":"± 153.14 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.32","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"225.00","variance":"± 100.20 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"909.63","variance":"± 307.25 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 QSDDS 50 mg/kg AUC0→∞ is 897.53 (separate group)"},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.43","variance":"± 0.30 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"395.67","variance":"± 163.94 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QSDDS","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞","value":"2277.15","variance":"± 662.21 (SD)","units":"(ng/mL)*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in 60% PEG400","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (Table S3 per text)","value":"17298.20","variance":"","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Results p.10","quote":"a mean AUC of 17298.20 ng/mL·h for free Que-glu (Table S3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value from text; refers to Table S3 (supplement, not read). Text: corresponding to a mean AUC of 10929.30 for Que metabolized"},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin in 60% PEG400","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (Table S3 per text)","value":"2826.56","variance":"","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Results p.10","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Value from text; refers to Table S3 (supplement, not read). Text: corresponding to a mean AUC of 2701.20 for Que"},{"pmid":"38421545","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin supersaturated drug delivery system: Que:PVP K30:xylitol 1:5:1","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (free)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC after oral QSDDS (text)","value":"29803.10","variance":"","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Results p.10","quote":"a mean AUC of 29803.10 ng/mL·h for Que-glu","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"6.97","variance":"± 3.83 (SD)","units":"μg/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: . Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer HPMC E15 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"78.09","variance":"± 6.05 (SD)","units":"μg/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer poloxamer 407 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"49.94","variance":"± 9.30 (SD)","units":"μg/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT; # vs HPMC E15. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer poloxamer 188 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"78.53","variance":"± 11.74 (SD)","units":"μg/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT; star vs P407. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer TPGS 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"48.40","variance":"± 7.26 (SD)","units":"μg/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT; # vs HPMC E15; triangle vs P407. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer glycyrrhizin acid 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"61.72","variance":"± 7.59 (SD)","units":"μg/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT; # vs HPMC E15. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.17","variance":"± 4.19 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: . Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer HPMC E15 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.33","variance":"± 2.31 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: none printed. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer poloxamer 407 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.50","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: # vs HPMC E15. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer poloxamer 188 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.33","variance":"± 2.31 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: star vs P407. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer TPGS 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.83","variance":"± 0.29 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: triangle vs P188. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer glycyrrhizin acid 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.33","variance":"± 2.31 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: star vs P407. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.81","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: . Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer HPMC E15 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.44","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer poloxamer 407 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.46","variance":"± 1.22 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT; # vs HPMC E15. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer poloxamer 188 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.35","variance":"± 1.09 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer TPGS 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.66","variance":"± 0.57 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT; ** (star) vs P407. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"38808380","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanocrystals (wet media milling), stabilizer glycyrrhizin acid 0.2% w/v, ~200 nm","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.28","variance":"± 0.97 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance markers as printed in Table 3: ** vs raw QT. Table note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs raw QT; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs HPMC E15; star p<0.05 (two stars p<0.01) vs P407; triangle p<0.05 vs P188."},{"pmid":"39314175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin plus atorvastatin in solution (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.26","variance":"± 0.08 (NR)","units":"μg h mL-1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Value printed as mean ± second number; variance type not stated. Dose 1 mg/kg QUER IV. n per group stated in Methods as six, not in table"},{"pmid":"39314175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Atorvastatin and quercetin solid lipid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"0.55","variance":"± 0.3 (NR)","units":"μg h mL-1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Value printed as mean ± second number; variance type not stated. Dose 1 mg/kg QUER IV. n per group stated in Methods as six, not in table"},{"pmid":"39314175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Folic acid-conjugated solid lipid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"1.03","variance":"± 0.63 (NR)","units":"μg h mL-1","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Value printed as mean ± second number; variance type not stated. Dose 1 mg/kg QUER IV. n per group stated in Methods as six, not in table"},{"pmid":"39314175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin plus atorvastatin in solution (Sigma-Aldrich (quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUC (time range NR; samples 0.25-8 h)","value":"1.764","variance":"± 0.36 (NR)","units":"μg g-1 h-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated; tissue sampled at 0.25, 1, 3, 5, 8 h, 2 rats per group per time point"},{"pmid":"39314175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Atorvastatin and quercetin solid lipid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUC (time range NR; samples 0.25-8 h)","value":"1.720","variance":"± 0.42 (NR)","units":"μg g-1 h-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated; tissue sampled at 0.25, 1, 3, 5, 8 h, 2 rats per group per time point"},{"pmid":"39314175","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Folic acid-conjugated solid lipid nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"tissue AUC (time range NR; samples 0.25-8 h)","value":"1.938","variance":"± 0.55 (NR)","units":"μg g-1 h-1","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated; tissue sampled at 0.25, 1, 3, 5, 8 h, 2 rats per group per time point"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture with same ingredients as nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.33","variance":"± 0.15 (SD)","units":"mgL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD inferred from Methods statement 'means and standard deviations'; Table 2 letters (a,b,c) denote significant differences, P<0.05"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture with same ingredients as nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; Tmax value identical for all groups"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Physical mixture with same ingredients as nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"210.75","variance":"± 35.75 (SD)","units":"mg minL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD inferred from Methods statement 'means and standard deviations'; Table 2 letters (a,b,c) denote significant differences, P<0.05"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Zein:quercetin 7:1 nanoparticles coated with alginate-pectin","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.95","variance":"± 0.08 (SD)","units":"mgL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD inferred from Methods statement 'means and standard deviations'; Table 2 letters (a,b,c) denote significant differences, P<0.05"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Zein:quercetin 7:1 nanoparticles coated with alginate-pectin","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; Tmax value identical for all groups"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Zein:quercetin 7:1 nanoparticles coated with alginate-pectin","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"513.18","variance":"± 42.58 (SD)","units":"mg minL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD inferred from Methods statement 'means and standard deviations'; Table 2 letters (a,b,c) denote significant differences, P<0.05"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Calcium-reinforced zein/alginate-pectin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.13","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"mgL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD inferred from Methods statement 'means and standard deviations'; Table 2 letters (a,b,c) denote significant differences, P<0.05"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Calcium-reinforced zein/alginate-pectin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; Tmax value identical for all groups"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Calcium-reinforced zein/alginate-pectin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"606.81","variance":"± 51.00 (SD)","units":"mg minL-1","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type SD inferred from Methods statement 'means and standard deviations'; Table 2 letters (a,b,c) denote significant differences, P<0.05"},{"pmid":"39394871","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Calcium-reinforced zein/alginate-pectin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight (rat); 0.5 mg/mL quercetin (in vitro)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (rat)","n":"6 (rat)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text-printed Cmax ± SD","value":"3.13","variance":"± 0.15 (SD)","units":"mgL-1","location":"Results p.11","quote":"3.13 ± 0.15 mgL-1 for PM, ZQ0, and ZQ9, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints ZQ9 Cmax as 3.13 ± 0.15; inconsistent with Table 2 (3.13 ± 0.14)"},{"pmid":"39638918","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), unformulated (Macklin)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.21","variance":"± 0.78 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table V","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± SD)"},{"pmid":"39638918","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), unformulated (Macklin)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table V","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed for Tmax"},{"pmid":"39638918","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), unformulated (Macklin)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"11.25","variance":"± 0.75 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table V","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± SD)"},{"pmid":"39638918","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoquercitrin liposomes (lecithin, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG-NHS)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"13.03","variance":"± 1.31 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table V","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± SD)"},{"pmid":"39638918","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoquercitrin liposomes (lecithin, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG-NHS)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table V","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed for Tmax"},{"pmid":"39638918","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Isoquercitrin liposomes (lecithin, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG-NHS)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"103.13","variance":"± 4.16 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*h","location":"Table V","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance SD per Statistical Analysis section (mean ± SD)"},{"pmid":"39718513","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin dispersed in sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Yarrow Chemicals (source of quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1980.14","variance":"± 169.91 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: data represented as Mean ± SD"},{"pmid":"39718513","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PLGA nanobubbles (50 mg QT, 250 mg PLGA, 1.89% w/v PVA); particle size 139.5 ± 6.24 nm; EE 59.24 ± 3.08%","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6002.43","variance":"± 269.93 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"vs pure drug"},{"pmid":"39718513","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin dispersed in sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Yarrow Chemicals (source of quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"39718513","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PLGA nanobubbles (50 mg QT, 250 mg PLGA, 1.89% w/v PVA); particle size 139.5 ± 6.24 nm; EE 59.24 ± 3.08%","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"statistic type not stated; text says NBs showed 'significantly a higher Tmax' without a p-value for Tmax"},{"pmid":"39718513","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin dispersed in sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Yarrow Chemicals (source of quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8496.42","variance":"± 424.12 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text refers to AUC0-24 and Table to AUC0-t"},{"pmid":"39718513","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PLGA nanobubbles (50 mg QT, 250 mg PLGA, 1.89% w/v PVA); particle size 139.5 ± 6.24 nm; EE 59.24 ± 3.08%","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"49625.865","variance":"± 528.22 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39718513","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure quercetin dispersed in sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Yarrow Chemicals (source of quercetin))","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"9638.559","variance":"± 486.21 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39718513","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QT-PLGA nanobubbles (50 mg QT, 250 mg PLGA, 1.89% w/v PVA); particle size 139.5 ± 6.24 nm; EE 59.24 ± 3.08%","forms":[],"dose":"30 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"53153.126","variance":"± 648.61 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"39906526","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IronQ (Fe(III)-quercetin complex) aqueous solution","forms":[],"dose":"150 µmol Fe/kg BW","doseBasis":"NR (expressed as iron)","fed":"NR","n":"4","analyte":"iron (Fe) in whole blood, from IronQ","matrix":"whole blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak blood iron after IP IronQ","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.72 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Results (Pharmacokinetic Study) p.1313; Abstract","quote":"peak plasma concentration occurring approximately 1.1±0.72 hours after administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says 'peak plasma concentration' but matrix is whole blood; analyte is iron; 'mean' assumed from mean ± SD wording per Statistical Analysis (results expressed as mean ± SD)"},{"pmid":"40125927","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin raw material (98% purity)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"32 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"5.68","variance":"± 0.44 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fig. 5 caption labels the matrix 'plasma'; Methods and Results text say serum. Text says 'Table 3' for PK parameters; they are in Table 5."},{"pmid":"40125927","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin raw material (98% purity)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"32 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fig. 5 caption labels the matrix 'plasma'; Methods and Results text say serum."},{"pmid":"40125927","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin raw material (98% purity)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"32 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.976","variance":"± 0.099 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fig. 5 caption labels the matrix 'plasma'; Methods and Results text say serum."},{"pmid":"40125927","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IQ liposomes with soy lecithin, cholesterol, PEG2000, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate","forms":[],"dose":"32 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"25.79","variance":"± 1.64 (SD)","units":"µg h/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fig. 5 caption labels the matrix 'plasma'; Methods and Results text say serum. Text says 'Table 3' for PK parameters; they are in Table 5."},{"pmid":"40125927","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IQ liposomes with soy lecithin, cholesterol, PEG2000, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate","forms":[],"dose":"32 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"± 0 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fig. 5 caption labels the matrix 'plasma'; Methods and Results text say serum."},{"pmid":"40125927","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IQ liposomes with soy lecithin, cholesterol, PEG2000, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate","forms":[],"dose":"32 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.021","variance":"± 0.176 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fig. 5 caption labels the matrix 'plasma'; Methods and Results text say serum."},{"pmid":"40125927","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"isoquercitrin raw material (98% purity)","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"32 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"max serum concentration (free IQ), reached at 1 h","value":"0.976","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Section 3.5","quote":"Concentration of drug in serum of rats in free IQ group reached the maximum value of 0.976 μg/mL at 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same as Table 5 value; variance not given in text."},{"pmid":"40125927","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"IQ liposomes with soy lecithin, cholesterol, PEG2000, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate","forms":[],"dose":"32 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted","n":"4","analyte":"isoquercitrin","matrix":"rat serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"max serum concentration (IQ-L), after delay of 1 h","value":"2.021","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Section 3.5","quote":"the highest serum drug concentration in the IQ-L group appeared after a delay of 1 h with the maximum value reaching 2.021 μg/mL (p < 0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same as Table 5 value; variance not given in text."},{"pmid":"40228425","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"fluconazole-loaded GQC nanoparticles (NGQ3)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"fluconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"24","variance":"± 0.013 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"tmax of NGQ3 was 24 ± 0.013h (p = 0.003)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as value ± variance; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated; p-value given in Results 3.8 text"},{"pmid":"40228425","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"fluconazole suspension","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"fluconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tmax","value":"2","variance":"± 0.002 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"tmax for the reference formulation, which was 2 ± 0.002h (p = 0.002)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as value ± variance; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated; p-value given in Results 3.8 text"},{"pmid":"40228425","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"fluconazole-loaded GQC nanoparticles (NGQ3)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"fluconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"97","variance":"± 3.989 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"97 ± 3.989 µg/mL (p = 0.001) and 46 ± 1.156 µg/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"printed as value ± variance; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated; p-value given in Results 3.8 text for NGQ3 vs reference"},{"pmid":"40228425","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"fluconazole suspension","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"fluconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"46","variance":"± 1.156 (NR)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as value ± variance; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated"},{"pmid":"40228425","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"fluconazole-loaded GQC nanoparticles (NGQ3)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"fluconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"5330","variance":"± 23.675 (NR)","units":"µg/mL.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as value ± variance; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated"},{"pmid":"40228425","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"fluconazole suspension","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"fluconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"806.5","variance":"± 9.098 (NR)","units":"µg/mL.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as value ± variance; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated"},{"pmid":"40228425","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"fluconazole-loaded GQC nanoparticles (NGQ3)","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"fluconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"6353","variance":"± 31.056 (NR)","units":"µg/mL.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as value ± variance; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated"},{"pmid":"40228425","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"fluconazole suspension","forms":[],"dose":"1 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted","n":"NR","analyte":"fluconazole","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"901.44","variance":"± 11.098 (NR)","units":"µg/mL.h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed as value ± variance; type of variance (SD/SEM) not stated"},{"pmid":"40296879","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"peak time of quercetin","value":"15 to 30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.13 (Pharmacodynamic study)","quote":"the peak time of quercetin was at 15 to 30 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"stated generally for the study, not per arm; also 'plasma concentration decreased after a brief peak (15 to 30 min)'. Sampling times 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 h (Methods)."},{"pmid":"40296879","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"trimethyl chitosan-coated zein-quercetin core-shell nanoparticles (zein:TMC 2:1, zein:quercetin 10:1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"4 per time point","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"TMC-Zein-Q vs free quercetin","value":"2.48","variance":"","units":"-fold","location":"Results p.13 (Pharmacodynamic study)","quote":"relative bioavailability of TMC-Zein-Q was increased 2.48-fold when compared with free quercetin","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"calculation basis (AUC) not stated"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"1.8","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table III (In Blood)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table heading: mean ± SD; n = 6 per group from Methods"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan nanoparticles containing quercetin-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Batch B6)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW quercetin equivalence","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"6.5","variance":"± 0.5 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table III (In Blood)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table heading: mean ± SD; n = 6 per group from Methods"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.5","variance":"± 0.1 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table III (In Blood)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table heading: mean ± SD; n = 6 per group from Methods"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan nanoparticles containing quercetin-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Batch B6)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW quercetin equivalence","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"2.0","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table III (In Blood)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table heading: mean ± SD; n = 6 per group from Methods"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"12.4","variance":"± 1.5 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table III (In Blood)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table heading: mean ± SD; n = 6 per group from Methods (two groups, n = 6); AUC interval NR"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan nanoparticles containing quercetin-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Batch B6)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW quercetin equivalence","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC","value":"55.8","variance":"± 3.2 (SD)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table III (In Blood)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table heading: mean ± SD; n = 6 per group from Methods (two groups, n = 6); AUC interval NR"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan nanoparticles containing quercetin-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Batch B6)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW quercetin equivalence","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax stated in Abstract","value":"6.5","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"QNPs showing a peak plasma concentration of 6.5 µg/mL at 2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan nanoparticles containing quercetin-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Batch B6)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW quercetin equivalence","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"brain Cmax stated in Abstract and Results text","value":"3.5","variance":"","units":"µg/g","location":"Abstract; Results p.16","quote":"a brain concentration of 3.5 µg/g at 4 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table III brain Cmax 1.25 ± 0.1 µg/g (Tmax 2.5 h); text also says 'nearly four-fold higher Cmax' brain, consistent with Table III"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"blood/plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"free quercetin Tmax stated in text","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.16 (Pharmacokinetic Results)","quote":"free quercetin reached a lower Cmax of 1.8 µg/mL at an earlier Tmax of 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table III Tmax 1.5 ± 0.1 h"},{"pmid":"40329128","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension in 0.5% CMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"free quercetin brain Cmax stated in text","value":"0.8","variance":"","units":"µg/g","location":"Results p.16 (Pharmacokinetic Results)","quote":"free quercetin achieved a much lower Cmax of 0.8 µg/g at 2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table III brain Cmax 0.32 ± 0.03 µg/g (Tmax 1.5 h)"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"26.2","variance":"± 1.19 (SD)","units":"h⋅µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; n = 6 per group per Methods"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"167.22","variance":"± 16.21 (SD)","units":"h⋅µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; n = 6 per group per Methods"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-tlast","value":"26.14","variance":"± 1.17 (SD)","units":"h⋅µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; n = 6 per group per Methods"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-tlast","value":"165.32","variance":"± 16.31 (SD)","units":"h⋅µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; n = 6 per group per Methods"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"2.92","variance":"± 0.19 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; n = 6 per group per Methods"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"9.22","variance":"± 0.67 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; n = 6 per group per Methods"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"3.67","variance":"± 0.58 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; n = 6 per group per Methods; unit not printed in Table 3 (text states h)"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"8.67","variance":"± 1.15 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; n = 6 per group per Methods; unit not printed in Table 3 (text states h)"},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax stated in text","value":"8.67","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.8 (In vivo pharmacokinetics study)","quote":"values of 15.06 h and 8.67 h, respectively, compared to 6.63 h and 3.67 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax stated in text","value":"3.67","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.8 (In vivo pharmacokinetics study)","quote":"compared to 6.63 h and 3.67 h for the suspension","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"40418582","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf stated in Abstract","value":"167.22","variance":"","units":"h⋅µg/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"Bioavailability (area under the curve, AUC: 167.22 h⋅µg/mL) exceeded free QTN (AUC: 26.2 h⋅µg/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"AUC interval not named in abstract"},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (purity >98%)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-24)","value":"8.46","variance":"± 1.38 (SD)","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/poloxamer 188 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-24)","value":"29.73","variance":"± 9.95 (SD)","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/PEG8000 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-24)","value":"211.69","variance":"± 22.48 (SD)","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (purity >98%)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"19.08","variance":"± 7.51 (SD)","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/poloxamer 188 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"74.85","variance":"± 80.42 (SD)","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/PEG8000 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"563.09","variance":"± 267.75 (SD)","units":"µg/mL/h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (purity >98%)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"0.71","variance":"± 0.19 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/poloxamer 188 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"3.89","variance":"± 1.65 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/PEG8000 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax","value":"16.03","variance":"± 0.95 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (purity >98%)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"0.90","variance":"± 0.60 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/poloxamer 188 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"0.40","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/PEG8000 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (plasma, after acid hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"0.92","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (purity >98%)","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"pH conversion two-step dissolution medium","parameter":"AUC","detail":"cumulative dissolution AUC","value":"7501.00","variance":"± 153.10 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 2.4.4 p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution AUC, not plasma AUC; unit as printed (%)"},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/poloxamer 188 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"pH conversion two-step dissolution medium","parameter":"AUC","detail":"cumulative dissolution AUC","value":"23,819.23","variance":"± 491.46 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 2.4.4 p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution AUC, not plasma AUC; unit as printed (%)"},{"pmid":"40509277","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Crystalline solid dispersion, quercetin/PEG8000 30/70 w/w","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"pH conversion two-step dissolution medium","parameter":"AUC","detail":"cumulative dissolution AUC","value":"17,172.90","variance":"± 525.70 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results 2.4.4 p.6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution AUC, not plasma AUC; unit as printed (%)"},{"pmid":"40525309","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"liposomes (phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol 3:1 molar)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"IV Cmax of QCT co-loaded liposomes","value":"195.98","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Pooled/group value; statistic type and variance not stated in table"},{"pmid":"40525309","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"liposomes (phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol 3:1 molar)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"overnight fasted","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"10891.21","variance":"","units":"h µg/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"466887","variance":"","units":"µg/L*min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"476917","variance":"","units":"µg/L*min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"10","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5529","variance":"","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 prints µg/L; Results text p.5 says Cmax exceeding 785.8 μg/mL (inconsistent unit; 785.8 is the gossypetin 100 mg/kg Cmax in Table 8)"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"1210793","variance":"","units":"µg/L*min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"1295461","variance":"","units":"µg/L*min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"10","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"12","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6832","variance":"","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 prints µg/L; Results text p.5 says Cmax exceeding 785.8 μg/mL (inconsistent unit; 785.8 is the gossypetin 100 mg/kg Cmax in Table 8)"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"2731491","variance":"","units":"µg/L*min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"2848594","variance":"","units":"µg/L*min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 caption: n = 6/12; no variance reported; statistic type not stated"},{"pmid":"40544702","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla (TFA) extract; quercetin measured as aglycone after enzymatic hydrolysis (Hangzhou Conba Pharmaceutical)","forms":[],"dose":"400 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (total after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase hydrolysis)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7922","variance":"","units":"µg/L","location":"Table 8","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 8 prints µg/L; Results text p.5 says Cmax exceeding 785.8 μg/mL (inconsistent unit; 785.8 is the gossypetin 100 mg/kg Cmax in Table 8)"},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.89","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Route IV per Introduction; dose and n for PK study not stated in Methods. Fig. 12C y-axis labelled ug/ml while Table 2 and text use ng/mL."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Route IV per Introduction; dose and n for PK study not stated in Methods. Fig. 12C y-axis labelled ug/ml while Table 2 and text use ng/mL."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"30.015","variance":"± 5.2 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Route IV per Introduction; dose and n for PK study not stated in Methods. Fig. 12C y-axis labelled ug/ml while Table 2 and text use ng/mL."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"33.515","variance":"± 4.7 (SD)","units":"ng.hr/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Route IV per Introduction; dose and n for PK study not stated in Methods. Fig. 12C y-axis labelled ug/ml while Table 2 and text use ng/mL."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded MXene-Zn MOF chitosan nanocomposite","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"39.01","variance":"± 2.5 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Route IV per Introduction; dose and n for PK study not stated in Methods. Fig. 12C y-axis labelled ug/ml while Table 2 and text use ng/mL."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded MXene-Zn MOF chitosan nanocomposite","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Route IV per Introduction; dose and n for PK study not stated in Methods. Fig. 12C y-axis labelled ug/ml while Table 2 and text use ng/mL."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded MXene-Zn MOF chitosan nanocomposite","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"861.91","variance":"± 20.3 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Route IV per Introduction; dose and n for PK study not stated in Methods. Fig. 12C y-axis labelled ug/ml while Table 2 and text use ng/mL."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded MXene-Zn MOF chitosan nanocomposite","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-∞)","value":"1061.91","variance":"± 24.1 (SD)","units":"ng.hr/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Q and Q-MX-ZMOF@CH.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Route IV per Introduction; dose and n for PK study not stated in Methods. Fig. 12C y-axis labelled ug/ml while Table 2 and text use ng/mL."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded MXene-Zn MOF chitosan nanocomposite","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text value","value":"39","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 3.19 p.16","quote":"Q-MX-ZMOF@CH demonstrated a significantly higher plasma maximum concentration (Cmax) of 39 ng/mL than Q alone (3.9 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Rounded in text; Table 2 gives 39.01 ± 2.5. Reported as tenfold increase."},{"pmid":"40897275","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"NR for PK NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin (Q)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"text value","value":"3.9","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 3.19 p.16","quote":"Cmax of 39 ng/mL than Q alone (3.9 ng/mL)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Rounded in text; Table 2 gives 3.89 ± 0.31."},{"pmid":"40938667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Eudragit RS/L microparticles with lycopene and quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QRN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"12.33","variance":"± 0.26 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"Table 4. Pharmacokinetics profiles of optimised microparticle formulation (mean ± SEM, n = 6).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40938667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QRN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.50","variance":"± 0.22 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"Table 4. Pharmacokinetics profiles of optimised microparticle formulation (mean ± SEM, n = 6).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40938667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Eudragit RS/L microparticles with lycopene and quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QRN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"15.95","variance":"± 0.92 (SEM)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"Table 4. Pharmacokinetics profiles of optimised microparticle formulation (mean ± SEM, n = 6).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40938667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QRN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.48","variance":"± 0.77 (SEM)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"Table 4. Pharmacokinetics profiles of optimised microparticle formulation (mean ± SEM, n = 6).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"40938667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Eudragit RS/L microparticles with lycopene and quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QRN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"563.5","variance":"± 64.0 (SEM)","units":"μg × h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"Table 4. Pharmacokinetics profiles of optimised microparticle formulation (mean ± SEM, n = 6).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table label is AUC0-24, but text (Results p.504) says AUC0-48h; sampling to 48 h."},{"pmid":"40938667","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"100 mg/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 24 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QRN)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"160.9","variance":"± 17.9 (SEM)","units":"μg × h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"Table 4. Pharmacokinetics profiles of optimised microparticle formulation (mean ± SEM, n = 6).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table label is AUC0-24, but text (Results p.504) says AUC0-48h; sampling to 48 h."},{"pmid":"41084506","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Rhon Reagent, Lot RH356579); vehicle NR (Rhon Reagent)","forms":[],"dose":"34 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"3.482","variance":"± 0.414 (SD)","units":"μg/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints this parameter as AUC."},{"pmid":"41084506","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanoliposome (thin-film hydration; DSPE-PEG2000, soy lecithin, cholesterol); DLS 157.08±1.215 nm","forms":[],"dose":"34 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t)","value":"6.173","variance":"± 0.232 (SD)","units":"μg/mL·h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints this parameter as AUC. Significance vs QU as printed."},{"pmid":"41084506","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Rhon Reagent, Lot RH356579); vehicle NR (Rhon Reagent)","forms":[],"dose":"34 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.667","variance":"± 1.033 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints this parameter as Tmax."},{"pmid":"41084506","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanoliposome (thin-film hydration; DSPE-PEG2000, soy lecithin, cholesterol); DLS 157.08±1.215 nm","forms":[],"dose":"34 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.167","variance":"± 0.408 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints this parameter as Tmax. Significance vs QU as printed."},{"pmid":"41084506","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Rhon Reagent, Lot RH356579); vehicle NR (Rhon Reagent)","forms":[],"dose":"34 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.37","variance":"± 0.049 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints this parameter as Cmax."},{"pmid":"41084506","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin nanoliposome (thin-film hydration; DSPE-PEG2000, soy lecithin, cholesterol); DLS 157.08±1.215 nm","forms":[],"dose":"34 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.585","variance":"± 0.032 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table prints this parameter as Cmax. Significance vs QU as printed."},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"brain","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"brain","value":"274.09","variance":"± 81.28 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→24, brain","value":"2926.80","variance":"± 314.63 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞, brain","value":"3213.22","variance":"± 458.06 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"brain","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"brain","value":"605.67","variance":"± 147.09 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→24, brain","value":"6038.77","variance":"± 459.83 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞, brain","value":"8368.05","variance":"± 591.08 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tf-(DX-QR) nanostructured lipid carrier (Gelucire 50/13 : Capmul MCM 70:30, Tween 80, DSPE-PEG2000-NH2, transferrin)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"brain","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tf-(DX-QR) nanostructured lipid carrier (Gelucire 50/13 : Capmul MCM 70:30, Tween 80, DSPE-PEG2000-NH2, transferrin)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"brain","value":"1740.90","variance":"± 402.72 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"asterisk printed (*p < 0.05); comparator not stated"},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tf-(DX-QR) nanostructured lipid carrier (Gelucire 50/13 : Capmul MCM 70:30, Tween 80, DSPE-PEG2000-NH2, transferrin)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→24, brain","value":"24306.39","variance":"± 707.28 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"asterisk printed (*p < 0.05); comparator not stated"},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Tf-(DX-QR) nanostructured lipid carrier (Gelucire 50/13 : Capmul MCM 70:30, Tween 80, DSPE-PEG2000-NH2, transferrin)","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain (homogenate)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞, brain","value":"68453.98","variance":"± 873.60 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 16","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"asterisk printed (*p < 0.05); comparator not stated"},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"plasma","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 17","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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stated"},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, IV","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0→∞, plasma","value":"6878.68","variance":"± 764.09 (SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 17","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"asterisk printed on Cmax/AUC (*p < 0.05); comparator not stated"},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"12 mg/kg quercetin (docetaxel 6 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"plasma","value":"2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 17","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41319703","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"docetaxel-quercetin suspension, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"12 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(SD)","units":"ng.h/mL","location":"Table 17","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41579343","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin suspension (Sigma-Aldrich)","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"57.42","variance":"± 6.56 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41579343","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan/glyceryl monooleate in-situ gel containing optimum QCT transbilosomes (phospholipid 262.75 mg, Span 60 20 mg, SDC 10 mg)","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"194.27","variance":"± 25.37 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41579343","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin suspension 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NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"418.37","variance":"± 52.97 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41579343","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan/glyceryl monooleate in-situ gel containing optimum QCT transbilosomes (phospholipid 262.75 mg, Span 60 20 mg, SDC 10 mg)","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3081.51","variance":"± 391.67 (SD)","units":"ng/ml.h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"41579343","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"chitosan/glyceryl monooleate in-situ gel containing optimum QCT transbilosomes (phospholipid 262.75 mg, Span 60 20 mg, SDC 10 mg)","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"IPSQLT (nasal) vs free QCT (oral)","value":"7.37","variance":"","units":"ratio (as printed, no unit)","location":"Table 4","quote":"IPSQLT ... increased ... AUC0-inf by factors of ... 7.37, respectively, when compared to the values recorded for oral QCT","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed in Table 4 as 'Relative bioavailability 7.37' with no unit/variance."},{"pmid":"41633432","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que in DL-menthol:capric acid (7:3) DES-in-water microemulsion made by microfluidics (1.37% Tween 20)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"water deprived 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.25","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"tmax(h) 0.25***","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"*** = P<0.001 vs Que-W per table note."},{"pmid":"41633432","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dispersed in water + Tween 20","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"water deprived 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"4.00","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"tmax(h) 4.00","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41633432","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que in DL-menthol:capric acid (7:3) DES-in-water microemulsion made by microfluidics (1.37% Tween 20)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"water deprived 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"132.06","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax(ng/mL) 132.06***","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41633432","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dispersed in water + Tween 20","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"water deprived 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"12.94","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Cmax(ng/mL) 12.94","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41633432","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que in DL-menthol:capric acid (7:3) DES-in-water microemulsion made by microfluidics (1.37% Tween 20)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"water deprived 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (0-8 h sampling)","value":"371.03","variance":"","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC0-t(ng/mL*h) 371.03***","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract: AUC0-t 5.54-fold higher than free quercetin."},{"pmid":"41633432","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin dispersed in water + Tween 20","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"water deprived 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (0-8 h sampling)","value":"67.01","variance":"","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Table 2","quote":"AUC0-t(ng/mL*h) 67.01","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41633432","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Que in DL-menthol:capric acid (7:3) DES-in-water microemulsion made by microfluidics (1.37% Tween 20)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"water deprived 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Frel (AUC-based) vs Que-W","value":"553.69%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2; Results 3.8 p.11","quote":"relative bioavailability increase to 553.69%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak","value":"114.36","variance":"± 5.49 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 114.36 ± 5.49","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) punicic acid ethyl ester","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak","value":"788.77","variance":"± 58.56 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 788.77 ± 58.56","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) pomegranate seed oil","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak","value":"624.23","variance":"± 33.26 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 624.23 ± 33.26","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) oleic acid","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak","value":"523.29","variance":"± 48.25 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 523.29 ± 48.25","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PAEE oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400 (oil:EL:PEG400 4:4:1), QU 0.6 mg/mL","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak","value":"1363.68","variance":"± 77.64 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 1363.68 ± 77.64","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PSO oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak","value":"1123.88","variance":"± 49.87 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 1123.88 ± 49.87","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, OA oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"first peak","value":"974.45","variance":"± 41.22 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax (ng/mL) 974.45 ± 41.22","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"30.02","variance":"± 1.52 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax (min) 30.02 ± 1.52","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) punicic acid ethyl ester","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"20.17","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax (min) 20.17 ± 0.02","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) pomegranate seed oil","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"23.52","variance":"± 1.50 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax (min) 23.52 ± 1.50","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) oleic acid","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"30.00","variance":"± 0.50 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax (min) 30.00 ± 0.50","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PAEE oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400 (oil:EL:PEG400 4:4:1), QU 0.6 mg/mL","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"19.53","variance":"± 0.50 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax (min) 19.53 ± 0.50","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PSO oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"20.98","variance":"± 0.78 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax (min) 20.98 ± 0.78","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, OA oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first peak","value":"30.02","variance":"± 0.80 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax (min) 30.02 ± 0.80","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second plasma peak (Cmax2); biphasic profile","value":"85.86","variance":"± 5.13 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax2 (ng/mL) 85.86 ± 5.13","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) punicic acid ethyl ester","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second plasma peak (Cmax2); biphasic profile","value":"696.64","variance":"± 47.59 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax2 (ng/mL) 696.64 ± 47.59","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) pomegranate seed oil","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second plasma peak (Cmax2); biphasic profile","value":"500.09","variance":"± 37.81 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax2 (ng/mL) 500.09 ± 37.81","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) oleic acid","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second plasma peak (Cmax2); biphasic profile","value":"30.00","variance":"± 0.50 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax2 (ng/mL) 30.00 ± 0.50","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed value 30.00 ± 0.50 is identical to OA tmax (30.00 ± 0.50); possible table error. Recorded as printed. Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PAEE oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400 (oil:EL:PEG400 4:4:1), QU 0.6 mg/mL","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second plasma peak (Cmax2); biphasic profile","value":"1336.51","variance":"± 87.46 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax2 (ng/mL) 1336.51 ± 87.46","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PSO oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second plasma peak (Cmax2); biphasic profile","value":"540.09","variance":"± 84.16 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax2 (ng/mL) 540.09 ± 84.16","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, OA oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"second plasma peak (Cmax2); biphasic profile","value":"725.17","variance":"± 45.23 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"Cmax2 (ng/mL) 725.17 ± 45.23","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second plasma peak (tmax2)","value":"70.51","variance":"± 1.33 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax2 (min) 70.51 ± 1.33","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) punicic acid ethyl ester","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second plasma peak (tmax2)","value":"60.53","variance":"± 0.75 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax2 (min) 60.53 ± 0.75","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) pomegranate seed oil","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second plasma peak (tmax2)","value":"65.27","variance":"± 2.07 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax2 (min) 65.27 ± 2.07","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) oleic acid","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second plasma peak (tmax2)","value":"70.29","variance":"± 0.36 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax2 (min) 70.29 ± 0.36","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PAEE oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400 (oil:EL:PEG400 4:4:1), QU 0.6 mg/mL","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second plasma peak (tmax2)","value":"60.12","variance":"± 0.60 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax2 (min) 60.12 ± 0.60","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PSO oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second plasma peak (tmax2)","value":"62.18","variance":"± 0.28 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax2 (min) 62.18 ± 0.28","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, OA oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"second plasma peak (tmax2)","value":"70.95","variance":"± 0.35 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax2 (min) 70.95 ± 0.35","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"free quercetin in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC as labelled in Table 1 (text refers to AUC0-4 h)","value":"11.70","variance":"± 1.36 (SEM)","units":"min*mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC (min*mg/L) 11.70 ± 1.36","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed (min*mg/L). Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) punicic acid ethyl ester","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC as labelled in Table 1 (text refers to AUC0-4 h)","value":"53.52","variance":"± 5.23 (SEM)","units":"min*mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC (min*mg/L) 53.52 ± 5.23","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed (min*mg/L). Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) pomegranate seed oil","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC as labelled in Table 1 (text refers to AUC0-4 h)","value":"40.86","variance":"± 3.68 (SEM)","units":"min*mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC (min*mg/L) 40.86 ± 3.68","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed (min*mg/L). Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin dispersed in 10% (v/v) oleic acid","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC as labelled in Table 1 (text refers to AUC0-4 h)","value":"35.88","variance":"± 6.52 (SEM)","units":"min*mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC (min*mg/L) 35.88 ± 6.52","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed (min*mg/L). Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PAEE oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400 (oil:EL:PEG400 4:4:1), QU 0.6 mg/mL","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC as labelled in Table 1 (text refers to AUC0-4 h)","value":"241.68","variance":"± 88.49 (SEM)","units":"min*mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC (min*mg/L) 241.68 ± 88.49","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed (min*mg/L). Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, PSO oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC as labelled in Table 1 (text refers to AUC0-4 h)","value":"75.12","variance":"± 2.56 (SEM)","units":"min*mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC (min*mg/L) 75.12 ± 2.56","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed (min*mg/L). Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41675219","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanoemulsion, OA oil phase, Cremophor EL + PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight, free access to water","n":"4","analyte":"total quercetin (free QU plus glucoside and sulphate conjugates hydrolysed by glucosidase/sulfatase)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC as labelled in Table 1 (text refers to AUC0-4 h)","value":"72.48","variance":"± 6.04 (SEM)","units":"min*mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"AUC (min*mg/L) 72.48 ± 6.04","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units as printed (min*mg/L). Mean ± SEM per Statistical analysis section/Fig. 6 caption (Table 1 does not restate; n per Methods 2.10 = 4 rats, Fig. 6 caption says 'three measurements')."},{"pmid":"41724417","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"total flavonoid aglycone after deconjugation (includes quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of Cmax, all 6 flavonoids","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.1 p.3","quote":"The maximum concentration (Cmax) of all 6 flavonoids in the plasma was achieved 0.5 h after administration.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Group-level statement; applies to quercetin; sampling grid was 0.5, 1, 3, 6 h."},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin solution, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.8","variance":"± 0.0 (SD)","units":"%ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin solution, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin solution, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-120","value":"64.7","variance":"± 1.1 (SD)","units":"min %ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin solution, intravenous","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"203.0","variance":"± 14.1 (SD)","units":"min %ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin solution, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.5","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"%ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin solution, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"20","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin solution, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-120","value":"322.8","variance":"± 43.6 (SD)","units":"min %ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin solution, intranasal","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"880.1","variance":"± 79.6 (SD)","units":"min %ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Optimized formula F4 (lecithin/PC, Brij 58, fenchone terpene 2:1 to drug, HA 5 mg) radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.8","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"%ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Optimized formula F4 (lecithin/PC, Brij 58, fenchone terpene 2:1 to drug, HA 5 mg) radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Optimized formula F4 (lecithin/PC, Brij 58, fenchone terpene 2:1 to drug, HA 5 mg) radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-120","value":"480.6","variance":"± 5.9 (SD)","units":"min %ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Optimized formula F4 (lecithin/PC, Brij 58, fenchone terpene 2:1 to drug, HA 5 mg) radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"4182.8","variance":"± 605.6 (SD)","units":"min %ID/g","location":"Table VI (p.17)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Radioactivity-based; measures 99mTc label, not quercetin itself"},{"pmid":"41851521","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Optimized formula F4 (lecithin/PC, Brij 58, fenchone terpene 2:1 to drug, HA 5 mg) radiolabeled","forms":[],"dose":"20 µL containing 20 µg QER (200-400 KBq 99mTc)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"[99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radiolabeled QER)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"% Relative bioavailability column (text: % relative brain exposure, NT vs Ns, AUC0-inf brain)","value":"472.8","variance":"± 58.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table VI (p.17); Pharmacokinetic Behavior p.18","quote":"relative brain exposure of 472.8 ± 58.8","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Column header in Table VI is '% Relative bioavailability'; text calls it relative brain exposure (Eq. 11). Units % per Table VI header."},{"pmid":"41931997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.001 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 1 (p.11)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated for Table 1 (figure legends state mean ± SD); n = 6 per group in Methods but Fig. 6 legend states n = 3; intraperitoneal route"},{"pmid":"41931997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Myocardial-targeted PEG-PEP liposomal quercetin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"724.15","variance":"± 21.1 (NR)","units":"ug/l","location":"Table 1 (p.11)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated for Table 1 (figure legends state mean ± SD); n = 6 per group in Methods but Fig. 6 legend states n = 3; IV route"},{"pmid":"41931997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"80.40","variance":"± 15.9 (NR)","units":"ug/l","location":"Table 1 (p.11)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated for Table 1 (figure legends state mean ± SD); n = 6 per group in Methods but Fig. 6 legend states n = 3; intraperitoneal route"},{"pmid":"41931997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Myocardial-targeted PEG-PEP liposomal quercetin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"5649.99","variance":"± 48.6 (NR)","units":"ug/l*h","location":"Table 1 (p.11)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated for Table 1 (figure legends state mean ± SD); n = 6 per group in Methods but Fig. 6 legend states n = 3; IV route"},{"pmid":"41931997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"1036.80","variance":"± 32.7 (NR)","units":"ug/l*h","location":"Table 1 (p.11)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated for Table 1 (figure legends state mean ± SD); n = 6 per group in Methods but Fig. 6 legend states n = 3; intraperitoneal route"},{"pmid":"41931997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Myocardial-targeted PEG-PEP liposomal quercetin nanoparticles","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"6294.06","variance":"± 43.5 (NR)","units":"ug/l*h","location":"Table 1 (p.11)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated for Table 1 (figure legends state mean ± SD); n = 6 per group in Methods but Fig. 6 legend states n = 3; IV route"},{"pmid":"41931997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Free quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1141.43","variance":"± 51.6 (NR)","units":"ug/l*h","location":"Table 1 (p.11)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated for Table 1 (figure legends state mean ± SD); n = 6 per group in Methods but Fig. 6 legend states n = 3; intraperitoneal route"},{"pmid":"41980692","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension (QUE-SP)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 per timepoint","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"376.66","variance":"± 46.52 (SD)","units":"ng.mL-1","location":"Table 4 (Plasma)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Results text (Section 3.6) prints 376.66 ± 1.79 (inconsistent SD); Mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; PK parameters derived from pooled data (noncompartmental, PK Solver); n=3 per timepoint"},{"pmid":"41980692","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension (QUE-SP)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 per timepoint","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"1286.38","variance":"± 36.49 (SD)","units":"ng.h.mL-1","location":"Table 4 (Plasma)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; PK parameters derived from pooled data (noncompartmental, PK Solver); n=3 per timepoint"},{"pmid":"41980692","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Q-PEG conjugate (ester-linked) co-encapsulated with rivastigmine in chitosan-TPP nanoparticles embedded in poloxamer 407/188 gel","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 per timepoint","analyte":"quercetin (given as Q-PEG conjugate in nanoparticle gel; measured as quercetin per text)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1337.41","variance":"± 71.73 (SD)","units":"ng.mL-1","location":"Table 4 (Plasma); Results 3.6","quote":"peak plasma concentration of RVS-Q-PEG-CNPsG following intranasal administration was augmented (1337.41 ± 71.73 ng.mL− 1, P < 0.0001)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; PK parameters derived from pooled data (noncompartmental, PK Solver); n=3 per timepoint"},{"pmid":"41980692","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Q-PEG conjugate (ester-linked) co-encapsulated with rivastigmine in chitosan-TPP nanoparticles embedded in poloxamer 407/188 gel","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 per timepoint","analyte":"quercetin (given as Q-PEG conjugate in nanoparticle gel; measured as quercetin per text)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"20,772.5","variance":"± 598.86 (SD)","units":"ng.h.mL-1","location":"Table 4 (Plasma)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Results text prints 20,772.50 ± 598.86 and says 'significantly higher' without a stated p for this value. Mean ± SD per Statistical analysis section; PK parameters derived from pooled data (noncompartmental, PK Solver); n=3 per timepoint"},{"pmid":"41980692","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension (QUE-SP)","forms":[],"dose":"1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 per timepoint","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.6","quote":"QUE-SP attained significantly lower Cmax of 190.21 ± 33.69 ng.mL− 1 at 1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as 'at 1 h' in text"},{"pmid":"41980692","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Q-PEG conjugate (ester-linked) co-encapsulated with rivastigmine in chitosan-TPP nanoparticles embedded in poloxamer 407/188 gel","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"3 per timepoint","analyte":"quercetin (given as Q-PEG conjugate in nanoparticle gel; measured as quercetin per text)","matrix":"brain","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"6.1","variance":"± 0.04 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Results 3.6","quote":"brain concentrations of RVS-Q-PEG-CNPsG reached peak at 2390 ± 151.50 ng.mL− 1 at 6.1 ± 0.04 h (p < 0.0001)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Variance as printed with Tmax; type not stated for this value. Table 4 lists no Tmax; sampling times were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h yet Tmax printed as 6.1 h and QUE-SP brain Table 4 t1/2 reads 6.2"},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension, ophthalmic instillation (Macklin (Qu raw material))","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye; Qu concentration NR for this arm uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.17","variance":"± 0.03 (SD)","units":"ug/g","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension, ophthalmic instillation (Macklin (Qu raw material))","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye; Qu concentration NR for this arm uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension, ophthalmic instillation (Macklin (Qu raw material))","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye; Qu concentration NR for this arm uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t); text refers to AUC0-180 min","value":"16.42","variance":"","units":"ug/g*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; units as printed (ug/g*min)"},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu-loaded PEGylated liposomes (HSPC/cholesterol/DSPE-PEG2000/Tween 80; Qu 5% of lipid)","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye; Qu concentration NR for this arm uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.98","variance":"± 0.15 (SD)","units":"ug/g","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu-loaded PEGylated liposomes (HSPC/cholesterol/DSPE-PEG2000/Tween 80; Qu 5% of lipid)","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye; Qu concentration NR for this arm uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"15","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Qu-loaded PEGylated liposomes (HSPC/cholesterol/DSPE-PEG2000/Tween 80; Qu 5% of lipid)","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye; Qu concentration NR for this arm uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t); text refers to AUC0-180 min","value":"68.66","variance":"","units":"ug/g*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; units as printed (ug/g*min)"},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.2% Qu-PL-ISG with 0.5% gellan gum","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye (0.2% Qu formulation) uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.51","variance":"± 0.54 (SD)","units":"ug/g","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.2% Qu-PL-ISG with 0.5% gellan gum","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye (0.2% Qu formulation) uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42338899","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"0.2% Qu-PL-ISG with 0.5% gellan gum","forms":[],"dose":"50 uL instilled per eye (0.2% Qu formulation) uL","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"n = 6 (Table 2); Methods print n = 63 per group","analyte":"quercetin (Qu)","matrix":"cornea","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC(0-t); text refers to AUC0-180 min","value":"191.38","variance":"","units":"ug/g*min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; units as printed (ug/g*min)"},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (QUE crude drug, purity ≥97%) suspended in normal saline (Shanghai Jieshikai Biotechnology)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3.62","variance":"± 0.40 (SD)","units":"mg × h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (QUE crude drug, purity ≥97%) suspended in normal saline (Shanghai Jieshikai Biotechnology)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.25","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax is reported as mean ± SD in the table. Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (QUE crude drug, purity ≥97%) suspended in normal saline (Shanghai Jieshikai Biotechnology)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.20","variance":"± 0.04 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (QUE crude drug, purity ≥97%) suspended in normal saline (Shanghai Jieshikai Biotechnology)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Q3GA)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"10.92","variance":"± 3.17 (SD)","units":"mg × h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (QUE crude drug, purity ≥97%) suspended in normal saline (Shanghai Jieshikai Biotechnology)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Q3GA)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.44","variance":"± 0.30 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax is reported as mean ± SD in the table. Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (QUE crude drug, purity ≥97%) suspended in normal saline (Shanghai Jieshikai Biotechnology)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Q3GA)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.04","variance":"± 0.48 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE suspended in PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"40 (QUE) + 2000 (PEG 400) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"35.84","variance":"± 3.40 (SD)","units":"mg × h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: asterisks denote significance versus QN group; p-value derived from asterisk legend. Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE suspended in PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"40 (QUE) + 2000 (PEG 400) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.60","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax is reported as mean ± SD in the table. Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE suspended in PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"40 (QUE) + 2000 (PEG 400) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.11","variance":"± 1.29 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: asterisks denote significance versus QN group; p-value derived from asterisk legend. Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE suspended in PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"40 (QUE) + 2000 (PEG 400) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Q3GA)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"172.33","variance":"± 17.57 (SD)","units":"mg × h/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: asterisks denote significance versus QN group; p-value derived from asterisk legend. Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE suspended in PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"40 (QUE) + 2000 (PEG 400) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Q3GA)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.57","variance":"± 0.36 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax is reported as mean ± SD in the table. Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42595232","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE suspended in PEG 400","forms":[],"dose":"40 (QUE) + 2000 (PEG 400) mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Q3GA)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"94.83","variance":"± 7.60 (SD)","units":"mg/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table footnote: asterisks denote significance versus QN group; p-value derived from asterisk legend. Text (Results 3.1) states 'mean ± SD' for all data."},{"pmid":"42732404","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 mg/kg (QUE equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment (rats)","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Fig. 4A table","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; Tmax of 2 min coincides with early IV sampling points (0.017, 0.083 h)"},{"pmid":"42732404","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin suspension","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 mg/kg (QUE equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment (rats)","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"51.412","variance":"± 4.205 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Fig. 4A table (page 13)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistics section states means ± SD.; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"42732404","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nanoparticle","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 mg/kg (QUE equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment (rats)","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Fig. 4A table","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; Tmax of 2 min coincides with early IV sampling points (0.017, 0.083 h)"},{"pmid":"42732404","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nanoparticle","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 mg/kg (QUE equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment (rats)","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"288.375","variance":"± 38.557 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Fig. 4A table (page 13)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistics section states means ± SD. Superscripts: a = p<0.0001 vs QUE suspension; b = p<0.05 vs Ag@GQDs/QUE-siP-L.; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"42732404","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nanoparticle","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 mg/kg (QUE equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment (rats)","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Fig. 4A table","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"No variance printed; Tmax of 2 min coincides with early IV sampling points (0.017, 0.083 h)"},{"pmid":"42732404","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Nanoparticle","forms":[],"dose":"3.0 mg/kg (QUE equivalent)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before experiment (rats)","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin (QUE)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"370.389","variance":"± 14.749 (SD)","units":"ng/mL·h","location":"Fig. 4A table (page 13)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistics section states means ± SD. Superscripts: a = p<0.0001 vs QUE suspension; b = p<0.05 vs Ag@GQDs/QUE-siP-L.; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw quercetin (unformulated powder) (Shanghai Yuanye / Bide Pharmatech (reagent))","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw quercetin (unformulated powder) (Shanghai Yuanye / Bide Pharmatech (reagent))","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.83","variance":"± 0.07 (SD)","units":"µg·mL⁻¹","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw quercetin (unformulated powder) (Shanghai Yuanye / Bide Pharmatech (reagent))","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"7.88","variance":"± 0.49 (SD)","units":"µg·mL⁻¹·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Raw quercetin (unformulated powder) (Shanghai Yuanye / Bide Pharmatech (reagent))","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"8.42","variance":"± 0.51 (SD)","units":"µg·mL⁻¹·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Flexible quercetin nanocrystals (QUE-NCs), antisolvent precipitation with geniposide, QUE/Gen mass ratio 3.75:1 in mixture","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Flexible quercetin nanocrystals (QUE-NCs), antisolvent precipitation with geniposide, QUE/Gen mass ratio 3.75:1 in mixture","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3.42","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"µg·mL⁻¹","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Flexible quercetin nanocrystals (QUE-NCs), antisolvent precipitation with geniposide, QUE/Gen mass ratio 3.75:1 in mixture","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"22.41","variance":"± 1.48 (SD)","units":"µg·mL⁻¹·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Flexible quercetin nanocrystals (QUE-NCs), antisolvent precipitation with geniposide, QUE/Gen mass ratio 3.75:1 in mixture","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"24.79","variance":"± 1.47 (SD)","units":"µg·mL⁻¹·h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42840060","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Flexible quercetin nanocrystals (QUE-NCs), antisolvent precipitation with geniposide, QUE/Gen mass ratio 3.75:1 in mixture","forms":[],"dose":"150 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h (free access to water)","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Fr (%)","value":"294.42","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5; Results 3.5","quote":"relative oral bioavailability of 294.42%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Value printed as 294.42, no variance; reference is raw QUE group"},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Unprocessed quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.1","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin physical mixture (QUE:HPMC E5:PVP K13 1:3:1)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.3","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-SD: quercetin:HPMC E5:PVP K13-18 1:3:1, solvent evaporation 55 C, 4 h","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.7 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Unprocessed quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"771","variance":"± 121 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin physical mixture (QUE:HPMC E5:PVP K13 1:3:1)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2081","variance":"± 1349 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-SD: quercetin:HPMC E5:PVP K13-18 1:3:1, solvent evaporation 55 C, 4 h","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7127","variance":"± 1942 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Unprocessed quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCall","value":"5150","variance":"± 1464 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin physical mixture (QUE:HPMC E5:PVP K13 1:3:1)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCall","value":"8751","variance":"± 2908 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-SD: quercetin:HPMC E5:PVP K13-18 1:3:1, solvent evaporation 55 C, 4 h","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUCall","value":"20,991","variance":"± 7713 (SD)","units":"h·ng/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin physical mixture (QUE:HPMC E5:PVP K13 1:3:1)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (%), relative to QUE","value":"169.9","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2; Results 2.5","quote":"The F for the physical mixture was 169.9%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"42943322","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"QUE-SD: quercetin:HPMC E5:PVP K13-18 1:3:1, solvent evaporation 55 C, 4 h","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 12 h, water allowed","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (%), relative to QUE","value":"407.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2; Results 2.5","quote":"The relative bioavailability of QUE-SD was calculated to be 407.6%.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9199494","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside) (Sigma (St. Louis, MO) reagents)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"0.4 % of diet (as printed)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"Fed; access to food 08:00-16:00 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin metabolites (measured after enzymatic deconjugation; quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"first measurable concentrations (not a formal Tmax)","value":"4","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results p.2 para 2","quote":"measurable concentrations were obtained only 4 h after the beginning of the meal","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Time of first measurable concentration, not a calculated Tmax"},{"pmid":"9199494","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Sigma (St. Louis, MO) reagents)","forms":[],"dose":"0.2 % of diet (as printed)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fed; access to food 08:00-16:00 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin metabolites (measured after enzymatic deconjugation; quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plateau of plasma metabolites in non-adapted rats, approximate","value":"about 50","variance":"","units":"µmol/l","location":"Results p.3 (non-adapted rats, 0.2% quercetin)","quote":"a plateauing concentration (about 50 µmol/l) was observed","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Printed as 'about 50'; plateau, not a formal Cmax. Text cites Fig. 3A; caption numbering in this PDF differs"},{"pmid":"9199494","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Quercetin (Sigma (St. Louis, MO) reagents)","forms":[],"dose":"0.2 % of diet (as printed)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"Fed; access to food 08:00-16:00 h","n":"6 per time point","analyte":"quercetin conjugates","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximal concentration in adapted rats, approximate (Discussion)","value":"20","variance":"","units":"µmol/l","location":"Discussion p.5","quote":"the concentration of quercetin conjugates seems maximal at 20 µmol/l in rats adapted to a flavonol-containing diet","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Discussion statement; 'seems maximal'; text-layer rendered 'umol/1', unit taken as µmol/l (page 2 image confirms µmol/l elsewhere)"},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune diluted in olive oil + glycofurol vehicle (Sandimmune (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg cyclosporin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak serum concentration","value":"1088.1","variance":"± 121.9 (NR)","units":"nmol·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.)."},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in glycofurol (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin (with cyclosporin 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak serum concentration","value":"785.1","variance":"± 152.9 (NR)","units":"nmol·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.). Table difference: -28 % (not marked significant)"},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune diluted in olive oil + glycofurol vehicle (Sandimmune (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg cyclosporin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"19614","variance":"± 2942 (NR)","units":"nmol·min·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.)."},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in glycofurol (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin (with cyclosporin 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"11188","variance":"± 907 (NR)","units":"nmol·min·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"coadministration of quercetin significantly decreased the total exposure of cyclosporin (AUC0-t) by 43%","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.). Table difference: -43 %*"},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune diluted in olive oil + glycofurol vehicle (Sandimmune (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg cyclosporin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak serum concentration","value":"831.0","variance":"± 140.0 (NR)","units":"nmol·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.)."},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in glycofurol (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin (with cyclosporin 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak serum concentration","value":"442.4","variance":"± 72.1 (NR)","units":"nmol·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.). Table difference: -47 % (not marked significant)"},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune diluted in olive oil + glycofurol vehicle (Sandimmune (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg cyclosporin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"8455","variance":"± 1512 (NR)","units":"nmol·min·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.)."},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in glycofurol (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin (with cyclosporin 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"4930","variance":"± 772 (NR)","units":"nmol·min·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.). Table difference: -42 % (not marked significant)"},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune diluted in olive oil + glycofurol vehicle (Sandimmune (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg cyclosporin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-3","value":"1467","variance":"± 298 (NR)","units":"nmol·min·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.)."},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in glycofurol (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin (with cyclosporin 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-3","value":"642","variance":"± 108 (NR)","units":"nmol·min·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"quercetin did significantly reduce the early exposure of cyclosporin (AUC0-3) by 56% in pigs","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.). Table difference: -56 %*"},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Sandimmune diluted in olive oil + glycofurol vehicle (Sandimmune (Novartis))","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg cyclosporin","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC3-24","value":"7984","variance":"± 1312 (NR)","units":"nmol·min·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.)."},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in glycofurol (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin (with cyclosporin 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood/serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC3-24","value":"4877","variance":"± 777 (NR)","units":"nmol·min·ml-1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 prints ± without stating SD/SE (figure legends state mean ± S.E.). Table difference: -39 % (not marked significant)"},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in glycofurol (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin (with cyclosporin 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"6","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results p.232","quote":"no significant changes on Tmax of cyclosporin were found after quercetin coadministration in pigs and rats","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Tmax values not printed"},{"pmid":"12427482","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dissolved in glycofurol (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg quercetin (with cyclosporin 10 mg/kg)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h before, 4 h after","n":"8","analyte":"cyclosporin","matrix":"blood","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"","location":"Results p.232","quote":"no significant changes on Tmax of cyclosporin were found after quercetin coadministration in pigs and rats","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Tmax values not printed"},{"pmid":"15907592","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"oral diltiazem HCl 15 mg/kg (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"diltiazem (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"232","variance":"± 58 (SD)","units":"ng/ml·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15907592","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"oral diltiazem HCl 15 mg/kg (Sigma)","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"diltiazem (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"94.2","variance":"± 23.5 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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(Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"quercetin 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"diltiazem (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"287","variance":"± 71 (SD)","units":"ng/ml·h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15907592","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"oral diltiazem HCl 15 mg/kg with quercetin dihydrate 2 mg/kg (co-administered, mixed in 10 mL water) (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"quercetin 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"diltiazem (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"99.3","variance":"± 24.8 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15907592","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"oral diltiazem HCl 15 mg/kg with quercetin dihydrate 2 mg/kg (co-administered, mixed in 10 mL water) (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"quercetin 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"diltiazem (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15907592","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"oral diltiazem HCl 15 mg/kg with quercetin dihydrate 2 mg/kg (co-administered, mixed in 10 mL water) (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"quercetin 2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted at least 24 h","n":"8","analyte":"diltiazem (not quercetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RB% (AUC vs control)","value":"124","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"15907592","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"oral diltiazem HCl 15 mg/kg with quercetin dihydrate 10 mg/kg (co-administered) (Sigma)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"quercetin 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(*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin (total flavonol AUC basis)","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative bioavailability vs quercetin aglycone (AUC total basis, as printed)","value":"234.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; no SEM printed; basis of calculation not stated in table"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax1 (first plasma peak)","value":"17.0","variance":"± 2.2 (SEM)","units":"nmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 (n=7)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax1 (first plasma peak)","value":"0.7","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 (n=7)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax2 (second plasma peak)","value":"113.7","variance":"± 18.1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 (n=7)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax2 (second plasma peak)","value":"11.1","variance":"± 2.4 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 (n=7); * = significantly different from values in other columns (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf quercetin","value":"131.2","variance":"± 20.0 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 (n=7)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"isorhamnetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf isorhamnetin","value":"17.0","variance":"± 1.9 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 (n=7)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"kaempferol","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf kaempferol","value":"11.8","variance":"± 0.9 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 (n=7)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf total (sum of quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol)","value":"160.0","variance":"± 21.3 (SEM)","units":"min × µmol/l","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 (n=7)"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin (total flavonol AUC basis)","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative bioavailability vs quercetin aglycone (AUC total basis, as printed)","value":"91.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2; no SEM printed; basis of calculation not stated in table"},{"pmid":"20230651","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) (Roth (Karlsruhe))","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"30 µmol/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 24 h; compound mixed into 20 g flavonol-free dog food test meal (chicken-based)","n":"7","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma (after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase unless stated)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax as printed in Abstract (second peak)","value":"0.89","variance":"± 0.07 (SEM)","units":"µmol/l","location":"Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Matches Table 2 Cmax2 888.3 ± 71.0 nmol/l (units differ)"},{"pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate (>=98%) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with morning feeding","n":"5","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"0.09","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"μmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"cmax, μmol/L 0.09 ± 0.01a 1.0 ± 0.10b","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Baseline (time 0) subtracted per Methods"},{"pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (>=98.5%) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with morning feeding","n":"5","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.10 (SEM)","units":"μmol/L","location":"Table 1","quote":"cmax, μmol/L 0.09 ± 0.01a 1.0 ± 0.10b","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate (>=98%) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with morning feeding","n":"5","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"30.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax, min 30.0 ± 0.0a 42.0 ± 7.3a","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (>=98.5%) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with morning feeding","n":"5","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"42.0","variance":"± 7.3 (SEM)","units":"min","location":"Table 1","quote":"tmax, min 30.0 ± 0.0a 42.0 ± 7.3a","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text (Results p.4) also says maximal concentration observed after 42 min"},{"pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate (>=98%) (Carl Roth 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Roth GmbH)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with morning feeding","n":"5","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"reference (100%)","value":"100","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1","quote":"Relative bioavailability, % 100 767.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"calculated via mean AUCTotal"},{"pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (>=98.5%) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with morning feeding","n":"5","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"rutin vs quercetin aglycone at 50 mg/kg","value":"767.3","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"relative bioavailability of total flavonols ... was 767.3% compared with quercetin aglycone (100%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (>=98.5%) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"10 mg quercetin/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with morning feeding","n":"5","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"maximal concentration time","value":"30 min","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.4","quote":"maximal concentration obtained after 30 min (Figure 4b)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text: 'maximal concentration obtained after 30 min'; printed as 'after 30 min'"},{"pmid":"22916908","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate (>=98%) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with morning feeding","n":"5","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"from text","value":"30 min","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Results p.4","quote":"a maximum plasma concentration of total flavonols was detected after 30 min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"0.9% NaCl","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxTotal (less basal)","value":"3.9","variance":"± 50.2 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: c; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone dihydrate (QA) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxTotal (less basal)","value":"406.9","variance":"± 50.2 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: b; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QA (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":[],"dose":"18 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxTotal (less basal)","value":"573.4","variance":"± 50.2 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: ab; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QA (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":[],"dose":"27 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxTotal (less 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aglycone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxQ (less basal)","value":"2.9","variance":"± 44.1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: c; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone dihydrate (QA) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin aglycone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxQ (less basal)","value":"350.0","variance":"± 44.1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: b; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QA (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":[],"dose":"18 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin aglycone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxQ (less basal)","value":"504.1","variance":"± 44.1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: ab; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QA (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":[],"dose":"27 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin aglycone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxQ (less basal)","value":"555.5","variance":"± 44.1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: a; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (RU) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"active 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BW","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin aglycone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxQ (less basal)","value":"17.3","variance":"± 44.1 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: c; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"0.9% NaCl","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"TMR ad libitum; dosing 0700-0800 h","n":"6","analyte":"kaempferol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"CmaxK (less basal)","value":"1.3","variance":"± 4.2 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Letter superscript: c; LSM; SEM is pooled (shown for all arms)"},{"pmid":"23403185","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone dihydrate (QA) (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg 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2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Single SE per row printed for all groups; no superscript printed"},{"pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"18 mg rutin/kg BW = 9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW (30 µmol QE/kg BW)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed with morning meal","n":"7","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"day 2 of life","value":"16.6","variance":"± 3.57 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Single SE per row printed for all groups; no superscript printed"},{"pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"none","forms":[],"dose":"0","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed with morning meal (colostrum d 2; milk replacer d 29)","n":"7","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"day 29 of life","value":"ND","variance":"± 3.57 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Single SE per row printed for all groups; no superscript printed; ND = not definable"},{"pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone dihydrate (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW (30 µmol QE/kg BW)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed with morning meal","n":"7","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"day 29 of life","value":"7.63","variance":"± 3.57 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Single SE per row printed for all groups; no superscript printed"},{"pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"18 mg rutin/kg BW = 9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW (30 µmol QE/kg BW)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed with morning meal","n":"7","analyte":"tamarixetin","matrix":"plasma (after glucuronidase/sulfatase)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"day 29 of life","value":"24.0","variance":"± 3.57 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Single SE per row printed for all groups; no superscript printed"},{"pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"18 mg rutin/kg BW = 9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW (30 µmol QE/kg BW)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed with morning meal","n":"7","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC RU / AUC QA x 100%, day 2","value":"72.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Results BV Studies","quote":"relative BV of quercetin of 72.5% on d 2 and of 49.6% on d 29","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract: relative BV of total flavonols; Results text says 'relative BV of quercetin'"},{"pmid":"25795488","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin trihydrate (Carl Roth GmbH)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"18 mg rutin/kg BW = 9 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW (30 µmol QE/kg BW)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed with morning meal","n":"7","analyte":"total flavonols","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC RU / AUC QA x 100%, day 29","value":"49.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Results BV Studies","quote":"relative BV of quercetin of 72.5% on d 2 and of 49.6% on d 29","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract: relative BV of total flavonols"},{"pmid":"26088982","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Pure quercetin dispersed in Milli Q water with 0.3% (v/v) CMC-Na (Shanxi Sciphar Biotech quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"16 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.24","variance":"± 1.32 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as μg/mL)","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 title says serum; text says plasma"},{"pmid":"26088982","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded Soluplus/F127 polymeric micelles (drug loading 6.7%, size 79.00 +/- 2.24 nm), dissolved in distilled water","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"16 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.56","variance":"± 3.28 (SD)","units":"ug/mL (printed as μg/mL)","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26088982","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Pure quercetin dispersed in Milli Q water with 0.3% (v/v) CMC-Na (Shanxi Sciphar Biotech quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"16 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"5.31","variance":"± 1.08 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26088982","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded Soluplus/F127 polymeric micelles (drug loading 6.7%, size 79.00 +/- 2.24 nm), dissolved in distilled water","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"16 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"7.02","variance":"± 2.02 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 4; Results text","quote":"Qu-PMs were absorbed much slower than pure quercetin with Tmax of 7.02 ± 2.02 h and 5.31 ± 1.08 h (p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"26088982","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Pure quercetin dispersed in Milli Q water with 0.3% (v/v) CMC-Na (Shanxi Sciphar Biotech quercetin)","forms":[],"dose":"16 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"37.68","variance":"± 16.8 (SD)","units":"ug/h/mL (printed as μg/h/mL)","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26088982","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded Soluplus/F127 polymeric micelles (drug loading 6.7%, size 79.00 +/- 2.24 nm), dissolved in distilled water","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"16 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"107.84","variance":"± 54.4 (SD)","units":"ug/h/mL (printed as μg/h/mL)","location":"Table 4; Results text","quote":"AUC0-inf value of Qu-PMs was significantly larger than that of pure quercetin","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26088982","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-loaded Soluplus/F127 polymeric micelles (drug loading 6.7%, size 79.00 +/- 2.24 nm), dissolved in distilled water","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"16 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F (%) from AUC0-inf, Qu-PMs vs pure Qu","value":"286","variance":"± 3.23 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4; Results text; Abstract","quote":"relative oral bioavailability of Qu-PMs calculated from AUC0-inf values was about 286% (p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table prints 286 +/- 3.23"},{"pmid":"27242199","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phospholipid/Pluronic F68/Labrasol nanomicelles, freeze-dried, size 56.5 ± 12.3 nm","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"oral (intragastric) in glioma-bearing mice","value":"17.19","variance":"","units":"µg/L","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","quote":"The maximum concentration (Cmax) for QUE-FD-NMs was 17.19 μg/L after oral administration","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated in text; Fig. 8B shows mean ± SD (n=10)."},{"pmid":"27242199","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"PEG2000-DSPE/Tween 80 nanoliposomes, size 104.6 ± 23.5 nm","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"oral (intragastric) in glioma-bearing mice","value":"14.78","variance":"","units":"µg/L","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","quote":"the Cmax for QUE-NLs was 14.78 μg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27242199","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"free quercetin (solution/suspension)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"oral (intragastric) in glioma-bearing mice","value":"8.17","variance":"","units":"µg/L","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","quote":"that for free QUE was 8.17 μg/L","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27242199","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"free quercetin (solution/suspension)","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.1","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","quote":"The maximum time (Tmax) of free QUE was 2.1 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"27242199","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"phospholipid/Pluronic F68/Labrasol nanomicelles, freeze-dried, size 56.5 ± 12.3 nm","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","quote":"the Tmax of QUE-FD-NMs or QUE-NLs was 3.2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"One Tmax value printed for both QUE-FD-NMs and QUE-NLs together"},{"pmid":"27242199","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"PEG2000-DSPE/Tween 80 nanoliposomes, size 104.6 ± 23.5 nm","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"3.2","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 3.6, p.287","quote":"the Tmax of QUE-FD-NMs or QUE-NLs was 3.2 h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"One Tmax value printed for both QUE-FD-NMs and QUE-NLs together"},{"pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"administered during morning feeding (hay 1.5 kg + concentrate 1.5 kg twice daily)","n":"3","analyte":"total flavonols (sum of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total flavonols after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; basal-corrected","value":"110","variance":"± 43 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance letter 'a' (means with different letters differ, p < 0.05)"},{"pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycone (Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"administered during morning feeding (hay 1.5 kg + concentrate 1.5 kg twice daily)","n":"3","analyte":"total flavonols (sum of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax of total flavonols","value":"0.8","variance":"± 0.17 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"administered during morning feeding","n":"3","analyte":"total flavonols (sum of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total flavonols after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; basal-corrected","value":"951","variance":"± 256 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance letter 'b' (means with different letters differ, p < 0.05)"},{"pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"rutin (quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside) (Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG)","forms":["rutin"],"dose":"50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"administered during morning feeding","n":"3","analyte":"total flavonols (sum of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax of total flavonols","value":"1.0","variance":"± 0.0 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"onion skin extract (almost 100% of quercetin as aglycone) (Vivatis Pharma GmbH)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"administered during morning feeding","n":"3","analyte":"total flavonols (sum of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total flavonols after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; basal-corrected","value":"97","variance":"± 11 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance letter 'a' (means with different letters differ, p < 0.05)"},{"pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"onion skin extract (almost 100% of quercetin as aglycone) (Vivatis Pharma GmbH)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"administered during morning feeding","n":"3","analyte":"total flavonols (sum of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax of total flavonols","value":"0.8","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"onion bulb extract (about 52% of quercetin equivalents as glucosides) (Vivatis Pharma GmbH)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"administered during morning feeding","n":"3","analyte":"total flavonols (sum of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Cmax of total flavonols after beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase; basal-corrected","value":"1648","variance":"± 196 (SEM)","units":"nmol/L","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significance letter 'c' (means with different letters differ, p < 0.05)"},{"pmid":"30207714","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"onion bulb extract (about 52% of quercetin equivalents as glucosides) (Vivatis Pharma GmbH)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"administered during morning feeding","n":"3","analyte":"total flavonols (sum of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax of total flavonols","value":"0.7","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"30989139","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin (form not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/quarter","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"9","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"milk","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"31.64","variance":"± 17.04 (NR)","units":"µg × h/g","location":"Results p.4","quote":"AUC0−t 31.64 ± 17.04 µg × h/g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mean/± type (SD vs SEM) not stated in paper"},{"pmid":"30989139","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin (form not specified)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/quarter","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"9","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"milk","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.80","variance":"± 3.54 (NR)","units":"µg/g","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Cmax 2.80 ± 3.54 µg/g","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Authors state Cmax variability over 120% (Discussion)"},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CA-g-CS/QR micelles (encapsulation efficiency 72.09%, size 375.6 ± 5.9 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"120","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax printed without variance; statistic type NR."},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CA-g-CS/QR micelles (encapsulation efficiency 72.09%, size 375.6 ± 5.9 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"342.96","variance":"± 16.51 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CA-g-CS/QR micelles (encapsulation efficiency 72.09%, size 375.6 ± 5.9 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"267757.13","variance":"± 19032.85 (SD)","units":"ng.min/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CA-g-CS/QR micelles (encapsulation efficiency 72.09%, size 375.6 ± 5.9 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"284773.44","variance":"± 21518.65 (SD)","units":"ng.min/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QR solution","forms":[],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"120","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax printed without variance; statistic type NR."},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QR solution","forms":[],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"278.26","variance":"± 18.52 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QR solution","forms":[],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"165506.99","variance":"± 38159.40 (SD)","units":"ng.min/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QR solution","forms":[],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"170593.89","variance":"± 38072.75 (SD)","units":"ng.min/ml","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CA-g-CS/QR micelles (encapsulation efficiency 72.09%, size 375.6 ± 5.9 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F, AUC0-inf of CA-g-CS/QR vs QR","value":"166.93","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Methods 2.10.7: relative bioavailability calculated using AUC0-inf of CA-g-CS/QR versus QR."},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CA-g-CS/QR micelles (encapsulation efficiency 72.09%, size 375.6 ± 5.9 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"F stated in Results","value":"167","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.9.2 p.10","quote":"the bioavailability was 167%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text rounding of Table 5 value 166.93."},{"pmid":"37476826","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"CA-g-CS/QR micelles (encapsulation efficiency 72.09%, size 375.6 ± 5.9 nm)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"36 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 18 h","n":"6","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative bioavailability stated in Abstract","value":"1.67","variance":"","units":"fold","location":"Abstract","quote":"The relative bioavailability of CA-g-CS/QR was found to be 1.67-fold that of the reference drug","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"florfenicol after saline","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg florfenicol","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.80","variance":"± 0.11 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Yuanye Biotechnology reagent) pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.80","variance":"± 0.11 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.80","variance":"± 0.11 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"florfenicol after saline","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg florfenicol","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.24","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Yuanye Biotechnology reagent) pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.00","variance":"± 1.23 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"9.61","variance":"± 0.09 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.00","variance":"± 0.71 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"florfenicol after saline","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg florfenicol","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"23.88","variance":"± 2.37 (SD)","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Yuanye Biotechnology reagent) pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"41.74","variance":"± 3.63 (SD)","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"43.07","variance":"± 1.53 (SD)","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"41.13","variance":"± 2.48 (SD)","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"florfenicol after saline","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg florfenicol","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"25.09","variance":"± 2.72 (SD)","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin (Yuanye Biotechnology reagent) pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"20 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"44.60","variance":"± 4.71 (SD)","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"40 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"45.13","variance":"± 1.32 (SD)","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41066807","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin pretreatment (Shanghai Yuanye)","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg quercetin","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"10","analyte":"florfenicol","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-∞","value":"43.47","variance":"± 3.44 (SD)","units":"h·μg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol orally administered in chickens. Mean ± SD, n = 10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Table checked as page image; p vs control as marked by asterisks. Values are for florfenicol, not quercetin."},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Pure quercetin solution (Qur Sol)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0","variance":"","units":"hours","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Pure quercetin solution (Qur Sol)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"95","variance":"± 3.25 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing"},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Pure quercetin solution (Qur Sol)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"239","variance":"± 7.81 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*hours","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing"},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QS-NLCs","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0","variance":"","units":"hours","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QS-NLCs","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"90","variance":"± 3.88 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing"},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QS-NLCs","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"602","variance":"± 14.01 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*hours","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing"},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QS-NLCs-Zn-HA nanogel","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0","variance":"","units":"hours","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing; no variance printed"},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QS-NLCs-Zn-HA nanogel","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"88","variance":"± 1.85 (SD)","units":"μg/mL","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing"},{"pmid":"41802516","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"QS-NLCs-Zn-HA nanogel","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"NR","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"tear fluid (Schirmer strip, rabbit, topical ocular)","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"759","variance":"± 10.26 (SD)","units":"μg/mL*hours","location":"Table 1 (p.12)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"topical ocular dosing"},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate (Sigma-Aldrich (reference material))","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK, Table 2 footnote)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.35 (SD)","units":"hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate (Sigma-Aldrich (reference material))","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK, Table 2 footnote)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.37","variance":"± 0.43 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate (Sigma-Aldrich (reference material))","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK, Table 2 footnote)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"18.77","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"µg /ml/hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate 97% (conventional) (Alfa Aesar)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate 97% (conventional) (Alfa Aesar)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"10.1","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin dihydrate 97% (conventional) (Alfa Aesar)","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"28.85","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"µg /ml/hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanomicelles (soy lecithin/cholesterol, thin-film, 345.66 nm, PDI 0.14, zeta 19.1 mV) (in-house)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin (nanomicelle)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanomicelles (soy lecithin/cholesterol, thin-film, 345.66 nm, PDI 0.14, zeta 19.1 mV) (in-house)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin (nanomicelle)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.67","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"quercetin nanomicelles (soy lecithin/cholesterol, thin-film, 345.66 nm, PDI 0.14, zeta 19.1 mV) (in-house)","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin (nanomicelle)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"144.3","variance":"± 0.9 (SD)","units":"µg /ml/hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.2","variance":"± 0.2 (SD)","units":"hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"4.36","variance":"± 0.46 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"18.76","variance":"± 1.4 (SD)","units":"µg /ml/hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.15","variance":"± 0.7 (SD)","units":"hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"25.01","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin dihydrate","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"288.5","variance":"± 0.6 (SD)","units":"µg /ml/hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin nanomicelles","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin nanomicelle) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.4","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin nanomicelles","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin nanomicelle) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.36","variance":"± 0.63 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin nanomicelles","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin nanomicelle) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"doxycycline","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"36.07","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"µg /ml/hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin nanomicelles","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin nanomicelle) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin (nanomicelle)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.1","variance":"± 0.3 (SD)","units":"hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin nanomicelles","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin nanomicelle) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin (nanomicelle)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"37.5","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"µg/ml","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"42406229","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"doxycycline hyclate + quercetin nanomicelles","forms":["micellar"],"dose":"25 (doxycycline) + 50 (quercetin nanomicelle) mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"5 (PK)","analyte":"quercetin (nanomicelle)","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24","value":"649.2","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"µg /ml/hour","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9103284","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-3-rutinoside","forms":[],"dose":"10 µM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 segments/time point","analyte":"Quercetin-3-rutinoside","matrix":"resorbate (serosal fluid) of perfused rat jejunum","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of dose transferred to serosal side after 2-h perfusion (range)","value":"1.3-2.3","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Results p.2","quote":"Qr-3-rutinoside (1.3-2.3% of the dose)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Only glycoside transferred to serosal side; segment not specified in text"},{"pmid":"9103284","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin aglycone","forms":["aglycone"],"dose":"10 µM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 segments/time point","analyte":"Quercetin aglycone","matrix":"resorbate (serosal fluid) of perfused rat jejunum","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of dose detected in resorbate after perfusion with Qr (range)","value":"0.3-0.4","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Results p.2","quote":"Qr (aglycone) was detected in the resorbate after perfusion with Qr (0.3-0.4% of the dose)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9103284","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-3-glucoside","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"10 µM","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"3 segments/time point","analyte":"Quercetin aglycone","matrix":"resorbate (serosal fluid) of perfused rat jejunum","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of dose detected as Qr aglycone in resorbate after perfusion with Qr-3-glucoside (range)","value":"0.1-0.7","variance":"","units":"% of dose","location":"Results p.2","quote":"with Qr-3-glucoside (0.1-0.7% of the dose)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9103284","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"2","analyte":"quercetin (Qr)","matrix":"plasma (portal-vein blood)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma concentration at or below LOQ (traces only)","value":"<10","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.2","quote":"only traces of Qr were detected at or below the LOQ (<10 ng/ml plasma) after Qr and Qr-3-glucoside dosing","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text states traces of Qr at or below LOQ after Qr and Qr-3-glucoside dosing in pigs and rats; no per-arm values given"},{"pmid":"9103284","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-3-glucoside","forms":["isoquercetin"],"dose":"0.5 mmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"2","analyte":"quercetin (Qr)","matrix":"plasma (portal-vein blood)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma concentration at or below LOQ (traces only)","value":"<10","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.2","quote":"only traces of Qr were detected at or below the LOQ (<10 ng/ml plasma) after Qr and Qr-3-glucoside dosing","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text states traces of Qr at or below LOQ after Qr and Qr-3-glucoside dosing in pigs and rats; no per-arm values given"},{"pmid":"9103284","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Quercetin","forms":[],"dose":"0.015 mmol","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"2","analyte":"quercetin (Qr)","matrix":"plasma (portal-vein blood)","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"plasma concentration at or below LOQ (traces only)","value":"<10","variance":"","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.2","quote":"only traces of Qr were detected at or below the LOQ (<10 ng/ml plasma) after Qr and Qr-3-glucoside dosing","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text states traces of Qr at or below LOQ after Qr and Qr-3-glucoside dosing in pigs and rats; no per-arm values given"},{"pmid":"15537334","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin aglycon (Indofine) (Indofine (pure compounds))","forms":[],"dose":"10-100 µM (1 mL; 50 µM = 50 nmol in kinetics; 10-75 nmol doses in Fig 2A)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"Caco-2 cell extract (intracellular)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of applied quercetin taken up by cells at highest-uptake dose (40 nmol)","value":"15.9","variance":"± 1.19 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.7175 col 1","quote":"quercetin uptake reached 15.9 ± 1.19% of the total quercetin applied to the monolayer","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"percentage of applied dose in cells"},{"pmid":"15537334","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin 3-glucoside (Indofine) (Indofine (pure compounds))","forms":[],"dose":"10-100 µM (1 mL; 100 µM = 100 nmol in kinetics)","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin 3-glucoside","matrix":"Caco-2 cell extract (intracellular)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of applied Q3G taken up by cells at highest-uptake dose (100 nmol)","value":"0.45","variance":"± 0.09 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.7175 col 1","quote":"quercetin 3-glucoside uptake reached only 0.45 ± 0.09%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Q uptake > Q3G uptake (p < 0.05) per text"},{"pmid":"15537334","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"shallot extract, acetone/ethyl acetate extract","forms":[],"dose":"0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 (methods list); Fig 3 legend 0, 25, 50, 100, 150 mg/mL (1 mL)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"Caco-2 cell extract (intracellular)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of quercetin in shallot extract taken up by cells at highest absorption dose","value":"45.8","variance":"± 10.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.7175 col 2","quote":"Caco-2 cells took up 45.8 ± 10.0% of the total quercetin","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"dose of extract at which this occurred not stated in text; Fig. 3A"},{"pmid":"15537334","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"shallot extract, acetone/ethyl acetate extract","forms":[],"dose":"0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 (methods list); Fig 3 legend 0, 25, 50, 100, 150 mg/mL (1 mL)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin 3-glucoside","matrix":"Caco-2 cell extract (intracellular)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of Q3G in shallot extract taken up at highest absorption dose","value":"4.5","variance":"± 0.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.7175 col 2","quote":"only 4.5 ± 0.4% of the total quercetin 3-glucoside (Figure 3B; p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19128975","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"Quercetin-amino acid/dipeptide carbamate prodrug Qu-glutamic acid (4g/5g); mixture of 3'-O and 4'-O regioisomers (~3:1) (synthesized (parent: Sigma-Aldrich))","forms":[],"dose":"50-800 µM (permeability assay concentration range) µM","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"","n":"NR","analyte":"Qu-glutamic acid (4g/5g)","matrix":"MDCK cell monolayer","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"relative permeability across MDCK cell monolayer vs quercetin","value":"5.2","variance":"","units":"relative to quercetin","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Permeability ratio, not bioavailability; recorded under closest parameter. Compound parameter vocabulary lacks permeability."},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"crystalline quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"1330","variance":"± 133 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation Q"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"crystalline quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"6.16","variance":"± 0.141 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation Q"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"crystalline quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"120","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Tmax per footnote; formulation Q"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"3880","variance":"± 529 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 90 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"18.4","variance":"± 2.15 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 90 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Tmax per footnote; formulation 90 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"1940","variance":"± 254 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 75 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"7.16","variance":"± 1.49 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 75 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"60","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Tmax per footnote; formulation 75 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"2550","variance":"± 137 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 50 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"8.21","variance":"± 0.760 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 50 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed N/A: 4 separate times where Cmax occurred (Table 2 footnote b); formulation 50 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"6210","variance":"± 382 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 10 PVP:80 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"20.0","variance":"± 1.33 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 10 PVP:80 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"480","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Tmax per footnote; formulation 10 PVP:80 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"7850","variance":"± 733 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 20 PVP:70 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"27.4","variance":"± 3.03 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 20 PVP:70 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"420","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Tmax per footnote; formulation 20 PVP:70 CCAB"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"5480","variance":"± 1210 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 90 HPMCAS"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"64.1","variance":"± 19.7 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 90 HPMCAS"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"30","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Tmax per footnote; formulation 90 HPMCAS"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"17100","variance":"± 485 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 90 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"48.7","variance":"± 1.74 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 90 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed N/A: 4 separate times where Cmax occurred (Table 2 footnote b); formulation 90 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"15300","variance":"± 2434 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 10 PVP:80 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"50.4","variance":"± 4.58 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 10 PVP:80 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"90","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Tmax per footnote; formulation 10 PVP:80 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC of dissolved Q concentration-time curve, pH 6.8","value":"24400","variance":"± 1640 (SEM)","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"in vitro dissolution (non-sink); 'pseudo-pharmacokinetic' per authors; formulation 20 PVP:70 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"78.3","variance":"± 7.12 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"average Cmax; formulation 20 PVP:70 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 6.8","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of maximum dissolved Q concentration, pH 6.8","value":"NR","variance":"","units":"min","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed N/A: 4 separate times where Cmax occurred (Table 2 footnote b); formulation 20 PVP:70 CASub"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 1.2","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"maximum dissolved Q at gastric pH 1.2 (20 PVP:70 CASub)","value":"13.4","variance":"","units":"µg/mL","location":"Results 3.3.2 p.89","quote":"reaching only a mean Cmax of 13.4 µg/mL and AUC of 972 µg min/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"only pH 1.2 values printed in text; others in Supplementary Table 2"},{"pmid":"27988001","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"amorphous solid dispersion (spray dried) of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich quercetin (>=95%))","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"n/a (in vitro)","n":"3-4","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"in vitro dissolution medium, pH 1.2","parameter":"AUC","detail":"pseudo-PK AUC at gastric pH 1.2 (20 PVP:70 CASub)","value":"972","variance":"","units":"µg min/mL","location":"Results 3.3.2 p.89","quote":"reaching only a mean Cmax of 13.4 µg/mL and AUC of 972 µg min/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"enrofloxacin hydrochloride","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"2.75","variance":"± 0.25 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin + enrofloxacin","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg quercetin; 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.40","variance":"± 0.24 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin + enrofloxacin","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg quercetin; 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.60","variance":"± 0.24 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"enrofloxacin hydrochloride","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.67","variance":"± 0.30 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin + enrofloxacin","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg quercetin; 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"2.00","variance":"± 0.10 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days). Not significant vs control"},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin + enrofloxacin","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg quercetin; 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"1.79","variance":"± 0.13 (SEM)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"enrofloxacin hydrochloride","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24h","value":"23.75","variance":"± 2.03 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin + enrofloxacin","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg quercetin; 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24h","value":"18.31","variance":"± 1.51 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days). Not significant vs control"},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin + enrofloxacin","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg quercetin; 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–24h","value":"17.35","variance":"± 1.04 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"enrofloxacin hydrochloride","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0~∞","value":"24.69","variance":"± 2.05 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin + enrofloxacin","forms":[],"dose":"15 mg/kg quercetin; 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0~∞","value":"19.11","variance":"± 1.34 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days). Not significant vs control"},{"pmid":"29535328","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin + enrofloxacin","forms":[],"dose":"60 mg/kg quercetin; 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin mg/kg b.w.","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"","n":"5","analyte":"enrofloxacin","matrix":"chicken plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0~∞","value":"17.95","variance":"± 0.98 (SEM)","units":"µg·h/mL","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Analyte is enrofloxacin (or rhodamine 123), not quercetin; quercetin was the pretreatment (oral, 5 days)."},{"pmid":"35122241","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin-casein hydrolysate (Pepcas) complex, lyophilized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"Caco-2 monolayer","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Fa estimated from Papp (Fa = 1 - exp[-0.035 x Papp], Papp in nm/s; Iga 2019); not measured in vivo","value":"3.14","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.4 (Fig. S6)","quote":"Fa of Que@Blank and Que@Pepcas were 1.28% and 3.14%, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calculated by authors from in vitro Papp; shown in Supporting Fig. S6."},{"pmid":"35122241","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin, same preparation without dispersant","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"Caco-2 monolayer","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Fa estimated from Papp (Fa = 1 - exp[-0.035 x Papp], Papp in nm/s; Iga 2019); not measured in vivo","value":"1.28","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results 3.4 (Fig. S6)","quote":"Fa of Que@Blank and Que@Pepcas were 1.28% and 3.14%, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calculated by authors from in vitro Papp; shown in Supporting Fig. S6."},{"pmid":"40074160","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution (QS-solution / QR-solution)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rabbit tear fluid","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text of Section 3.16 cites this as 'Table 3'; the PK parameters are in Table 4. Variance for Tmax not printed as a ± value (printed as 0)."},{"pmid":"40074160","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution (QS-solution / QR-solution)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rabbit tear fluid","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"96","variance":"± 4.36 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text of Section 3.16 cites PK parameters as 'Table 3'; they are in Table 4."},{"pmid":"40074160","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin solution (QS-solution / QR-solution)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rabbit tear fluid","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"248","variance":"± 15.46 (SD)","units":"µg.mL-1.h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text of Section 3.16 cites PK parameters as 'Table 3'; they are in Table 4."},{"pmid":"40074160","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded squalene nanostructured lipid carriers with lecithin and glycyrrhizin (F5)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rabbit tear fluid","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text of Section 3.16 cites this as 'Table 3'; the PK parameters are in Table 4. Variance for Tmax not printed as a ± value (printed as 0)."},{"pmid":"40074160","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded squalene nanostructured lipid carriers with lecithin and glycyrrhizin (F5)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rabbit tear fluid","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"92","variance":"± 6.69 (SD)","units":"µg/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text of Section 3.16 cites PK parameters as 'Table 3'; they are in Table 4."},{"pmid":"40074160","species":"in_vitro","arm":"","form":"quercetin-loaded squalene nanostructured lipid carriers with lecithin and glycyrrhizin (F5)","forms":[],"dose":"100 µL","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"3","analyte":"quercetin","matrix":"rabbit tear fluid","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"796","variance":"± 12.85 (SD)","units":"µg.mL-1.h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Text of Section 3.16 cites PK parameters as 'Table 3'; they are in Table 4."}],"studies":{"4695326":{"pmid":"4695326","title":"A comparison of a spectrophotometric (quercetin) method and an atomic-absorption method for the determination of tin in food.","authors":"Engberg A","journal":"The Analyst","year":"1973","volume":"98","issue":"163","pages":"137-45","doi":"10.1039/an9739800137","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4695326/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Analytical chemistry paper (Analyst 1973): quercetin is used only as a spectrophotometric reagent for determining tin in food, compared with atomic-absorption. No supplement absorption or PK content; 'absorption' here means light/atomic absorption.","conclusion":"With both methods recoveries of added tin do not deviate significantly from 100 per cent. within their respective working ranges.","limitations":""},"8891673":{"pmid":"8891673","title":"Absorption and disposition kinetics of the dietary antioxidant quercetin in man.","authors":"Hollman PC, vd Gaag M, Mengelers MJ, van Trijp JM, de Vries JH, Katan MB","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"1996","volume":"21","issue":"5","pages":"703-7","doi":"10.1016/0891-5849(96)00129-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8891673/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"2","status":"complete","statusNote":"Brief communication; pilot study in 2 subjects; onion quercetin glucosides (food source), not an isolated supplement","conclusion":"We conclude that quercetin glucosides from onions are absorbed and are eliminated slowly throughout the day. Thus, the dietary antioxidant quercetine could increase the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma.","limitations":"only 2 subjects; single dose of onion glucosides, no aglycone or comparator arm; analytes measured as total quercetin after hydrolysis; half-life values from model fit of 2 subjects; time course shown figure-only"},"9103284":{"pmid":"9103284","title":"Oral absorption and metabolism of quercetin and sugar-conjugated derivatives in specific transport systems.","authors":"Noteborn HP, Jansen E, Benito S, Mengelers MJ","journal":"Cancer letters","year":"1997","volume":"114","issue":"1-2","pages":"175-7","doi":"10.1016/s0304-3835(97)04655-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9103284/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Very brief communication (3 pages); in vitro rat jejunal perfusion and Caco-2 data plus limited in vivo rat/pig data; Caco-2 and in vivo results given only qualitatively in text","conclusion":"In the models studied the nature of the sugar moiety at the C3 and C4' position seemed not to be important for the rate of transport. Only Qr and Qr-3-rutinoside were absorbed and the recovery of Qr suggested an extensive metabolism or uptake by tissues.","limitations":"very brief report with limited methods; n = 2 for in vivo work, 3 segments per time point in perfusion; Caco-2 and in vivo results only qualitative in text; several values printed with large SE relative to mean; text numbers for in vivo arms not given per arm"},"9199494":{"pmid":"9199494","title":"Bioavailability of rutin and quercetin in rats.","authors":"Manach C, Morand C, Demigné C, Texier O, Régérat F, Rémésy C","journal":"FEBS letters","year":"1997","volume":"409","issue":"1","pages":"12-6","doi":"10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00467-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9199494/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"90","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study; quercetin and rutin in semi-purified diet; most time-course data figure-only","conclusion":"The rate of elimination of quercetin metabolites seems very low, and high plasma concentrations are easily maintained with a regular supply of quercetin or rutin in the diet.","limitations":"rat study with high dietary dose (2 g/kg dry diet) versus human intake; most time-course values figure-only; text ± values not labelled; SEM taken from figure legends; no p-values given for comparisons; figure numbering in text differs from figure captions"},"9600261":{"pmid":"9600261","title":"Quercetin is recovered in human plasma as conjugated derivatives which retain antioxidant properties.","authors":"Manach C, Morand C, Crespy V, Demigné C, Texier O, Régérat F, Rémésy C","journal":"FEBS letters","year":"1998","volume":"426","issue":"3","pages":"331-6","doi":"10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00367-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9600261/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Single-arm human study after a mixed quercetin-rich meal; includes in vitro LDL oxidation experiments on conjugates (not recorded; not absorption data)","conclusion":"the present work shows a marked increase in the plasma concentration of conjugated derivatives of quercetin after consumption of a meal rich in plant products. Quercetin is entirely present as conjugated derivatives, which could modify its biological effects.","limitations":"small n (10), single meal, no control or comparator; only 3 post-meal sampling times so Cmax/Tmax not determined; individual time course figure-only; mixed-meal quercetin sources; no sex differences tested with power; dose basis not explicitly stated"},"9665097":{"pmid":"9665097","title":"Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of the antioxidant flavonols quercetin and kaempferol as biomarkers for dietary intake.","authors":"de Vries JH, Hollman PC, Meyboom S, Buysman MN, Zock PL, van Staveren WA, Katan MB","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1998","volume":"68","issue":"1","pages":"60-5","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/68.1.60","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665097/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"15","status":"complete","statusNote":"Food-source (tea, fried onions) flavonol study; no isolated supplement","conclusion":"We conclude that flavonols in plasma and urine reflect short-term flavonol intake and that they could be used as biomarkers to distinguish between high and low flavonol consumption in epidemiologic studies.","limitations":"food sources not isolated supplements; plasma sampled once per treatment (peak may have been missed); urine baseline obtained 8 months later in 8 of 15 subjects; kaempferol baseline plasma not determined (surrogate used); urinary excretion (not absolute bioavailability) used to infer absorption; no p-values reported for tea vs onion comparisons"},"10099940":{"pmid":"10099940","title":"Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions, in man.","authors":"McAnlis GT, McEneny J, Pearce J, Young IS","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1999","volume":"53","issue":"2","pages":"92-6","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600682","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10099940/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm, single-meal","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"Onion (food-source quercetin glucosides) single-meal human study; plasma and lipoprotein quercetin measured after acid hydrolysis. No PK parameters beyond peak at 2 h.","conclusion":"Quercetin can be absorbed in humans from dietary sources to high enough concentrations to increase the overall antioxidant activity of the plasma. Quercetin, however, has a strong affinity for protein and provides no direct protective effect during LDL oxidation.","limitations":"n=5, no control; single dose of food matrix; no PK modelling (AUC, t1/2 NR); total quercetin after hydrolysis only"},"10641719":{"pmid":"10641719","title":"Comparison of the bioavailability of quercetin and catechin in rats.","authors":"Manach C, Texier O, Morand C, Crespy V, Régérat F, Demigné C, Rémésy C","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"1999","volume":"27","issue":"11-12","pages":"1259-66","doi":"10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00159-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10641719/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (adapted 14 d vs non-adapted single meal), two experiments","n":"NR (Exp 1: 24 rats per group; Exp 2: 8 per group, per Fig. 1)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat quercetin diet study; plasma/liver quercetin metabolites after enzymatic hydrolysis. Catechin is the comparator compound (extracted as comparator rows).","conclusion":"Studies dealing with the biological impact of these polyphenols should take into account the feature of their bioavailability, particularly the fact that their circulating metabolites are conjugated derivatives.","limitations":"rat diet study, not purified single-dose PK; no free aglycone in plasma; total metabolites only after hydrolysis; most data in bar charts (figure-only); SEM only, no AUC or Tmax; units for liver mix µM and nmol/g"},"10801919":{"pmid":"10801919","title":"Bioavailabilities of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside do not differ in humans.","authors":"Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Vree TB, Katan MB","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2000","volume":"130","issue":"5","pages":"1200-3","doi":"10.1093/jn/130.5.1200","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801919/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"We conclude that quercetin glucosides are rapidly absorbed in humans, irrespective of the position of the glucose moiety. Conversion of quercetin glycosides into glucosides is a promising strategy to enhance bioavailability of quercetin from foods.","limitations":"n=9; total quercetin after hydrolysis (circulating forms unknown); no aglycone/rutin reference arm in this study; no-sodium control absent"},"10832067":{"pmid":"10832067","title":"Bioavailability and metabolism of the flavonol quercetin in the pig.","authors":"Ader P, Wessmann A, Wolffram S","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"2000","volume":"28","issue":"7","pages":"1056-67","doi":"10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00195-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10832067/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"sequential single-dose iv then oral in same animals (not randomized)","n":"4","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"the results indicate absorption of the flavonol quercetin from the small intestine mainly in the form of glucuronides. However, ... plasma levels were generally below those concentrations shown to be effective in in vitro assays","limitations":"n=4 pigs, single animal at high dose; most time-course data figure-only; ± type not stated in text for bioavailability and Cmax; iv comparator in same animals, not crossover randomized; bioavailability inconsistently reported in Discussion"},"10945831":{"pmid":"10945831","title":"Cellular uptake of dietary flavonoid quercetin 4'-beta-glucoside by sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1.","authors":"Walgren RA, Lin JT, Kinne RK, Walle T","journal":"The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics","year":"2000","volume":"294","issue":"3","pages":"837-43","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10945831/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"in vitro uptake experiments","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro cellular uptake of quercetin 4'-β-glucoside (Caco-2 and SGLT1-transfected CHO cells); on-target (listed supplement forms), no human PK.","conclusion":"These results demonstrate for the first time that quercetin 4'-β-glucoside is transported by SGLT1 across the apical membrane of enterocytes.","limitations":"in vitro cell model, no in vivo absorption data; n given as lower bounds (≥) in text; uptake rate units, not bioavailability; Fig. 5 sodium vs sodium-free order inferred from sentence"},"11053503":{"pmid":"11053503","title":"Quercetin glucosides are completely hydrolyzed in ileostomy patients before absorption.","authors":"Walle T, Otake Y, Walle UK, Wilson FA","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2000","volume":"130","issue":"11","pages":"2658-61","doi":"10.1093/jn/130.11.2658","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11053503/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm, open-label","n":"4","status":"complete","statusNote":"Ileostomy study: apparent absorption inferred from ileostomy fluid recovery of quercetin after onion meal (QMG/QDG hydrolysed to aglycone before absorption).","conclusion":"We conclude that quercetin is efficiently absorbed from most if not all dietary sources of this flavonoid. ... QMG and QDG thus act as water-soluble prodrugs, yielding a favorable absorption of quercetin","limitations":"n=4 with varying doses; absorption inferred by difference, not measured in plasma; possible hydrolysis in ileostomy bag/bacterial contamination not excluded; plasma data not shown"},"11151743":{"pmid":"11151743","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.","authors":"Erlund I, Kosonen T, Alfthan G, Mäenpää J, Perttunen K, Kenraali J, Parantainen J, Aro A","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2000","volume":"56","issue":"8","pages":"545-53","doi":"10.1007/s002280000197","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11151743/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover (diet-controlled), ascending doses within period","n":"16 randomised; 12 completed","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In clinical trials, studying the effects of quercetin from rutin, bioavailability must be taken into consideration and plasma quercetin concentrations monitored.","limitations":"12 completers of 16; ascending (not randomised) dose order; gender/OC association exploratory, small n; plasma total quercetin after hydrolysis; t1/2 not estimable for rutin"},"11216481":{"pmid":"11216481","title":"Respective bioavailability of quercetin aglycone and its glycosides in a rat model.","authors":"Morand C, Manach C, Crespy V, Remesy C","journal":"BioFactors (Oxford, England)","year":"2000","volume":"12","issue":"1-4","pages":"169-74","doi":"10.1002/biof.5520120127","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11216481/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups, single experimental meal; two experiments","n":"24 (Exp 1) and 40 (Exp 2)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, the nature of the glycosylation markedly influences the efficiency of quercetin absorption in rats. Quercetin 3-glucose can be absorbed in the small intestine and is better absorbed than quercetin itself. By contrast, glycosides containing a rhamnose moiety could not be absorbed in the small intestine.","limitations":"rat model; n=6 per group; time-course in Exp 2 figure-only; no statistics reported in text; total metabolites only after hydrolysis; intact glycosides not measured"},"11300332":{"pmid":"11300332","title":"Pre-clinical and clinical study of QC12, a water-soluble, pro-drug of quercetin.","authors":"Mulholland PJ, Ferry DR, Anderson D, Hussain SA, Young AM, Cook JE, Hodgkin E, Seymour LW, Kerr DJ","journal":"Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology","year":"2001","volume":"12","issue":"2","pages":"245-8","doi":"10.1023/a:1008372017097","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11300332/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, single-arm, sequential oral then IV","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Phase I PK of quercetin prodrug QC12 in cancer patients (oral vs IV); quercetin released from prodrug measured. Oral absorption not detected.","conclusion":"QC12 is not orally bioavailable. This water-soluble pro-drug warrants further clinical investigation; starting with a formal phase I, IV, dose-escalation study.","limitations":"n=6 cancer patients; prodrug not the dietary supplement form; only IV PK sampled to 2 h; relative bioavailability derived from earlier study; oral data = not detected (no quantification limit stated)"},"11361045":{"pmid":"11361045","title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans.","authors":"Graefe EU, Wittig J, Mueller S, Riethling AK, Uehleke B, Drewelow B, Pforte H, Jacobasch G, Derendorf H, Veit M","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2001","volume":"41","issue":"5","pages":"492-9","doi":"10.1177/00912700122010366","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361045/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized four-way crossover","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Thus, the disposition of quercetin in humans primarily depends on the sugar moiety. To a minor extent, the plant matrix influences both the rate and extent of absorption in the case of buckwheat tea administration compared with the isolated compound.","limitations":"n=12; very high intersubject variability; no free quercetin detected; PK is of total quercetin after hydrolysis of conjugates; different doses (100 vs 200 mg) between glucoside and rutinoside arms; 24-h washout shorter than ~half-life x5 (t1/2 ~11 h); industry funded; time-course data figure-only"},"11368925":{"pmid":"11368925","title":"Identification of quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide as an antioxidative metabolite in rat plasma after oral administration of quercetin.","authors":"Moon JH, Tsushida T, Nakahara K, Terao J","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"2001","volume":"30","issue":"11","pages":"1274-85","doi":"10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00522-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11368925/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose metabolite identification in rats)","n":"30","status":"partial","statusNote":"Metabolite identification study (rat plasma, oral quercetin). No Cmax/AUC/concentration-time data; only isolated amounts of two glucuronides are printed. DPPH and LDL antioxidant data not extracted (unrelated to absorption).","conclusion":"This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence that Q3GA accumulates in vivo after oral administration of quercetin.","limitations":"qualitative identification only; single time point (30 min); no quantitative PK parameters; rat model"},"11481403":{"pmid":"11481403","title":"Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats.","authors":"Crespy V, Morand C, Besson C, Manach C, Démigné C, Rémésy C","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2001","volume":"131","issue":"8","pages":"2109-14","doi":"10.1093/jn/131.8.2109","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11481403/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ intestinal perfusion)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In situ rat intestinal perfusion (route: intraluminal perfusion of jejunum+ileum). Phloretin/phloridzin data and glucose absorption (Table 1) not extracted except where compared with quercetin.","conclusion":"The 3-O-glucosylation of quercetin improved the net absorption of the aglycone (P < 0.05), whereas phloretin absorption decreased when present as 2'-O-glucoside (P < 0.05). Whatever the perfused compound, the efficiency of the absorption seemed to be linked to the intestinal conjugation process and to the luminal secretion of metabolites.","limitations":"in situ anesthetized rat model; blood flow not measured so systemic absorption not quantified; only 30-min perfusion; no time-course PK parameters; some data in figures only; small n=6 per group"},"11520427":{"pmid":"11520427","title":"Biomarkers for exposure to dietary flavonoids: a review of the current evidence for identification of quercetin glycosides in plasma.","authors":"Day AJ, Williamson G","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2001","volume":"86 Suppl 1","issue":"","pages":"S105-10","doi":"10.1079/bjn2001342","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520427/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Br J Nutr 2001, 86 Suppl 1:S105-S110) on identification of quercetin glycosides in plasma; no original absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Undoubtedly, however, the flavonols will circulate in the plasma mainly as glucuronide and sulphate conjugates.","limitations":"review, secondary data only"},"12028662":{"pmid":"12028662","title":"Metabolism of quercetin and kaempferol by rat hepatocytes and the identification of flavonoid glycosides in human plasma.","authors":"Oliveira EJ, Watson DG, Grant MH","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","year":"2002","volume":"32","issue":"4","pages":"279-87","doi":"10.1080/00498250110107886","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12028662/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro incubation; small human uncontrolled single-group exposure)","n":"4 (human volunteers); 4 hepatocyte determinations","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mostly in vitro rat hepatocyte metabolism of quercetin (on-target, in vitro) plus semiquantitative plasma detection of Ginkgo biloba flavonoid glycosides in 4 volunteers (rutin-equivalent ng/mL, 3 h post-dose). No PK parameters (Cmax/AUC). Kaempferol hepatocyte data not extracted. Printed symbols in text layer: '§' read as ± (page image of p.3 checked for units: final concentration 100 µM).","conclusion":"The results suggest that UGT1A9 is a key UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform for the metabolism of flavonoids, and that absorption of intact flavonoid glycosides is possible.","limitations":"only 4 volunteers, single time point (~3 h); semiquantitative plasma estimate using rutin as calibrant (no authentic standards); glycoside identity tentative, positional isomers not distinguishable; no PK parameters; in vitro rat hepatocyte model; single compound is a Ginkgo-derived quercetin acyl-glycoside not quercetin aglycone"},"12069586":{"pmid":"12069586","title":"Functional analysis of the copper-dependent quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase. 2. X-ray absorption studies of native enzyme and anaerobic complexes with the substrates quercetin and myricetin.","authors":"Steiner RA, Meyer-Klaucke W, Dijkstra BW","journal":"Biochemistry","year":"2002","volume":"41","issue":"25","pages":"7963-8","doi":"10.1021/bi015974y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12069586/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Structural biochemistry: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS/XANES) of the Cu site of Aspergillus japonicus quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase; 'absorption' refers to X-ray absorption, not nutrient absorption. No pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"It suggests that activation for O2 attack is achieved by monodentate substrate complexation to the copper ion through the 3-hydroxyl group.","limitations":""},"12098884":{"pmid":"12098884","title":"Quercetin dihydrate and gallate supplements lower plasma and hepatic lipids and change activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes in high cholesterol-fed rats.","authors":"Bok SH, Park SY, Park YB, Lee MK, Jeon SM, Jeong TS, Choi MS","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","year":"2002","volume":"72","issue":"3","pages":"161-9","doi":"10.1024/0300-9831.72.3.161","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12098884/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study in high-cholesterol-fed rats (plasma/hepatic lipids, HMG-CoA reductase, ACAT, fecal sterols, antioxidant enzymes) with 0.1% quercetin dihydrate or gallate diets. No quercetin concentrations, PK or absorption of quercetin measured; 'absorption' in the paper refers to dietary cholesterol absorption.","conclusion":"These results suggest that the supplementation of quercetin dihydrate and gallate promotes an increase in fecal sterols, which in turn leads to a decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol as well as lower plasma and hepatic cholesterol.","limitations":""},"12209378":{"pmid":"12209378","title":"Plasma concentrations of the flavonoids hesperetin, naringenin and quercetin in human subjects following their habitual diets, and diets high or low in fruit and vegetables.","authors":"Erlund I, Silaste ML, Alfthan G, Rantala M, Kesäniemi YA, Aro A","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2002","volume":"56","issue":"9","pages":"891-8","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601409","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12209378/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2-wk baseline, two 5-wk diet periods, 3-wk washout)","n":"37","status":"partial","statusNote":"Controlled diet study measuring fasting plasma total quercetin (and hesperetin/naringenin, not extracted as off-target for this database). Habitual/dietary quercetin only; no supplement dose-response or PK parameters. Printed '±' appears blank in text layer for Table 1.","conclusion":"In conclusion, our results show that quercetin, naringenin and hesperetin are bioavailable from diets resembling the habitual diets of the general population. The results also indicate that plasma flavanone concentrations are poor biomarkers of intake.","limitations":"fasting single-time plasma, not PK; dietary quercetin intake not measurable in intervention diets (< d.l.); means with zero substitution below LOD, no variance reported (non-normal data); women only; study not designed for flavonoid outcomes"},"12405795":{"pmid":"12405795","title":"Determination of flavonol metabolites in plasma and tissues of rats by HPLC-radiocounting and tandem mass spectrometry following oral ingestion of [2-(14)C]quercetin-4'-glucoside.","authors":"Mullen W, Graf BA, Caldwell ST, Hartley RC, Duthie GG, Edwards CA, Lean ME, Crozier A","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2002","volume":"50","issue":"23","pages":"6902-9","doi":"10.1021/jf020598p","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405795/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"3","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study with [2-14C]quercetin-4'-glucoside (on-target quercetin glycoside); single time point 60 min, n=3; radioactivity distribution and metabolite profile.","conclusion":"The data demonstrate that quercetin-4'-glucoside, which is a major flavonol in onions, undergoes rapid and extensive metabolism in the intestine, and this appears not to be associated to any extent with transport across the gut wall into the blood stream.","limitations":"n=3 rats, single time point (60 min); no time-course PK parameters; radioactivity data cannot distinguish parent vs metabolites except by HPLC-RC peaks; peaks 15/16 and 18/19 unresolved; dose via feed (not gavage)"},"12427482":{"pmid":"12427482","title":"Quercetin significantly decreased cyclosporin oral bioavailability in pigs and rats.","authors":"Hsiu SL, Hou YC, Wang YH, Tsao CW, Su SF, Chao PD","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2002","volume":"72","issue":"3","pages":"227-35","doi":"10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02235-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12427482/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (pigs and rats)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"pigs 6; rats 8","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Drug-interaction PK study: measured analyte is cyclosporin (blood), with quercetin (50 mg/kg) as the co-administered precipitant. Quercetin's own absorption/PK not measured here ('data not shown'). Cyclosporin data extracted as a quercetin-interaction finding. Everted-sac rhodamine 123 transport data are figure-only.","conclusion":"In summary, quercetin significantly decreased the oral bioavailability of cyclosporin in pigs and rats, therefore it could serve as a potential chemoprotective agent. It is suggested that concurrent use of quercetin or quercetin - containing herbs or dietary supplements with cyclosporin or other CYP3A4/Pgp substrates requires close monitoring.","limitations":"small n; quercetin PK not reported ('data not shown'); only some Table 1 differences marked significant; analyte is cyclosporin, not quercetin; figure-only time courses"},"12548295":{"pmid":"12548295","title":"Consumption of black currants, lingonberries and bilberries increases serum quercetin concentrations.","authors":"Erlund I, Marniemi J, Hakala P, Alfthan G, Meririnne E, Aro A","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"57","issue":"1","pages":"37-42","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601513","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12548295/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized parallel dietary intervention","n":"40 (of 60 randomized into 3 groups; berry and control groups analysed)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Long-term dietary berry intervention; fasting serum total quercetin only (no single-dose PK). Group means at weeks 2/4/8 are figure-only.","conclusion":"The results indicate that the berries used in this study are a good source of bioavailable quercetin.","limitations":"Parallel dietary study; no single-dose PK parameters; Group mean serum concentrations at each timepoint are figure-only (except range); Berries stored frozen 7-8 months; quercetin intake estimated from food database; No flavonoid-restricted diet; habitual intake background; Men only, n=20 per arm; Which berry contributed not determined"},"12612151":{"pmid":"12612151","title":"Intestinal uptake of quercetin-3-glucoside in rats involves hydrolysis by lactase phlorizin hydrolase.","authors":"Sesink AL, Arts IC, Faassen-Peters M, Hollman PC","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"133","issue":"3","pages":"773-6","doi":"10.1093/jn/133.3.773","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12612151/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ jejunum/ileum perfusion, parallel groups by inhibitor dose)","n":"20 rats (stated in Methods)","status":"complete","statusNote":"In situ rat intestinal perfusion of quercetin-3-glucoside (on-target: quercetin glucoside, rodent, in situ) with LPH inhibitor; inhibitor-dose arms. Values for individual inhibitor groups mostly figure-only.","conclusion":"These data suggest that LPH is a major determinant of intestinal absorption of quercetin-3-glucoside in rats.","limitations":"In situ anesthetized rat perfusion model, single 20-min time point; Most per-group values figure-only (Fig. 1, Fig. 2); Plasma values after enzymatic deconjugation (total quercetin and isorhamnetin); Other epithelial glycosidases cannot be excluded; Small n (5/group)"},"12623212":{"pmid":"12623212","title":"Enhancement of moxidectin bioavailability in lamb by a natural flavonoid: quercetin.","authors":"Dupuy J, Larrieu G, Sutra JF, Lespine A, Alvinerie M","journal":"Veterinary parasitology","year":"2003","volume":"112","issue":"4","pages":"337-47","doi":"10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00008-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12623212/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (controlled, parallel groups)","n":"16","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK study of moxidectin (antiparasitic drug) in lambs and 14C-moxidectin in rat hepatocytes with quercetin as a co-administered P-gp/CYP modulator (10 mg/kg SC in lambs; 100 uM in vitro). Quercetin concentrations/absorption were not measured; the measured analyte is moxidectin, so data not extracted.","conclusion":"This study allowed the use of a natural agent, quercetin, to improve the bioavailability of moxidectin.","limitations":"Off-target: measured compound is moxidectin, not quercetin"},"12631412":{"pmid":"12631412","title":"Profound difference in pharmacokinetics between morin and its isomer quercetin in rats.","authors":"Hou YC, Chao PD, Ho HJ, Wen CC, Hsiu SL","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","year":"2003","volume":"55","issue":"2","pages":"199-203","doi":"10.1211/002235702487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12631412/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two oral doses)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin extracted (on-target, oral rats). Morin (isomer comparator, off-target) PK values not extracted. Parent quercetin not quantifiable; only glucuronide/sulfate conjugates (after enzymatic hydrolysis) have PK parameters.","conclusion":"Quercetin glucuronides and sulfates existed exclusively in the circulation, whereas morin co-existed with its glucuronides and sulfates. Moreover, quercetin exhibited linear metabolic pharmacokinetics for the doses studied, whereas the pharmacokinetics of morin were nonlinear.","limitations":"Rat study, oral gavage in organic solvent vehicle; Parent quercetin not quantifiable; no Tmax/t1/2 reported for quercetin conjugates; Conjugate AUC derived from hydrolysed minus parent (equation 1); Small n (5-6); Time profile figure-only"},"12663055":{"pmid":"12663055","title":"Absorption of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside in the rat small intestine: the role of lactase phlorizin hydrolase and the sodium-dependent glucose transporter.","authors":"Day AJ, Gee JM, DuPont MS, Johnson IT, Williamson G","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","year":"2003","volume":"65","issue":"7","pages":"1199-206","doi":"10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00039-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663055/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (ex vivo everted sac, Latin-square randomised, inhibitor conditions)","n":"8 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"Ex vivo rat everted-jejunal sac (on-target: quercetin glucosides). Amounts in compartments per Table 1; Fig. 2 total metabolised is figure-only.","conclusion":"Evidently the mechanism of absorption of quercetin-4'-glucoside involves both an interaction with SGLT1 and luminal hydrolysis by LPH, whereas quercetin-3-glucoside appears to be absorbed only following hydrolysis by LPH.","limitations":"Ex vivo everted sac, 15 min; Table 1 N=3 for some cells (mucosal samples limited); Phlorizin effects complex (also LPH substrate); Fig. 2 totals figure-only"},"12696973":{"pmid":"12696973","title":"Absorption and urinary excretion of quercetin, rutin, and alphaG-rutin, a water soluble flavonoid, in rats.","authors":"Shimoi K, Yoshizumi K, Kido T, Usui Y, Yumoto T","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2003","volume":"51","issue":"9","pages":"2785-9","doi":"10.1021/jf026108a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696973/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups)","n":"16","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat single-dose study of quercetin, rutin, RG-rutin and rutin+RG-rutin; aglycones after enzymatic deconjugation. Full time-course figure-only.","conclusion":"These results suggest that RG-rutin is absorbed more efficiently than either quercetin or rutin and that a high plasma concentration can be maintained by supplying rutin and RG-rutin in combination.","limitations":"n=4 per group; two blood samples from some rats; Plasma profile figure-only except peaks; AUC without variance; AUC units printed nmol/h; Single dose in CMC-Na suspension; Total (deconjugated) aglycones only"},"12737533":{"pmid":"12737533","title":"Disposition of the flavonoid quercetin in rats after single intravenous and oral doses.","authors":"Khaled KA, El-Sayed YM, Al-Hadiya BM","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2003","volume":"29","issue":"4","pages":"397-403","doi":"10.1081/ddc-120018375","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12737533/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (IV, oral solution, oral suspension; sparse sampling, 6 rats per time point)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"IV vs oral solution vs oral suspension quercetin PK in rats; one sample per rat (n=6 per time point), no statistics.","conclusion":"Thus, an oral quercetin formulation that can readily form a drug solution in the gastrointestinal tract may enhance the absorption of the drug.","limitations":"One blood sample per rat (6 rats per time point), no statistical analysis of PK parameters; Solution given in organic solvent (PEG 200/ethanol); Composite mean profile used for AUC; Unconjugated quercetin only"},"12756216":{"pmid":"12756216","title":"Absorption/metabolism of sulforaphane and quercetin, and regulation of phase II enzymes, in human jejunum in vivo.","authors":"Petri N, Tannergren C, Holst B, Mellon FA, Bao Y, Plumb GW, Bacon J, O'Leary KA, Kroon PA, Knutson L, Forsell P, Eriksson T, Lennernas H, Williamson G","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2003","volume":"31","issue":"6","pages":"805-13","doi":"10.1124/dmd.31.6.805","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12756216/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (in vivo regional jejunal perfusion, single-arm; separate control group)","n":"6 (perfusion); 5 (control)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Human jejunal in vivo perfusion (Loc-I-Gut) with onion/broccoli extract. Quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside values extracted; sulforaphane (off-target co-analyte), perfusion marker parameters (antipyrine, PEG; Table 1b) not extracted. Caco-2 fold-inductions are figure-only except text values.","conclusion":"Our results demonstrate that food components induce phase II enzyme-encoding mRNA in the human enterocyte very rapidly.","limitations":"Perfusion of an isolated 10 cm jejunal segment; luminal disappearance not systemic bioavailability; Peff for diglucoside is a disappearance rate including LPH hydrolysis; n=6; Quercetin tested as diglucoside within a mixed extract with sulforaphane; Caco-2 data figure-only"},"12805248":{"pmid":"12805248","title":"Effects of phenol-depleted and phenol-rich diets on blood markers of oxidative stress, and urinary excretion of quercetin and kaempferol in healthy volunteers.","authors":"Kim HY, Kim OH, Sung MK","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"22","issue":"3","pages":"217-23","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2003.10719296","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805248/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two 6-day dietary periods separated by 3 days)","n":"19","status":"partial","statusNote":"Dietary intervention study; quercetin is a biomarker of phenol intake (intake and urinary excretion). Urinary concentrations by day are figure-only. Oxidative-stress markers and kaempferol not extracted.","conclusion":"These results suggest that polyphenol-rich diets may decrease the risk of chronic diseases by reducing oxidative stress.","limitations":"Urinary excretion not a measure of absolute absorption (authors); Urinary values figure-only; Phenol-rich diet also higher in vitamin C and beta-carotene; Young females only, n=19"},"12888197":{"pmid":"12888197","title":"High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of quercetin in human plasma and urine utilizing solid-phase extraction and ultraviolet detection.","authors":"Ishii K, Furuta T, Kasuya Y","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2003","volume":"794","issue":"1","pages":"49-56","doi":"10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00398-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12888197/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (n=1 application of an HPLC assay)","n":"1","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an analytical HPLC method validation paper; includes a single-volunteer application after 200 mg oral rutin (quercetin as aglycone after hydrolysis). Method validation data (recovery, accuracy) not extracted.","conclusion":"A preliminary experiment to investigate the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of quercetin after oral administration of 200 mg of rutin to a healthy volunteer demonstrated that the present method was suitable for determining quercetin in human plasma and urine.","limitations":"Single volunteer; Analytical method paper; PK is preliminary; Pre-dose plasma quercetin 17.4 ng/ml (baseline not zero); Plasma/urine profiles figure-only; No food/fasting information"},"12921774":{"pmid":"12921774","title":"Antioxidative flavonoid quercetin: implication of its intestinal absorption and metabolism.","authors":"Murota K, Terao J","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","year":"2003","volume":"417","issue":"1","pages":"12-7","doi":"10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00284-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12921774/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Minireview (Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 417:12-17) on quercetin intestinal absorption and metabolism; no primary PK dataset extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article"},"12949368":{"pmid":"12949368","title":"The bioavailability of quercetin in pigs depends on the glycoside moiety and on dietary factors.","authors":"Cermak R, Landgraf S, Wolffram S","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"133","issue":"9","pages":"2802-7","doi":"10.1093/jn/133.9.2802","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12949368/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized? NR; sequential crossover-style single-dose tests with 1-day washout","n":"Exp 1: 4 pigs; Exp 2: 6; Exp 3: 3","status":"complete","statusNote":"Pig study; three experiments. Figures (Figs 2-4) not extracted.","conclusion":"Our results indicate that the bioavailability of quercetin from quercetin glycosides is determined by a complex interdependence between the chemical form of the flavonols and dietary factors.","limitations":"very small n (2-6 pigs); rutin arm n=2; portal data limited due to catheter clogging, not reported numerically; free flavonols not detected; values are after enzymatic deconjugation"},"12959295":{"pmid":"12959295","title":"Quercetin, an in vitro inhibitor of CYP3A, does not contribute to the interaction between nifedipine and grapefruit juice.","authors":"Rashid J, McKinstry C, Renwick AG, Dirnhuber M, Waller DG, George CF","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"1993","volume":"36","issue":"5","pages":"460-3","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb00396.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959295/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"8","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Drug interaction study: measured plasma nifedipine and its nitropyridine metabolite after quercetin or grapefruit juice; quercetin itself was not measured in plasma (only quercetin content of grapefruit juice). Listed species 'in vitro' is wrong, human in vivo.","conclusion":"Oral doses of quercetin, similar to those possible from the ingestion of other fruits such as strawberries, do not produce in vivo inhibition of CYP3A mediated metabolism of nifedipine.","limitations":"small n; quercetin plasma levels not measured; off-target analyte (nifedipine)"},"14527089":{"pmid":"14527089","title":"Disposition of quercetin and kaempferol in human following an oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract tablets.","authors":"Wang FM, Yao TW, Zeng S","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","year":"2003","volume":"28","issue":"3","pages":"173-7","doi":"10.1007/BF03190482","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14527089/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Urine-only PK (no plasma). Subject-level values are in an unlabeled table.","conclusion":"the absorption and elimination of quercetin and kaempferol are rapid, the values of t max and t 1/2 all are in the rang of 2-3h; the bioavailability of quercetin and kaempferol is low; and that their main pathway of metabolism is through glucuronidation.","limitations":"small n; urine only; no plasma data; dose only ~6.8 mg quercetin equivalent as printed per tablet content (not computed); kinetics derived from urinary excretion rate data; form of quercetin in extract (glycosides) not characterized"},"14697403":{"pmid":"14697403","title":"Lethal quercetin-digoxin interaction in pigs.","authors":"Wang YH, Chao PD, Hsiu SL, Wen KC, Hou YC","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2004","volume":"74","issue":"10","pages":"1191-7","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14697403/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6 pigs in 50 mg/kg experiment; 4 pigs in 40 mg/kg experiment","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Drug interaction study in pigs: measured serum digoxin, not quercetin. Quercetin given orally as the interacting agent.","conclusion":"quercetin significantly enhanced the absorption of digoxin in pigs, possibly through the inhibition of intestinal P-gp.","limitations":"small n; quercetin plasma levels not measured; off-target analyte (digoxin); very high quercetin doses (40-50 mg/kg); Tmax difference driven by one control pig (text)"},"14730132":{"pmid":"14730132","title":"Enhancing effect of lipids and emulsifiers on the accumulation of quercetin metabolites in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by rats.","authors":"Azuma K, Ippoushi K, Ito H, Horie H, Terao J","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2003","volume":"67","issue":"12","pages":"2548-55","doi":"10.1271/bbb.67.2548","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14730132/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"50","status":"partial","statusNote":"Plasma quercetin/isorhamnetin conjugate concentrations are reported only in figures (Figs 2-4); no numerical absorption values in text or tables.","conclusion":"These results indicate that co-ingested lipids and emulsifiers could enhance the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in onion.","limitations":"all plasma results are figure-only; n=5 per group; plasma measured only after 13 h fast (not a PK time course); single measurement per timepoint"},"14969553":{"pmid":"14969553","title":"Urinary and plasma levels of resveratrol and quercetin in humans, mice, and rats after ingestion of pure compounds and grape juice.","authors":"Meng X, Maliakal P, Lu H, Lee MJ, Yang CS","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2004","volume":"52","issue":"4","pages":"935-42","doi":"10.1021/jf030582e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14969553/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"3 humans; mice 5/10/15/20","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin data are sparse and mostly qualitative or figure-only; resveratrol data (human urinary excretion, rat plasma Table 1) not extracted because resveratrol is not the listed supplement. Rat experiments used resveratrol only.","conclusion":"The study demonstrates that the glycoside forms of resveratrol and quercetin in grape juice are absorbed to a lesser extent than the aglycones.","limitations":"one or two human subjects per dose, no replicates; quercetin quantification mostly figure-only or qualitative; grape juice quercetin recovery <1% only stated as combined statement; pure-quercetin human urinary percent of dose not stated numerically"},"15018990":{"pmid":"15018990","title":"Enhanced paclitaxel bioavailability after oral administration of paclitaxel or prodrug to rats pretreated with quercetin.","authors":"Choi JS, Jo BW, Kim YC","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","year":"2004","volume":"57","issue":"2","pages":"313-8","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2003.11.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15018990/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat study measuring plasma paclitaxel after oral paclitaxel or prodrug with quercetin pretreatment; quercetin concentrations not measured.","conclusion":"It seems that the development of oral paclitaxel preparations as a prodrug or with quercetin is feasible, which is more convenient than the i.v. dosage forms.","limitations":"off-target analyte (paclitaxel); quercetin plasma levels not measured; paper internal inconsistencies in significance statements"},"15173420":{"pmid":"15173420","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin in pigs is influenced by the dietary fat content.","authors":"Lesser S, Cermak R, Wolffram S","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"134","issue":"6","pages":"1508-11","doi":"10.1093/jn/134.6.1508","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173420/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover? (consecutive experiments; randomization NR)","n":"7","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Bioavailability from both quercetin aglycone and quercetin-3-O-glucoside is enhanced in a diet enriched with fat compared with a low-fat diet.","limitations":"small n; protein and carbohydrate content differ between test meals; Table 2 Cmax and aglycone Tmax/c values without letters for some columns"},"15182387":{"pmid":"15182387","title":"The type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestinal uptake and subsequent biliary excretion of dietary quercetin glycosides.","authors":"Arts IC, Sesink AL, Faassen-Peters M, Hollman PC","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"91","issue":"6","pages":"841-7","doi":"10.1079/BJN20041123","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15182387/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"31","status":"complete","statusNote":"In situ rat intestinal perfusion (not an oral dosing study); quercetin glycosides on target.","conclusion":"Thus, the type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestinal absorption of quercetin glycosides, but the position (3 or 4') of the glucose moiety does not further influence absorption.","limitations":"in situ perfusion model, not oral intake; small n; analyses in simplo (single); intact-animal digestion not modelled"},"15182918":{"pmid":"15182918","title":"Effects of Biota orientalis extract and its flavonoid constituents, quercetin and rutin on serum uric acid levels in oxonate-induced mice and xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase activities in mouse liver.","authors":"Zhu JX, Wang Y, Kong LD, Yang C, Zhang X","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2004","volume":"93","issue":"1","pages":"133-40","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.037","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15182918/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal pharmacodynamic study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study in oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice (serum urate, liver XDH/XO activity) with oral vs i.p. quercetin/rutin/Biota orientalis extract. No quercetin/rutin concentrations, PK parameters or absorption measurements; absorption is only inferred in the Discussion from onset of hypouricemic effect.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the data reported in the present study indicate that orally administered Biota orientalis extract, quercetin and rutin reduce serum urate levels of hyperuricemic mice caused by oxonate.","limitations":"no PK or absorption data measured; absorption differences between quercetin and rutin only inferred from timing of pharmacodynamic effect"},"15357005":{"pmid":"15357005","title":"The effect of vehicles and pressure sensitive adhesives on the percutaneous absorption of quercetin through the hairless mouse skin.","authors":"Kim HW, Gwak HS, Chun IK","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","year":"2004","volume":"27","issue":"7","pages":"763-8","doi":"10.1007/BF02980146","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357005/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro permeation/release study)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro skin permeation (excised hairless mouse skin) of quercetin: topical route, on-target; no in vivo PK.","conclusion":"Taken together, these observations indicate that improvement in the solubility and diffusivity of quercetin is necessary to realize fully the clinically applicable transdermal delivery system for the drug.","limitations":"in vitro excised mouse skin, not human or in vivo; n=3 per condition; no statistical tests/p-values reported; some lag times NA; some formulation fluxes only partly reported (FN 01, 03, 05 have no Table IV flux)"},"15502363":{"pmid":"15502363","title":"Spectrophotometric and kinetic studies on the binding of the bioflavonoid quercetin to bovine serum albumin.","authors":"Kitson TM","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2004","volume":"68","issue":"10","pages":"2165-70","doi":"10.1271/bbb.68.2165","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15502363/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro spectroscopy)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro physicochemical study (spectrophotometric and stopped-flow kinetics) of quercetin binding to bovine serum albumin; no absorption, bioavailability or PK measurements.","conclusion":"It is concluded that, upon dilution, the effective concentration of BSA's binding site increased, providing more scope for quercetin to bind.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"15537334":{"pmid":"15537334","title":"Uptake of quercetin and quercetin 3-glucoside from whole onion and apple peel extracts by Caco-2 cell monolayers.","authors":"Boyer J, Brown D, Liu RH","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2004","volume":"52","issue":"23","pages":"7172-9","doi":"10.1021/jf030733d","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15537334/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro Caco-2 uptake study; most dose-response and time-course data are in figures only; extracts were shallot (called onion in abstract) and apple peel.","conclusion":"This use of the Caco2 cell model appears to be a simple and useful system for studying bioavailability of whole food phytochemicals and may be used to assess differences in bioavailability between foods.","limitations":"in vitro Caco-2 model, no conjugation seen; most values figure-only; no absorbed-dose % reported for apple extract; dose of extract giving 45.8% not stated in text"},"15644141":{"pmid":"15644141","title":"In vitro digestion and lactase treatment influence uptake of quercetin and quercetin glucoside by the Caco-2 cell monolayer.","authors":"Boyer J, Brown D, Liu RH","journal":"Nutrition journal","year":"2005","volume":"4","issue":"","pages":"1","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-4-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15644141/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion/Caco-2 uptake)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro digestion + Caco-2 model; many results figure-only (Figs 1-6).","conclusion":"Treating shallot digestates with lactase increased the recovery of quercetin aglycone 10-fold and decreased the recovery of quercetin-4'-glucoside. Lactase treatment increased the bioavailability of quercetin aglycone 14-fold and decreased the bioavailability of quercetin-4'-glucoside to the Caco-2 cells.","limitations":"in vitro only; most data figure-only; Caco-2 cells did not glucuronidate; Q3G undetectable in cell extracts; dose of lactase producing some values not stated"},"15736313":{"pmid":"15736313","title":"Association between pterostilbene and quercetin inhibits metastatic activity of B16 melanoma.","authors":"Ferrer P, Asensi M, Segarra R, Ortega A, Benlloch M, Obrador E, Varea MT, Asensio G, Jordá L, Estrela JM","journal":"Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)","year":"2005","volume":"7","issue":"1","pages":"37-47","doi":"10.1593/neo.04337","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15736313/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK sub-study within efficacy paper)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin PK in mice (IV and oral) is a small part of an anti-metastasis paper; pterostilbene PK (co-reported) not extracted as it is not the listed supplement.","conclusion":"Our findings demonstrate that the association of PTER and QUER inhibits metastatic melanoma growth and extends host survival.","limitations":"PK is a minor sub-study; Table 2 units not printed; IV plasma concentration-time points figure-only; oral free QUER almost undetectable so total only measured via radioactivity; industry funding"},"15749994":{"pmid":"15749994","title":"Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) limits net intestinal uptake of quercetin in rats by facilitating apical efflux of glucuronides.","authors":"Sesink AL, Arts IC, de Boer VC, Breedveld P, Schellens JH, Hollman PC, Russel FG","journal":"Molecular pharmacology","year":"2005","volume":"67","issue":"6","pages":"1999-2006","doi":"10.1124/mol.104.009753","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15749994/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ perfusion; in vitro transport)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat in situ intestinal perfusion and MDCKII transport study; some plasma values figure-only (Fig. 2, Fig. 5 bars).","conclusion":"In conclusion, Bcrp1 limits net intestinal absorption of quercetin by pumping quercetin glucuronides back into the lumen.","limitations":"rat in situ perfusion, not oral dosing; plasma conjugated forms measured only after deconjugation; some data figure-only; FTC effect only in Mrp2-deficient rats; glucuronide efflux semiquantitative (peak heights)"},"15760736":{"pmid":"15760736","title":"Difference in absorption of the two structurally similar flavonoid glycosides, hyperoside and isoquercitrin, in rats.","authors":"Chang Q, Zuo Z, Chow MS, Ho WK","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","year":"2005","volume":"59","issue":"3","pages":"549-55","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.10.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15760736/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK; two oral dose groups plus higher HP dose)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin glycosides (isoquercitrin, hyperoside) in rats; plasma concentration-time profile for quercetin glucuronide is figure-only (Fig. 4); no PK parameters in text.","conclusion":"In conclusion, IQ, as a flavonoid glucoside, could be rapidly absorbed and transformed into glucuronidated quercetin and such absorption might be related to the hydrolysis of the type of sugar moieties attached to its aglycone molecule.","limitations":"small n (HP n=4; HP high dose n=2); plasma profile figure-only; no PK parameters; sampling only to 50 min; quercetin glucuronide expressed as isoquercitrin equivalents; in vitro concentration units unclear in text layer"},"15833931":{"pmid":"15833931","title":"Disposition and metabolism of [2-14C]quercetin-4'-glucoside in rats.","authors":"Graf BA, Mullen W, Caldwell ST, Hartley RC, Duthie GG, Lean ME, Crozier A, Edwards CA","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2005","volume":"33","issue":"7","pages":"1036-43","doi":"10.1124/dmd.104.002691","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15833931/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal radiolabel disposition study)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Radiolabel distribution/metabolite study in rats; Table 3 per-metabolite quantities transcribed from page image; blank table cells mean not reported.","conclusion":"The main site of quercetin metabolism seemed to be the gastrointestinal tract.","limitations":"small n (3 per time point; 5 h GIT n=2); radioactivity does not distinguish parent from metabolites in Table 1; tissues pooled for metabolite analysis; single dose level; no urine/feces/exhaled CO2 collected"},"15907592":{"pmid":"15907592","title":"Enhanced diltiazem bioavailability after oral administration of diltiazem with quercetin to rabbits.","authors":"Choi JS, Li X","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2005","volume":"297","issue":"1-2","pages":"1-8","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15907592/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit)","design":"parallel (groups of 8; control, co-administration, pretreatment, i.v.)","n":"NR (eight groups of eight stated in Methods text; 'eight groups' listed as control + 3 co-admin + 3 pretreat + i.v.)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is diltiazem (drug), with quercetin as interacting pretreatment/co-administered agent; quercetin concentrations/absorption were not measured. Diltiazem PK values extracted for reference.","conclusion":"The bioavailibility of diltiazem in the rabbits pretreated with quercetin is increased significantly compared with the control, but not in the rabbits co-administered with quercetin.","limitations":"analyte is diltiazem not quercetin; anaesthetized rabbits; concentration-time data figure-only; small n; control values differ slightly between Tables 1 and 2"},"15948033":{"pmid":"15948033","title":"Pharmacokinetics and modeling of quercetin and metabolites.","authors":"Chen X, Yin OQ, Zuo Z, Chow MS","journal":"Pharmaceutical research","year":"2005","volume":"22","issue":"6","pages":"892-901","doi":"10.1007/s11095-005-4584-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15948033/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal PK; separate groups for iv, oral, intraportal; bile-cannulated and linked-rat experiments)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK study of quercetin (iv, oral, intraportal) with compartmental model; includes enterohepatic recirculation experiments.","conclusion":"Our study clarifies the relative importance of the gut, liver, and bile in the metabolism and excretion of quercetin and its conjugates. The pharmacokinetic model appears to be suitable for describing the absorption and disposition of the quercetin and its conjugates and may be applicable to other flavonoids that undergo similar pharmacokinetic pathways.","limitations":"rats only; conjugates measured as combined glucuronide/sulfate; small n; some values figure-only; oral conjugate bioavailability differs between model (55.8) and non-compartmental (47.8) in Table III"},"15979103":{"pmid":"15979103","title":"Co-administration of quercetin and catechin in rats alters their absorption but not their metabolism.","authors":"Silberberg M, Morand C, Manach C, Scalbert A, Remesy C","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2005","volume":"77","issue":"25","pages":"3156-67","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2005.03.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15979103/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 diet groups, randomized)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat dietary co-administration study (quercetin and catechin); quercetin on-target, catechin rows recorded as co-administered comparator.","conclusion":"These data may be explained by a competitive interaction between quercetin and catechin at the digestive level, leading to a reduction of the intestinal absorption of quercetin and a possible delaying of catechin absorption over time. The simultaneous administration of quercetin and catechin had no effect on the formation of their glucurono and sulfo conjugates, indicating the absence of competition between quercetin and catechin for the corresponding conjugative enzymes.","limitations":"single timepoint (6 h) plasma sampling; high dietary dose (~45 mg/day in rats); pooled plasma for conjugate profile; several absolute values figure-only; no PK parameters (Cmax/AUC)"},"16006787":{"pmid":"16006787","title":"Absorption of quercetin and rutin in rat small intestine.","authors":"Carbonaro M, Grant G","journal":"Annals of nutrition & metabolism","year":"2005","volume":"49","issue":"3","pages":"178-82","doi":"10.1159/000086882","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16006787/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal in vivo trial + in vitro ligated loops)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat in vivo (single meal) and in vitro ligated small-intestine loop study of quercetin vs rutin.","conclusion":"Both quercetin and rutin can attach to and traverse the small intestine of the rat. Binding of flavonoids to the intestinal wall components may however greatly limit their absorption from the small intestine.","limitations":"small n (4); plasma flavonol measured by UV absorbance (non-specific, protein interference); key plasma values figure-only; in vitro ligated loop model"},"16129409":{"pmid":"16129409","title":"Quercetin and NPPB-induced diminution of aldosterone action on Na+ absorption and ENaC expression in renal epithelium.","authors":"Fujimoto S, Niisato N, Sugimoto T, Marunaka Y","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","year":"2005","volume":"336","issue":"2","pages":"401-7","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.096","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16129409/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture electrophysiology)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cell physiology study in renal epithelial A6 cells: quercetin (100 µM, 24 h pretreatment) effects on aldosterone-stimulated transepithelial Na+ absorption (ion transport), ENaC activity and alpha-ENaC mRNA. No quercetin absorption/bioavailability/PK measured; 'Na+ absorption' refers to epithelial ion transport.","conclusion":"These observations suggest that although aldosterone shows overall its stimulatory action on ENaC (transepithelial Na+ transport), aldosterone has an inhibitory action on ENaC (transepithelial Na+ transport) via activation of the Na+/K+/2Cl cotransporter, and that modification of activity of Cl transporter/channel participating in the transepithelial Cl secretion influences the aldosterone-stimulated ENaC (transepithelial Na+ transport).","limitations":"not an absorption/PK study of quercetin"},"16444288":{"pmid":"16444288","title":"Red wine alcohol promotes quercetin absorption and directs its metabolism towards isorhamnetin and tamarixetin in rat intestine in vitro.","authors":"Dragoni S, Gee J, Bennett R, Valoti M, Sgaragli G","journal":"British journal of pharmacology","year":"2006","volume":"147","issue":"7","pages":"765-71","doi":"10.1038/sj.bjp.0706662","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444288/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro/ex vivo cannulated everted jejunal sacs, paired comparison)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Ex vivo rat everted jejunal sac study (tissue-associated quercetin and metabolites); no serosal transfer detected.","conclusion":"It is therefore plausible that the moderate alcohol content of red wine contributes to its beneficial health effects in humans by both increasing the absorption of quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside and by channelling their metabolism towards O-methylation to yield compounds (T and I), which have potential protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular diseases.","limitations":"ex vivo rat tissue, 20 min incubation; absorption inferred from mucosal tissue content; no serosal transfer detected; n = 5 rats; percent changes in text approximate"},"16512930":{"pmid":"16512930","title":"Effect of dietary quercetin and sphingomyelin on intestinal nutrient absorption and animal growth.","authors":"Barrenetxe J, Aranguren P, Grijalba A, Martínez-Peñuela JM, Marzo F, Urdaneta E","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2006","volume":"95","issue":"3","pages":"455-61","doi":"10.1079/bjn20051651","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16512930/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized 3 diet groups)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mouse dietary study (0.5% quercetin or 0.05% sphingomyelin, 28 d) on growth, serum biochemistry, brush-border enzyme activity and SGLT1/PEPT1-mediated galactose/dipeptide uptake. Quercetin's own absorption/bioavailability was not measured ('nutrient absorption' refers to sugar and dipeptide uptake).","conclusion":"Both substances seemed to modify small intestinal activity in healthy mice, altering intestinal enzymatic activity and nutrient uptake. These effects observed in the small intestine did not impair normal development of the animals, as no differences in serum biochemical parameters or in organ and body weights were found.","limitations":"no quercetin concentrations measured"},"16787048":{"pmid":"16787048","title":"The flavonol quercetin-3-glucoside inhibits cyanidin-3-glucoside absorption in vitro.","authors":"Walton MC, McGhie TK, Reynolds GW, Hendriks WH","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2006","volume":"54","issue":"13","pages":"4913-20","doi":"10.1021/jf0607922","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16787048/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (ex vivo Ussing chamber)","n":"16 mice","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mouse jejunum Ussing-chamber study of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) absorption. Main analyte is off-target (anthocyanin); quercetin-3-glucoside (Q3G, a quercetin form) appears as an inhibitor with its disappearance and quercetin aglycone formation shown only in figures/qualitatively. C3G values recorded as interaction context.","conclusion":"Our results show that D-glucose and phloridzin had no effect on C3G disappearance, which proves that neither SGLT1 nor LPH is involved in ACN absorption. However, we have demonstrated for the first time that the flavonol Q3G significantly inhibited C3G absorption. Our results indicate that ACNs and flavonols share a common absorption mechanism, with an obvious preference for the latter.","limitations":"primary analyte is C3G not quercetin; Q3G disappearance and quercetin aglycone data figure-only/qualitative; ex vivo mouse jejunum; serosal compartment not analyzed; small n (2-4)"},"16800769":{"pmid":"16800769","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin from berries and the diet.","authors":"Erlund I, Freese R, Marniemi J, Hakala P, Alfthan G","journal":"Nutrition and cancer","year":"2006","volume":"54","issue":"1","pages":"13-7","doi":"10.1207/s15327914nc5401_3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16800769/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review of 3 interventions: partial crossover; randomized parallel; randomized parallel controlled diet)","n":"Int.1: 20 selected (3 dropped out); Int.2: 40 (20+20) analysed for quercetin; Int.3: 80 recruited, 3 dropped (n=77)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Labelled Review by PubMed. Combines one NEW short-term human kinetic study (black currant juice; plasma values figure-only) with a review of two previously published human berry/diet intervention studies (Erlund 2003; Freese 2002). Table 2 and diet results are re-reported data from earlier papers, recorded here with that caveat.","conclusion":"The results showed that plasma quercetin is bioavailable from a diet containing berries and indicate that it may be a good biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake in general.","limitations":"review of previously published studies (interventions 2 and 3); Intervention 1 plasma values figure-only; Table 2 units not printed; small n in Intervention 1"},"16869998":{"pmid":"16869998","title":"Absorption, excretion and metabolite profiling of methyl-, glucuronyl-, glucosyl- and sulpho-conjugates of quercetin in human plasma and urine after ingestion of onions.","authors":"Mullen W, Edwards CA, Crozier A","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2006","volume":"96","issue":"1","pages":"107-16","doi":"10.1079/bjn20061809","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16869998/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Human single-dose study of quercetin glucosides from fried onions; plasma and urinary quercetin metabolites by HPLC-MS2. Food source (onion), not an isolated supplement.","conclusion":"If these samples had been subjected to hydrolysis, as in many previous studies, only quercetin and isorhamnetin would have been detected and quantified. The bioactivity of these metabolites should be considered.","limitations":"n = 6; single food source and dose; no aglycone/hydrolysed total measured; plasma time-course values figure-only (Fig. 3); only ~4.7% of intake accounted for in urine"},"16945047":{"pmid":"16945047","title":"Effect of quercetin on the plasma and intracellular concentrations of saquinavir in healthy adults.","authors":"DiCenzo R, Frerichs V, Larppanichpoonphol P, Predko L, Chen A, Reichman R, Morris M","journal":"Pharmacotherapy","year":"2006","volume":"26","issue":"9","pages":"1255-61","doi":"10.1592/phco.26.9.1255","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16945047/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label","n":"10","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Drug-interaction PK study: measured analyte is saquinavir (plasma and PBMC), not quercetin; quercetin was the coadministered modulator (500 mg TID) and its own concentrations were not measured. Saquinavir values recorded for context.","conclusion":"Quercetin coadministration did not influence plasma saquinavir concentrations. Because of substantial inter- and intrasubject variability, more study is necessary to determine if saquinavir intracellular concentrations are altered by coadministration of quercetin.","limitations":"quercetin concentrations not measured; small n (10; 6 for intracellular); non-randomized sequential design; intracellular assay not fully validated; saquinavir soft-gel capsules unboosted"},"16959452":{"pmid":"16959452","title":"In vitro evaluation of quercetin cutaneous absorption from topical formulations and its functional stability by antioxidant activity.","authors":"Casagrande R, Georgetti SR, Verri WA Jr, Borin MF, Lopez RF, Fonseca MJ","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2007","volume":"328","issue":"2","pages":"183-90","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.08.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16959452/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release, permeation and skin retention)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro topical (pig ear skin / nitrocellulose membrane) quercetin; absorption data are mostly figure-only; receptor-medium quercetin not detected (data not shown).","conclusion":"Concluding, this study demonstrates that quercetin remains functionally stable in formulations, and measuring the antioxidant activity is an efficient approach to evaluate quercetin skin retention with minimal interference of the tissue products.","limitations":"in vitro pig ear skin; quercetin not detected by HPLC in skin or receptor; retention inferred indirectly via antioxidant activity; most data figure-only or 'data not shown'; no direct quantitative absorption values"},"17154349":{"pmid":"17154349","title":"Quantitative determination of isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in rat plasma by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the pharmacokinetic study of isorhamnetin.","authors":"Lan K, Jiang X, He J","journal":"Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM","year":"2007","volume":"21","issue":"2","pages":"112-20","doi":"10.1002/rcm.2814","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17154349/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups, single oral dose)","n":"30","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat PK of orally dosed isorhamnetin (3'-O-methylquercetin, a quercetin metabolite), not quercetin itself; quercetin was measured in plasma and not detected. Treated as metabolite/on-target; reviewer may reclassify as off-target.","conclusion":"Our results further demonstrated that the samples analyzed showed isorhamnetin could not be transformed into quercetin or kaempferol in rats, indicating that the demethylation of the 3'-oxymethyl group of isorhamnetin does not occur in Wistar rats.","limitations":"rat study; isorhamnetin dosed, not quercetin; low doses (0.25-1 mg/kg); hydrolyzed total aglycone only; no IV reference, so no bioavailability; figure-only concentration-time curves"},"17181879":{"pmid":"17181879","title":"The fatty acid pattern of dietary fat influences the oral bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in pigs.","authors":"Lesser S, Cermak R, Wolffram S","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2006","volume":"96","issue":"6","pages":"1047-52","doi":"10.1017/bjn20061953","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17181879/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6 pigs; 18 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Thus, administration of quercetin together with a diet containing MCT fat enhances the bioavailability of the flavonol. Absorption of quercetin was delayed significantly with this diet. However, this was probably not due to slower gastric emptying of the MCT diet.","limitations":"pigs n=6; no IV reference so only relative bioavailability; Cmax is quercetin only whereas AUC is sum of quercetin plus methylated metabolites; figure-only concentration-time curves; gastric emptying in rats measured at single time point"},"17228866":{"pmid":"17228866","title":"Ester-based precursors to increase the bioavailability of quercetin.","authors":"Biasutto L, Marotta E, De Marchi U, Zoratti M, Paradisi C","journal":"Journal of medicinal chemistry","year":"2007","volume":"50","issue":"2","pages":"241-53","doi":"10.1021/jm060912x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17228866/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro transepithelial transport)","n":"223 individual transport experiments in total (Results 2.4)","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro cell-monolayer (MDCK-1, MDCK-2, Caco-2) transport of quercetin and its ester prodrugs (representative experiments); no pharmacokinetic parameters. Hydrolysis rate constants (Tables 1-2) not extracted as they are chemical stability data.","conclusion":"Since elimination of residual acyl groups is expected to take place in vivo, ester derivatives of polyphenols may constitute a useful method to increase systemic aglycone concentrations.","limitations":"in vitro only; representative experiments only, no variance; Caco-2 sublines differ in conjugation activity; mass balance 50-70% at 6 h; poor solubility of several compounds"},"17513143":{"pmid":"17513143","title":"Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, modulates endothelium-derived nitric oxide bioavailability in diabetic rat aortas.","authors":"Machha A, Achike FI, Mustafa AM, Mustafa MR","journal":"Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry","year":"2007","volume":"16","issue":"4","pages":"442-7","doi":"10.1016/j.niox.2007.04.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17513143/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study of chronic oral quercetin (10 mg/kg for 6 weeks) on blood glucose, vascular reactivity and oxidative stress in STZ-diabetic rats. No quercetin plasma/tissue concentrations or absorption data reported; 'bioavailability' refers to nitric oxide.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"17970592":{"pmid":"17970592","title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the bioflavonoid biochanin A: effects of quercetin and EGCG on biochanin A disposition in rats.","authors":"Moon YJ, Morris ME","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","year":"2007","volume":"4","issue":"6","pages":"865-72","doi":"10.1021/mp7000928","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17970592/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK/bioavailability of biochanin A (an isoflavone); quercetin (with EGCG) was only a co-administered interacting agent and quercetin concentrations were not measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"18034749":{"pmid":"18034749","title":"Effect of pectin enhancement on plasma quercetin and fecal flora in rutin-supplemented mice.","authors":"Tamura M, Nakagawa H, Tsushida T, Hirayama K, Itoh K","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2007","volume":"72","issue":"9","pages":"S648-51","doi":"10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00557.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18034749/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The plasma quercetin and isorhamnetin concentrations were significantly higher in the PR diet group than the CR diet group. The PR diet greatly affected the fecal flora. Pectin might thus enhance the bioavailability of quercetin from rutin by changing the metabolic activity of the intestinal flora and/or the physiological function of the gut.","limitations":"single time point; no units printed for plasma concentrations; small n (6 per group); no IV or aglycone comparator; intake not reported in detail"},"18059045":{"pmid":"18059045","title":"HPLC analysis and pharmacokinetic study of quercitrin and isoquercitrin in rat plasma after administration of Hypericum japonicum thunb. extract.","authors":"Li J, Wang ZW, Zhang L, Liu X, Chen XH, Bi KS","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2008","volume":"22","issue":"4","pages":"374-8","doi":"10.1002/bmc.942","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18059045/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5 (as printed in Fig. 3 and Table 2 captions)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin glycosides (quercitrin, isoquercitrin) given as part of Hypericum japonicum extract, not as pure compounds.","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic results provide a firm basis for evaluating the clinical efficacy of Tianjihuang extract.","limitations":"rat study, n=5; single extract dose; no pure-compound or IV comparator; dose basis stated as herb equivalent; concentration-time curve figure-only"},"18198829":{"pmid":"18198829","title":"Influence of dietary quercetin on glutathione redox status in mice.","authors":"Meyers KJ, Rudolf JL, Mitchell AE","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2008","volume":"56","issue":"3","pages":"830-6","doi":"10.1021/jf072358l","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198829/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 per group main study (5 diet groups incl. control); excretion subset n=2 per treatment group","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary outcome is glutathione redox status; only absorption-related data are urinary/fecal quercetin excretion in a metabolic-cage subset (n=2 per diet). GSH/GSSG/mixed disulfide tissue data not extracted. No plasma quercetin concentrations.","conclusion":"The results of this study indicate that quercetin influences GSH:GSSG ratios and protein thiolation in a tissue-specific manner and that these effects are dependent on food source and bioavailability.","limitations":"excretion data from n=2 per diet; no variance reported for Table 3 in the table (methods: mean ± SD for 2 replications); plasma quercetin not measured; onion-fed mice ate less food; urine/feces collected 2 days per Methods but table labelled 24 h"},"18241083":{"pmid":"18241083","title":"Quercetin pharmacokinetics in humans.","authors":"Moon YJ, Wang L, DiCenzo R, Morris ME","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","year":"2008","volume":"29","issue":"4","pages":"205-17","doi":"10.1002/bdd.605","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18241083/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This represents the first comprehensive evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and enterohepatic recirculation of quercetin in humans.","limitations":"n=10; single dose level; aglycone concentrations very low and highly variable; no IV reference so absolute bioavailability not determined (F fixed to 1); no covariates in population model; sex-specific CL/F values taken from text layer not visible on page image"},"18424596":{"pmid":"18424596","title":"Quercetin from shallots (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) is more bioavailable than its glucosides.","authors":"Wiczkowski W, Romaszko J, Bucinski A, Szawara-Nowak D, Honke J, Zielinski H, Piskula MK","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2008","volume":"138","issue":"5","pages":"885-8","doi":"10.1093/jn/138.5.885","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18424596/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin from food sources (shallot flesh = glucosides; dry skin = mostly aglycone); on-target, human PK.","conclusion":"When provided along with dietary sources, quercetin aglycone is more bioavailable than its glucosides in humans. Results point to the food matrix as a key factor.","limitations":"small n (9); food sources rather than purified compounds, so form confounded with matrix; high inter-individual variation; no blinding stated"},"18619980":{"pmid":"18619980","title":"Pre-clinical evidence for altered absorption and biliary excretion of irinotecan (CPT-11) in combination with quercetin: possible contribution of P-glycoprotein.","authors":"Bansal T, Awasthi A, Jaggi M, Khar RK, Talegaonkar S","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2008","volume":"83","issue":"7-8","pages":"250-9","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2008.06.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18619980/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (Caco-2 screening plus parallel-group rat PK, 4 groups)","n":"20 (4 groups of 5)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK/Caco-2 study of irinotecan (CPT-11) and SN-38 with quercetin only as an oral P-gp inhibitor pre-treatment (20 mg/kg PO, 2 h before irinotecan). Plasma/bile/Caco-2 quercetin concentrations were not measured; absorption data (Cmax, AUC, F 33% vs 43%, RB 130%) are for irinotecan, not quercetin. Data sections not extracted.","conclusion":"The concomitant administration of naturally occurring dietary supplement quercetin significantly inhibited the P-gp both in vitro and in vivo. The observed effect may be advantageous in terms of improving irinotecan oral bioavailability and ameliorating irinotecan-associated diarrhoea.","limitations":"quercetin itself not measured; off-target analyte"},"18716159":{"pmid":"18716159","title":"Daily quercetin supplementation dose-dependently increases plasma quercetin concentrations in healthy humans.","authors":"Egert S, Wolffram S, Bosy-Westphal A, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Wagner AE, Frank J, Rimbach G, Mueller MJ","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2008","volume":"138","issue":"9","pages":"1615-21","doi":"10.1093/jn/138.9.1615","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18716159/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"35 (36 recruited and completed; 1 excluded retrospectively)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, daily supplementation of healthy humans with graded concentrations of quercetin for 2 wk dose-dependently increased plasma quercetin concentrations but did not affect antioxidant status, oxidized LDL, inflammation, or metabolism.","limitations":"PK subgroup n=5 per dose; no IV reference so absolute bioavailability not assessed; k and t1/2 only from mean curves; dose basis not specified; high interindividual variation"},"18951932":{"pmid":"18951932","title":"Enhancement of gastrointestinal absorption of quercetin by solid lipid nanoparticles.","authors":"Li H, Zhao X, Ma Y, Zhai G, Li L, Lou H","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","year":"2009","volume":"133","issue":"3","pages":"238-44","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.10.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18951932/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rats)","design":"other (parallel-group rat PK, formulation comparison; in situ perfusion absorption studies)","n":"10 rats for PK; 5 each for in situ groups","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic studies revealed prolonged Tmax and MRT, and improved relative bioavailability (more than 5 fold) of QT-SLNs to quercetin suspension in rats after oral administration was observed. These data collective support that SLNs is a promising delivery system to enhance the oral absorption of poorly water soluble drugs, such as quercetin.","limitations":"rat study; small n (5 per group); no IV reference; no human data; individual PK sampling times not listed in text; absorption in situ calculated from perfusate disappearance"},"18954533":{"pmid":"18954533","title":"Intra-herb pharmacokinetics interaction between quercetin and isorhamentin.","authors":"Lan K, He JL, Tian Y, Tan F, Jiang XH, Wang L, Ye LM","journal":"Acta pharmacologica Sinica","year":"2008","volume":"29","issue":"11","pages":"1376-82","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00884.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954533/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Wistar rats); in vitro cell lines","design":"randomized crossover (Latin square, 3-way) plus in vitro cell transport","n":"12 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat crossover PK and in vitro (Caco-2, MDCKII) of quercetin and its metabolite isorhamnetin, alone and co-administered.","conclusion":"The above results proved intra-herb pharmacokinetics interaction between quercetin and isorhamentin. P-gp might play an important role, whereas other drug efflux pumps, such as multi-drug resistance associate protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein, might be involved.","limitations":"rat study with 12 animals; low dose (1.0 mg/kg); SD discrepancies between Tables 4 and 5; Table 3 footnote P value conflicts with marker for Cmax; isorhamnetin in plasma after QU dosing derives partly from QU metabolism"},"19043305":{"pmid":"19043305","title":"Preparation and prodrug studies of quercetin pentabenzensulfonate.","authors":"Peng Y, Deng Z, Wang C","journal":"Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan","year":"2008","volume":"128","issue":"12","pages":"1845-9","doi":"10.1248/yakushi.128.1845","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19043305/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (chemical synthesis and physicochemical characterization)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Chemistry paper: synthesis, crystal structure, solubility, logP and in vitro hydrolysis kinetics (half-life 3.85 h at pH 7.4, 37 C) of quercetin pentabenzensulfonate (QPBS) as a potential prodrug. No absorption, bioavailability or pharmacokinetic measurements in humans or animals; oral bioavailability improvement is only inferred from LogP 2.04. Data sections not extracted.","conclusion":"These results indicate that QPBS can be considered as a potential prodrug for quercetin.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"19053221":{"pmid":"19053221","title":"Bioavailability of [2-(14)C]quercetin-4'-glucoside in rats.","authors":"Mullen W, Rouanet JM, Auger C, Teissèdre PL, Caldwell ST, Hartley RC, Lean ME, Edwards CA, Crozier A","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2008","volume":"56","issue":"24","pages":"12127-37","doi":"10.1021/jf802754s","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19053221/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rats)","design":"other (single-dose radiolabel mass-balance with serial sacrifice)","n":"18 (3 per each of 6 time points)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Radiolabel mass-balance study of quercetin-4'-glucoside in rats; study measures total 14C, not unlabelled quercetin plasma PK. No Cmax/AUC.","conclusion":"The study reveals that as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, almost all of the [2-14C]quercetin-4'-glucoside is converted to phenolic acids, compounds not monitored in previous flavonol bioavailability studies with model animal systems.","limitations":"rat study; single dose (4 mg/kg); different rats at each time point, n=3; no unlabelled-compound plasma PK; label recovery lower at 1 and 6 h; internal inconsistencies between Table 2 and Table 5 and between Tables 1 and 2"},"19128975":{"pmid":"19128975","title":"In vitro solubility, stability and permeability of novel quercetin-amino acid conjugates.","authors":"Kim MK, Park KS, Yeo WS, Choo H, Chong Y","journal":"Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry","year":"2009","volume":"17","issue":"3","pages":"1164-71","doi":"10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19128975/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro characterization)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro solubility, stability and MDCK permeability of quercetin-amino acid prodrugs. Only one numeric permeability result (Qu-E 5.2 relative to quercetin) is printed; the remainder are in Fig. 3 (figure only). No in vivo PK.","conclusion":"Quercetin-glutamic acid conjugate Qu-E (4g/5g) showed remarkable increases in water solubility, stability, and cell permeability compared with quercetin, which warrants further development as a quercetin prodrug.","limitations":"in vitro only; no variance or n reported; most permeability results figure-only; artificial membrane (hexadecane) permeability not measurable ('data not shown')"},"19215233":{"pmid":"19215233","title":"Simultaneous action of the flavonoid quercetin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP2A6, N-acetyltransferase and xanthine oxidase activity in healthy volunteers.","authors":"Chen Y, Xiao P, Ou-Yang DS, Fan L, Guo D, Wang YN, Han Y, Tu JH, Zhou G, Huang YF, Zhou HH","journal":"Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology","year":"2009","volume":"36","issue":"8","pages":"828-33","doi":"10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05158.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19215233/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (two-phase crossover, fixed order: caffeine alone then caffeine after 13 d quercetin; 2-wk washout)","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Drug-interaction study: effect of 13 days of quercetin 500 mg/d on caffeine PK and urinary caffeine metabolite ratios (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2, XO activity) in healthy volunteers. Measured analytes are caffeine and its metabolites; quercetin concentrations were not measured. Data sections not extracted.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that quercetin significantly affects CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2 and XO activity, resulting in an impact on the pharmacokinetics of 1,7-dimethylxanthine.","limitations":"quercetin itself not measured; fixed-order design; small n (12), male only"},"19270373":{"pmid":"19270373","title":"Different profiles of quercetin metabolites in rat plasma: comparison of two administration methods.","authors":"Kawai Y, Saito S, Nishikawa T, Ishisaka A, Murota K, Terao J","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2009","volume":"73","issue":"3","pages":"517-23","doi":"10.1271/bbb.80516","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19270373/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male CD(SD) rats); human (n=4)","design":"other (parallel-group rat comparison of two administration methods; small human sample)","n":"rats 6 per group; humans 4","status":"complete","statusNote":"Plasma quercetin metabolite profile comparison (rat intragastric vs free access, human onion). Limited quantitative PK: no Cmax/AUC.","conclusion":"These results might provide information about the bioavailability of quercetin when conducting animal experiments.","limitations":"no PK time course; small n; human plasma profile only qualitative with Q3GA concentration; time point of Fig. 1B not explicit; bars for methylated/non-methylated in figure only"},"19292474":{"pmid":"19292474","title":"Chronic ingestion of apple pectin can enhance the absorption of quercetin.","authors":"Nishijima T, Iwai K, Saito Y, Takida Y, Matsue H","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2009","volume":"57","issue":"6","pages":"2583-7","doi":"10.1021/jf803547h","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19292474/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2x2 diet x compound)","n":"20 (PK groups); 12 (histology)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study; quercetin aglycone and rutin on-target. Also histology (Table 3, not extracted as PK).","conclusion":"the present study demonstrated that ingestion of AP for 6 weeks significantly enhanced the intestinal absorption of quercetin. In contrast, AP did not affect the bioavailability of rutin.","limitations":"rat study, n=5 per group; no pectin-free direct co-ingestion test; rutin dose was double molar; no baseline plasma values reported; funding NR"},"19375897":{"pmid":"19375897","title":"Formulation optimization and in situ absorption in rat intestinal tract of quercetin-loaded microemulsion.","authors":"Gao Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Yu A, Cai F, Shao W, Zhai G","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","year":"2009","volume":"71","issue":"2","pages":"306-14","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.03.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19375897/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ intestinal perfusion, formulation comparison)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In situ rat intestinal perfusion of quercetin ME vs micelle; no plasma PK.","conclusion":"microemulsion may represent potential delivery system for sparingly soluble anticancer drugs.","limitations":"in situ rat perfusion, not plasma PK; no variance type stated; dose description inconsistent (50 mg/kg vs 100 mg/l); n for Table 5 not stated; no commercial/crude quercetin comparator"},"19402938":{"pmid":"19402938","title":"Quercetin reduces systolic blood pressure and plasma oxidised low-density lipoprotein concentrations in overweight subjects with a high-cardiovascular disease risk phenotype: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study.","authors":"Egert S, Bosy-Westphal A, Seiberl J, Kürbitz C, Settler U, Plachta-Danielzik S, Wagner AE, Frank J, Schrezenmeir J, Rimbach G, Wolffram S, Müller MJ","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2009","volume":"102","issue":"7","pages":"1065-74","doi":"10.1017/S0007114509359127","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19402938/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"93 analysed (96 enrolled)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an efficacy RCT (blood pressure, oxidised LDL). Only plasma quercetin concentrations (compliance marker) are absorption-relevant; means given in Abstract, SDs in figure only.","conclusion":"quercetin reduced SBP and plasma oxidised LDL concentrations in overweight subjects with a high-CVD risk phenotype.","limitations":"absorption not the study aim; plasma quercetin only as compliance marker; SDs/exact values figure-only; high inter-individual variation in plasma quercetin; dose basis (dihydrate vs aglycone) not clearly stated"},"19446449":{"pmid":"19446449","title":"The kinetic basis for age-associated changes in quercetin and genistein glucuronidation by rat liver microsomes.","authors":"Bolling BW, Court MH, Blumberg JB, Chen CY","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry","year":"2010","volume":"21","issue":"6","pages":"498-503","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.02.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19446449/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro enzyme kinetics, pooled and individual microsomes)","n":"15 rats","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro rat hepatic microsomal glucuronidation kinetics of quercetin (metabolism, not absorption/PK); genistein and acetaminophen data in same paper not extracted (off-target analytes).","conclusion":"Thus, the capacity for flavonoid glucuronidation by rat liver microsomes is dependent on age, UGT isoenzymes and flavonoid structure.","limitations":"in vitro hepatic microsomes only; no intestinal or in vivo absorption data; pooled microsomes, duplicate determinations; most individual-rate values figure-only; rat model"},"19807098":{"pmid":"19807098","title":"Nondigestible saccharides suppress the bacterial degradation of quercetin aglycone in the large intestine and enhance the bioavailability of quercetin glucoside in rats.","authors":"Matsukawa N, Matsumoto M, Shinoki A, Hagio M, Inoue R, Hara H","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2009","volume":"57","issue":"20","pages":"9462-8","doi":"10.1021/jf9024079","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19807098/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (E1 six diet groups); in vitro; in situ ligated segments","n":"E1 48 (6 groups of 8); E2 3 groups; E3 12 rats (n=7 per group in Table 5)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Q3G) with oligosaccharides; three experiments (diet PK, in vitro cecal degradation, ligated cecum/ileum absorption). Many values figure-only.","conclusion":"FOS and DFAIII equally promote the bioavailability of a quercetin glycoside, Q3G, in rats. Suppression of the degradation of quercetin aglycone by cecal bacteria contributes to the promotive effect in association with the high absorptive capacity of the cecum.","limitations":"rat model; key plasma/urine/fecal data figure-only; derived values (degraded aglycone, absorption amount) calculated by authors; Q3G dose high (0.68% diet); E3 uses cecal-content extract containing mostly methylquercetin"},"19903372":{"pmid":"19903372","title":"Quercetin and naringenin transport across human intestinal Caco-2 cells.","authors":"Nait Chabane M, Al Ahmad A, Peluso J, Muller CD, Ubeaud G","journal":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","year":"2009","volume":"61","issue":"11","pages":"1473-83","doi":"10.1211/jpp/61.11.0006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19903372/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro transport)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Caco-2 transport of quercetin and naringenin; naringenin data (off-target analyte) not extracted. Several quercetin conditions are figure-only.","conclusion":"our results suggest that quercetin and naringenin are absorbed through the human intestinal epithelium by a passive diffusion mechanism. Quercetin also seems to use a pH-dependent and, directly or indirectly, an active ATP system to enter cells, a mechanism that is mediated by OATP carriers.","limitations":"in vitro Caco-2 model; inhibitor/substrate conclusions inferred from Papp changes; quercetin concentration for inhibitor experiments not explicitly stated; some conditions figure-only; text calls quercetin a 'flavan-3-ol' (it is a flavonol)"},"19916501":{"pmid":"19916501","title":"Lymphatic absorption of quercetin and rutin in rat and their pharmacokinetics in systemic plasma.","authors":"Chen IL, Tsai YJ, Huang CM, Tsai TH","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2010","volume":"58","issue":"1","pages":"546-51","doi":"10.1021/jf9026124","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19916501/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (quercetin group and rutin group)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Anesthetized rat, intraduodenal quercetin and rutin; lymph and plasma PK. Quercetin and rutin measured as intact parent compounds (no metabolites measured).","conclusion":"Although both quercetin and rutin are absorbed and transported mainly via the blood circulation system, the AUC of these two drugs in lymph fluid appeared higher than their respective AUC in plasma.","limitations":"anesthetized rat model, intraduodenal dosing; small n=6; parent compound only, conjugated metabolites not measured; plasma by cardiac puncture, single plasma/lymph comparison; PEG/ethanol vehicle and sesame oil pre-dose; dose basis (dihydrate vs anhydrous) not stated"},"19952424":{"pmid":"19952424","title":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin, alpha-oligoglucosyl quercetin 3-O-glucoside, is absorbed more easily than other quercetin glycosides or aglycone after oral administration in rats.","authors":"Makino T, Shimizu R, Kanemaru M, Suzuki Y, Moriwaki M, Mizukami H","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"2009","volume":"32","issue":"12","pages":"2034-40","doi":"10.1248/bpb.32.2034","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19952424/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of quercetin, glycosides and EMIQ; figures hold time courses.","conclusion":"Elongation of α-linkage of glucose moiety in IQC enhances the bioavailability of quercetin, and intestinal epithelial enzymes such as lactase-phrolizin hydrolase or mucosal maltase-glucoamylase would play important roles in the hydrolysis and absorption of these flavonol glycosides.","limitations":"anesthetized rats, 12 h sampling; vehicle differs (solutions vs suspensions); test compound purities 85-94%; industry co-authors (EMIQ manufacturer); time courses figure-only; dose in µmol/kg of glycoside, not aglycone equivalents"},"20125185":{"pmid":"20125185","title":"Relative bioavailability of the flavonoids quercetin, hesperetin and naringenin given simultaneously through diet.","authors":"Krogholm KS, Bredsdorff L, Knuthsen P, Haraldsdóttir J, Rasmussen SE","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2010","volume":"64","issue":"4","pages":"432-5","doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2010.6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20125185/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Single-arm study of a 'juice mix' with quercetin, hesperetin and naringenin; hesperetin and naringenin values not extracted (other analytes) except as comparisons.","conclusion":"the current study confirms a lower urinary excretion of quercetin compared with naringenin and hesperetin. The study furthermore shows that the significantly lower urinary excretion of quercetin is not due to a low bioavailability of quercetin, but rather reflects the different clearance mechanisms of this flavonoid.","limitations":"n=10 men, single arm; no blood sampling between 8 and 24 h, which may overestimate AUCs (authors); quercetin from mixed glycoside matrix in a juice mix; co-ingestion with other flavonoids; Cmax/AUC units not printed; Tmax statistic type not stated"},"20230651":{"pmid":"20230651","title":"Oral bioavailability of quercetin from different quercetin glycosides in dogs.","authors":"Reinboth M, Wolffram S, Abraham G, Ungemach FR, Cermak R","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2010","volume":"104","issue":"2","pages":"198-203","doi":"10.1017/S000711451000053X","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20230651/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog, Beagle)","design":"randomized crossover (Latin square for oral forms; oral vs i.v. crossover)","n":"9 (7 evaluated glycoside comparison; 8 absolute bioavailability)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Dog PK of quercetin aglycone, isoquercitrin and rutin plus i.v. reference.","conclusion":"we have shown that absolute bioavailability of quercetin was only 4 % in dogs. ... In contrast to other investigated species, relative quercetin bioavailability from rutin was not smaller than from quercetin aglycone itself.","limitations":"small n (7-8 dogs); metabolites measured after enzymatic deconjugation only (no specific conjugates); drop-outs reduced evaluable dogs from nine to seven; absolute bioavailability computed on sum of flavonols"},"20393998":{"pmid":"20393998","title":"Absorption and tissue distribution of dietary quercetin and quercetin glycosides of apple skin in broiler chickens.","authors":"Rupasinghe HP, Ronalds CM, Rathgeber B, Robinson RA","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","year":"2010","volume":"90","issue":"7","pages":"1172-8","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.3944","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393998/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chicken, male)","design":"parallel (randomly assigned cages, feeding experiment)","n":"240 hatched; 40 cages x 6 birds on day 21; two birds per cage on treatment","status":"complete","statusNote":"Broiler chicken (animal) dietary quercetin / apple skin glycoside absorption; concentrations of deconjugated Q only (single time point), no PK curves.","conclusion":"This study has revealed that Q and its glycosides can be absorbed and metabolized by avian species, i.e. the broiler chicken.","limitations":"animal study (broiler chickens); n = 3 per diet; single sampling time point, no PK parameters; no methylated metabolite deconjugation so total Q may be underestimated (authors); diet doses expressed differently (Q vs total phenolics) between abstract and Table 2 footnote; industry co-funded"},"20499918":{"pmid":"20499918","title":"Quercetin aglycone is bioavailable in murine pancreas and pancreatic xenografts.","authors":"Zhang L, Angst E, Park JL, Moro A, Dawson DW, Reber HA, Eibl G, Hines OJ, Go VL, Lu QY","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2010","volume":"58","issue":"12","pages":"7252-7","doi":"10.1021/jf101192k","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20499918/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (nude mice) + in vitro (MiaPaCa-2 cells)","design":"parallel (diet groups, animal study) plus in vitro cell time course","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse (nude mice, xenograft) and in vitro cell study of dietary quercetin aglycone; tissue and plasma concentrations; no PK parameters.","conclusion":"This study showed that quercetin can be accumulated in pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells in vitro and absorbed effectively in the circulating system, tumors, and tissues of pancreas, liver, and lung in vivo.","limitations":"animal and in vitro study; pooled plasma samples in Exp 1; variance type not stated for several values; Table 2 vs Table 3 plasma values inconsistent; group sizes inconsistent between abstract and methods; no PK parameters (Cmax, AUC); time courses figure-only"},"20528005":{"pmid":"20528005","title":"Steady-State pharmacokinetics and tolerability of trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily with food, quercetin and alcohol (ethanol) in healthy human subjects.","authors":"la Porte C, Voduc N, Zhang G, Seguin I, Tardiff D, Singhal N, Cameron DW","journal":"Clinical pharmacokinetics","year":"2010","volume":"49","issue":"7","pages":"449-54","doi":"10.2165/11531820-000000000-00000","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20528005/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, single-arm, within-subject control (two periods)","n":"8","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is trans-resveratrol; quercetin (500 mg twice daily) is a co-administered interaction agent. Quercetin plasma levels were not measured. PK of resveratrol extracted for completeness.","conclusion":"Trans-resveratrol 2000 mg twice daily resulted in adequate exposure and was well tolerated by healthy subjects, although diarrhoea was frequently observed. In order to maximize trans-resveratrol exposure, it should be taken with a standard breakfast and not with a high-fat meal. Furthermore, combined intake with quercetin or alcohol did not influence trans-resveratrol exposure.","limitations":"n = 8; open-label non-randomized fixed order; quercetin concentrations not measured; resveratrol metabolites not measured; alcohol added only on top of quercetin (confounded)"},"20603197":{"pmid":"20603197","title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability studies of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin after oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extracts, Ginkgo biloba extract phospholipid complexes and Ginkgo biloba extract solid dispersions in rats.","authors":"Chen ZP, Sun J, Chen HX, Xiao YY, Liu D, Chen J, Cai H, Cai BC","journal":"Fitoterapia","year":"2010","volume":"81","issue":"8","pages":"1045-52","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20603197/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (Sprague-Dawley male rats, 200-300 g)","design":"parallel (three groups, randomly divided)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin (quercetin is a listed analyte) after oral Ginkgo biloba extract vs phospholipid complex vs solid dispersion.","conclusion":"The results showed that the bioavailability of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in rats was increased remarkably after oral administration of GBP and GBS comparing with GBE. The bioavailabilities of GBP increased more than that of GBS.","limitations":"rat study; no variance reported in PK table; per-group n not printed; no statistical tests reported; plasma analyzed after acid hydrolysis (total aglycone); sampling time list printed with duplicate '360' timepoint"},"20608724":{"pmid":"20608724","title":"Comment on lymphatic absorption of quercetin and rutin in rat and their pharmacokinetics in systemic plasma.","authors":"Cermak R, Wolffram S","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2010","volume":"58","issue":"14","pages":"8467; author reply 8468-9","doi":"10.1021/jf1009846","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20608724/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (comment/letter)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Comment/letter (Cermak and Wolffram) criticizing Chen et al. 2010 (J Agric Food Chem 58:546-551) on lymphatic absorption of quercetin and rutin in rats; no original data.","conclusion":"Thus, unfortunately, the conclusions drawn by Chen et al. in their study are, in our opinion, of only very limited value with regard to lymphatic and plasma pharmacokinetics of quercetin and rutin.","limitations":"comment/letter, no primary data"},"20638359":{"pmid":"20638359","title":"alpha-Oligoglucosylation of a sugar moiety enhances the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in humans.","authors":"Murota K, Matsuda N, Kashino Y, Fujikura Y, Nakamura T, Kato Y, Shimizu R, Okuyama S, Tanaka H, Koda T, Sekido K, Terao J","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","year":"2010","volume":"501","issue":"1","pages":"91-7","doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20638359/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (time-course: 5 volunteers; 'cross-over study'); second experiment 5 volunteers (3 male, 2 female)","n":"5 (time-course; 4 for rutin) and 5 (experiment 2); plasma metabolite profiling in 7 volunteers","status":"partial","statusNote":"Key PK numbers (EMIQ Cmax, Tmax, AUC) printed in text only; Q3G, rutin and 1.5 h comparison across forms are figure-only (Fig. 3, 6).","conclusion":"These data indicated that enzymatic α-oligoglucosylation to the sugar moiety is effective for enhancing the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in humans.","limitations":"small n (4-5); key comparisons figure-only; PK parameters given only for EMIQ; apparent AUC interval not stated; authors from test-material manufacturer; plasma measured after deconjugation"},"20694791":{"pmid":"20694791","title":"Quercetin restores plasma nitrite and nitroso species levels in renovascular hypertension.","authors":"Montenegro MF, Neto-Neves EM, Dias-Junior CA, Ceron CS, Castro MM, Gomes VA, Kanashiro A, Tanus-Santos JE","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","year":"2010","volume":"382","issue":"4","pages":"293-301","doi":"10.1007/s00210-010-0546-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20694791/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR (four groups, n=12/group as printed)","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study of quercetin (10 mg/kg/day by gavage, 3 weeks) on plasma nitrite, nitroso species, blood pressure and vascular function in 2K1C hypertensive rats. Quercetin itself was not measured in plasma or tissue; no absorption/PK data (full text screened).","conclusion":"These results suggest that the antihypertensive effects of quercetin were associated with increased NO formation and improved endothelial function, which probably result from its antioxidant effects.","limitations":"no quercetin concentrations measured; pharmacodynamic outcomes only"},"20877244":{"pmid":"20877244","title":"Determination of quercetin and resveratrol in whole blood--implications for bioavailability studies.","authors":"Biasutto L, Marotta E, Garbisa S, Zoratti M, Paradisi C","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2010","volume":"15","issue":"9","pages":"6570-9","doi":"10.3390/molecules15096570","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20877244/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"in vitro (spiked rat blood/plasma)","design":"other (analytical method validation, in vitro spiking)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Analytical-method paper using quercetin (and resveratrol) spiked into rat blood in vitro; no administration or absorption data. Only quercetin recovery values from whole blood vs plasma recorded; resveratrol values omitted as off-target.","conclusion":"The analytical method developed in this work allows the determination of quercetin and resveratrol in whole blood. This constitutes a significant methodological advance, since blood levels appear to be a more appropriate parameter than plasma levels when evaluating overall absorption and bioavailability of polyphenols.","limitations":"method paper, in vitro spiking only; no in vivo absorption data; variance type not stated; small N"},"20951785":{"pmid":"20951785","title":"Systemic exposure of quercetin after administration of feng-liao-chang-wei-kang granules to rats.","authors":"Zhang J, Liu X, Fu N, Liu M, Tan Y","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2011","volume":"133","issue":"2","pages":"911-3","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20951785/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (male Sprague-Dawley rats, 214-268 g)","design":"single-arm","n":"NR (abstract six; Methods three per group x two groups, inconsistent)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of free and total quercetin after oral herbal granules (herbal product, not pure quercetin).","conclusion":"Free QCT was quickly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and circulated in blood at quite low concentration. The circulating flavonoids originating from this formula were dominantly conjugated derivatives.","limitations":"rat study; herbal product with unspecified quercetin dose; n unclear (six vs three per group); small n; abstract and table values differ slightly"},"21139040":{"pmid":"21139040","title":"The bioflavonoid kaempferol is an Abcg2 substrate and inhibits Abcg2-mediated quercetin efflux.","authors":"An G, Gallegos J, Morris ME","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2011","volume":"39","issue":"3","pages":"426-32","doi":"10.1124/dmd.110.035212","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21139040/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro bidirectional transport)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro MDCK monolayer transport of quercetin (Table 1); kaempferol uptake/transport (Tables 2-3, Figs 3-6) is a different analyte and was not extracted. No in vivo absorption data.","conclusion":"Kaempferol influenced Bcrp-mediated transport of quercetin, indicating its role as a BCRP inhibitor.","limitations":"in vitro cell model; variance type not stated for Table 1; no statistics reported for quercetin comparison; kaempferol (off-target) data not extracted"},"21417279":{"pmid":"21417279","title":"Pharmacokinetic profile of total quercetin after single oral dose of tartary buckwheat extracts in rats.","authors":"Zhao G, Zou L, Wang Z, Hu H, Hu Y, Peng L","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2011","volume":"59","issue":"9","pages":"4435-41","doi":"10.1021/jf1049529","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21417279/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups, randomly assigned)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of total quercetin (after enzymatic hydrolysis) following tartary buckwheat extract (contains quercetin + rutin); ± shown as '(' in text layer, units checked as printed μg·mL-1·h-1","conclusion":"The present study has provided a basic pharmacokinetic profile of total quercetin after a single oral dose of tartary buckwheat extract.","limitations":"rat study; extract of mixed rutin/quercetin, dose basis not elemental/aglycone; variance type for ± not stated; no IV reference so no bioavailability; only total (hydrolyzed) quercetin measured"},"21466223":{"pmid":"21466223","title":"Quercetin and rutin reduced the bioavailability of cyclosporine from Neoral, an immunosuppressant, through activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4.","authors":"Yu CP, Wu PP, Hou YC, Lin SP, Tsai SY, Chen CT, Chao PD","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2011","volume":"59","issue":"9","pages":"4644-8","doi":"10.1021/jf104786t","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21466223/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups, randomized); one week washout noted","n":"18","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat drug-interaction PK study: measured analyte is cyclosporine (CSP, Neoral) blood levels, not quercetin or rutin. Quercetin/rutin plasma levels not measured. CSP data recorded for reference.","conclusion":"In conclusion, quercetin and rutin decreased the bioavailability of CSP through activating P-gp and CYP3A. Transplant patients treated with Neoral should avoid concurrent consumption of quercetin or rutin to minimize the risk of allograft rejection.","limitations":"analyte is cyclosporine not quercetin; rat study; quercetin/rutin concentrations not measured; small n"},"21680781":{"pmid":"21680781","title":"Effect of quercetin on CYP3A activity in Chinese healthy participants.","authors":"Duan KM, Wang SY, Ouyang W, Mao YM, Yang LJ","journal":"Journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2012","volume":"52","issue":"6","pages":"940-6","doi":"10.1177/0091270011406278","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680781/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (open, 2-period)","n":"18","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Human drug-interaction crossover: measured analytes are midazolam and 1-OH-midazolam (CYP3A probe), not quercetin. Quercetin plasma levels not measured. Midazolam data recorded for reference.","conclusion":"In conclusion, quercetin significantly induced CYP3A activity to substrate midazolam, and the induction was partly related to the CYP3A5 genotype, being more prominent in CYP3A5*1/*1 and CYP3A5*1/*3 individuals.","limitations":"analyte is midazolam not quercetin; quercetin plasma levels not measured; small n per genotype (6); male Chinese volunteers only; internal inconsistencies in dose/duration statements"},"21731393":{"pmid":"21731393","title":"Colon-targeted quercetin delivery using natural polymer to enhance its bioavailability.","authors":"Singhal A, Jain H, Singhal V, Elias EJ, Showkat A","journal":"Pharmacognosy research","year":"2011","volume":"3","issue":"1","pages":"35-9","doi":"10.4103/0974-8490.79113","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21731393/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation/dissolution study)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro dissolution of quercetin guar-gum colon-targeted matrix tablets only; no absorption/PK in vivo (no animal or human PK data)","conclusion":"The present study concludes that guar gum has the capability of protecting the release of active drug quercetin in the upper part of the GIT and allowing the release of the drug content in the colon.","limitations":"in vitro only, no bioavailability measured despite title; replicates/n and variance not reported; methods dissolution time sequence unclear versus tables"},"21774840":{"pmid":"21774840","title":"Enriched cereal bars are more effective in increasing plasma quercetin compared with quercetin from powder-filled hard capsules.","authors":"Egert S, Wolffram S, Schulze B, Langguth P, Hubbermann EM, Schwarz K, Adolphi B, Bosy-Westphal A, Rimbach G, Müller MJ","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2012","volume":"107","issue":"4","pages":"539-46","doi":"10.1017/S0007114511003242","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21774840/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single-blinded, diet-controlled pilot)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, quercetin from quercetin-enriched cereal bars is significantly more bioavailable than from quercetin powder-filled hard capsules.","limitations":"n = 6 women only, pilot; cereal bars contain 6.7% quercetin-4'-glucoside, capsules none; different physical form/isolation process of quercetin in the two products; AUC not calculated for isorhamnetin/tamarixetin; single dose, short term"},"21776484":{"pmid":"21776484","title":"Effects of O-methylated metabolites of quercetin on oxidative stress, thermotolerance, lifespan and bioavailability on Caenorhabditis elegans.","authors":"Surco-Laos F, Cabello J, Gómez-Orte E, González-Manzano S, González-Paramás AM, Santos-Buelga C, Dueñas M","journal":"Food & function","year":"2011","volume":"2","issue":"8","pages":"445-56","doi":"10.1039/c1fo10049a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21776484/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (Caenorhabditis elegans, wild-type N2 nematode)","design":"other (in vivo model organism exposure study)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"C. elegans (nematode) uptake/biotransformation of quercetin and its O-methyl metabolites; only Table 3 uptake data extracted as absorption/PK. Lifespan, thermotolerance, oxidative stress, reproduction results are not absorption outcomes and were not extracted.","conclusion":"Quantification of levels of the flavonols and their main metabolites suggested an increased bioavailability of quercetin in the nematode compared to its methylated derivatives.","limitations":"nematode model, not mammalian absorption; 200 µM exposure is high vs human plasma levels (as authors note); single concentration and time point; metabolite quantification as quercetin equivalents; no p-values for uptake comparisons; n = 3"},"21846121":{"pmid":"21846121","title":"Cocrystals of quercetin with improved solubility and oral bioavailability.","authors":"Smith AJ, Kavuru P, Wojtas L, Zaworotko MJ, Shytle RD","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","year":"2011","volume":"8","issue":"5","pages":"1867-76","doi":"10.1021/mp200209j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21846121/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (n = 3 per group)","n":"15","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK screening (n=3/group) plus in vitro solubility of four quercetin cocrystals; free (unconjugated) quercetin only was measured","conclusion":"The cocrystals outperformed QUE dihydrate with increases in bioavailability up to nearly 10-fold.","limitations":"n = 3 rats per group, preliminary screening; only free unconjugated quercetin measured, not conjugated metabolites; QUE dihydrate control above LLOQ in only one of three rats at one time point; no variance (SD/SEM) given for Table 1 parameters; solubility measured in 1:1 ethanol/water, not water; single dose level, vegetable oil vehicle"},"22056665":{"pmid":"22056665","title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin after oral gavage of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. in rats using a UPLC-MS method.","authors":"Li G, Zeng X, Xie Y, Cai Z, Moore JC, Yuan X, Cheng Z, Ji G","journal":"Fitoterapia","year":"2012","volume":"83","issue":"1","pages":"182-91","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22056665/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups, random assignment)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of quercetin (plus isorhamnetin and kaempferol) from total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L.; plasma analytes measured after acid hydrolysis (total aglycone)","conclusion":"The results demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic behavior of the three flavones in THF was quite different from their pure forms or in other extracts.","limitations":"rat study; no IV or pure-compound comparator, so no bioavailability; extract dose basis (mg/kg TFH) not expressed as quercetin content; acid hydrolysis measures total aglycone, not individual conjugates; several SD values appear typographically inconsistent"},"22114872":{"pmid":"22114872","title":"Inhibition of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 by quercetin: an in vitro and in vivo assessment.","authors":"Wu LX, Guo CX, Chen WQ, Yu J, Qu Q, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Wang G, Fan L, Li Q, Zhang W, Zhou HH","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2012","volume":"73","issue":"5","pages":"750-7","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04150.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22114872/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (two-phase, placebo-controlled)","n":"16","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Human drug-interaction crossover and in vitro OATP1B1 study. Measured PK analyte is pravastatin (OATP1B1 probe), not quercetin; authors state they did not examine quercetin pharmacokinetics. In vitro Ki/IC50 inhibition values (OATP1B1 uptake) not extracted as absorption data.","conclusion":"These findings suggest that quercetin inhibits the OATP1B1-mediated transport of E3S and pravastatin in vitro and also has a modest inhibitory influence on the pharmacokinetics of pravastatin in healthy Chinese-Han male volunteers.","limitations":"analyte is pravastatin not quercetin; quercetin plasma levels not measured (authors state); single dose of pravastatin; males only, Chinese-Han"},"22188411":{"pmid":"22188411","title":"Chronic quercetin feeding decreases plasma concentrations of salicylamide phase II metabolites in pigs following oral administration.","authors":"Wein S, Cermak R, Wolffram S, Langguth P","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","year":"2012","volume":"42","issue":"5","pages":"477-82","doi":"10.3109/00498254.2011.641607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22188411/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover (acute SA vs SA+Q, n=7) followed by single-group dietary pre-treatment arm (n=5)","n":"7 (first trial); 5 (pre-treatment trial)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Pig drug-interaction PK study: measured analyte is salicylamide metabolites (SAM), not quercetin; quercetin plasma levels were not measured. SAM data recorded for reference.","conclusion":"Concomitant acute as well as chronic ingestion of high doses of the flavonol quercetin had an impact on SAM metabolism and thus most likely on other drugs undergoing mainly phase II metabolism.","limitations":"analyte is salicylamide metabolites not quercetin; quercetin plasma levels not measured; small n (7 and 5); pre-treatment arm compared with the earlier control (pre-treatment group n=5 vs control n=7); no intravenous salicylamide arm"},"22438067":{"pmid":"22438067","title":"Quercetin increased bioavailability and decreased methylation of green tea polyphenols in vitro and in vivo.","authors":"Wang P, Heber D, Henning SM","journal":"Food & function","year":"2012","volume":"3","issue":"6","pages":"635-42","doi":"10.1039/c2fo10254d","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438067/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell experiments plus 2-week parallel-group mouse study)","n":"NR (mice: 4 groups of 5)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin (listed supplement) in vitro and in SCID mice is on-target, but the paper's main absorption outcome is EGCG uptake/methylation modulated by quercetin; quercetin concentrations are figure-only (Fig. 1, Fig. 5). Only text-printed numbers extracted.","conclusion":"In summary, we demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that quercetin increased the bioavailability of GTPs and decreased their methylation leading to an enhanced anti-proliferative effect in different cancer cells.","limitations":"quercetin concentrations figure-only (Fig. 1, Fig. 5); main absorption outcome is EGCG, not quercetin; in vitro and mouse only; n=5 per mouse group; quercetin dose for several printed fold-changes not stated per sentence; no PK parameters (Cmax, AUC) reported; no plasma or blood measurements"},"22439822":{"pmid":"22439822","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin absorption from apples and onions in healthy humans.","authors":"Lee J, Mitchell AE","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2012","volume":"60","issue":"15","pages":"3874-81","doi":"10.1021/jf3001857","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22439822/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16 completed (21 initially recruited)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Consumption of the OP led to faster absorption, higher concentration, and greater bioavailability as compared to the AP. Importantly, we have demonstrated that mixing food sources of quercetin can alter the pharmacokinetics of quercetin.","limitations":"small n (16); industry/NSF center funded; dose basis described as quercetin aglycone equivalents (not elemental); plasma total quercetin after enzymatic hydrolysis only; large inter-individual variation in t1/2 (65.4 ± 80.0 h in AP); Table 4 significance letters for Cmax inconsistent with text; ke units not printed"},"22474599":{"pmid":"22474599","title":"Amelioration of obesity, glucose intolerance, and oxidative stress in high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by combination consisting of \"curcumin with piperine and quercetin\".","authors":"Kaur G, C M","journal":"ISRN pharmacology","year":"2012","volume":"2012","issue":"","pages":"957283","doi":"10.5402/2012/957283","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22474599/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel animal efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study in high-fat diet plus low-dose streptozotocin rats of a curcumin:piperine:quercetin (94:1:5) combination on glucose, lipids, body weight and oxidative stress enzymes. No quercetin (or curcumin) plasma/tissue concentration or PK data are reported. The Discussion only mentions that a comparative bioavailability study in rats was carried out, without data.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the present data supports potent lipid lowering action of combination consisting of \"curcumin with piperine and quercetin\" in the HFD and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats thus further corroborate its potential in the treatment of glucose tolerance associated with excess dietary fat intake, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.","limitations":"no absorption/PK data"},"22584252":{"pmid":"22584252","title":"The increased cellular uptake and biliary excretion of curcumin by quercetin: a possible role of albumin binding interaction.","authors":"Kim HG, Lee JH, Lee SJ, Oh JH, Shin E, Jang YP, Lee YJ","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2012","volume":"40","issue":"8","pages":"1452-5","doi":"10.1124/dmd.111.044123","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22584252/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro, ex vivo and parallel-group in vivo IV infusion study)","n":"21 (13 + 8, from Table 1)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat IV curcumin infusion study; the measured absorption/PK analyte is curcumin (and curcumin sulfate) with quercetin as the interacting agent. Only quercetin PK-type value is one plasma concentration (6.56 µM, IV, rat). Other quercetin data are IC50/EC50 for albumin-binding and cell uptake effects on curcumin.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the present study suggests that quercetin could enhance the in vitro cellular uptake of curcumin and in vivo biliary exposure of curcumin, and it could be related to albumin binding interaction.","limitations":"intravenous route, not oral absorption; anesthetized rats; analyte of interest is curcumin, not quercetin; quercetin plasma concentration given as a single value without timepoint/variance; plasma and biliary time profiles figure-only (Fig. 3); n=13 vs 8 unequal groups"},"22609526":{"pmid":"22609526","title":"Anti-inflammatory activity and percutaneous absorption of quercetin and its polymethoxylated compound and glycosides: the relationships to chemical structures.","authors":"Lin CF, Leu YL, Al-Suwayeh SA, Ku MC, Hwang TL, Fang JY","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2012","volume":"47","issue":"5","pages":"857-64","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2012.04.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609526/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro skin permeation, in vitro neutrophil assays, 5-day in vivo nude mouse skin irritation)","n":"n=4 skin samples per permeant","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro percutaneous absorption (nude mouse skin, Franz cells) of quercetin, rutin, a synthetic pentamethylether (QM) and six glycosides; no oral PK.","conclusion":"Quercetin was the most active constituent among the related compounds. However, a low skin absorption of quercetin contributes to an unsatisfactory TI value for therapeutic and preventive aims. QM was successfully delivered by the skin route.","limitations":"in vitro nude mouse skin, more permeable than human skin per authors; topical route only; statistical significance of flux differences not reported per comparison; stripped-skin flux and cumulative profiles figure-only; dose basis for compounds is molar donor concentration"},"22670860":{"pmid":"22670860","title":"Pharmacokinetic interaction study between quercetin and valsartan in rats and in vitro models.","authors":"Challa VR, Babu PR, Challa SR, Johnson B, Maheswari C","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2013","volume":"39","issue":"6","pages":"865-72","doi":"10.3109/03639045.2012.693502","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22670860/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, n=6 each; in vitro everted sac)","n":"24 (4 groups of 6)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK interaction study in rats and rat everted ileal sacs where the measured analyte is valsartan (not quercetin); quercetin (10 mg/kg p.o.; 10, 50, 100 uM in sacs) is the modulator and quercetin concentrations are not measured. Valsartan PK data not extracted.","conclusion":"The simultaneous administration of quercetin significantly increases the intestinal absorption and decreases the efflux of valsartan.","limitations":"measured analyte is valsartan, not quercetin; no quercetin PK data"},"22718742":{"pmid":"22718742","title":"Simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, kaemperol and quercetin in rat plasma by LC-MS-MS and application to a pharmacokinetic study of Oldenlandia diffusa extract in rats.","authors":"Li N, Liu C, Mi S, Wang N, Zheng X, Li Y, Huang X, He S, Chen H, Xu X","journal":"Journal of chromatographic science","year":"2012","volume":"50","issue":"10","pages":"885-92","doi":"10.1093/chromsci/bms086","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22718742/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Primary aim is an LC-MS/MS method for five Oldenlandia diffusa constituents; quercetin PK extracted (kaempferol, OA, p-CA, FA not extracted).","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic results contribute to a better understanding of the pharmacological action mechanism, and provide a firm basis for evaluating the clinical efficacy of Oldenlandia diffusa.","limitations":"single-arm, n=6; herbal extract, quercetin is a minor component (17.1 mg/kg); no IV comparator, bioavailability not calculated; unclear whether conjugates were hydrolysed before assay; concentration-time profile figure-only; units for Kel/Ka printed as h"},"22757776":{"pmid":"22757776","title":"Effects of solid dispersion and self-emulsifying formulations on the solubility, dissolution, permeability and pharmacokinetics of isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L.","authors":"Zhao G, Duan J, Xie Y, Lin G, Luo H, Li G, Yuan X","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2013","volume":"39","issue":"7","pages":"1037-45","doi":"10.3109/03639045.2012.699066","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22757776/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin is one of three components (with isorhamnetin and kaempferol) measured in a seabuckthorn total flavones extract; only quercetin rows extracted.","conclusion":"SD technology was successfully employed to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of the active components in TFH but not for SE technology, which was because that isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in TFH SD formulations showed better bioavailability compared to those in TFH SE formulations.","limitations":"rat study, n=6 per group; quercetin is a minor component (~3% w/w) of an herbal extract; dose expressed as TFH, quercetin 1.88 mg/kg; plasma concentration-time curves figure-only; quercetin Cmax SD printed as 0.716 for SE arm (likely typo); statistical test is Student's t-test across three groups"},"22820241":{"pmid":"22820241","title":"Life or death: neuroprotective and anticancer effects of quercetin.","authors":"Dajas F","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2012","volume":"143","issue":"2","pages":"383-96","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22820241/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of in vitro, animal and human literature)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (J Ethnopharmacol 143:383-396) of neuroprotective and anticancer effects of quercetin, with a short section on bioavailability; no primary PK data. Pubtype in PubMed is Review.","conclusion":"Although quercetin and quercetin-containing plants exhibit potential as therapeutic modalities in neuropathology and in cancer, the data collectively highlight the need to elucidate issues such as bioavailability as well as its correlation with effectiveness at biomarkers in vivo.","limitations":"review, no primary absorption data"},"22867437":{"pmid":"22867437","title":"UHPLC-(ESI)QTOF MS/MS profiling of quercetin metabolites in human plasma postconsumption of applesauce enriched with apple peel and onion.","authors":"Lee J, Ebeler SE, Zweigenbaum JA, Mitchell AE","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2012","volume":"60","issue":"34","pages":"8510-20","doi":"10.1021/jf302637t","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22867437/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The complement of quercetin metabolites identified in plasma is similar following consumption of AP and OP; however, the AUC0−24 h for all quercetin metabolites was greater after the consumption of OP than after consumption of AP.","limitations":"relative (IS-equivalent) quantification, not absolute; ionization efficiency differs by polarity, limits quantitative interpretation; small n (16); industry/NSF center funded; same cohort as PMID 22439822; metabolite parameters from positive-mode ESI; glutathione only in negative mode; figure-only gender data"},"22916908":{"pmid":"22916908","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in cows after intraruminal application of quercetin aglycone and rutin.","authors":"Berger LM, Wein S, Blank R, Metges CC, Wolffram S","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2012","volume":"95","issue":"9","pages":"5047-5055","doi":"10.3168/jds.2012-5439","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22916908/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (nonlactating dairy cows)","design":"randomized crossover? (printed: crossover design with 2-d wash-out); i.v. trial in 2 animals","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin aglycone and rutin given intraruminally and quercetin i.v. in cows; on-target animal study.","conclusion":"The results obtained in the present study indicate that the bioavailability of quercetin, including methylated derivatives with an intact flavonol structure, is significantly higher after intraruminal application of rutin compared with quercetin aglycone.","limitations":"small n (5 cows; 2 for i.v.); nonlactating cows only; absolute bioavailability depends on i.v. data from only 2 animals; 10 mg/kg PK parameters not tabulated; some values figure-only"},"22935338":{"pmid":"22935338","title":"Acute, quercetin-induced reductions in blood pressure in hypertensive individuals are not secondary to lower plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or endothelin-1: nitric oxide.","authors":"Larson A, Witman MA, Guo Y, Ives S, Richardson RS, Bruno RS, Jalili T, Symons JD","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)","year":"2012","volume":"32","issue":"8","pages":"557-64","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22935338/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover (both groups)","n":"17 (5 normotensive + 12 hypertensive)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Primarily a BP/mechanism study, but includes acute single-dose quercetin aglycone plasma PK in normotensive men (time course) and 10-h plasma Q in hypertensive men; PK values are mostly reported in Abstract/text, curves in Figs 1A and 2A.","conclusion":"A single dose of Q aglycone reduces BP in hypertensive men through a mechanism that is independent of changes in ACE activity, ET-1, or nitric oxide bioavailability and without affecting vascular reactivity.","limitations":"PK in only 5 normotensive men; no PK profile in hypertensive men (single 10 h sample); age difference between normotensive and hypertensive groups; very high single dose (1095 mg); PK time course figure-only; SD large relative to means; industry-supplied product"},"23000882":{"pmid":"23000882","title":"Effects of quercetin and menadione on intestinal calcium absorption and the underlying mechanisms.","authors":"Marchionatti AM, Pacciaroni A, Tolosa de Talamoni NG","journal":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology","year":"2013","volume":"164","issue":"1","pages":"215-20","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23000882/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (chick, Gallus gallus domesticus, 4 weeks old)","design":"other (controlled animal experiment, 4 groups: control, MEN, QT, MEN+QT)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is intestinal 45Ca2+ absorption (plasma 45Ca) and oxidative-stress markers in chick intestine; quercetin is the intervention, not the absorbed compound. Quercetin's own absorption/PK not measured. Ca absorption values are figure-only.","conclusion":"QT may be useful in preventing inhibition of chick intestinal Ca2+ absorption caused by MEN or other substances that deplete GSH, by blocking the oxidative stress and the FasL/Fas/caspase-3 pathway activation.","limitations":"quercetin absorption/PK not measured; Ca absorption values figure-only; animal model with chemically induced injury"},"23053089":{"pmid":"23053089","title":"Production of 3-O-xylosyl quercetin in Escherichia coli.","authors":"Pandey RP, Malla S, Simkhada D, Kim BG, Sohng JK","journal":"Applied microbiology and biotechnology","year":"2013","volume":"97","issue":"5","pages":"1889-901","doi":"10.1007/s00253-012-4438-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23053089/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Metabolic engineering of E. coli for biotransformation of quercetin to 3-O-xylosyl quercetin (production titers and bioconversion %); no absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements. Bioavailability only mentioned as motivation in the Abstract.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"23094941":{"pmid":"23094941","title":"Comparison of quercetin pharmacokinetics following oral supplementation in humans.","authors":"Kaushik D, O'Fallon K, Clarkson PM, Dunne CP, Conca KR, Michniak-Kohn B","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2012","volume":"77","issue":"11","pages":"H231-8","doi":"10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02934.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23094941/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"parallel (randomized to 1 of 3 carriers, 6 per group); single dose","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Similar absorption profiles were observed among RealFX Q-Plus chews, First Strike Bars, and the quercetin fortified Tang suspension, suggesting that these delivery vehicles are equally effective at elevating plasma quercetin and suitable for use in future human clinical trials.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); parallel groups, high inter-individual variability; no statistical difference likely due to low power; buccal vs GI contribution not separated; funding from US Army / product supplier"},"23122060":{"pmid":"23122060","title":"A novel mechanism for the promotion of quercetin glycoside absorption by megalo α-1,6-glucosaccharide in the rat small intestine.","authors":"Shinoki A, Lang W, Thawornkuno C, Kang HK, Kumagai Y, Okuyama M, Mori H, Kimura A, Ishizuka S, Hara H","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2013","volume":"136","issue":"2","pages":"293-6","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122060/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, in situ ligated intestinal loop)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat ligated jejunal loop; quercetin glucoside mixture (Q3Gn) with or without alpha-1,6-glucosaccharides. Most concentration data figure-only.","conclusion":"These results suggest that the ingestion of α-1,6-glucosaccharides promotes Q3G bioavailability.","limitations":"anesthetized rat ligated loop, not oral dosing; most data figure-only; absorption percentages are author estimates using literature portal blood flow; n 5-6 per group; dose basis is a mixture of glycosides"},"23139136":{"pmid":"23139136","title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions of clopidogrel with quercetin, telmisartan, and cyclosporine A in rats and dogs.","authors":"Lee JH, Shin YJ, Oh JH, Lee YJ","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","year":"2012","volume":"35","issue":"10","pages":"1831-7","doi":"10.1007/s12272-012-1017-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23139136/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent (rat); other animal (beagle dog)","design":"rats: parallel, unpaired; dogs: crossover (7 d washout)","n":"rats 20; dogs 6","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is clopidogrel carboxylic acid (clopidogrel metabolite); quercetin 250 mg/kg is co-administered as a P-gp inhibitor. Quercetin's own absorption/PK not measured.","conclusion":"drug interactions of clopidogrel with quercetin, telmisartan, and cyclosporine A mediated by intestinal P-gp inhibition were suggested by in vivo experiments using rats. However, these were not supported by the results from dogs at all.","limitations":"quercetin plasma levels not measured; very high quercetin dose (250 mg/kg); small n (rats quercetin n=4); dog Tmax in text ('effect on Tmax')"},"23184534":{"pmid":"23184534","title":"Co-encapsulation of biodegradable nanoparticles with silicon quantum dots and quercetin for monitored delivery.","authors":"Wang Q, Bao Y, Ahire J, Chao Y","journal":"Advanced healthcare materials","year":"2013","volume":"2","issue":"3","pages":"459-66","doi":"10.1002/adhm.201200178","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23184534/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Nanoparticle formulation paper (PEG-PLA nanoparticles with quercetin and silicon quantum dots): characterization, in vitro release in PBS (77.1% and 79.8% max release at 72 h), HepG2 cytotoxicity and DNA damage. No absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements in humans or animals; 'bioavailability' used loosely for confocal imaging in HepG2 cells.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"23200408":{"pmid":"23200408","title":"Influence of fatty acid patterns on the intestinal absorption pathway of quercetin in thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats.","authors":"Murota K, Cermak R, Terao J, Wolffram S","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2013","volume":"109","issue":"12","pages":"2147-53","doi":"10.1017/S0007114512004564","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23200408/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (3 treatments); in vivo lymph-cannulated rat","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"dietary fats that are mainly composed of LCT improve quercetin bioavailability by increasing its transport via the lymph, thereby circumventing hepatic first-pass metabolism of the flavonol. In addition, LCT could enhance quercetin absorption by improving its solubility in the intestinal tract.","limitations":"rat model with intraduodenal dosing; small n (5 per group); isorhamnetin peak co-elutes with tamarixetin and with an enzyme-solution artefact (subtracted); free quercetin not measured; other conjugates' hydrolysis not checked"},"23403185":{"pmid":"23403185","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin from its aglycone and its glucorhamnoside rutin in lactating dairy cows after intraduodenal administration.","authors":"Gohlke A, Ingelmann CJ, Nürnberg G, Starke A, Wolffram S, Metges CC","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2013","volume":"96","issue":"4","pages":"2303-2313","doi":"10.3168/jds.2012-6234","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23403185/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (lactating German Holstein dairy cows)","design":"randomized crossover? (printed: crossover design, QA and RU in 3 equimolar doses in alternate order)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Duodenal administration enhanced bioavailability of QA almost to values previously reported in pigs after oral administration. In contrast to findings in monogastrics or after oral administration in cows, quercetin from RU seems to be unavailable when administered duodenally.","limitations":"n = 6 cows; high interindividual variability; basal diet contains flavonols (control plasma flavonols detectable); no absolute bioavailability (no i.v. arm); single-dose acute study"},"23422925":{"pmid":"23422925","title":"Effect of quercetin on P-glycoprotein transport ability in Chinese healthy subjects.","authors":"Wang SY, Duan KM, Li Y, Mei Y, Sheng H, Liu H, Mei X, Ouyang W, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2013","volume":"67","issue":"4","pages":"390-4","doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2013.5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23422925/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"18","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is talinolol (P-gp probe drug) PK after 13 days of quercetin vs placebo; quercetin itself or metabolites were not measured in plasma. Effect of quercetin on talinolol absorption only.","conclusion":"Quercetin significantly induced the activity of P-gp and this induced effect was more obvious in MDR1 3435 TT individuals.","limitations":"off-target analyte: quercetin plasma levels not measured; small n; data sections not extracted"},"23425105":{"pmid":"23425105","title":"Synthesis of quercetin-3-O-glucoside from rutin by Penicillium decumbens naringinase.","authors":"Lee YS, Huh JY, Nam SH, Kim D, Lee SB","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2013","volume":"78","issue":"3","pages":"C411-5","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.12056","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23425105/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro biochemistry)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro enzymatic bioconversion of rutin to quercetin-3-O-glucoside by P. decumbens naringinase, with water solubility (Table 1) and enzyme inhibition (maltase, HMG-CoA reductase) assays. No absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements; bioavailability is only inferred from solubility.","conclusion":"Q-3-G may be confirmed more effective and bioavailable food component than rutin and even quercetin because of its enhanced solubility and inhibitory properties.","limitations":"no absorption/PK data; solubility only"},"23470334":{"pmid":"23470334","title":"A UPLC-MS/MS method for qualification of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-(4→1)-α-L-rhamnoside in rat plasma and application to pharmacokinetic studies.","authors":"Yao X, Zhou G, Tang Y, Li Z, Su S, Qian D, Duan JA","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2013","volume":"18","issue":"3","pages":"3050-9","doi":"10.3390/molecules18033050","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23470334/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of a quercetin glycoside (QGR, quercetin-3-O-glucoside-(4->1)-rhamnoside from Ginkgo biloba) after IV and oral dosing; mainly an analytical method paper.","conclusion":"The preliminary pharmacokinetic behavior of QGR was firstly elucidated.","limitations":"n=3 per group; rat study; different doses IV vs oral (F calculated per authors at equivalent dose); single glycoside, not aglycone; concentration-time data figure-only (Fig. 2)"},"23514412":{"pmid":"23514412","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin: problems and promises.","authors":"Cai X, Fang Z, Dou J, Yu A, Zhai G","journal":"Current medicinal chemistry","year":"2013","volume":"20","issue":"20","pages":"2572-82","doi":"10.2174/09298673113209990120","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23514412/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin bioavailability problems and formulation strategies (inclusion complexes, liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, prodrugs). Not a primary study; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"Enhanced bioavailability of QC in the near future is likely to bring this product to the forefront of therapeutic agents for treatment of human disease.","limitations":"review, secondary source"},"23784089":{"pmid":"23784089","title":"Fructooligosaccharide augments benefits of quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside on insulin sensitivity and plasma total cholesterol with promotion of flavonoid absorption in sucrose-fed rats.","authors":"Phuwamongkolwiwat P, Suzuki T, Hira T, Hara H","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2014","volume":"53","issue":"2","pages":"457-68","doi":"10.1007/s00394-013-0546-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23784089/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"35","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary outcome is metabolic (insulin sensitivity, cholesterol, GLP-1); the only absorption-related data are plasma quercetin derivatives on day 48 (abstract values plus Fig. 4) in rats fed Q3G with or without FOS. Metabolic outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"Q3G + FOS diet improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and total cholesterol level with increasing GLP-1 secretion and a higher level of blood quercetin. Q3G + FOS may reduce the risk of T2DM.","limitations":"single time point plasma sample at day 48 (after insulin injection and anesthesia); units of Abstract plasma quercetin values not printed; absorption not primary outcome; rat study; figure-only values (Fig. 4); no Q3G-only vs FOS-only absorption statistics beyond the stated fold"},"23792276":{"pmid":"23792276","title":"Novel self-emulsifying formulation of quercetin for improved in vivo antioxidant potential: implications for drug-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.","authors":"Jain S, Jain AK, Pohekar M, Thanki K","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":"2013","volume":"65","issue":"","pages":"117-130","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.041","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23792276/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation paper: quercetin SEDDS vs free quercetin suspension; rat oral PK (Table 5), Caco-2 uptake fold, in vitro release. Antioxidant/toxicity protection experiments in mice not extracted.","conclusion":"This investigation reports a novel self-emulsifying formulation containing QT for enhanced oral bioavailability and improved antioxidant activity against CyA- and Dox-induced nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, respectively.","limitations":"rat study, single dose; n=6 per group; no p-value reported for PK comparison; one-compartment model; patent filed by authors (formulation developer); SD of AUC (89, 112) appears small relative to means"},"23856969":{"pmid":"23856969","title":"Quercetin along with piperine prevents cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation associated with mouse model of chronic unpredictable stress.","authors":"Rinwa P, Kumar A","journal":"Archives of pharmacal research","year":"2017","volume":"40","issue":"10","pages":"1166-1175","doi":"10.1007/s12272-013-0205-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23856969/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mouse chronic unpredictable stress model testing behavioural, oxidative stress, TNF-alpha and corticosterone outcomes of quercetin with or without piperine. No quercetin concentrations or absorption/PK measurements; bioavailability enhancement by piperine is only inferred from efficacy.","conclusion":"These results suggest that piperine enhances the neuroprotective effects of quercetin against CUS-induced oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation and memory deficits.","limitations":"no absorption/PK data"},"23902958":{"pmid":"23902958","title":"Prenylation enhances quercetin uptake and reduces efflux in Caco-2 cells and enhances tissue accumulation in mice fed long-term.","authors":"Mukai R, Fujikura Y, Murota K, Uehara M, Minekawa S, Matsui N, Kawamura T, Nemoto H, Terao J","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2013","volume":"143","issue":"10","pages":"1558-64","doi":"10.3945/jn.113.176818","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23902958/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Compares 8-prenyl quercetin (PQ, a prenylated quercetin derivative) with quercetin (Q) in Caco-2 cells, C2C12 myotubes, mouse plasma, rat lymph and mouse tissues. Q arms are on-target; PQ is a quercetin derivative.","conclusion":"These data suggest that prenylation enhances the accumulation of Q in tissues during long-term feeding, even though prenylation per se lowers its intestinal absorption from the diet.","limitations":"small n (3-5 per group); rodent and cell models only; values measured after deconjugation (total aglycone); time course values figure-only; PQ is a derivative, only Q rows are plain quercetin; Abstract percentages for tissue accumulation not defined in detail"},"23927416":{"pmid":"23927416","title":"Co-encapsulation of tamoxifen and quercetin in polymeric nanoparticles: implications on oral bioavailability, antitumor efficacy, and drug-induced toxicity.","authors":"Jain AK, Thanki K, Jain S","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","year":"2013","volume":"10","issue":"9","pages":"3459-74","doi":"10.1021/mp400311j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23927416/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin rows extracted (free QT, QT + Tmx citrate, Tmx-QT PLGA nanoparticles). Tamoxifen PK values in Table 6 are an off-target analyte and not extracted; antitumor, toxicity and characterisation data not extracted.","conclusion":"In a nutshell, the co-encapsulation strategy with PLGA-NPs could be a promising approach in improving oral delivery of Tmx and QT for cancer therapy.","limitations":"rat study, single dose; n=5 per group; no p-values for QT PK comparisons; formulation paper by developers; QT dose in NP arm not explicitly stated; one-compartment model; Tmx is off-target and not extracted"},"23963751":{"pmid":"23963751","title":"Exposure of breastfed infants to quercetin after consumption of a single meal rich in quercetin by their mothers.","authors":"Romaszko E, Wiczkowski W, Romaszko J, Honke J, Piskula MK","journal":"Molecular nutrition & food research","year":"2014","volume":"58","issue":"2","pages":"221-8","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201200773","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23963751/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label","n":"11","status":"complete","statusNote":"Human milk and urine quercetin after a single onion-soup meal (~1 mg Q/kg BW, mainly glucosides) in 11 breastfeeding women; plasma not measured.","conclusion":"Q was shown to be a component of human milk at the nmol/L level. Infants breastfed by mothers consuming a diet rich in Q are exposed to a dose of approximately 0.01 mg of Q daily.","limitations":"n=11; no plasma measurements (ethical reasons); milk volume not measured; PK parameters calculated from mean concentrations; single dose, open-label, no control; baseline milk Q not reduced by 5-day restriction; soup Q content differed between batches"},"24333909":{"pmid":"24333909","title":"Characterization and biodistribution in vivo of quercetin-loaded cationic nanostructured lipid carriers.","authors":"Liu L, Tang Y, Gao C, Li Y, Chen S, Xiong T, Li J, Du M, Gong Z, Chen H, Liu L, Yao P","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","year":"2014","volume":"115","issue":"","pages":"125-31","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.029","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24333909/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel, two randomized groups, tissue distribution)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oral quercetin in mice: tissue distribution only (no plasma/serum data); cationic NLC vs suspension.","conclusion":"In present study, a novel quercetin-loaded cationic nanostructured lipid carriers with promising physicochemical property for oral delivery was successfully prepared. QR-CNLC exhibited an excellent release ability compared to quercetin solution in vitro. Significantly increase of quercetin in lung, liver and kidney following QR-CNLC per os highlights an alternative strategy for therapy of kidney, liver and lung diseases, although toxicological evaluation of QR-CNLC is imperative to be further elucidated.","limitations":"n=3 per group; tissue concentrations only; no plasma/serum PK or bioavailability; sampling times not printed in text; statistical test results (p-values) not reported per parameter; unit inconsistency (µg/g vs µg/mg); figure-only concentration-time profiles"},"24462958":{"pmid":"24462958","title":"Phytic acid enhances the oral absorption of isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L.","authors":"Xie Y, Luo H, Duan J, Hong C, Ma P, Li G, Zhang T, Wu T, Ji G","journal":"Fitoterapia","year":"2014","volume":"93","issue":"","pages":"216-25","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24462958/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups) in rats, plus in vitro experiments","n":"24 rats (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin measured together with isorhamnetin and kaempferol in a Hippophae rhamnoides total flavones (TFH) extract, with and without phytic acid (IP6); rats plus in vitro Caco-2, solubility and logP.","conclusion":"In conclusion, IP6 is an effective absorption enhancer to increase the oral bioavailability of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin in TFH. The aqueous solubility, hydrophilicity, and membrane permeability of the three flavonoid components were improved in a concentration-dependent manner by the addition of IP6.","limitations":"rat study, n=6 per group; quercetin delivered within a plant extract, not as pure supplement; quercetin AUC not significantly changed at 50 and 100 mg/kg IP6; no IV reference, so no absolute bioavailability; quercetin measured form (free vs conjugated) not stated in text; figure-only concentration-time and solubility data"},"24464737":{"pmid":"24464737","title":"Quercetin-containing self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for improving oral bioavailability.","authors":"Tran TH, Guo Y, Song D, Bruno RS, Lu X","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2014","volume":"103","issue":"3","pages":"840-52","doi":"10.1002/jps.23858","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24464737/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups) in rats; plus in vitro Caco-2 and release studies","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat plasma PK and tissue data, Caco-2 transport and in vitro characterization of a quercetin SNEDDS vs control suspension; fluorescence imaging with nile red (not extracted).","conclusion":"In this study, Q-SNEDDS was successfully prepared and optimized. The optimal Q-SNEDDS composed of castor oil, Tween 80, Cremophor RH 40, and PEG 400 (20:16:34:30) spontaneously self-emulsified in water to form nanoemulsions that significantly increased quercetin solubility (5 mg/mL) and are stable for 1 month at ambient temperature. Our findings demonstrate that this Q-SNEDDS formulation increases the transport of quercetin across Caco-2 cell monolayer and enhances absorption and oral bioavailability of quercetin in rats.","limitations":"rat study, n=5-6 per group; plasma analysis limited to total quercetin; no IV reference, so no absolute bioavailability; Caco-2 and plasma concentration-time data partly figure-only; single dose level"},"24561179":{"pmid":"24561179","title":"A physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model describing plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites in rats.","authors":"Boonpawa R, Spenkelink A, Rietjens IM, Punt A","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","year":"2014","volume":"89","issue":"2","pages":"287-99","doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24561179/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (PBK model development; in vitro S9 kinetic incubations)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Computational PBK modelling study in rats: model-predicted bioavailability and metabolite profiles plus new in vitro S9 enzyme kinetics. No new in vivo PK measurements; in vivo data used only from the literature for fitting/validation.","conclusion":"Overall, the newly developed PBK model adequately predicted plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites including mono-, di-, and tri-conjugates and provides an indication of the nature of the circulating metabolites of quercetin in plasma of rat. As we still lack in vivo kinetic data for many flavonoids, the developed model has a great potential to be used as a platform to build PBK models for other flavonoids as well as to predict the kinetics of flavonoids in humans.","limitations":"model-predicted values, not measured bioavailability; no new in vivo PK data; excretion and conjugation parameters fitted to literature; predictions within 0.9-3.9-fold of literature data; enterohepatic circulation not modelled; figure-only simulation outputs"},"24678260":{"pmid":"24678260","title":"Antioxidant action and cytotoxicity on HeLa and NIH-3T3 cells of new quercetin derivatives.","authors":"Danihelová M, Veverka M, Sturdík E, Jantová S","journal":"Interdisciplinary toxicology","year":"2013","volume":"6","issue":"4","pages":"209-16","doi":"10.2478/intox-2013-0031","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24678260/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro study of 15 synthetic quercetin derivatives: DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activity and MTT cytotoxicity (HeLa, NIH-3T3). No absorption, permeability or pharmacokinetic measurements; bioavailability is mentioned only as the motivation and a conclusion inference.","conclusion":"The obtained results indicate that appropriate lipophilization of the quercetin molecule could improve its cytotoxic action in cells, probably due to its enhanced bioavailability.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"24680690":{"pmid":"24680690","title":"Isoquercitrin: pharmacology, toxicology, and metabolism.","authors":"Valentová K, Vrba J, Bancířová M, Ulrichová J, Křen V","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","year":"2014","volume":"68","issue":"","pages":"267-82","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24680690/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of rodent, human and in vitro literature)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Invited narrative review of isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) and EMIQ covering occurrence, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, toxicology and biological activity; no original absorption data (secondary source).","conclusion":"With respect to the safety, affordability and beneficial pharmacological activities, highly pure isoquercitrin is a prospective substance for food supplementation.","limitations":"review article; primary studies it cites should be extracted from their own papers"},"24847478":{"pmid":"24847478","title":"Concomitant intake of quercetin with a grain-based diet acutely lowers postprandial plasma glucose and lipid concentrations in pigs.","authors":"Wein S, Wolffram S","journal":"BioMed research international","year":"2014","volume":"2014","issue":"","pages":"748742","doi":"10.1155/2014/748742","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24847478/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"randomized crossover (experiment 1, n=8); parallel randomized (experiment 2, 4 per group)","n":"16 (8 per experiment)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study (postprandial glucose/lipid) in pigs; the only quercetin absorption datum is one plasma concentration at 2 h (50 mg/kg, gastric emptying experiment). Plasma quercetin time course not reported; glucose/NEFA/TG outcomes are not absorption of the supplement and were extracted only as comparisons.","conclusion":"This study emphasizes glucose-lowering effects of quercetin after ingestion of a grain-based meal, which are less clear or even invisible when tested within a glucose challenge. In this context the observed effects of quercetin appear not to be attributable to delayed gastric emptying. Thus, quercetin ingestion might be suitable to acutely assist postprandial glucose and lipid control.","limitations":"small n (8 crossover; 4 per group in experiment 2); single plasma quercetin time point; quercetin PK not the study aim; AUC values figure-only"},"24859282":{"pmid":"24859282","title":"Luteolin and quercetin affect the cholesterol absorption mediated by epithelial cholesterol transporter niemann-pick c1-like 1 in caco-2 cells and rats.","authors":"Nekohashi M, Ogawa M, Ogihara T, Nakazawa K, Kato H, Misaka T, Abe K, Kobayashi S","journal":"PloS one","year":"2014","volume":"9","issue":"5","pages":"e97901","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0097901","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24859282/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro cell uptake plus parallel rat diet study)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Cholesterol absorption study: the measured analyte is cholesterol (radiolabelled cholesterol uptake in Caco-2/HEK-NPC1L1 cells; serum cholesterol in rats), with quercetin (and luteolin) tested as inhibitors. Quercetin absorption/PK was not measured.","conclusion":"In conclusion, luteolin and quercetin reduce high blood cholesterol levels by specifically inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption mediated by NPC1L1.","limitations":"quercetin absorption not measured"},"24888486":{"pmid":"24888486","title":"Comparative pharmacokinetic interactions of Quercetin and Rutin in rats after oral administration of European patented formulation containing Hipphophae rhamnoides and Co-administration of Quercetin and Rutin.","authors":"Kammalla AK, Ramasamy MK, Chintala J, Dubey GP, Agrawal A, Kaliappan I","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","year":"2015","volume":"40","issue":"3","pages":"277-84","doi":"10.1007/s13318-014-0206-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24888486/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of quercetin and rutin given as a mixture vs from a polyherbal capsule formulation (Hippophae rhamnoides, Bacopa monnieri, Dioscorea bulbifera); quercetin is a measured analyte.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the present study proved that the oral bioavailability of Quercetin and Rutin was enhanced from the polyherbal formulation when compared with this mixture administration. Therefore, it may be concluded that the oral dose of mixed compounds in herb extracts could gain a significant biopharmaceutical advantage when compared to the single compound.","limitations":"rat study, n=6 per group; different formulations in different groups; dose basis not specified; no IV reference; conclusion contradicts Table 3 for quercetin; mixture vs formulation components not matched in composition"},"24899384":{"pmid":"24899384","title":"Oral administration of quercetin is unable to protect against isoproterenol cardiotoxicity.","authors":"Ríha M, Vopršalová M, Pilařová V, Semecký V, Holečková M, Vávrová J, Palicka V, Filipský T, Hrdina R, Nováková L, Mladěnka P","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","year":"2014","volume":"387","issue":"9","pages":"823-35","doi":"10.1007/s00210-014-0995-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24899384/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups; small PK sub-study)","n":"8 rats in PK study (3 + 3 quercetin, 2 control)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Cardiotoxicity/pharmacology study in rats with a small accompanying PK sub-study; only two quercetin-related absorption outputs: Q3G plasma profile (figure only) and three individual 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid values at 8 h. Cardiovascular, haemodynamic and biochemical outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"In conclusion, a daily oral dose of 10 mg kg−1 of quercetin for 7 days did not ameliorate acute ISO–cardiovascular toxicity in rats despite minor positive cardiovascular effects.","limitations":"PK sub-study with 3+3 quercetin and 2 control rats; no quantitative PK parameters; Q3G data figure-only; 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid values limited to three individual 8 h concentrations; PK not the main aim"},"24927684":{"pmid":"24927684","title":"Amphiphilic carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin conjugate with P-gp inhibitory properties for oral delivery of paclitaxel.","authors":"Wang X, Chen Y, Dahmani FZ, Yin L, Zhou J, Yao J","journal":"Biomaterials","year":"2014","volume":"35","issue":"26","pages":"7654-65","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.053","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24927684/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel animal groups)","n":"25","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Quercetin is a carrier/P-gp-inhibiting moiety (carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin conjugate); the PK/absorption analyte measured is paclitaxel (PTX), not quercetin or its metabolites. PTX data recorded for reference only.","conclusion":"PTX-loaded CQ PMs promoted the oral absorption of PTX significantly, compared to Taxol and Taxol with verapamil, while CQ conjugate also showed comparable promoting effects as compared to verapamil.","limitations":"off-target analyte (paclitaxel, not quercetin); small n; Peff values figure-only; text prints mg/mL where Table 4 image shows µg"},"24935565":{"pmid":"24935565","title":"Targeting cancer with nano-bullets: curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol and quercetin on flying carpets.","authors":"Aras A, Khokhar AR, Qureshi MZ, Silva MF, Sobczak-Kupiec A, Pineda EA, Hechenleitner AA, Farooqi AA","journal":"Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP","year":"2014","volume":"15","issue":"9","pages":"3865-71","doi":"10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.9.3865","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24935565/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Mini-review (PubMed pubtype Review) of nanoformulations of curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol and quercetin; no primary PK data. Pages 1-4 read; remaining pages are further review text and references.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"24959911":{"pmid":"24959911","title":"Intracellular ROS protection efficiency and free radical-scavenging activity of quercetin and quercetin-encapsulated liposomes.","authors":"Rezaei-Sadabady R, Eidi A, Zarghami N, Barzegar A","journal":"Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology","year":"2016","volume":"44","issue":"1","pages":"128-34","doi":"10.3109/21691401.2014.926456","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24959911/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro liposomal quercetin study (MCF-7 antiproliferative/antioxidant assays, DPPH, ferric reducing power, encapsulation efficiency and particle size). No absorption, permeability, uptake or PK data are reported. The abstract claims improved solubility, bioavailability and cellular uptake but no uptake or bioavailability measurements appear in the paper.","conclusion":"Our data indicated that liposomal quercetin can significantly improve the solubility and bioavailability of quercetin and can be a potential application in the treatment of tumor.","limitations":"no absorption data; claim of improved bioavailability not supported by reported measurements"},"25025048":{"pmid":"25025048","title":"Quercetin significantly inhibits the metabolism of caffeine, a substrate of cytochrome P450 1A2 unrelated to CYP1A2*1C  (-2964G>A) and *1F (734C>A) gene polymorphisms.","authors":"Xiao J, Huang WH, Peng JB, Tan ZR, Ou-Yang DS, Hu DL, Zhang W, Chen Y","journal":"BioMed research international","year":"2014","volume":"2014","issue":"","pages":"405071","doi":"10.1155/2014/405071","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25025048/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2 treatment phases, fixed order described: caffeine alone then quercetin pretreatment)","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Quercetin-caffeine herb-drug interaction/pharmacogenetic study in humans; plasma caffeine and paraxanthine were measured, not quercetin. Quercetin plasma levels not reported. Data recorded for reference.","conclusion":"Quercetin significantly inhibits the caffeine metabolism, which is unrelated to CYP1A2*1C (-2964G>A) and *1F (734C>A) gene polymorphisms.","limitations":"off-target analyte (caffeine/paraxanthine); n=6 per genotype; male only; no quercetin concentrations; fixed-order phases; AA/CC genotype not studied"},"25058155":{"pmid":"25058155","title":"Quercetin inhibits intestinal iron absorption and ferroportin transporter expression in vivo and in vitro.","authors":"Lesjak M, Hoque R, Balesaria S, Skinner V, Debnam ES, Srai SK, Sharp PA","journal":"PloS one","year":"2014","volume":"9","issue":"7","pages":"e102900","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0102900","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25058155/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal in situ and gavage experiments plus in vitro cell experiments)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Study of quercetin's effect on intestinal iron absorption/transport; analytes are 59Fe/55Fe, iron status markers and iron transporter expression, not quercetin absorption. Only Table 1 values are numerically printed; Figs 1-3 figure-only.","conclusion":"Our study highlights a novel mechanism for the regulation of iron bioavailability by dietary polyphenols. Potentially, diets rich in polyphenols might be beneficial for patients groups at risk of iron loading by limiting the rate of intestinal iron absorption.","limitations":"off-target analyte (iron); n=4 per rat group; key results figure-only; animals on low-iron diet; no quercetin concentration measured"},"25236255":{"pmid":"25236255","title":"Characterisation of water-soluble proanthocyanidins of Pyracantha fortuneana fruit and their improvement in cell bioavailable antioxidant activity of quercetin.","authors":"Zhao CF, Lei DJ, Song GH, Zhang H, Xu H, Yu LJ","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2015","volume":"169","issue":"","pages":"484-91","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.091","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25236255/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro study (solubility in simulated fasted intestinal fluid, chemical stability, HepG2 cellular antioxidant activity) of quercetin with Pyracantha fortuneana proanthocyanidin fractions. No absorption/permeability/PK measurements despite 'bioavailability' wording; solubility and CAA values recorded under parameter other.","conclusion":"PCs promote cellular antioxidant activity of Q in the mode cells of HepG2, and enhance the bioavailability of Q. Modulation of the solubility and stability of Q derived from by PCs may be determinant of the improved bioavailability of Q.","limitations":"in vitro only, no absorption or PK data; bioavailability inferred from solubility/CAA; small replicates; several statistical statements unclear (P > 0.01)"},"25280405":{"pmid":"25280405","title":"Quercetin bioavailability is associated with inadequate plasma vitamin C status and greater plasma endotoxin in adults.","authors":"Guo Y, Mah E, Bruno RS","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2014","volume":"30","issue":"11-12","pages":"1279-86","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.032","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25280405/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"16","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"These findings suggest that vitamin C status and plasma endotoxin may be associated with interindividual variations in quercetin bioavailability. Greater quercetin absorption and bioavailability may be associated with poor vitamin C status and increased intestinal permeability in healthy adults.","limitations":"small n (16); single-arm, correlational; endotoxin is an indirect marker of permeability; single dose; SEM reported (not SD)"},"25364697":{"pmid":"25364697","title":"Quercetin declines plasma exposure of metoprolol tartrate in the rat model.","authors":"Challa SR, Challa VR, Ragam SK","journal":"Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research","year":"2014","volume":"5","issue":"4","pages":"185-90","doi":"10.4103/2231-4040.143038","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25364697/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Quercetin-metoprolol pharmacokinetic interaction in rats; only metoprolol plasma levels were measured, not quercetin. Table 1 values recorded for reference.","conclusion":"the results obtained herein indicate that quercetin remarkably declines the plasma exposure of metoprolol when concomitantly administered by oral route.","limitations":"off-target analyte (metoprolol); n=6 per group; internal inconsistencies between text/abstract and Table 1; quercetin concentrations not measured; single dose level"},"25454664":{"pmid":"25454664","title":"Hyaluronic acid-quercetin conjugate micelles: synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.","authors":"Pang X, Lu Z, Du H, Yang X, Zhai G","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","year":"2014","volume":"123","issue":"","pages":"778-86","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.10.025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25454664/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intravenous PK in rats of quercetin as HA-QT conjugate micelles vs QT solution (on-target, IV route). In vitro release, solubility and cytotoxicity/antitumor/safety parts summarized only where numeric absorption-related; cytotoxicity IC50s, tumor inhibition and safety data not extracted.","conclusion":"HA-QT conjugate micelles can be considered as an efficient all-in-one platform not only for the solubilization of QT, but also for targeted antitumor therapy.","limitations":"IV administration only (no oral absorption data); n=5 stated generically; no p-values for PK comparison; sampling times and rat strain not stated in text; parent drug measured after hydrolysis step"},"25468612":{"pmid":"25468612","title":"Endogenous and exogenous mediators of quercetin bioavailability.","authors":"Guo Y, Bruno RS","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry","year":"2015","volume":"26","issue":"3","pages":"201-10","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468612/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of human and animal studies)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (J Nutr Biochem Reviews: Current Topics) of endogenous and exogenous mediators of quercetin bioavailability; summarises other studies, no new primary data. Pages 1-4 read; remaining pages continue the review and references.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"25542681":{"pmid":"25542681","title":"Fabrication, solid state characterization and bioavailability assessment of stable binary amorphous phases of Ritonavir with Quercetin.","authors":"Dengale SJ, Hussen SS, Krishna BS, Musmade PB, Gautham Shenoy G, Bhat K","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","year":"2015","volume":"89","issue":"","pages":"329-38","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25542681/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK study measured plasma ritonavir (RTV), not quercetin. Quercetin was co-formulated as a co-amorphous partner (RTV:QRT 1:2). Quercetin plasma levels not measured; quercetin saturation solubility is shown in Fig. 9 only.","conclusion":"which demonstrated 1.15 fold increase in AUC of RTV, which is not statistically significant. For binary amorphous RTV as compared to pure RTV, Cmax and Css values were found 1.26-fold and 1.46-fold higher, respectively.","limitations":"off-target analyte: quercetin plasma levels not measured; n=6 per group; variance type not stated; Css predicted by software, not measured; quercetin solubility figure-only"},"25678313":{"pmid":"25678313","title":"Systemic exposure of Paracetamol (acetaminophen) was enhanced by quercetin and chrysin co-administration in Wistar rats and in vitro model: risk of liver toxicity.","authors":"Pingili RB, Pawar AK, Challa SR","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2015","volume":"41","issue":"11","pages":"1793-800","doi":"10.3109/03639045.2015.1008012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25678313/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK drug-interaction study: measured plasma paracetamol (acetaminophen) with/without quercetin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) or chrysin; quercetin concentrations were not measured. Paracetamol Cmax/AUC increased with quercetin co-administration (Tables 1-2). Paracetamol data not extracted as it is not the listed supplement.","conclusion":"Our findings suggested that the quercetin and chrysin might be inhibited the P-gp and metabolism of paracetamol; thereby increased the systemic exposure of paracetamol.","limitations":"off-target analyte (paracetamol); quercetin plasma levels not measured"},"25761771":{"pmid":"25761771","title":"Quercetin and related polyphenols: new insights and implications for their bioactivity and bioavailability.","authors":"Kawabata K, Mukai R, Ishisaka A","journal":"Food & function","year":"2015","volume":"6","issue":"5","pages":"1399-417","doi":"10.1039/c4fo01178c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25761771/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin and related polyphenols (bioactivity and bioavailability); no primary PK data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"25786720":{"pmid":"25786720","title":"Development of quercetin nanoformulation and in vivo evaluation using streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model.","authors":"Chitkara D, Nikalaje SK, Mittal A, Chand M, Kumar N","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","year":"2012","volume":"2","issue":"2","pages":"112-23","doi":"10.1007/s13346-012-0063-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25786720/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In pharmacokinetic study, it was observed that Qu-NP showed an increase of 523% in relative oral bioavailability of quercetin to that of quercetin suspension, indicating the potential to reduce dose using Qu-NP.","limitations":"small n (4); no variance or statistics for PK parameters; dose basis not explicit; sampling times and concentration profile figure-only; total quercetin after hydrolysis, not parent aglycone"},"25795488":{"pmid":"25795488","title":"Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in neonatal calves after oral administration of quercetin aglycone or rutin.","authors":"Maciej J, Schäff CT, Kanitz E, Tuchscherer A, Bruckmaier RM, Wolffram S, Hammon HM","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2015","volume":"98","issue":"6","pages":"3906-17","doi":"10.3168/jds.2015-9361","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25795488/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (neonatal Holstein calf)","design":"parallel (3 groups, repeated study on d 2 and d 29)","n":"21","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"BV of quercetin and its metabolites in newborn calves is more pronounced when quercetin is fed as QA than as RU.","limitations":"n=7 per group; total flavonols after deconjugation; no fasted comparison; fed with milk/colostrum; plasma time-course figure-only; single SE per row; same calves tested on d 2 and 29"},"25832541":{"pmid":"25832541","title":"Comparison of the urinary excretion of quercetin glycosides from red onion and aglycone from dietary supplements in healthy subjects: a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over study.","authors":"Shi Y, Williamson G","journal":"Food & function","year":"2015","volume":"6","issue":"5","pages":"1443-8","doi":"10.1039/c5fo00155b","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25832541/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single-blind, two-period, two-sequence)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This means that, in practice, 166 mg of quercetin supplement would be comparable to about 10 mg of quercetin aglycone equivalents from onion.","limitations":"n=6; urinary excretion is a minimum measure of absorption; individual values figure-only; dose of 544 mg vs 500 mg stated inconsistent labelling"},"25845380":{"pmid":"25845380","title":"Quercetin in prostate cancer: Chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects, mechanisms and clinical application potential (Review).","authors":"Yang F, Song L, Wang H, Wang J, Xu Z, Xing N","journal":"Oncology reports","year":"2015","volume":"33","issue":"6","pages":"2659-68","doi":"10.3892/or.2015.3886","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25845380/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review of quercetin in prostate cancer (chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects, mechanisms); no primary PK data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"25865751":{"pmid":"25865751","title":"Simultaneous ingestion of high-methoxy pectin from apple can enhance absorption of quercetin in human subjects.","authors":"Nishijima T, Takida Y, Saito Y, Ikeda T, Iwai K","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2015","volume":"113","issue":"10","pages":"1531-8","doi":"10.1017/S0007114515000537","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25865751/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (Expt I); fixed-order within-subject (Expts II, III)","n":"19 (Expt I); 6 (Expt II); 6 (Expt III)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"These results elucidated that apple pectin immediately enhanced quercetin absorption in human subjects, and that its enhancing effect was dependent on the dose and degree of pectin methylation.","limitations":"urinary excretion used as absorption index; small n in Expts II and III; fixed (non-randomised) order in Expts II and III; different collection windows (24 h vs 8 h); SDs for excretion % figure-only; dose basis (quercetin vs supplement) not explicit"},"25945049":{"pmid":"25945049","title":"Pharmacokinetics of quercetin-loaded nanodroplets with ultrasound activation and their use for bioimaging.","authors":"Chang LW, Hou ML, Hung SH, Lin LC, Tsai TH","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2015","volume":"10","issue":"","pages":"3031-42","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S78983","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25945049/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intravenous administration in rats (on-target compound, IV route); no oral absorption data.","conclusion":"The results indicate that the initial 5-minute serum concentration, area under the concentration–time curve, elimination half-life, and clearance of quercetin were significantly enhanced by nanodroplets with or without ultrasound.","limitations":"IV route, not oral absorption; anaesthetised rats; AUC interval not stated; plasma vs serum wording inconsistent; curves figure-only"},"25973544":{"pmid":"25973544","title":"LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of quercetin in rat plasma after oral administration of biodegradable nanoparticles.","authors":"V DK, Verma PR, Singh SK, Viswanathan S","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2015","volume":"29","issue":"11","pages":"1731-6","doi":"10.1002/bmc.3486","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25973544/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Relative bioavailability of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles was significantly enhanced (5.38-fold) as compared with suspension because of increased solubility, absorption and residence time of the drug.","limitations":"free (unconjugated) quercetin only; n=6; variance type not stated for AUC; no variance for Tmax, t1/2, ke, MRT; profiles figure-only"},"25982953":{"pmid":"25982953","title":"Inhibitory effect of quercetin in the formation of advance glycation end products of human serum albumin: An in vitro and molecular interaction study.","authors":"Alam MM, Ahmad I, Naseem I","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2015","volume":"79","issue":"","pages":"336-43","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25982953/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro anti-glycation/AGE inhibition study of quercetin with human serum albumin (spectroscopy, HbA1c assay, comet assay, docking); no absorption or pharmacokinetic data reported.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"26088982":{"pmid":"26088982","title":"Enhancing oral bioavailability of quercetin using novel soluplus polymeric micelles.","authors":"Dian L, Yu E, Chen X, Wen X, Zhang Z, Qin L, Wang Q, Li G, Wu C","journal":"Nanoscale research letters","year":"2014","volume":"9","issue":"1","pages":"2406","doi":"10.1186/1556-276X-9-684","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26088982/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (beagle dog)","design":"parallel (two groups of three dogs, randomly distributed)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Beagle dog PK of oral free quercetin vs quercetin-loaded Soluplus polymeric micelles (Qu-PMs); in vitro release also reported.","conclusion":"Thus, the Qu-PMs provide a promising carrier candidate with efficient delivery of quercetin for therapeutic treatment in near future.","limitations":"n=3 dogs per group; parallel design; one-compartment model; Mann-Whitney U on n=3; Cmax difference not tested/reported as significant; matrix labelled serum in Table 4 and plasma in text"},"26089668":{"pmid":"26089668","title":"Poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for oral delivery of quercetin: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies in Wistar rats.","authors":"Bagad M, Khan ZA","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2015","volume":"10","issue":"","pages":"3921-35","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S80706","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26089668/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (four groups, randomly allocated)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Wistar rat oral PK and tissue distribution of free quercetin vs QT-PBCA nanoparticles +/- polysorbate-80 coating; in vitro release and GI-fluid stability also reported.","conclusion":"It can be concluded that PBCA NPs coated with P-80 show the potential drug carrier ability of poorly water soluble drugs by improving their oral bioavailability and by enhancing the transportation ability of the drug to the brain that in turn may prove to be a promising aspect in clinical application.","limitations":"n=5 per group; single dose in rats; sampling times not stated in text; text and table values inconsistent; plasma fold-increase figures inconsistent (2.4/4.1 vs 2.38/4.93); free QT given as solution, vehicle NR"},"26180590":{"pmid":"26180590","title":"Doses of Quercetin in the Range of Serum Concentrations Exert Delipidating Effects in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes by Acting on Different Stages of Adipogenesis, but Not in Mature Adipocytes.","authors":"Eseberri I, Miranda J, Lasa A, Churruca I, Portillo MP","journal":"Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity","year":"2015","volume":"2015","issue":"","pages":"480943","doi":"10.1155/2015/480943","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26180590/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro 3T3-L1 preadipocyte/adipocyte study of quercetin effects on triacylglycerol accumulation and gene expression at 0.1-10 uM; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data generated (plasma concentrations are only cited from other studies in the discussion).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"26319324":{"pmid":"26319324","title":"The role of glycyrrhetinic acid modification on preparation and evaluation of quercetin-loaded chitosan-based self-aggregates.","authors":"Du H, Liu M, Yang X, Zhai G","journal":"Journal of colloid and interface science","year":"2015","volume":"460","issue":"","pages":"87-96","doi":"10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.049","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26319324/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomly divided into three groups)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intravenous (not oral) PK in rats of quercetin solution vs two quercetin-loaded chitosan self-aggregates (QC-CMCA, QC-GA-CMCA); on-target analyte, i.v. route. No oral absorption data. In vitro release and cell work also reported.","conclusion":"QC-GA-CMCA demonstrated smaller size, narrower size distribution, higher drug loading efficiency and improved in vivo stability.","limitations":"i.v. only, no oral data; n per group not printed (12 rats, 3 groups); half-life unit not printed; no p-values given for PK"},"26344396":{"pmid":"26344396","title":"Dual drug delivery of tamoxifen and quercetin: Regulated metabolism for anticancer treatment with nanosponges.","authors":"Lockhart JN, Stevens DM, Beezer DB, Kravitz A, Harth E","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","year":"2015","volume":"220","issue":"Pt B","pages":"751-7","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.052","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344396/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterization)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro formulation study only (nanosponge co-loaded with tamoxifen and quercetin): release, simulated gastric stability and in vitro UGT1A9 metabolism of quercetin; no animal or human absorption/PK data despite species tag. Tamoxifen data not extracted (off-target compound).","conclusion":"NPs can be synthesized to encapsulate and protect TAM and QT and tune down the in vitro metabolism by up to 4-fold for QT and over 2-fold for TAM.","limitations":"in vitro only; no statistical tests; no in vivo absorption data; release values mostly from text; NP-8% not tested in cytotoxicity"},"26375490":{"pmid":"26375490","title":"Effect of Processed Onions on the Plasma Concentration of Quercetin in Rats and Humans.","authors":"Kashino Y, Murota K, Matsuda N, Tomotake M, Hamano T, Mukai R, Terao J","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2015","volume":"80","issue":"11","pages":"H2597-602","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.13079","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26375490/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human and rodent (rats)","design":"parallel groups in rats (n=5 per group); human comparison of two onion peel products","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat and human plasma quercetin after onion products; all plasma values are shown only in bar charts (figure-only), numeric values given only for log P (Table 3) and baseline rat plasma ranges.","conclusion":"Quercetin glucosides are better or at least equally bioavailable as QA, when they are provided as supplements without a food matrix. Nevertheless, the use of a food matrix improves the accessibility of QA, resulting in the higher bioavailability of onion products. It is unlikely that food processing will affect the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides when provided as onion bulb products.","limitations":"plasma values figure-only; small n (5); single sampling points; human study all female aged 21-22, 1.5 h single sample; no AUC/Cmax/Tmax reported; pre-existing quercetin in standard rat diet"},"26408869":{"pmid":"26408869","title":"Quercetin does not alter the oral bioavailability of Atorvastatin in rats.","authors":"Koritala R, Challa SR, Ragam SK, Geddam LB, Venkatesh Reddy Challa VR, Devi R, Sattenapalli S, Babu N","journal":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2015","volume":"28","issue":"5","pages":"1607-12","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26408869/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK study of atorvastatin calcium (the measured analyte) with and without oral quercetin pretreatment (10 mg/kg); plasma quercetin was not measured, so no quercetin absorption/PK data. Single- and multiple-dose atorvastatin PK parameters are not extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"26441251":{"pmid":"26441251","title":"Use of physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling to study interindividual human variation and species differences in plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites.","authors":"Boonpawa R, Moradi N, Spenkelink A, Rietjens IM, Punt A","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","year":"2015","volume":"98","issue":"4","pages":"690-702","doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26441251/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (PBK modelling with in vitro kinetics)","n":"20 individual human liver S9 donors","status":"partial","statusNote":"Computational PBK modelling plus in vitro human tissue S9 enzyme kinetics of quercetin metabolism; no in vivo human or animal measurement by the authors. Model-predicted bioavailability and literature comparisons extracted; in vitro conjugation kinetic constants (Tables 3-6) and physiological parameters (Tables 1-2) not extracted as non-absorption values.","conclusion":"Significant species differences occur in major circulating metabolites of quercetin suggesting that rat is not an adequate model to study effects of quercetin in man.","limitations":"model predictions, not measured data; few human plasma data sets used for fitting; assumed uptake rate from rat; gut microbial metabolism only indirectly modelled; no absorption experiment"},"26482244":{"pmid":"26482244","title":"Higher plasma quercetin levels following oral administration of an onion skin extract compared with pure quercetin dihydrate in humans.","authors":"Burak C, Brüll V, Langguth P, Zimmermann BF, Stoffel-Wagner B, Sausen U, Stehle P, Wolffram S, Egert S","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2017","volume":"56","issue":"1","pages":"343-353","doi":"10.1007/s00394-015-1084-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26482244/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (single-blind, diet-controlled)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The bioavailability of quercetin aglycone administered as hard capsules filled with natural onion skin extract powder was greater than that from capsules containing quercetin dihydrate powder and solid excipients in humans. The systemic availability of quercetin did not differ between men and women.","limitations":"non-equivalent doses (163 vs 134 mg); extract contained minor other quercetin derivatives; total quercetin only after enzymatic hydrolysis; t1/2 only from mean curves; 'bioavailability' is estimated minimum absorbed amount; small n (12)"},"26542615":{"pmid":"26542615","title":"Further exploring the absorption and enterocyte metabolism of quercetin forms in the Caco-2 model using nano-LC-TOF-MS.","authors":"Del Mar Contreras M, Borrás-Linares I, Herranz-López M, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A","journal":"Electrophoresis","year":"2016","volume":"37","issue":"7-8","pages":"998-1006","doi":"10.1002/elps.201500375","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26542615/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Caco-2 transport assay)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro Caco-2 transport study of quercetin aglycone, quercetin 3-O-glucoside and quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (Papp, efflux, cellular accumulation, metabolites); mainly an analytical method paper.","conclusion":"On the basis of these results, the in vivo uptake of quercetin could be higher than its 3-O-derivatives, and the enterocyte metabolism and efflux transport may play crucial roles.","limitations":"in vitro Caco-2 model only; n=3 independent experiments; efflux ratios not printed numerically; cellular accumulation values mostly figure-only; method-development focus"},"26571009":{"pmid":"26571009","title":"Lipid-based nanocarrier for quercetin delivery: system characterization and molecular interactions studies.","authors":"Hädrich G, Monteiro SO, Rodrigues MR, de Lima VR, Putaux JL, Bidone J, Teixeira HF, Muccillo-Baisch AL, Dora CL","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2016","volume":"42","issue":"7","pages":"1165-73","doi":"10.3109/03639045.2015.1118491","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26571009/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and release study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation/physicochemical characterization of quercetin lipid nanoemulsions with in vitro dialysis release only; no absorption or PK measurement. Only content, entrapment and in vitro release data extracted.","conclusion":"The results presented in this article revealed that it was possible to incorporate higher amounts of QU in a lipid-based NE with a reduced size and morphology of a nanocapsule.","limitations":"in vitro release only, no absorption or PK; hydroalcoholic non-biorelevant release medium (authors call it a preliminary choice); cumulative release values figure-only"},"26631584":{"pmid":"26631584","title":"Quercetin derivatives as novel antihypertensive agents: Synthesis and physiological characterization.","authors":"Grande F, Parisi OI, Mordocco RA, Rocca C, Puoci F, Scrivano L, Quintieri AM, Cantafio P, Ferla S, Brancale A, Saturnino C, Cerra MC, Sinicropi MS, Angelone T","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2016","volume":"82","issue":"","pages":"161-70","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26631584/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion test; ex vivo and in vivo pharmacology)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mainly a synthesis/cardiovascular pharmacology paper on synthetic quercetin derivatives. Only absorption-related data is a small in vitro digestion (dialysis tubing) 'bioavailability' test of quercetin (Q1) vs the ethyl derivative Q5 (Table 2). No in vivo PK of quercetin.","conclusion":"The obtained results suggest that the substitution of all OH groups present in Q1 molecule with ethyl groups improves the bioavailability and stability of this flavonol.","limitations":"in vitro digestion only; no in vivo PK; absorption-relevant data limited to one 3-row table; no statistical test reported for Q5 vs Q1 bioaccessibility; variance type for Table 2 not stated; Q5 is a chemical derivative, not the listed supplement"},"26782731":{"pmid":"26782731","title":"Pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy of DSPE-PEG2000 polymeric liposomes loaded with quercetin and temozolomide: Analysis of their effectiveness in enhancing the chemosensitization of drug-resistant glioma cells.","authors":"Hu J, Wang J, Wang G, Yao Z, Dang X","journal":"International journal of molecular medicine","year":"2016","volume":"37","issue":"3","pages":"690-702","doi":"10.3892/ijmm.2016.2458","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26782731/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro release/cytotoxicity; randomized, in vivo biodistribution and plasma concentration in rats)","n":"108 rats (Methods)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin (with temozolomide) in DSPE-PEG2000 nanoliposomes; in vitro release/cytotoxicity plus oral (intragastric) plasma concentration and biodistribution in glioma-bearing rats. Nearly all in vivo PK/biodistribution values are figure-only (Fig. 6A-C); only text-printed release percentages and Table I loading/EE extracted as numbers.","conclusion":"Taken together, these findings indicate that this formulation possesses characteristics, such as a high drug encapsulation ratio, a low in vitro release rate, slow drug clearance and prolonged circulation time in vivo.","limitations":"nearly all PK/biodistribution values figure-only; concentration units for plasma not stated; oral QUE group details and n inconsistent across Methods and figure legend; no PK parameters (AUC, Cmax, t1/2) reported; glioma-bearing rat model; co-administered with temozolomide"},"26785820":{"pmid":"26785820","title":"Quercetin lowers plasma uric acid in pre-hyperuricaemic males: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial.","authors":"Shi Y, Williamson G","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":"2016","volume":"115","issue":"5","pages":"800-6","doi":"10.1017/S0007114515005310","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26785820/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"22 analysed (23 randomised, 1 withdrawn)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Efficacy RCT (plasma uric acid, BP, glucose). Only absorption-related data are the 24-h urinary quercetin excretion values (used as compliance marker); no plasma quercetin PK.","conclusion":"Daily supplementation of 500 mg quercetin, containing the bioavailable amount of quercetin as present in approximately 100 g red onions, for 4 weeks, significantly reduces elevated plasma uric acid concentrations in healthy males.","limitations":"efficacy trial, not designed for PK; urinary quercetin timing not specified; no plasma quercetin measured; single dose level; male participants only"},"26848536":{"pmid":"26848536","title":"A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-gentiobioside in plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"He X, Tao G, Gao H, Li K, Zhang Y, Sun L, Zhang Y","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2016","volume":"30","issue":"9","pages":"1378-85","doi":"10.1002/bmc.3695","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26848536/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups)","n":"18 (3 groups of 6)","status":"complete","statusNote":"LC-MS/MS method validation with intravenous PK of the quercetin glycoside QGG in rats. IV only, no oral absorption data; on-target as a quercetin glycoside form.","conclusion":"A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method to quantify QGG with good precision and accuracy was developed and validated in rat plasma.","limitations":"intravenous administration only; no oral bioavailability; rat only; method validation focus; T1/2 unit not in table header"},"26882678":{"pmid":"26882678","title":"Synthesis and Anti-Proliferative Effects of Quercetin Derivatives.","authors":"Al-Jabban SM, Zhang X, Chen G, Mekuria EA, Rakotondraibe LH, Chen QH","journal":"Natural product communications","year":"2015","volume":"10","issue":"12","pages":"2113-8","doi":"NR","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26882678/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Chemical synthesis of 18 alkylated quercetin derivatives and WST-1 anti-proliferative assay against prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU145, LNCaP). No absorption or PK measurements; bioavailability mentioned only as motivation.","conclusion":"Chemical manipulation of one phenolic hydroxyl group might be the best direction for the future.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"26928207":{"pmid":"26928207","title":"Effects of quercetin on pharmacokinetics of cefprozil in Chinese-Han male volunteers.","authors":"Jia FF, Tan ZR, McLeod HL, Chen Y, Ou-Yang DS, Zhou HH","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","year":"2016","volume":"46","issue":"10","pages":"896-900","doi":"10.3109/00498254.2015.1132792","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26928207/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Drug-drug interaction PK study: quercetin (500 mg/day) was the perpetrator; the measured analyte was plasma cefprozil, not quercetin or its metabolites. No quercetin concentrations or absorption data reported.","conclusion":"No significant increase or decrease in the Cmax, AUC0-inf and T1/2 of cefprozil were observed with or without quercetin.","limitations":"measured analyte is cefprozil, not quercetin; no quercetin PK"},"26959546":{"pmid":"26959546","title":"Effect of quercetin on the transport of ritonavir to the central nervous system in vitro and in vivo.","authors":"Liang G, Li N, Ma L, Qian Z, Sun Y, Shi L, Zhao L","journal":"Acta pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia)","year":"2016","volume":"66","issue":"1","pages":"97-107","doi":"10.1515/acph-2016-0009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26959546/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Quercetin used as a P-gp modulator; the measured analyte was ritonavir (HBMEC accumulation, rat plasma PK and tissue distribution). No quercetin concentrations or absorption data reported.","conclusion":"Quercetin showed the strongest effect by improving the intracellular accumulation of ritonavir by 76.9 %. In the pharmacokinetic study, the presence of quercetin in the co-administration group and in the pretreatment group significantly decreased the AUC0-t of ritonavir by 42.2 % (p < 0.05) and 53.5 % (p < 0.01).","limitations":"measured analyte is ritonavir, not quercetin; no quercetin PK"},"27143878":{"pmid":"27143878","title":"Development and characterization of self-assembling lecithin-based mixed polymeric micelles containing quercetin in cancer treatment and an in vivo pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"Chen LC, Chen YC, Su CY, Hong CS, Ho HO, Sheu MT","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2016","volume":"11","issue":"","pages":"1557-66","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S103681","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27143878/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two formulations, IV)","n":"6","status":"partial","statusNote":"Lecithin-based mixed polymeric micelle (Que-LMPM) formulation paper with in vitro release and intravenous (not oral) PK in rats vs free quercetin solution. 'Bioavailability' claims rest on IV AUC; no oral absorption data.","conclusion":"Due to their nanosize, core-shell structure, and solubilization potential, the LMPMs proved to be a successful drug delivery system for Que in cancer treatment.","limitations":"IV administration only; no oral absorption data; n=3 per group; large SD (AUC SD exceeds mean for LMPM); plasma concentration-time data figure-only; free solution uses different vehicles for IV PK (DMSO/PEG400) vs release study (propylene glycol)"},"27169837":{"pmid":"27169837","title":"Acute effects of quercetin-3-O-glucoside on endothelial function and blood pressure: a randomized dose-response study.","authors":"Bondonno NP, Bondonno CP, Rich L, Mas E, Shinde S, Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Croft KD","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2016","volume":"104","issue":"1","pages":"97-103","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.116.131268","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27169837/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"15","status":"partial","statusNote":"Absorption/PK is a secondary outcome: only baseline plasma quercetin/isorhamnetin values and dose-response statistics are printed in text; post-dose concentrations are figure-only (Fig. 2). Primary outcomes (FMD, BP, nitrate/nitrite) are not absorption data.","conclusion":"From these results, we conclude that there are no acute changes in BP or the NO-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation of the brachial artery with doses of quercetin ranging from 50 to 400 mg in healthy men and women.","limitations":"Single post-dose sample (90 min), no PK parameters (Cmax, AUC, Tmax); post-dose concentrations figure-only; hydrolyzed total quercetin/isorhamnetin only, parent glucoside not detected; small n (15); baseline value inconsistent with figure scale; paper notes concentrations lower than previous studies, attributed to hydrolysis/detection method differences"},"27199443":{"pmid":"27199443","title":"Simultaneous Analysis of Quercetin and Naringenin in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study After Oral Administration.","authors":"Ni B, Cao S, Feng L, Yin X, Wang W, Zhang X, Ni J","journal":"Journal of chromatographic science","year":"2016","volume":"54","issue":"8","pages":"1359-64","doi":"10.1093/chromsci/bmw079","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199443/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of quercetin (aglycone measured in plasma) after oral Pollen Typhae extract; LC-MS/MS method validation paper with a PK application. Single extract arm.","conclusion":"A rapid and specific UPLC–ESI-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of quercetin and naringenin in rat plasma, which was highly sensitive and accurate. The method has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of quercetin and naringenin in rats after oral administration of Pollen Typhae extract, and the pharmacokinetic parameters would be a suitable reference in clinical application.","limitations":"small n (6 rats), single arm; herbal extract not pure quercetin; dose basis unclear; no IV reference, no bioavailability; no hydrolysis step so free vs conjugated quercetin not distinguished; text inconsistency for T1/2 vs MRT"},"27242199":{"pmid":"27242199","title":"Quercetin-loaded freeze-dried nanomicelles: Improving absorption and anti-glioma efficiency in vitro and in vivo.","authors":"Wang G, Wang JJ, Chen XL, Du L, Li F","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","year":"2016","volume":"235","issue":"","pages":"276-290","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.045","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27242199/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify): formulation comparison, in vitro and in vivo (mouse)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation study (quercetin freeze-dried nanomicelles vs nanoliposomes vs free quercetin): in vitro release, Caco-2 uptake, in vitro BBB (bEnd3) permeability, and oral PK/biodistribution in glioma-bearing mice. Numeric PK values are limited to Cmax/Tmax in text and Papp in Table 3; most data figure-only. PDF also includes a 2025 corrigendum (Fig. 10A image only).","conclusion":"This study demonstrated the formulation of novel QUE-loaded freeze-dried nanomicelles that can be used to overcome the limited solubility of QUE in water for oral administration as a chemopreventive agent.","limitations":"PK in tumor-bearing nude mice only, not healthy animals; only Cmax and Tmax printed; no AUC, t1/2, bioavailability; statistic type/variance for Cmax not stated in text; plasma/organ curves figure-only; no IV reference; plasma samples acid-hydrolysed (total quercetin); academic formulation study, no funding/COI statement found; dosing frequency printed inconsistently (once per day vs every 7 days); no statement of fasting"},"27301074":{"pmid":"27301074","title":"Esterification of Quercetin Increases Its Transport Across Human Caco-2 Cells.","authors":"Hu JN, Zou XG, He Y, Chen F, Deng ZY","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2016","volume":"81","issue":"7","pages":"H1825-32","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.13366","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27301074/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (specify): in vitro transport","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro Caco-2 transport study of quercetin (on-target) and its synthesised ester TAQU. Most Papp values are printed in text; transport curves are figure-only.","conclusion":"We have demonstrated that TAQU exhibited better membrane permeation than QU in Caco-2 Cells. This study may provide a useful strategy for molecular structure modification to improve oral absorption of hydrophilic compounds.","limitations":"in vitro Caco-2 only; most transport data figure-only; SD not printed beside Papp values; pH values inconsistent between Methods (5.8/6.5/7.4) and Fig. 5/text (6.8/7.0/7.4); two different TAQU AP-BL Papp values (5.23 vs 4.75); no in vivo data"},"27423432":{"pmid":"27423432","title":"No effects of quercetin from onion skin extract on serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-)hypertension: a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial.","authors":"Brüll V, Burak C, Stoffel-Wagner B, Wolffram S, Nickenig G, Müller C, Langguth P, Alteheld B, Fimmers R, Stehle P, Egert S","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2017","volume":"56","issue":"7","pages":"2265-2275","doi":"10.1007/s00394-016-1267-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27423432/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"70 randomized; 68 analysed","status":"partial","statusNote":"Ancillary analysis of an RCT whose outcomes are leptin/adiponectin/inflammation/safety; the only absorption data are plasma quercetin at baseline and end of period (printed in text), other flavonol metabolites 'data not shown'. Full PK detailed in a previously published paper (ref 25).","conclusion":"A supra-nutritional dose of 162 mg/d quercetin from onion skin extract for 6 weeks is safe but without significant effects on parameters of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation as well as glucose and insulin in overweight-to-obese subjects with (pre-)hypertension.","limitations":"absorption only reported as compliance marker; single pre/post concentrations, no PK parameters; other metabolites data not shown; large SD at baseline; fasting trough sampling 8-12 h after last dose"},"27431774":{"pmid":"27431774","title":"Development of quercetin-phospholipid complex to improve the bioavailability and protection effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats.","authors":"Zhang K, Zhang M, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Gu L, Hu G, Chen X, Jia J","journal":"Fitoterapia","year":"2016","volume":"113","issue":"","pages":"102-9","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2016.07.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27431774/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of quercetin vs quercetin-phospholipid complex (plus solubility); hepatoprotection results not extracted (not absorption).","conclusion":"Compared with QT, QT-PC could result an increase of Cmax and AUC which suggest the enhancement in bioavailability.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); rats only; no IV reference, no absolute bioavailability; plasma hydrolysed so total quercetin; academic formulation study; no funding statement found"},"27510982":{"pmid":"27510982","title":"Impact of quercetin‑induced changes in drug‑metabolizing enzyme and transporter expression on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in rats.","authors":"Liu Y, Luo X, Yang C, Yang T, Zhou J, Shi S","journal":"Molecular medicine reports","year":"2016","volume":"14","issue":"4","pages":"3073-85","doi":"10.3892/mmr.2016.5616","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27510982/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (specify): before-and-after (within-animal) design, day 1 CsA alone vs day 9 CsA + Que","n":"24 (Exp I); 24 (Exp II, 3 per group x 8 groups)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK study of cyclosporine A (CsA) in rats co-administered quercetin. Quercetin absorption/concentrations were not measured; quercetin's effect on CsA PK and on intestinal/hepatic enzyme and transporter expression is reported. Table II CsA values recorded for reference.","conclusion":"It was demonstrated that Que was able to reduce the bioavailability of CsA following multiple concomitant doses in rats.","limitations":"quercetin concentrations not measured; analyte is cyclosporine, not quercetin; before-and-after design (no concurrent control); n=8; units for t1/2, V/F, CL/F, Tmax not printed in Table II; Table II significance marks inconsistent with text P values"},"27515345":{"pmid":"27515345","title":"Absorption and disposition of naringenin and quercetin after simultaneous administration via intestinal perfusion in mice.","authors":"Orrego-Lagarón N, Martínez-Huélamo M, Quifer-Rada P, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Escribano-Ferrer E","journal":"Food & function","year":"2016","volume":"7","issue":"9","pages":"3880-9","doi":"10.1039/c6fo00633g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27515345/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (specify): in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion; separate groups alone vs co-administered","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion of quercetin (alone and co-administered with naringenin); naringenin rows are companion off-target analyte data from the same study.","conclusion":"The co-administration of naringenin and quercetin led to a decrease in their absorption, and an increase in phase II metabolism.","limitations":"mouse in situ perfusion, anesthetised; single time point 60 min for plasma/bile; bile pooled, no variance; n=4-6; no PK curve, no AUC; strain and sex of mice not stated"},"27555122":{"pmid":"27555122","title":"A new validated HPLC method for the determination of quercetin: Application to study pharmacokinetics in rats.","authors":"Abdelkawy KS, Balyshev ME, Elbarbry F","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2017","volume":"31","issue":"3","pages":"","doi":"10.1002/bmc.3819","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27555122/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"HPLC-UV method validation with application to rat oral PK of quercetin aglycone (single arm).","conclusion":"A simple, sensitive and accurate HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of quercetin in rat plasma. This method was also successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of QR in rats after single oral dietary dose.","limitations":"n=5, single dose level; no IV reference or bioavailability; no statement of fasting; method validation focus; no hydrolysis step so conjugated quercetin not measured; paper notes single dose strength prevents assessing linearity"},"27615118":{"pmid":"27615118","title":"Zein nanoparticles for oral delivery of quercetin: Pharmacokinetic studies and preventive anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of endotoxemia.","authors":"Penalva R, González-Navarro CJ, Gamazo C, Esparza I, Irache JM","journal":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","year":"2017","volume":"13","issue":"1","pages":"103-110","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27615118/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"36 rats (6 groups x 6, from Table 3 n=6 per group)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of quercetin formulations (iv, suspension, solution, cyclodextrin, zein nanoparticles) plus mouse endotoxemia efficacy (not extracted). PK values from Table 3.","conclusion":"Zein nanoparticles (in combination with HP-β-CD) appear to be adequate carriers for the oral delivery of quercetin.","limitations":"small n (6); rats and mice only; fasting/fed status and dosing details only in Supplementary; Fr computed against IV but labelled 'relative'; plasma quercetin: hydrolysis not mentioned in main text; academic formulation study; IV Cmax of 176 µg/mL after 25 mg/kg and large SD"},"27667265":{"pmid":"27667265","title":"Quercetin-containing self-assemble proliposome preparation and evaluation.","authors":"Ren J, Fang Z, Jiang L, Du Q","journal":"Journal of liposome research","year":"2017","volume":"27","issue":"4","pages":"335-342","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2016.1239635","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27667265/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal in situ intestinal perfusion + parallel-group oral PK, random assignment)","n":"18 rats (PK); 9 rats (in situ, 3 groups of 3)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation paper; rat in situ intestinal perfusion and oral PK of quercetin free vs liquid self-assemble proliposome (Qu-L-20%, Qu-L-26% Cremophor RH40). Also in vitro release and stability (not extracted beyond release %).","conclusion":"It can be concluded that liquid self-assemble proliposome could be a promising vehicle for oral delivery of quercetin.","limitations":"rat study, formulation paper; small n (in situ n=3, PK n=6); PK dose-time units and Vd/CL values small and not checked for dose normalisation (Vd 0.04-0.24 mL, CL 0.001-0.018 mL/h as printed); no oral solution/IV reference so absolute bioavailability not given; Cmax and t1/2 significance flags absent in Table 5; fasting status of PK rats NR"},"27756627":{"pmid":"27756627","title":"Promises of a biocompatible nanocarrier in improved brain delivery of quercetin: Biochemical, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution evidences.","authors":"Kumar P, Sharma G, Kumar R, Singh B, Malik R, Katare OP, Raza K","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2016","volume":"515","issue":"1-2","pages":"307-314","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27756627/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal parallel-group single-dose oral PK; formulation comparison)","n":"12 (3 groups of 4) for PK","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK (50 mg/kg) of plain quercetin vs quercetin SLNs vs NLCs, with brain biodistribution; also in vitro release, Caco-2 uptake (imaging), antioxidant and biochemical assays (not extracted).","conclusion":"The bioavailability of a poor bioavailable drug candidate was substantially enhanced, in general and brain availability was elevated significantly, in specific, by use of biocompatible, long circulating nanoparticles.","limitations":"rat study; small n (4 per group); no SD in Table 1 (SD only for Cmax in text); brain/organ amounts figure only; text and abstract fold-values inconsistent"},"27775094":{"pmid":"27775094","title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison between quercetin and quercetin 3-O-β-glucuronide in rats by UHPLC-MS/MS.","authors":"Yang LL, Xiao N, Li XW, Fan Y, Alolga RN, Sun XY, Wang SL, Li P, Qi LW","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2016","volume":"6","issue":"","pages":"35460","doi":"10.1038/srep35460","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27775094/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal parallel-group oral PK plus IV tissue distribution)","n":"34 rats (10 oral PK, 24 IV tissue)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of quercetin vs its metabolite quercetin 3-O-beta-glucuronide (Q3G); oral quercetin is the listed supplement, Q3G oral and IV arms are related-compound comparators.","conclusion":"We showed that Q3G is a major bioactive component in plasma and tissues after oral administration of quercetin or Q3G.","limitations":"rat study; n=5 per oral arm; units internally inconsistent (mg/L vs ng/ml vs µg/ml); tissue time points inconsistent between Methods and Results; Abstract and Results assign tissue values differently; no IV reference arm for oral bioavailability; tissue distribution figure-only except one time point"},"27794607":{"pmid":"27794607","title":"Melibiose, a Nondigestible Disaccharide, Promotes Absorption of Quercetin Glycosides in Rat Small Intestine.","authors":"Tanaka S, Shinoki A, Hara H","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2016","volume":"64","issue":"49","pages":"9335-9341","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03714","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27794607/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in situ ligated intestinal loop, parallel groups) plus in vitro mucosal homogenate hydrolysis","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin glycoside mixture (Q3GM) in rat ligated jejunal loop with/without melibiose; only one group of numeric values (total quercetin portal plasma at 60 min) is printed in text; all other results figure-only.","conclusion":"These results suggest that melibiose promotes quercetin glycoside absorption in rats by increasing glycoside hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen and that α-1,6 linkage is involved in this process.","limitations":"rat in situ ligated loop, anesthetized; most data figure-only; single instillation, high Q3GM (10 mmol/L) and melibiose (100 mmol/L) concentrations; n only in figure legends; no systemic PK parameters"},"27915007":{"pmid":"27915007","title":"Effect of the oral administration of nanoencapsulated quercetin on a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Moreno LCGEI, Puerta E, Suárez-Santiago JE, Santos-Magalhães NS, Ramirez MJ, Irache JM","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2017","volume":"517","issue":"1-2","pages":"50-57","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.061","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27915007/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal parallel-group chronic oral efficacy study with terminal brain level)","n":"NR (4 groups of 8 animals per Methods)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study in SAMP8 mice (behavior, GFAP); only absorption-related data are brain quercetin levels after 2 months of oral zein-nanoparticle quercetin (NPQ) vs quercetin solution (Q). Plasma PK is cited from a previous paper, not reported here.","conclusion":"Oral administration of quercetin-loaded in zein nanoparticles at the dose of 25 mg/kg every two days for 2 consecutive months improved the cognition and memory impairments and reduced the astrogliosis shown by SAMP8 mice.","limitations":"mouse efficacy study, not a PK study; single brain concentration, no plasma data; n for brain analysis not stated; brain sampled at different times after last dose (24 h vs 48 h); LOQ unit inconsistent (ng/g vs ng/mg)"},"27988001":{"pmid":"27988001","title":"Novel cellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions enhance quercetin solution concentrations in vitro.","authors":"Gilley AD, Arca HC, Nichols BLB, Mosquera-Giraldo LI, Taylor LS, Edgar KJ, Neilson AP","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","year":"2017","volume":"157","issue":"","pages":"86-93","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.067","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27988001/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro dissolution and solubility study of quercetin amorphous solid dispersions; no human/animal absorption. Quercetin on-target (in vitro).","conclusion":"CASub and its blends with PVP are highly effective polymers for enhancing Q solution concentration in vitro, and provide a promising opportunity for increasing Q bioaccessibility and bioavailability in vivo.","limitations":"in vitro only, no absorption measured; supersaturation not equivalent to bioavailability; AUC is dissolution AUC not plasma PK; pH 1.2 data mostly in Supplementary Table 2 (not available in PDF); n=3-4"},"28070878":{"pmid":"28070878","title":"Effects of Caffeic Acid and Quercetin on In Vitro Permeability, Metabolism and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Melatonin in Rats: Potential for Herb-Drug Interaction.","authors":"Jana S, Rastogi H","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","year":"2017","volume":"42","issue":"5","pages":"781-791","doi":"10.1007/s13318-016-0393-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28070878/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK interaction study plus in vitro assays)","n":"36 (6 groups of 6)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Study measures melatonin (and phenacetin/in vitro probes), not quercetin; quercetin is the interacting co-administered compound (CYP1A2 inhibition). Quercetin plasma levels not measured.","conclusion":"These findings suggest that caffeic acid and quercetin improved oral exposure of melatonin via CYP1A inhibition pathway.","limitations":"off-target analyte (melatonin); quercetin concentrations not measured; rat study; quercetin formulation and purity NR in vivo; several internal numerical inconsistencies"},"28135601":{"pmid":"28135601","title":"Interaction of quercetin and its metabolites with warfarin: Displacement of warfarin from serum albumin and inhibition of CYP2C9 enzyme.","authors":"Poór M, Boda G, Needs PW, Kroon PA, Lemli B, Bencsik T","journal":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie","year":"2017","volume":"88","issue":"","pages":"574-581","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.092","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28135601/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro protein binding and enzyme inhibition)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro study of quercetin and metabolites binding to human serum albumin (fluorescence quenching, warfarin displacement by fluorescence and ultrafiltration) and CYP2C9 inhibition by diclofenac assay; no absorption or PK data (no plasma, urine or tissue concentrations).","conclusion":"Quercetin metabolites are able to strongly displace warfarin from HSA suggesting that high quercetin doses can strongly interfere with warfarin therapy. On the other hand, tested flavonoids showed no or weaker inhibition of CYP2C9 compared to warfarin.","limitations":"in vitro only"},"28165426":{"pmid":"28165426","title":"Towards an Understanding of the Low Bioavailability of Quercetin: A Study of Its Interaction with Intestinal Lipids.","authors":"Rich GT, Buchweitz M, Winterbone MS, Kroon PA, Wilde PJ","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2017","volume":"9","issue":"2","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu9020111","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165426/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro study: quercetin uptake by Caco-2/TC7 cells with and without bile salt/phospholipid micelles (uptake values figure-only) and physicochemical binding/solubility data (tables). No human or animal PK.","conclusion":"These results, together with the innate properties of quercetin, contribute to an understanding of the low bioavailability of quercetin.","limitations":"in vitro model; uptake values figure-only; n and variance in cell experiments NR in text; binding measures are not absorption"},"28189992":{"pmid":"28189992","title":"Enhancement of oral bioavailability of rivastigmine with quercetin nanoparticles by inhibiting CYP3A4 and esterases.","authors":"Palle S, Neerati P","journal":"Pharmacological reports : PR","year":"2017","volume":"69","issue":"2","pages":"365-370","doi":"10.1016/j.pharep.2016.12.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28189992/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK interaction study plus in vitro assays)","n":"18","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Study measures rivastigmine PK (and in vitro esterase/CYP3A activity), not quercetin; quercetin and quercetin nanoparticles are co-administered interacting agents.","conclusion":"The results revealed that enhanced bioavailability of rivastigmine might be caused by the combination of their effects due to CYP3A and esterase inhibition, Therefore, concomitant administration of NQC influences the bioavailability of rivastigmine.","limitations":"off-target analyte (rivastigmine); quercetin concentrations not measured; rat study; significance flags in Table 1 inconsistent with text for quercetin CL/F and Vd/F; in vitro values figure-only"},"28373891":{"pmid":"28373891","title":"Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Quercetin, Luteolin, and Apigenin in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Matricaria chamomilla L. Extract by HPLC-UV.","authors":"Dong X, Lan W, Yin X, Yang C, Wang W, Ni J","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2017","volume":"2017","issue":"","pages":"8370584","doi":"10.1155/2017/8370584","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373891/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin measured in rat plasma after oral Matricaria chamomilla extract (not pure quercetin supplement); luteolin and apigenin also measured. Quercetin is on-target analyte.","conclusion":"The method has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin in rats after oral administration of M. chamomilla extract. The pharmacokinetic results would be a suitable reference in clinical application of M. chamomilla.","limitations":"rat study with plant extract, not isolated quercetin; single arm, n=6; no absolute bioavailability or fraction absorbed; dose of quercetin small (8.51 mg/kg), Cmax near LLOQ 0.11 µg/ml; Conjugates/hydrolysis not mentioned (free aglycone assumed); fasting status NR"},"28374530":{"pmid":"28374530","title":"Binding of fluphenazine with human serum albumin in the presence of rutin and quercetin: An evaluation of food-drug interaction by spectroscopic techniques.","authors":"Jing JJ, Liu B, Wang X, Wang X, He LL, Guo XY, Xu ML, Li QY, Gao B, Dong BY","journal":"Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence","year":"2017","volume":"32","issue":"6","pages":"1056-1065","doi":"10.1002/bio.3291","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28374530/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro spectroscopic study of fluphenazine binding to human serum albumin in the presence of quercetin or rutin as competitors (association constants, binding distances, HSA conformation). No absorption or pharmacokinetic data for quercetin/rutin; no bioavailability measured.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"28377278":{"pmid":"28377278","title":"Factors modulating bioavailability of quercetin-related flavonoids and the consequences of their vascular function.","authors":"Terao J","journal":"Biochemical pharmacology","year":"2017","volume":"139","issue":"","pages":"15-23","doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28377278/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Biochemical Pharmacology, Review section) on factors modulating quercetin bioavailability and vascular function; no original data.","conclusion":"The relationship between the bioavailability and bio-efficacy should be clarified, to evaluate the vascular function of a wide variety of dietary flavonoids.","limitations":""},"28604104":{"pmid":"28604104","title":"Intranasal delivery of quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion for treatment of cerebral ischaemia.","authors":"Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Naqvi AA, Alam MA, Ashafaq M, Abdur Rub R, Ahmad FJ","journal":"Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology","year":"2018","volume":"46","issue":"4","pages":"717-729","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2017.1337024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28604104/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"21 (PK/biodistribution, per Methods)","status":"complete","statusNote":"RETRACTED ARTICLE (title and every page watermarked 'RETRACTED'; PubMed publication type Retracted Publication). Data extracted as printed; use with caution.","conclusion":"Enhanced brain bioavailability at low dose i.n. QMNE, for the effective treatment of cerebral ischaemia was established in this study.","limitations":"retracted article; n inconsistency (n=6 in Table 4 vs 21 animals / n=3 in Methods); dose in mg/kg elemental/active; brain/lung units (ng/g) vs plasma (ng/mL) combined in one printed unit; Table 4 units are mangled in the paper itself (Cmax in 'ng/mL g', AUC in 'ng min/mL g'), Tmax has no unit; figure-only concentration-time profile; Abstract and Table 5 disagree on DTP SEM"},"28753942":{"pmid":"28753942","title":"Quercetin and Green Tea Extract Supplementation Downregulates Genes Related to Tissue Inflammatory Responses to a 12-Week High Fat-Diet in Mice.","authors":"Cialdella-Kam L, Ghosh S, Meaney MP, Knab AM, Shanely RA, Nieman DC","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2017","volume":"9","issue":"7","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu9070773","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28753942/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"40","status":"partial","statusNote":"Efficacy/gene-expression study in HFD-fed mice; the only absorption-related data are pooled plasma quercetin at 16 weeks (figure-only, Fig. 2) with text/caption fold-increase statements and a discussion of possible EGCG interference with quercetin absorption.","conclusion":"Supplementation with EQ for four weeks in mice fed a high fat diet for 12 weeks was associated with tissue gene expression changes suggestive of reduced inflammation and diminished leukocyte cell trafficking.","limitations":"plasma quercetin pooled per group (no variance); values figure-only; no PK profile, single terminal sample; text and caption fold/percent increases disagree; industry funded (Quercegen); mouse study; unconjugated vs total quercetin not specified; timing of sample relative to last dose NR"},"28847395":{"pmid":"28847395","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin in humans and the influence of food matrix comparing quercetin capsules and different apple sources.","authors":"Petersen B, Egert S, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ, Wolffram S, Hubbermann EM, Rimbach G, Schwarz K","journal":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","year":"2016","volume":"88","issue":"Pt A","pages":"159-165","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2016.02.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28847395/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The present work indicated an equal increase in quercetin and total flavonol plasma concentrations, after administration of apple glycosides containing vacuum impregnated apple chip snacks, apple peel extract capsules or apple peel.","limitations":"n = 6 women, pilot study; high inter-individual variability; low dose (71 µmol, ~22 mg); dose basis expressed as quercetin equivalents; baseline-corrected values; baseline 20-130 nmol/L; dihydrate capsule co-ingested with fibre-rich quercetin-free apple chips"},"28852397":{"pmid":"28852397","title":"Neuroprotective potential of Quercetin in combination with piperine against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity.","authors":"Singh S, Jamwal S, Kumar P","journal":"Neural regeneration research","year":"2017","volume":"12","issue":"7","pages":"1137-1144","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.211194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28852397/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study of quercetin (25 and 50 mg/kg i.g.) with or without piperine (2.5 mg/kg i.g.) in MPTP-treated rats (behavior, oxidative stress, cytokines, striatal neurotransmitters). No quercetin concentration, PK or absorption parameter was measured; piperine's bioavailability-enhancing effect is only asserted.","conclusion":"The present findings confirmed the neuroprotective effect of combined administration of QC and piperine against MPTP-induced motor deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory and neurotransmitter alterations.","limitations":""},"28990837":{"pmid":"28990837","title":"Quercetin nanoparticles alter pharmacokinetics of bromocriptine, reflecting its enhanced inhibitory action on liver and intestinal CYP 3A enzymes in rats.","authors":"Palle S, Neerati P","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","year":"2018","volume":"48","issue":"10","pages":"1028-1036","doi":"10.1080/00498254.2017.1390277","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28990837/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 (3 groups x 6 for in vivo PK; separate groups for sac study)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin/quercetin nanoparticle (NQC) used as CYP3A-inhibiting pretreatment; the in vivo PK analyte is bromocriptine (off-target). The only quercetin absorption-related data are in vitro dissolution (Fig. 2 and text). Plasma quercetin was not measured.","conclusion":"The results of the present study suggest that repeated dosing of NQC for 10 days might be result in saturation of metabolism, leading to higher plasma levels of quercetin that could inhibit the CYP3A enzyme and enhanced the bioavailability of BRO.","limitations":"plasma quercetin not measured; authors' inference of higher quercetin plasma levels is untested; in vivo PK analyte is bromocriptine (off-target); rat study; dissolution profile figure-only; n per group 6"},"28991533":{"pmid":"28991533","title":"An UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, bilobalide and ligustrazine in rat plasma, and its application to pharmacokinetic study of Xingxiong injection.","authors":"Dou LL, Duan L, Guo L, Liu LL, Zhang YD, Li P, Liu EH","journal":"Chinese journal of natural medicines","year":"2017","volume":"15","issue":"9","pages":"710-720","doi":"10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30101-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28991533/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18","status":"partial","statusNote":"Intravenous PK of Xingxiong injection (Ginkgo biloba extract + ligustrazine) in rats. Only quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin, a glycoside form of quercetin) is on-target; kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, bilobalide and ligustrazine also reported in Table 6 and were not extracted. IV route, no oral absorption data.","conclusion":"The results obtained from the present study demonstrated that all the compounds owned dose-dependent pharmacokinetic properties after intravenous administration at different doses.","limitations":"intravenous only; no oral absorption; QCR dose not stated (dose given as LGT and EGB); n = 6 rats; only rutin glycoside measured, not quercetin aglycone/conjugates; Cmax and AUC printed in different concentration units"},"29153998":{"pmid":"29153998","title":"Determination of isoquercitrin in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a novel synergistic cloud point extraction.","authors":"Zhou J, Sun JB, Wang QF","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2018","volume":"1072","issue":"","pages":"136-141","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29153998/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Primarily an analytical-method paper (synergistic cloud point extraction HPLC) with a small rat PK application of isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-glucoside), IV vs oral.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic results showed that ISO in oral preparations with appropriate dose might act no less quickly and effectively than the intravenous ones.","limitations":"method-development paper; PK is a small application; IV and oral doses differ (10 vs 20 mg/kg); bioavailability calculation not described; n = 6, rats; no isoquercitrin dose-proportionality or metabolite data; dose basis compound (not quercetin equivalents)"},"29168292":{"pmid":"29168292","title":"Evaluation of the effect of quercetin treatment on CYP2C9 enzyme activity of diclofenac in healthy human volunteers.","authors":"Bedada SK, Neerati P","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2018","volume":"32","issue":"2","pages":"305-311","doi":"10.1002/ptr.5978","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168292/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label, 2-period, single-sequence (control then quercetin phase)","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analytes are diclofenac and 4-hydroxydiclofenac; quercetin (500 mg bid x10 d) is the interacting agent and quercetin concentrations were not measured.","conclusion":"The results suggest that the altered pharmacokinetics of DIC might be attributed to quercetin mediated inhibition of CYP2C9 enzyme. Thus, there is a potential pharmacokinetic interaction present between quercetin and DIC.","limitations":"single sequence, non-randomized, open-label; 12 healthy males only; quercetin absorption/plasma levels not measured; short (10-day) quercetin treatment"},"29168878":{"pmid":"29168878","title":"Quercetin and fisetin enhanced the small intestine cellular uptake and plasma levels of epi-catechins in in vitro and in vivo models.","authors":"Chung JO , Lee SB , Jeong KH , Song JH , Kim SK , Joo KM , Jeong HW , Choi JK , Kim JK , Kim WG , Shin SS , Shim SM","journal":"Food & function","year":"2018","volume":"9","issue":"1","pages":"234-242","doi":"10.1039/c7fo01576c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168878/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro Caco-2 transport + parallel-group rat PK)","n":"15 rats (3 groups)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption analytes are green-tea epi-catechins (EGCG in vivo; EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG in Caco-2). Quercetin (and fisetin) is a co-administered enhancer; quercetin itself was not quantified (methylated quercetin identified qualitatively by MS only).","conclusion":"In summary, we demonstrated that the intestinal transport of major epi-catechins by the human intestinal Caco-2 cells was enhanced by adding quercetin, fisetin, or a mixture of quercetin and fisetin. [...] The analysis of methylated metabolites in the basal media shows that quercetin and fisetin were, to a certain extent, methylated.","limitations":"small n (5 rats per group); quercetin plasma levels not measured; Caco-2 transport values are % of control; most reported in figures; text/abstract values for Caco-2 only partially given"},"29169211":{"pmid":"29169211","title":"Simultaneous determination of kaempferol, quercetin, mangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorpheniramine maleate in rat plasma after oral administration of Mang-Guo-Zhi-Ke tablets by UHPLC-MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Xu W, Deng J, Qian Y, Hou XT, Zhu Z, Zhao M, Shang E, Qian D, Zeng H, Pang H, Duan J","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2018","volume":"32","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.1002/bmc.4155","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29169211/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin is one of six analytes measured after oral Mang-Guo-Zhi-Ke tablets (mango leaf extract + chlorpheniramine) in rats; quercetin is a minor constituent (12.51 μg per tablet). Only quercetin rows extracted; kaempferol, mangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorpheniramine PK not extracted (Table 6).","conclusion":"A new reliable method using UHPLC-MS/MS was successfully applied to the simultaneous quantification of mangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorpheniramine maleate, kaempferol and quercetin. [...] The pharmacokinetic information for the six components in MGZKTs might be a valuable reference for the clinical administration of MGZKTs.","limitations":"n = 6 rats, single dose, no comparator; quercetin dose actually administered not stated; plasma measured as free aglycone only; no hydrolysis step described; multi-component herbal tablet matrix; rodent"},"29180863":{"pmid":"29180863","title":"Paclitaxel and quercetin nanoparticles co-loaded in microspheres to prolong retention time for pulmonary drug delivery.","authors":"Liu K, Chen W, Yang T, Wen B, Ding D, Keidar M, Tang J, Zhang W","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2017","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"8239-8255","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S147028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29180863/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (animal PK) + in vitro release","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin given IV and intratracheally (PMs) in rats, plus in vitro release; co-delivered with paclitaxel (PTX). Only quercetin rows extracted; PTX parameters (Table 3, tissue levels) not extracted.","conclusion":"The in vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies suggested that PMs exhibit prolonged circulation time and a markedly high accumulation in the lung. The obtained results indicate that PMs can serve as a promising pulmonary delivery system for combined pharmacotherapy using hydrophobic anticancer drugs.","limitations":"IV and intratracheal routes only (not oral); no statistics/variance in Table 3; anesthetized rats; tissue QUE concentrations figure-only; quercetin units in Table 3 unusual (mg/L; CL_F mg/mg-1⋅L-1/h); text and Fig. 6 plot in μg/mL"},"29234675":{"pmid":"29234675","title":"Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin-Loaded Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactic acid) Micelle after Oral Administration in Rats.","authors":"Lv L, Liu C, Li Z, Song F, Li G, Huang X","journal":"BioMed research international","year":"2017","volume":"2017","issue":"","pages":"1750895","doi":"10.1155/2017/1750895","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29234675/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oral PK in rats of quercetin-loaded MPEG-b-PLLA micelle versus aqueous suspension; plus in vitro release.","conclusion":"It can be concluded that MPEG-b-PLLA could be a promising carrier for the oral delivery of QUT.","limitations":"rat, n = 6 per group; one-tailed t-test; aglycone only measured; conjugated metabolites not reported; no IV reference, so absolute bioavailability not determined; relative bioavailability stated only as '9-fold'"},"29327653":{"pmid":"29327653","title":"Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of quercetin-loaded mixed micelles for oral delivery.","authors":"Lu Z, Bu C, Hu W, Zhang H, Liu M, Lu M, Zhai G","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2018","volume":"82","issue":"2","pages":"238-246","doi":"10.1080/09168451.2017.1419852","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29327653/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oral PK in rats of quercetin ST/P123 mixed micelles versus suspension, plus in vitro release in SGF/SIF.","conclusion":"The results indicate that QT-loaded ST/P123 mixed micelles could be a potential nanoformulation to enhance the solubility and oral bioavailability of QT.","limitations":"rat, n = 5 per group; statistical test only described as Student's t-test; p given for Fig. 6; plasma analyzed as total (hydrolyzed) quercetin only; Methods give QT suspension 40 mg in 10 mL; dose 80 mg/kg stated for both groups; relative bioavailability not stated as such"},"29535328":{"pmid":"29535328","title":"Use of quercetin in animal feed: effects on the P-gp expression and pharmacokinetics of orally administrated enrofloxacin in chicken.","authors":"Bhutto ZA, He F, Zloh M, Yang J, Huang J, Guo T, Wang L","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2018","volume":"8","issue":"1","pages":"4400","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-22354-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29535328/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chicken; also Caco-2 in vitro)","design":"parallel groups (3 groups per experiment)","n":"15 (enrofloxacin PK); 18 (Rho123 perfusion)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analytes are enrofloxacin (plasma PK) and rhodamine 123 (jejunal perfusion); quercetin (15 or 60 mg/kg orally for 5 days) is the P-gp-modulating pretreatment and its own concentrations were not measured. Also Mdr1 mRNA/P-gp expression (not PK) data not extracted.","conclusion":"These presented findings have strong implication that quercetin contained in animal feed may have an effect on the bioavailability of numerous xenobiotics including antimicrobials, which are P-gp substrates, via overexpression of Mdr1 and efflux by P-gp.","limitations":"analyte is enrofloxacin not quercetin; n = 5 per group; P-gp protein not measured in chickens; quercetin plasma levels not measured"},"29552082":{"pmid":"29552082","title":"Simultaneous Quantification of Gallic Acid, Bergenin, Epicatechin, Epicatechin Gallate, Isoquercitrin, and Quercetin-3-Rhamnoside in Rat Plasma by LC-MS/MS Method and Its Application to Pharmacokinetics after Oral Administration of Ardisia japonica Extract.","authors":"Yu XA, Teye Azietaku J, Li J, Wang H, Zheng F, Hao J, Chang YX","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2018","volume":"2018","issue":"","pages":"4964291","doi":"10.1155/2018/4964291","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552082/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"10","status":"partial","statusNote":"Plasma PK reported only for quercetin-3-rhamnoside (a quercetin glycoside), gallic acid and bergenin after oral Ardisia japonica extract in rats; only quercetin-3-rhamnoside extracted. Isoquercitrin was quantifiable by the assay but no plasma PK is reported for it.","conclusion":"The validated method was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of gallic acid, bergenin, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside in rat plasma after oral administration of Ardisia japonica extract to rats.","limitations":"n = 10 single-arm herbal extract study; quercetin-3-rhamnoside plasma concentrations very low with SD > mean (Cmax 7.08 ± 8.28 ng/mL); isoquercitrin not reported in plasma; no aglycone or conjugate quantification; only a glycoside of quercetin measured"},"29594477":{"pmid":"29594477","title":"Quercetin inhibits intestinal non-haem iron absorption by regulating iron metabolism genes in the tissues.","authors":"Lesjak M, Balesaria S, Skinner V, Debnam ES, Srai SKS","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2019","volume":"58","issue":"2","pages":"743-753","doi":"10.1007/s00394-018-1680-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29594477/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel groups (quercetin vs DMSO control), several regimens","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primary outcome is non-haem iron absorption (off-target analyte); quercetin serum concentrations (IP routes only; not detected after long-term oral) are the only quercetin PK data. Iron values from text included for context.","conclusion":"Oral quercetin significantly inhibited iron absorption, while IP quercetin significantly affected iron-related genes.","limitations":"analyte of main interest is iron, not quercetin; n = 5 per group; quercetin serum levels not detected after oral dosing (assay LOD not stated); high dose (50 mg/kg) in iron-depleted rats; IP route is not an absorption route"},"29621523":{"pmid":"29621523","title":"Effects of quercetin on heart nitric oxide metabolism in l-NAME treated rats.","authors":"Calabró V, Litterio MC, Fraga CG, Galleano M, Piotrkowski B","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","year":"2018","volume":"647","issue":"","pages":"47-53","doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.041","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29621523/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel, 4 groups (control, quercetin, L-NAME, L-NAME + quercetin)","n":"32 (8 per group)","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study of dietary quercetin (4 g/kg diet, 4 days) on heart NO metabolism, NOX, SOD/GPx/CAT and blood pressure in L-NAME-treated rats. No quercetin absorption, plasma/tissue concentration or PK data reported.","conclusion":"In summary, this study shows that L-NAME leads to changes in oxidant production and NO bioavailability that can be prevented by quercetin administration.","limitations":"no quercetin concentration or absorption data"},"29759252":{"pmid":"29759252","title":"Simultaneous determination of quercetin and its metabolites in rat plasma by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Pilařová V, Plachká K, Chrenková L, Najmanová I, Mladěnka P, Švec F, Novák O, Nováková L","journal":"Talanta","year":"2018","volume":"185","issue":"","pages":"71-79","doi":"10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29759252/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Bioanalytical UHPLC-MS/MS method development and validation for quercetin and metabolites in rat plasma. No PK/absorption values in the main text; application to PK samples is shown only in supplementary figures (SM Fig. 4), not in the PDF.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"29914151":{"pmid":"29914151","title":"Quercetin Lowers Plasma Triglycerides Accompanied by White Adipose Tissue Browning in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.","authors":"Kuipers EN, Dam ADV, Held NM, Mol IM, Houtkooper RH, Rensen PCN, Boon MR","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2018","volume":"19","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms19061786","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29914151/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mouse pharmacology study of dietary quercetin (0.1% w/w in high-fat diet, 12 wk) on plasma triglycerides and adipose browning. Measures intestinal fatty acid absorption, not quercetin absorption; no quercetin concentrations or PK parameters reported.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"30015887":{"pmid":"30015887","title":"Quercetin‑3‑O‑β‑D‑glucoside decreases the bioavailability of cyclosporin A through regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters and nuclear receptors in rats.","authors":"Yang T, Liu Y, Huang X, Zhang R, Yang C, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wan J, Shi S","journal":"Molecular medicine reports","year":"2018","volume":"18","issue":"3","pages":"2599-2612","doi":"10.3892/mmr.2018.9249","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30015887/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat drug-interaction study)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured analyte is cyclosporin A (CsA) in rat blood, not quercetin or Q3GA; quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (Q3GA) was only given i.v. as a pretreatment (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg for 7 days) to study its effect on CsA PK and on drug-metabolizing enzyme/transporter expression. No Q3GA concentrations or PK reported.","conclusion":"The present study identified a novel flavonoid-drug interaction, which may have implications for patients taking CsA and quercetin supplements or on a quercetin-containing diet.","limitations":"off-target analyte (CsA, not quercetin); Q3GA given i.v., not oral; rat study, small n"},"30032709":{"pmid":"30032709","title":"Influence of long-term feeding of high-fat diet on quercetin and fat absorption from the small intestine in lymph duct-cannulated rats.","authors":"Makino R, Takano K, Kita K, Nishimukai M","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2018","volume":"82","issue":"11","pages":"2007-2011","doi":"10.1080/09168451.2018.1498726","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30032709/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group rat lymph-cannulation study, 2 diets x 3 test emulsions)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin lymphatic output reported only in figures (Fig. 2); no numeric values in text or tables.","conclusion":"In conclusion, moderate lipid intake might be beneficial for intestinal quercetin absorption and might increase the bioavailability of quercetin.","limitations":"values figure-only; rat lymph only (portal vein absorption not measured); single intraduodenal bolus in conscious lymph-cannulated model; dose basis is compound (Q3G); SEM only, n=6"},"30062709":{"pmid":"30062709","title":"The effects of quercetin supplementation on metabolic and hormonal parameters as well as plasma concentration and gene expression of resistin in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","authors":"Khorshidi M, Moini A, Alipoor E, Rezvan N, Gorgani-Firuzjaee S, Yaseri M, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2018","volume":"32","issue":"11","pages":"2282-2289","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6166","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30062709/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Randomized placebo-controlled efficacy trial of quercetin 1,000 mg/day for 12 weeks in overweight/obese women with PCOS (resistin, hormones, glucose). Plasma/blood quercetin was not measured; authors list this as a limitation.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"30207714":{"pmid":"30207714","title":"Bioavailability of Quercetin from Onion Extracts after Intraruminal Application in Cows.","authors":"Wein S, Beyer B, Zimmermann BF, Blank RH, Wolffram S","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2018","volume":"66","issue":"39","pages":"10188-10192","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03049","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207714/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (cow, ruminally fistulated, non-lactating)","design":"randomized crossover","n":"3","status":"partial","statusNote":"AUC and concentration-time data are figure-only (Fig. 1); Cmax and Tmax in Table 2.","conclusion":"From the present study, we conclude that, in cows, the bioavailability of quercetin following intraruminal administration is highest from the OB extract, followed by rutin. The bioavailablility after the application of equimolar amounts of quercetin as either an OS extract (containing quercetin aglycone) or quercetin aglycone, however, is much lower compared to the sources mentioned above.","limitations":"n=3 cows; ruminant model (not directly applicable to humans); AUC figure-only; SEM reported, no SD"},"30215253":{"pmid":"30215253","title":"CuS@MOF-Based Well-Designed Quercetin Delivery System for Chemo-Photothermal Therapy.","authors":"Jiang W, Zhang H, Wu J, Zhai G, Li Z, Luan Y, Garg S","journal":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","year":"2018","volume":"10","issue":"40","pages":"34513-34523","doi":"10.1021/acsami.8b13487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30215253/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (formulation development with in vitro and mouse tumor-model experiments)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Nanocarrier (CuS@ZIF-8 MOF) quercetin delivery system for chemo-photothermal cancer therapy; no plasma/tissue quercetin PK. Only in vitro release %, drug loading and chemical stability recorded; cellular uptake and in vivo biodistribution used the dye IR820 as a vehicle label (not quercetin) and are not extracted.","conclusion":"Consequently, our designed pH-resposive and tumor-targeted drug delivery system successfully solves the drawback of quercetin, which offers a promising nanoplatform for the application of quercetin in cancer therapy.","limitations":"no quercetin PK or absorption measured in vivo; in vivo biodistribution and cellular uptake used IR820 label rather than quercetin; release/stability values partly printed as 'about'; formulation/nanocarrier study, not oral absorption"},"30253803":{"pmid":"30253803","title":"Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance bioavailability of quercetin in the intact rat brain.","authors":"Enteshari Najafabadi R, Kazemipour N, Esmaeili A, Beheshti S, Nazifi S","journal":"BMC pharmacology & toxicology","year":"2018","volume":"19","issue":"1","pages":"59","doi":"10.1186/s40360-018-0249-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30253803/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"42","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The plasma concentrations of QT in rats treated with QT- SPIONs were higher than those of free quercetin. Therefore, it can be concluded that SPIONs coated with dextran enhance delivery of the poorly water soluble quercetin to the brain.","limitations":"only one week; only two doses; no sex comparison; quercetin measured only in plasma and brain; text and abstract inconsistent on plasma Cmax direction; brain concentration units inconsistent (µg/ml in text, mg/ml on Fig. 5 axis); unconjugated quercetin metabolites not measured (HPLC-UV, no deconjugation reported)"},"30322273":{"pmid":"30322273","title":"Design, optimization, characterization and in-vivo evaluation of Quercetin enveloped Soluplus®/P407 micelles in diabetes treatment.","authors":"Singh J, Mittal P, Vasant Bonde G, Ajmal G, Mishra B","journal":"Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology","year":"2018","volume":"46","issue":"sup3","pages":"S546-S555","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2018.1501379","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322273/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed improved pharmacokinetic parameters, wherein the relative bioavailability of optimized Qu-SMs was found to be 1676%, when compared to pure drug suspension.","limitations":"no variance on Table 3 PK parameters; AUC units not printed; small n (6 per arm); unconjugated vs total quercetin measurement not specified; HPLC details only in supplement"},"30328058":{"pmid":"30328058","title":"Improved Oral Absorption of Quercetin from Quercetin Phytosome®, a New Delivery System Based on Food Grade Lecithin.","authors":"Riva A, Ronchi M, Petrangolini G, Bosisio S, Allegrini P","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","year":"2019","volume":"44","issue":"2","pages":"169-177","doi":"10.1007/s13318-018-0517-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30328058/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, a new safe formulation of quercetin, Quercetin Phytosome, was successfully developed and validated in human healthy volunteers. The application of this new quercetin formulation overcomes the low bioavailability hurdle of quercetin.","limitations":"industry funded (Indena employees); n=12; fasting state only; free vs total quercetin not specified for Table 2/Fig. 2; unformulated quercetin Cmax near assay-quantified lowest levels; dose basis of Phytosome (product vs quercetin content) differs from unformulated arm"},"30344649":{"pmid":"30344649","title":"Comparative bio-accessibility, bioavailability and bioequivalence of quercetin, apigenin, glucoraphanin and carotenoids from freeze-dried vegetables incorporated into a baked snack versus minimally processed vegetables: Evidence from in vitro models and a human bioavailability study.","authors":"Perez-Moral N, Saha S, Philo M, Hart DJ, Winterbone MS, Hollands WJ, Spurr M, Bows J, van der Velpen V, Kroon PA, Curtis PJ","journal":"Journal of functional foods","year":"2018","volume":"48","issue":"","pages":"410-419","doi":"10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.035","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30344649/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (un-blinded) human study, plus in vitro digestion and Caco-2 experiments","n":"21 randomised; 19 completed per protocol","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin extracted (plus its metabolites incl. isorhamnetin). Paper also covers apigenin, glucoraphanin/sulforaphane and carotenoids (other compounds, not extracted, except as noted). Study includes in vitro digestion, Caco-2 and a human crossover.","conclusion":"We have shown that significant quantities of freeze-dried vegetables can be incorporated into snacks with good retention of phytochemicals and with similar bioavailability to equivalent steamed vegetables.","limitations":"small n (19 per protocol); study population 86% female; industry co-funded (PepsiCo), patent application; serum flavonoids below LOD so only 24 h urinary data; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated for Table 4; in vitro digestion n/replicates limited (duplicates); dose basis for quercetin not clearly stated"},"30396404":{"pmid":"30396404","title":"High-efficiency enzymatic production of α-isoquercitrin glucosides by amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis.","authors":"Rha CS, Choi JM, Jung YS, Kim ER, Ko MJ, Seo DH, Kim DO, Park CS","journal":"Enzyme and microbial technology","year":"2019","volume":"120","issue":"","pages":"84-90","doi":"10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.10.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30396404/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Enzymatic biosynthesis study: production of isoquercitrin glucosides (EMIQ) by amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis versus CGTases, with HPLC/LC-MS bioconversion yields. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data were measured; bioavailability statements are literature citations only.","conclusion":"Taken together, these results suggest that ASase can be used to synthesize EMIQ in a simple and specific process.","limitations":""},"30398646":{"pmid":"30398646","title":"Quercetin, but Not Epicatechin, Decreases Plasma Concentrations of Methylglyoxal in Adults in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial with Pure Flavonoids.","authors":"Van den Eynde MDG, Geleijnse JM, Scheijen JLJM, Hanssen NMJ, Dower JI, Afman LA, Stehouwer CDA, Hollman PCH, Schalkwijk CG","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2018","volume":"148","issue":"12","pages":"1911-1916","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxy236","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30398646/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Randomized crossover efficacy (post hoc) trial of quercetin 3-glucoside 160 mg/d and epicatechin 100 mg/d for 4 wk on plasma methylglyoxal, glyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone and AGEs. No quercetin plasma concentrations or PK parameters measured in this paper; the ~2000 nmol/L plasma value and 17 h half-life are quoted from a previous study (Dower et al.) in the Discussion.","conclusion":"In apparently healthy (pre)hypertensive men and women, quercetin but not epicatechin decreased plasma MGO concentrations.","limitations":""},"30518853":{"pmid":"30518853","title":"Lecithin-Stabilized Polymeric Micelles (L(sb)PMs) for Delivering Quercetin: Pharmacokinetic Studies and Therapeutic Effects of Quercetin Alone and in Combination with Doxorubicin.","authors":"Chang CE, Hsieh CM, Huang SC, Su CY, Sheu MT, Ho HO","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2018","volume":"8","issue":"1","pages":"17640","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-36162-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30518853/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (separate groups by route and formulation)","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK study (IV and oral) of quercetin free vs lecithin-stabilized polymeric micelles; also in vitro release, cytotoxicity and tumour studies (not extracted). Species is rat although list says human.","conclusion":"In a pharmacokinetics study, compared to free QUE, intravenous and oral administration of QUE-loaded LsbPMs was able to enhance the extents of relative bioavailability to 158% and 360%, respectively, and the absolute bioavailability to 5.13%.","limitations":"rat study, not human; n = 5 per group; no p-values for PK comparisons reported; large SDs; single oral dose level; concentration-time profiles in supplementary figure only; formulation contains TPGS (P-gp inhibitor), vehicle for free QUE contained ethanol/Tween 80"},"30610857":{"pmid":"30610857","title":"Codelivery of Adriamycin and P-gp Inhibitor Quercetin Using PEGylated Liposomes to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance.","authors":"Yu J, Chen H, Jiang L, Wang J, Dai J, Wang J","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2019","volume":"108","issue":"5","pages":"1788-1799","doi":"10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30610857/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 groups)","n":"40","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat IV PK of quercetin co-delivered with doxorubicin (adriamycin) in liposomes. Quercetin PK tabulated only for groups D and E (Table 2). Doxorubicin PK (Table 1), tissue distribution, toxicity, cytotoxicity and tumour efficacy are other analytes/outcomes and were not extracted. Quercetin plasma data for groups B (solution) not tabulated.","conclusion":"this kind of drug delivery system can significantly enhance the bioavailability and extend the half-life time of both QUE and AMD.","limitations":"IV administration only; no oral absorption; rat study; quercetin PK tabulated for 2 groups only; no comparison to free IV quercetin alone in tables; n inconsistencies (40 rats/5 groups vs n = 6 in tables); units/typesetting errors in text layer (mg/mL vs µg/mL)"},"30704023":{"pmid":"30704023","title":"Study of Interactions between Amlodipine and Quercetin on Human Serum Albumin: Spectroscopic and Modeling Approaches.","authors":"Vaneková Z, Hubčík L, Toca-Herrera JL, Furtműller PG, Valentová J, Mučaji P, Nagy M","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2019","volume":"24","issue":"3","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules24030487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30704023/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro biophysical study (fluorescence, circular dichroism, FT-IR, molecular docking) of amlodipine and quercetin binding to human serum albumin (Sudlow's Site 1). No absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements in vivo or in cell models; plasma protein binding/displacement only.","conclusion":"The obtained results provide useful information about possible pharmacokinetic interactions upon simultaneous co-administration of the food/dietary supplement and the antihypertensive drug.","limitations":""},"30804434":{"pmid":"30804434","title":"Quercetin and its metabolite isorhamnetin promote glucose uptake through different signalling pathways in myotubes.","authors":"Jiang H, Yamashita Y, Nakamura A, Croft K, Ashida H","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2019","volume":"9","issue":"1","pages":"2690","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-38711-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30804434/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (dose groups vs vehicle)","n":"20","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mainly an in vitro mechanism study (L6 myotube glucose uptake/GLUT4 signalling by quercetin and isorhamnetin). Absorption data are limited to one mouse experiment of plasma quercetin/isorhamnetin 90 min after oral enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ); in vitro cell data not absorption.","conclusion":"In conclusion, our findings highlight the protective effects of quercetin and isorhamnetin at a physiological concentration range on glucose uptake in muscle cells.","limitations":"single time point (90 min); mouse data only; n = 5 per group; oral dose given as EMIQ rather than quercetin; ± type not stated in Table 1; absorption secondary to cell-signalling aims"},"30827656":{"pmid":"30827656","title":"In vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of quercetin from the quercetin-fortified bread products with reduced glycemic potential.","authors":"Lin J, Teo LM, Leong LP, Zhou W","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2019","volume":"286","issue":"","pages":"629-635","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.199","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30827656/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro static digestion with dialysis)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro (static digestion with dialysis) study of quercetin-fortified bread; bioaccessibility/bioavailability are in vitro models. Starch digestion/GI results (Tables 1, 2) not extracted. The abstract mentions quercetin supplement comparison, but the supplement comparator is represented by control bread spiked with quercetin (matched 3%).","conclusion":"Both baked and steamed bread were proven to be promising food carriers for delivering quercetin more efficiently compared to the pure quercetin supplement.","limitations":"in vitro model only, no human data; static digestion may underestimate bioaccessibility due to saturation; bioavailability = dialysate fraction (passive diffusion only); superscript typo in Table 3; mg values depend on fortification and stated per 50 g fresh bread"},"30941276":{"pmid":"30941276","title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison of quercetin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide in rats by HPLC-MS.","authors":"Yin H, Ma J, Han J, Li M, Shang J","journal":"PeerJ","year":"2019","volume":"7","issue":"","pages":"e6665","doi":"10.7717/peerj.6665","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30941276/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three dose groups)","n":"15","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of quercetin, isoquercitrin and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide, each dosed separately; analytes measured in each dose group. Note abstract vs Table 2 inconsistency for QG AUC in the Qr group.","conclusion":"Quercetin, IQ, and QG can all be absorbed into plasma. A mutual transformation exists between Qr and QG, and IQ can be metabolized into Qr and QG in SD rats.","limitations":"rat study; n = 5 per group; large inter-individual variability; IQ AUC assessable only to 90-120 min; dose in mg/kg of different compounds, not molar or quercetin equivalent; no IV reference, so no bioavailability; free versus conjugated quercetin not distinguished (no deconjugation described); profiles each from different rats"},"30976186":{"pmid":"30976186","title":"Physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, and histological evaluation of new naproxen-quercetin co-lyophilizate to diminish drug-induced gastric irritations in rats.","authors":"Ibrahim MA, Shazly GA, Elossaily GM, Ezzeldin E, Aleanizy FS","journal":"Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society","year":"2019","volume":"27","issue":"3","pages":"413-421","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2019.01.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30976186/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat pharmacokinetics of naproxen (NPX) after oral NPX vs NPX-quercetin 1:2 co-lyophilizate (Table 2, Fig. 8). Quercetin is a co-formulated excipient/gastroprotective agent; quercetin plasma concentrations were not measured. Also dissolution of NPX (DE30, RDR30) and gastric histology. No quercetin absorption/PK data; naproxen data not extracted.","conclusion":"NPX-QUE 1: 2 co-lyophilizate could be an alternative to NPX in the treatment of arthritis as it minimizes the potential for gastric irritation and enhances safety while retaining the same efficacy and bioavailability.","limitations":""},"30989139":{"pmid":"30989139","title":"Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Quercetin in Milk and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.","authors":"Gbylik-Sikorska M, Gajda A, Burmańczuk A, Grabowski T, Posyniak A","journal":"Journal of veterinary research","year":"2019","volume":"63","issue":"1","pages":"87-91","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2019-0013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30989139/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dairy cow)","design":"single-arm","n":"9","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin given intramammary (not oral) to dairy cows with mastitis; analyte measured in milk. Primarily an analytical method validation paper with a PK application.","conclusion":"In conclusion, a sensitive, selective, and rapid method for quantification of quercetin in milk samples was developed. The method was validated and applied in the determination of quercetin concentration in milk after experimental administration.","limitations":"intramammary administration in cows with mastitis, not oral absorption; single arm, n=9; variance type (SD/SEM) not stated; units for t1/2MRT not printed; AUMC printed as negative; CL unit printed as h-1; concentration-time profile figure-only; high inter-individual variability (Cmax >120%); late-phase concentration fluctuations; t1/2kel imprecise"},"31029801":{"pmid":"31029801","title":"Simultaneous determination of curcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, quercetin, and paeoniflorin by UHPLC-MS/MS in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"Yu W, Wen D, Cai D, Zheng J, Gan H, Jiang F, Liu X, Lao B, Yu W, Guan Y, Zhong G","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2019","volume":"172","issue":"","pages":"58-66","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31029801/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study (oral quercetin given only in combination with curcumin and paeoniflorin); primarily a UHPLC-MS/MS method validation paper with PK application and CUR interaction focus.","conclusion":"it was found that the combination of QR and PF could improve the bioavailability of CUR and slow down its metabolism and excretion.","limitations":"small n (5 per group); quercetin given only in combination, no quercetin-alone group; very large SDs (some SD > mean); male rats only; single dose; no statistics reported for AUC differences despite authors' interpretation; CL and Vd units printed as L/h/kg and L/kg with implausibly large values; oral bioavailability not computed (no IV arm)"},"31053743":{"pmid":"31053743","title":"Quercetin conjugated with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles improves learning and memory better than free quercetin via interacting with proteins involved in LTP.","authors":"Amanzadeh E, Esmaeili A, Abadi REN, Kazemipour N, Pahlevanneshan Z, Beheshti S","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2019","volume":"9","issue":"1","pages":"6876","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-43345-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31053743/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Behavioral (Morris water maze) and in-silico docking study of oral quercetin vs QT-SPION in healthy rats. No quercetin concentration or PK parameter was measured in this paper; enhanced bioavailability is only inferred from behavior and cites the authors' earlier study (ref 45). Only tissue iron (ICP-MS) is shown, figure-only (Fig. 5B).","conclusion":"Therefore, SPIONs could increase the bioavailability of quercetin and by this way improve learning and memory.","limitations":"no quercetin concentration or PK measured; bioavailability claim inferred from behavior; docking not experimentally validated"},"31079173":{"pmid":"31079173","title":"Water-soluble dietary fibers enhance bioavailability of quercetin and a fiber derived from soybean is most effective after long-term feeding in rats.","authors":"Trakooncharoenvit A, Tanaka S, Mizuta E, Hira T, Hara H","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2020","volume":"59","issue":"4","pages":"1389-1398","doi":"10.1007/s00394-019-01992-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31079173/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Water-soluble dietary fibers, especially soybean fiber, enhanced quercetin bioavailability after chronic feeding and may promote beneficial effects of quercetin on disease prevention.","limitations":"plasma, urine and fecal concentrations figure-only; ingested/excreted/degraded aglycone are author calculations; rats; quercetin glucoside mixture in diet at high dose; no IV or reference bioavailability; no funding/conflict statement found in text; n=7 per group"},"31155811":{"pmid":"31155811","title":"Quercetin reduced the formation of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, a toxic metabolite of paracetamol in rats and isolated rat hepatocytes.","authors":"Pingili R, Pawar AK, Challa SR","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2019","volume":"33","issue":"7","pages":"1770-1783","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6365","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31155811/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"30","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK/interaction study in rats where quercetin (10 and 20 mg/kg oral, 15 days) was a modulator; measured analytes were paracetamol and its metabolite NAPQI in plasma (Tables 1-2), not quercetin. No quercetin concentration or PK parameter measured. Paracetamol Cmax/AUC rose and NAPQI Cmax/AUC fell with quercetin co-administration.","conclusion":"The present study results revealed that quercetin might be inhibited the CYP2E1-mediated metabolism of paracetamol; thereby decreased the formation of NAPQI and protected the liver and kidney.","limitations":"quercetin not measured; off-target analytes (paracetamol, NAPQI)"},"31191482":{"pmid":"31191482","title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Starch Utilization Promotes Quercetin Degradation and Butyrate Production by Eubacterium ramulus.","authors":"Rodriguez-Castaño GP, Dorris MR, Liu X, Bolling BW, Acosta-Gonzalez A, Rey FE","journal":"Frontiers in microbiology","year":"2019","volume":"10","issue":"","pages":"1145","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2019.01145","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191482/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro mono- and co-culture)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro bacterial culture study of quercetin degradation (not an absorption/PK study). Quercetin and DOPAC concentrations are figure-only (Fig. 2) or in Supplementary Tables not in the PDF; no printed quercetin/DOPAC numbers in text. Butyrate and glucose/maltose values (Tables 1-2) are unrelated to absorption and were not extracted.","conclusion":"These results suggest that dietary substrates and interactions between species modulate the degradation of flavonoids and production of butyrate, thus shaping their bioavailability and bioactivity","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption measured; quercetin and DOPAC values figure-only or supplementary; simplified two-species model"},"31213814":{"pmid":"31213814","title":"Cholate-modified polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles for oral delivery of quercetin to potentiate the antileukemic effect.","authors":"Yin J, Hou Y, Song X, Wang P, Li Y","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2019","volume":"14","issue":"","pages":"4045-4057","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S210057","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31213814/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation comparison in rats (oral PK), plus in vitro release/cell uptake; antileukemic efficacy in mice not extracted.","conclusion":"cPLNs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of QUE. Increased oral absorption of QUE through cPLNs could be attributed to improvement in the transcellular trafficking due to mediation of bile acid transporter.","limitations":"rats only; n=6 per arm; design/statistical test described as paired t-test for independent groups; Table 1 header reads 'QUE emulsions' vs QUE-PLNs elsewhere; relative bioavailability only; no IV reference; very small SDs relative to means; plasma profile figure-only"},"31314514":{"pmid":"31314514","title":"Mucoadhesive Chitosan-Gum Arabic Nanoparticles Enhance the Absorption and Antioxidant Activity of Quercetin in the Intestinal Cellular Environment.","authors":"Kim ES, Kim DY, Lee JS, Lee HG","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2019","volume":"67","issue":"31","pages":"8609-8616","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31314514/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"parallel","n":"36 rats (6 groups of 6, as printed in Methods)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mostly in vitro (release, mucin/cell adhesion, Caco-2/HT-29 permeation, CAA); in vivo part is a single 2-h FRAP antioxidant surrogate in rats; quercetin concentrations and PK in blood not measured.","conclusion":"The results provide a better understanding of QCG-NP absorption and indicate that QCG-NPs with mucoadhesion properties can be an effective delivery system for improving QUE absorption.","limitations":"no quercetin plasma concentrations or PK; in vivo assay is a single 2-h FRAP surrogate; in vitro cell monolayer model; single dose; per-group cell adhesion % figure-only; transport flux units not printed"},"31380532":{"pmid":"31380532","title":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin promotes energy metabolism through activating AMPKα in male C57BL/6 mice.","authors":"Jiang H , Yoshioka Y , Yuan S , Horiuchi Y , Yamashita Y , Croft KD , Ashida H","journal":"Food & function","year":"2019","volume":"10","issue":"8","pages":"5188-5202","doi":"10.1039/c9fo01008d","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31380532/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"28","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy/mechanism study in mice fed EMIQ or quercetin (0.02, 0.1, 0.5% in diet, 2 weeks); outcomes are body/adipose weight, plasma glucose and AMPK-pathway proteins. No quercetin or metabolite concentration measured; bioavailability statements come from cited literature.","conclusion":"Our results suggest that EMIQ is a potential food additive for the regulation of energy metabolism through AMPK phosphorylation.","limitations":"no absorption or PK measurement; n=4 per group"},"31385192":{"pmid":"31385192","title":"Natural Product Glycosylation: Biocatalytic Synthesis of Quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside.","authors":"Sun P, Cai R, Chen L, Li Y, Jia H, Yan M, Chen K","journal":"Applied biochemistry and biotechnology","year":"2020","volume":"190","issue":"2","pages":"464-474","doi":"10.1007/s12010-019-03103-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31385192/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (biocatalysis)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Enzymatic (E. coli UGT73G1 + sucrose synthase) biosynthesis of quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside; reaction yields only. Bioavailability mentioned only in the Introduction citing prior work. No absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"The maximum concentration of quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside achieved in a 10-mL reaction was 427.11 mg/L, from the conversion of 1 g/L of quercetin for 16 h at 40 °C and pH 7.2.","limitations":"no absorption data"},"31472219":{"pmid":"31472219","title":"Casein nanoparticles in combination with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin improves the oral bioavailability of quercetin.","authors":"Peñalva R, Esparza I, Morales-Gracia J, González-Navarro CJ, Larrañeta E, Irache JM","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2019","volume":"570","issue":"","pages":"118652","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118652","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31472219/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK study of oral quercetin formulations vs IV; also in vitro release. Plasma-vs-time curves in Fig. 4 only.","conclusion":"In summary, the preparation of casein nanoparticles in the presence of HP-β-CD appears to be a good option to load quercetin for both nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes. The resulting nanoparticles offer a zero-order release rate of the flavonoid when incubated in simulated fluids. In vivo, these casein nanoparticles produced high and sustained levels of quercetin for periods up to 72 hours and an oral relative bioavailability close to 37%.","limitations":"rodent study; small n (6 per group); figure-only plasma profiles (Fig. 4) and release curves (Fig. 3); relative bioavailability computed vs IV of a different vehicle/dose route by authors; they call it 'relative' though it is AUCoral/AUCiv; oral and IV given from same PEG400:water solution; industry/nutraceutical formulation work"},"31482519":{"pmid":"31482519","title":"Characterization of a liposomal copper(II)-quercetin formulation suitable for parenteral use.","authors":"Chen KTJ, Anantha M, Leung AWY, Kulkarni JA, Militao GGC, Wehbe M, Sutherland B, Cullis PR, Bally MB","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","year":"2020","volume":"10","issue":"1","pages":"202-215","doi":"10.1007/s13346-019-00674-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31482519/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse IV PK of liposomal copper-quercetin (quercetin given IV, so on-target; no oral/absorption data). Mostly formulation characterisation.","conclusion":"In summary, we have successfully addressed the solubility issues associated with quercetin by generation of a novel liposomal formulation of copper-quercetin.","limitations":"mouse IV study, not oral absorption; values figure-only for time courses; PK parameters without variance; caption error in Table 2; n per group small and no stats"},"31518957":{"pmid":"31518957","title":"Enhancing quercetin bioavailability by super paramagnetic starch-based hydrogel grafted with fumaric acid: An in vitro and in vivo study.","authors":"Doosti M, Seyed Dorraji MS, Mousavi SN, Rasoulifard MH, Hosseini SH","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","year":"2019","volume":"183","issue":"","pages":"110487","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31518957/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat study of oral/unspecified-route quercetin vs quercetin-loaded hydrogel; plasma concentrations are only in Fig. 7 and supplementary Table S1 (not in PDF); only liver values printed in text.","conclusion":"According to the in vivo study, this hydrogel could increase sustainability of Quer in plasma and slowed its release, as well as increased hepatic maintenance.","limitations":"rodent study; route of administration not stated; plasma values only in figure and supplementary table (not in PDF); no PK parameters (Cmax, AUC) reported; small n"},"31539794":{"pmid":"31539794","title":"Effect of piperine and quercetin alone or in combination with marbofloxacin on CYP3A37 and MDR1 mRNA expression levels in broiler chickens.","authors":"Patel HB, Patel UD, Mathapati BS, Modi CM","journal":"Research in veterinary science","year":"2019","volume":"126","issue":"","pages":"178-183","doi":"10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.09.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31539794/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chickens, Cobb 400, 3 weeks old)","design":"parallel","n":"36","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Measures CYP3A37 and MDR1 mRNA expression (qPCR) in liver and duodenum of broiler chickens after oral piperine/quercetin (10 mg/kg x 3 days) with or without marbofloxacin; no quercetin or drug concentration/PK/absorption measurement.","conclusion":"The combination of piperine, quercetin and marbofloxacin has reduced the hepatic and intestinal CYP3A37 and MDR1 mRNA expression levels in broiler chickens.","limitations":"gene expression only; no pharmacokinetic data"},"31553062":{"pmid":"31553062","title":"Preparation and Characterization of Quercetin-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles by Electrospraying and Study of In Vitro Bioavailability.","authors":"Rodríguez-Félix F, Del-Toro-Sánchez CL, Javier Cinco-Moroyoqui F, Juárez J, Ruiz-Cruz S, López-Ahumada GA, Carvajal-Millan E, Castro-Enríquez DD, Barreras-Urbina CG, Tapia-Hernández JA","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2019","volume":"84","issue":"10","pages":"2883-2897","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.14803","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31553062/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison)","n":"","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro only (simulated gastrointestinal digestion plus dialysis); quercetin-loaded zein nanoparticles vs free quercetin. No in vivo data.","conclusion":"quercetin-loaded zein nanoparticle provides stability to quercetin during gastrointestinal digestion, promoting greater bioavailability than free quercetin.","limitations":"in vitro only; 'bioavailability' is dialysis fraction; Folin-Ciocalteu is non-specific for quercetin; no variance printed for release/bioavailability values in text; single quercetin concentration (1 mg/mL) tested for digestion"},"31557798":{"pmid":"31557798","title":"Dietary Quercetin and Kaempferol: Bioavailability and Potential Cardiovascular-Related Bioactivity in Humans.","authors":"Dabeek WM, Marra MV","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2019","volume":"11","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu11102288","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31557798/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Nutrients 2019, 11, 2288) of dietary quercetin and kaempferol bioavailability and cardiovascular effects in humans; PDF carries the type 'Review'. No primary data; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"Glucoside conjugates which are found in onions appear to have the highest bioavailability in humans.","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"31771913":{"pmid":"31771913","title":"A comparison of the absorption and metabolism of the major quercetin in brassica, quercetin-3-O-sophoroside, to that of quercetin aglycone, in rats.","authors":"Wang Y, Berhow MA, Black M, Jeffery EH","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2020","volume":"311","issue":"","pages":"125880","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125880","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31771913/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In situ rat gut perfusion model (jejunal vs cecal introduction); quercetin aglycone vs quercetin-3-O-sophoroside. Quercetin forms are on-target.","conclusion":"we report for the first time that QS, a major flavonoid in broccoli, is absorbed intact in the small intestine and metabolized to QS sulfate, methylated QS and methylated QS sulfate, in the jejunum.","limitations":"anesthetized in situ model, 30 min jejunal / 150 min cecal windows; rodent; small n (3-4); quantification against aglycone standard curve assumed similar extinction coefficients; only metabolites with standards quantified; no AUC or bioavailability parameters; QS from different plant than broccoli"},"31777425":{"pmid":"31777425","title":"Plasma quercetin metabolites are affected by intestinal microbiota of human microbiota-associated mice fed with a quercetin-containing diet.","authors":"Tamura M, Nakagawa H, Hori S, Suzuki T, Hirayama K","journal":"Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition","year":"2019","volume":"65","issue":"3","pages":"232-239","doi":"10.3164/jcbn.19-45","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31777425/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"Plasma quercetin/isorhamnetin (after beta-glucuronidase) at one time point in human-microbiota-associated germ-free mice on 0.05% quercetin diet; no time-course PK. Plasma values for HF2 and several arms only in Fig. 2.","conclusion":"This study indicates that intestinal microbiota of human microbiota-associated mice inoculated with different fecal suspensions react to dietary quercetin in different ways.","limitations":"rodent (gnotobiotic) model; n=5 per group; single end-of-study plasma sample; no time course or AUC; no control group without quercetin or conventional mice; quercetin form not specified; many plasma values figure-only"},"31781321":{"pmid":"31781321","title":"A Solid Dispersion of Quercetin Shows Enhanced Nrf2 Activation and Protective Effects against Oxidative Injury in a Mouse Model of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration.","authors":"Shao Y, Yu H, Yang Y, Li M, Hang L, Xu X","journal":"Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity","year":"2019","volume":"2019","issue":"","pages":"1479571","doi":"10.1155/2019/1479571","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31781321/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18 (PK rats)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat PK/solubility/dissolution of quercetin vs phospholipid complex vs solid dispersion is a minor part of a mouse AMD efficacy study; only Cmax and AUC are printed (text/abstract), concentration-time data are figure-only. Mouse efficacy/Nrf2 data not extracted.","conclusion":"Altogether, Q-SD had improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties compared to QT and Q-PC and exhibited more potent protective effects on retina oxidative injury in vivo.","limitations":"rodent; PK is a small part of paper; no statistics on Cmax/AUC; no Tmax, t1/2 or variance printed; sex/weight of rats NR; concentration-time values figure-only; text typo for Q-PC AUC"},"31909684":{"pmid":"31909684","title":"Quercetin amorphous solid dispersions prepared by hot melt extrusion with enhanced solubility and intestinal absorption.","authors":"Shi X, Fan N, Zhang G, Sun J, He Z, Li J","journal":"Pharmaceutical development and technology","year":"2020","volume":"25","issue":"4","pages":"472-481","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2019.1709502","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31909684/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"30","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of crystalline quercetin vs hot-melt-extruded amorphous solid dispersions, plus in vitro dissolution and PAMPA permeability.","conclusion":"solid dispersions prepared by HME could be used for delivering Que by enhancing their dissolution rates and bioavailability.","limitations":"rodent; n unclear (30 rats/5 groups vs n=3 in Fig. 10); no IV reference so no bioavailability fraction; AUC and Cmax units in Table 2 (mg/L) vs Fig. 10 (µg/mL); ± type not stated in Table 2; no hydrolysis step so free quercetin only"},"31945451":{"pmid":"31945451","title":"A new cocrystal of isoniazid-quercetin with hepatoprotective effect: The design, structure, and in vitro/in vivo performance evaluation.","authors":"Liu F, Wang LY, Yu MC, Li YT, Wu ZY, Yan CW","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2020","volume":"144","issue":"","pages":"105216","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105216","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31945451/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"10 rats (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin (QCT) in INH-QCT cocrystal vs physical mixture in rats (oral); also in vitro dissolution. Isoniazid (INH) PK rows included for completeness; INH is the co-former drug, not the listed supplement.","conclusion":"the INH-QCT cocrystal enhanced the in vitro/in vivo properties of QCT compared with pure QCT, and improved the pharmacokinetic synergy of QCT and INH than that of physical mixture, thereby utilizing the hepatoprotective effects of QCT more effectively","limitations":"small n (5 per group); single dose, rat model, vehicle vegetable oil; no statistical tests reported for PK parameters; dose basis is total cocrystal/mixture, not QCT-equivalent; some INH SDs exceed means; absolute IDR values figure-only"},"31947563":{"pmid":"31947563","title":"A Mixture of Phenolic Metabolites of Quercetin Can Decrease Elevated Blood Pressure of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Even in Low Doses.","authors":"Najmanová I, Pourová J, Mladěnka P","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2020","volume":"12","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu12010213","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947563/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (pharmacodynamic, within-animal escalating IV infusion)","n":"11","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Pharmacodynamic study: IV infusion of quercetin colonic metabolite combinations (DHPA, 4MC, 3HPPA) in anaesthetised SHR with blood pressure as outcome. No absorption/PK data generated in this study; plasma concentrations in Discussion are cited from other studies.","conclusion":"In summary, all metabolite combinations decreased arterial blood pressure.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"32059743":{"pmid":"32059743","title":"Protective and therapeutic effects of nanoliposomal quercetin on acute liver injury in rats.","authors":"Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu L, Pan Y, Hu Y, Yang P, Liao M","journal":"BMC pharmacology & toxicology","year":"2020","volume":"21","issue":"1","pages":"11","doi":"10.1186/s40360-020-0388-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32059743/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"40 (10 per group)","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study (hepatoprotection, IP nanoliposomal vs pure quercetin in CCl4/ethanol liver-injury rats). No quercetin concentration or PK measured; 'bioavailability' claims are inferred from liver enzymes/histology. Authors state PK still needs to be studied.","conclusion":"Liposomal nanoparticles may improve the solubility and bioavailability of quercetin in liver. Furthermore, nanoliposomal quercetin could effectively protect rats against acute liver injury","limitations":"no PK or tissue quercetin measured; bioavailability claim inferred from efficacy markers"},"32104488":{"pmid":"32104488","title":"Evaluation of the Mrp2-mediated flavonoid-drug interaction potential of quercetin in rats and in vitro models.","authors":"Oh JH, Lee JH, Lee YJ","journal":"Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences","year":"2019","volume":"14","issue":"6","pages":"621-630","doi":"10.1016/j.ajps.2018.12.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32104488/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, interaction study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin as perpetrator of Mrp2/P-gp transporter interactions in rats and cells. Quercetin plasma PK was not measured after oral dosing (authors state so); only one on-target value (steady-state plasma quercetin during IV infusion). PSP and docetaxel PK rows are off-target analytes included for the interaction findings.","conclusion":"quercetin significantly interacts with Mrp2 at the cellular level. However, this result was not associated with in vivo PSP pharmacokinetics.","limitations":"quercetin plasma PK not measured after oral dosing; very small n per group (3-7); IV quercetin result data not shown; dose basis NR"},"32172837":{"pmid":"32172837","title":"The hydrogel of whey protein isolate coated by lotus root amylopectin enhance the stability and bioavailability of quercetin.","authors":"Liu K, Zha XQ, Shen WD, Li QM, Pan LH, Luo JP","journal":"Carbohydrate polymers","year":"2020","volume":"236","issue":"","pages":"116009","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32172837/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse bioavailability (serum quercetin by ELISA, single timepoint after 2 weeks dosing) plus in vitro release; no PK parameters.","conclusion":"The in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that this hydrogel can enhance the stability and bioavailability of quercetin.","limitations":"n = 3 per group; single serum timepoint, no PK curve or parameters; timing relative to last dose NR; very low dose (1.675 mg/Kg/day as printed) and pg/mL concentrations by ELISA kit (specificity for quercetin/metabolites unclear); no p-values printed; significance from letters in figure"},"32210182":{"pmid":"32210182","title":"The Pharmacological Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Pharmacokinetics of the Major Natural Polyphenolic Flavonoid: Quercetin.","authors":"Batiha GE, Beshbishy AM, Ikram M, Mulla ZS, El-Hack MEA, Taha AE, Algammal AM, Elewa YHA","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2020","volume":"9","issue":"3","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/foods9030374","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32210182/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin pharmacology and pharmacokinetics (Foods 2020); no original absorption data. Section 2 cites values from other studies (e.g., Graefe et al., Ferry et al.).","conclusion":"The current review examines the pharmacokinetics, as well as the toxic and biological activities of quercetin.","limitations":"review, secondary citations only"},"32226726":{"pmid":"32226726","title":"Ellagic Acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin from Acacia nilotica: Promising Combined Drug With Multiple Mechanisms of Action.","authors":"Al-Nour MY, Ibrahim MM, Elsaman T","journal":"Current pharmacology reports","year":"2019","volume":"5","issue":"4","pages":"255-280","doi":"10.1007/s40495-019-00181-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32226726/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (computational prediction)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In silico study (virtual screening, docking, pkCSM/SwissADME ADMET predictions) of Acacia nilotica constituents incl. quercetin; no measured absorption/PK data. Predicted intestinal absorption values (Tables 7-8) are computational outputs, not extracted.","conclusion":"Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin were the best A. nilotica's phytochemical constituents that contribute to the therapeutic activities, were non-toxic as well as non-carcinogen.","limitations":"computational predictions only"},"32254423":{"pmid":"32254423","title":"Quercetin nanoparticles with enhanced bioavailability as multifunctional agents toward amyloid induced neurotoxicity.","authors":"Han Q , Wang X , Cai S , Liu X , Zhang Y , Yang L , Wang C , Yang R","journal":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","year":"2018","volume":"6","issue":"9","pages":"1387-1393","doi":"10.1039/c7tb03053c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32254423/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro only (solubility and dialysis release of laser-ablated quercetin nanoparticles); no in vivo absorption/PK despite 'bioavailability' wording; remainder is anti-amyloid activity.","conclusion":"we have fabricated Que NPs using a PLA method in water, which exhibited enhanced aqueous solubility and drug release activity.","limitations":"in vitro only; no PK or absorption measured; all experiments triplicates, n not tabulated; release time courses figure-only (Fig. 2b)"},"32278151":{"pmid":"32278151","title":"Poziotinib and bovine serum albumin binding characterization and influence of quercetin, rutin, naringenin and sinapic acid on their binding interaction.","authors":"Zargar S, Alamery S, Bakheit AH, Wani TA","journal":"Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy","year":"2020","volume":"235","issue":"","pages":"118335","doi":"10.1016/j.saa.2020.118335","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32278151/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro spectroscopy)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro spectroscopic and docking study of poziotinib binding to bovine serum albumin and displacement by flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, naringenin, sinapic acid). No absorption/PK data for quercetin or any supplement.","conclusion":"The binding constant for BSA-poziotinib showed a maximum decrease in presence of quercetin followed by naringenin, rutin and sinapic acid respectively.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"32347270":{"pmid":"32347270","title":"Prospective randomized trial evaluating blood and prostate tissue concentrations of green tea polyphenols and quercetin in men with prostate cancer.","authors":"Henning SM , Wang P , Lee RP , Trang A , Husari G , Yang J , Grojean EM , Ly A , Hsu M , Heber D , Grogan T , Li Z , Aronson WJ","journal":"Food & function","year":"2020","volume":"11","issue":"5","pages":"4114-4122","doi":"10.1039/d0fo00565g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32347270/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT","n":"31","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin plasma/urine/prostate concentrations in a 4-week RCT of green tea extract + quercetin vs + placebo. Both arms receive green tea extract; only the GT+Q arm receives quercetin capsules, GT+PL quercetin is dietary background.","conclusion":"800 mg of Q supplementation combined with 1000 mg of GTE for 4 weeks did not result in a significant increase in EGCG and ECG concentrations or a decrease in methylated GTPs in prostate tissue as compared to men receiving placebo with GTE.","limitations":"small n (15 vs 16); quercetin given with green tea extract in both arms; no quercetin-only arm; T0 is a trough on chronic dosing, not a true pre-dose baseline (after breakfast); single 2 h postdose timepoint; no PK curve or parameters; total (deconjugated) Q measured; conjugation not distinguished; prostate and urine values mainly figure-only; open-label design; prostate cancer patients"},"32357395":{"pmid":"32357395","title":"Quercetin Is a Flavonoid Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibitor with an Impact on the Oral Pharmacokinetics of Sulfasalazine in Rats.","authors":"Song YK, Yoon JH, Woo JK, Kang JH, Lee KR, Oh SH, Chung SJ, Maeng HJ","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2020","volume":"12","issue":"5","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics12050397","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357395/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"8","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Quercetin (10 mg/kg oral) was given as a BCRP-inhibitor pretreatment; the only PK analyte measured in vivo was sulfasalazine (probe drug). Quercetin plasma concentrations were not measured. Sulfasalazine PK rows recorded for reference. In vitro cell data (mitoxantrone accumulation, prazosin transport) are not quercetin absorption data.","conclusion":"Collectively, these results provide evidence that quercetin acts as an in vivo as well as in vitro inhibitor of BCRP.","limitations":"quercetin itself not measured; n=4 per group; single quercetin dose; AUC significance statement inconsistent; PDF text layer has overlapping duplicated text"},"32397764":{"pmid":"32397764","title":"Brain delivery of quercetin-loaded exosomes improved cognitive function in AD mice by inhibiting phosphorylated tau-mediated neurofibrillary tangles.","authors":"Qi Y, Guo L, Jiang Y, Shi Y, Sui H, Zhao L","journal":"Drug delivery","year":"2020","volume":"27","issue":"1","pages":"745-755","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2020.1762262","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32397764/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (free Que vs exosome-loaded Que)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin given intravenously in rats (plasma PK) and i.v./i.p. in mice (brain imaging); IV data, no oral absorption. Extracted as on-target (route IV).","conclusion":"In conclusion, Exo-Que enlarged neuroprotective effects of Que through enhancing the bioavailability of Que and promoting its brain targeting.","limitations":"IV administration only (no oral absorption); n=3 per group; no variance reported in the PK table; PK table values only inside a figure; brain concentrations in figure only"},"32464160":{"pmid":"32464160","title":"Neuroprotective effect of quercetin nanoparticles: A possible prophylactic and therapeutic role in alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Rifaai RA, Mokhemer SA, Saber EA, El-Aleem SAA, El-Tahawy NFG","journal":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","year":"2020","volume":"107","issue":"","pages":"101795","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101795","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32464160/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Histological/immunohistochemical efficacy study of oral quercetin nanoparticles (30 mg/kg/day) in an AlCl3 rat model of Alzheimer's disease. No quercetin plasma/tissue concentrations or other PK/absorption measurements; bioavailability is mentioned only as background.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32478277":{"pmid":"32478277","title":"Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin: New Insights and Perspectives for Human Health.","authors":"Salehi B, Machin L, Monzote L, Sharifi-Rad J, Ezzat SM, Salem MA, Merghany RM, El Mahdy NM, Kılıç CS, Sytar O, Sharifi-Rad M, Sharopov F, Martins N, Martorell M, Cho WC","journal":"ACS omega","year":"2020","volume":"5","issue":"20","pages":"11849-11872","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.0c01818","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32478277/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin pharmacological activities (ACS Omega 2020, 5, 11849-11872); abstract states 'The present review aims to provide a brief overview'. Secondary summary; no original absorption/PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32481545":{"pmid":"32481545","title":"Changes in the Content and Bioavailability of Onion Quercetin and Grape Resveratrol During In Vitro Human Digestion.","authors":"Lee SY, Lee SJ, Yim DG, Hur SJ","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2020","volume":"9","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/foods9060694","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481545/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion, triplicate)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro simulated digestion (mouth/stomach/small intestine with dialysis bag) of onion quercetin; not a PK study. Resveratrol (grape) data and DPPH radical-scavenging results not extracted (not absorption of listed supplement / off-target).","conclusion":"These results will improve our understanding of how human digestion influences the contents and free radical scavenging activities of quercetin and resveratrol.","limitations":"in vitro model only; total quercetin without distinction between aglycone and glycosides; n=3; 'bioavailability' used by authors for digestibility and DPPH activity, not absorption in vivo; dose per sample not stated"},"32521458":{"pmid":"32521458","title":"Drug delivery based pharmacological enhancement and current insights of quercetin with therapeutic potential against oral diseases.","authors":"Wang Y, Tao B, Wan Y, Sun Y, Wang L, Sun J, Li C","journal":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie","year":"2020","volume":"128","issue":"","pages":"110372","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110372","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521458/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review article (Biomed Pharmacother 2020;128:110372) on quercetin drug-delivery systems and oral diseases; secondary summary, no original absorption/PK data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32623931":{"pmid":"32623931","title":"Impact of quercetin on pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: insights from in-vivo studies in wistar rats.","authors":"Bhutani P, Rajanna PK, Paul AT","journal":"Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems","year":"2020","volume":"50","issue":"12","pages":"1483-1489","doi":"10.1080/00498254.2020.1792002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32623931/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups)","n":"24 (4 groups of 6, as described)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Quercetin used as pretreatment (herb-drug interaction); the only analyte measured in vivo is quetiapine (QTE). Quercetin concentrations not measured. QTE PK rows recorded for reference.","conclusion":"Concluding, QCN is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp in rats and significantly increases the bioavailability and brain concentration of concomitantly administered QTE.","limitations":"quercetin not measured; n=6 per group; QCN group III (IV) had no plasma data (animals died); single QCN dose level; Mann-Whitney used, exact p not given"},"32751996":{"pmid":"32751996","title":"Inhibitory Effects of Quercetin and Its Main Methyl, Sulfate, and Glucuronic Acid Conjugates on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes, and on OATP, BCRP and MRP2 Transporters.","authors":"Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Ungvári O, Kuffa K, Needs PW, Kroon PA, Telbisz Á, Özvegy-Laczka C, Poór M","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2020","volume":"12","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu12082306","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751996/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro enzyme/transporter inhibition study (CYP2C19/3A4/2D6, OATP1A2/1B1/1B3/2B1, BCRP, MRP2) with quercetin and its conjugates (IC50/inhibition %). No absorption, permeability or PK measurement of quercetin; plasma levels only cited from other studies in the Introduction.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32785199":{"pmid":"32785199","title":"Indomethacin Increases Quercetin Affinity for Human Serum Albumin: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study and Its Broader Implications.","authors":"Rimac H, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Bojić M","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2020","volume":"21","issue":"16","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms21165740","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32785199/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro/in silico study of quercetin and indomethacin binding to human serum albumin (spectrofluorometry, docking, molecular dynamics, quantum chemistry). No absorption or PK measurements.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"32823976":{"pmid":"32823976","title":"The Human Microbial Metabolism of Quercetin in Different Formulations: An In Vitro Evaluation.","authors":"Di Pede G, Bresciani L, Calani L, Petrangolini G, Riva A, Allegrini P, Del Rio D, Mena P","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2020","volume":"9","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/foods9081121","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32823976/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro fermentation, triplicate)","n":"3 fecal donors pooled","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro human fecal fermentation (colonic microbial metabolism), not absorption/PK. Metabolite and native quercetin concentrations over time are in Figures 1-3 only; only text/table numbers recorded.","conclusion":"Native quercetin was more stable in the phytosome formulation upon 24 h in vitro fecal incubation. Quercetin was bioaccessible to human fecal microbiota in both products, showing the same profile for the production of phenolic catabolites.","limitations":"in vitro colonic model only; n=3 replicates, pooled donors; most values figure-only; industry funded (Indena)"},"33016666":{"pmid":"33016666","title":"Quercetin Phytosome® as a potential candidate for managing COVID-19.","authors":"DI Pierro F, Khan A, Bertuccioli A, Maffioli P, Derosa G, Khan S, Khan BA, Nigar R, Ujjan I, Devrajani BR","journal":"Minerva gastroenterology","year":"2021","volume":"67","issue":"2","pages":"190-195","doi":"10.23736/S2724-5985.20.02771-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33016666/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Minerva Gastroenterol 2021) on Quercetin Phytosome as a COVID-19 candidate; summarises previously published PK data, no original absorption data.","conclusion":"A bioavailable form of quercetin, like Quercetin Phytosome, should be considered a possible candidate to clinically face COVID-19.","limitations":"review, non-primary"},"33213346":{"pmid":"33213346","title":"Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential of Quercetin towards Alzheimer's Disease - A Promising Natural Molecule or Fashion of the Day? - A Narrowed Review.","authors":"Orhan IE","journal":"Current neuropharmacology","year":"2021","volume":"19","issue":"12","pages":"2205-2213","doi":"10.2174/1570159X18666201119153807","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33213346/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrowed review on quercetin cholinesterase inhibition in Alzheimer's disease (Curr Neuropharmacol 2021); no original absorption data.","conclusion":"quercetin should not be considered as a fashionable natural compound and should be identified as a promising compound, especially with increased bioavailability, for the treatment of AD.","limitations":"review, non-primary"},"33295808":{"pmid":"33295808","title":"Surfactant-free amorphous solid dispersion with high dissolution for bioavailability enhancement of hydrophobic drugs: a case of quercetin.","authors":"Han J, Tong M, Li S, Yu X, Hu Z, Zhang Q, Xu R, Wang J","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2021","volume":"47","issue":"1","pages":"153-162","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2020.1862173","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33295808/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups) plus in vitro dissolution","n":"24 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK (single oral dose) plus in vitro dissolution of quercetin amorphous solid dispersions with chitosan oligosaccharide; no human data.","conclusion":"The oral bioavailability study verified AUC0-24h of all three ASD groups were 1.64~2.25 times that of pure QUE (p < .01).","limitations":"animal study (rats), not human; plasma values after acid hydrolysis (total quercetin); n=6 per group; some values (fold changes) are author-stated approximations; Cmax/AUC variance reported as SD"},"33350133":{"pmid":"33350133","title":"Bioavailability of Quercetin in Humans with a Focus on Interindividual Variation.","authors":"Almeida AF, Borge GIA, Piskula M, Tudose A, Tudoreanu L, Valentová K, Williamson G, Santos CN","journal":"Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety","year":"2018","volume":"17","issue":"3","pages":"714-731","doi":"10.1111/1541-4337.12342","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33350133/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (systematic review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic literature review (Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018) of published human quercetin bioavailability studies and interindividual variation; no original PK data.","conclusion":"quercetin bioavailability is subject to substantial variation between individuals, and further work is required to establish if this contributes to interindividual differences in biological responses.","limitations":"review, non-primary"},"33445760":{"pmid":"33445760","title":"Curcumin, Quercetin, Catechins and Metabolic Diseases: The Role of Gut Microbiota.","authors":"Shabbir U, Rubab M, Daliri EB, Chelliah R, Javed A, Oh DH","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2021","volume":"13","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu13010206","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33445760/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Nutrients 2021) on curcumin, quercetin, catechins and gut microbiota in metabolic disease; no original PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review, non-primary"},"33450917":{"pmid":"33450917","title":"A Micellar Formulation of Quercetin Prevents Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity.","authors":"Casanova AG, Prieto M, Colino CI, Gutiérrez-Millán C, Ruszkowska-Ciastek B, de Paz E, Martín Á, Morales AI, López-Hernández FJ","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2021","volume":"22","issue":"2","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms22020729","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33450917/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK after single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of quercetin vs Pluronic F127 micellar quercetin (P-quercetin); route is IP, not oral. Nephroprotection efficacy part has no absorption data and was skipped.","conclusion":"Intraperitoneal administration of P-quercetin leads to an increased plasma concentration and bioavailability of quercetin compared to the equimolar administration of natural quercetin.","limitations":"rat study, intraperitoneal route (not oral); n=5 per group; Table 1 single values without variance; Cmax variance type not named in text vs Fig 1 caption (SEM); total quercetin after glucuronidase hydrolysis"},"33528064":{"pmid":"33528064","title":"Quercetin relaxes human gastric smooth muscles directly through ATP-sensitive potassium channels and not depending on the nitric oxide pathway.","authors":"Modzelewska B, Drygalski K, Kleszczewski T, Chomentowski A, Koryciński K, Kiełczewska A, Pawłuszewicz P, Razak Hady H","journal":"Neurogastroenterology and motility","year":"2021","volume":"33","issue":"7","pages":"e14093","doi":"10.1111/nmo.14093","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33528064/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (ex vivo tissue pharmacology)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Ex vivo pharmacology of quercetin on human gastric smooth muscle strip contractility (AUC refers to contraction recordings); no absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"not absorption-related"},"33785340":{"pmid":"33785340","title":"Quercetin-loaded F127 nanomicelles: Antioxidant activity and protection against renal injury induced by gentamicin in rats.","authors":"Rahdar A, Hasanein P, Bilal M, Beyzaei H, Kyzas GZ","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2021","volume":"276","issue":"","pages":"119420","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119420","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33785340/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation + efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Quercetin F127 nanomicelle/microemulsion: DLS, DPPH antioxidant activity and renoprotection against gentamicin in rats. No plasma/absorption PK measured; the 'release' in the abstract is a DPPH scavenging rate and encapsulation/sustained-release are stated as expectations, not measurements.","conclusion":"NEQ seems to be useful in protecting against renal oxidative stress and kidney damage in a rat model of GM nephrotoxicity which deserve further evaluations.","limitations":"not absorption-related"},"33800848":{"pmid":"33800848","title":"Rp-HPLC Determination of Quercetin in a Novel D-α-Tocopherol Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate Based SNEDDS Formulation: Pharmacokinetics in Rat Plasma.","authors":"Ahmed OAA, El-Bassossy HM, El-Sayed HM, El-Hay SSA","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2021","volume":"26","issue":"5","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules26051435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800848/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 groups: Q suspension, vehicle V, nano formula NQ)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of quercetin as TPGS-based SNEDDS vs quercetin suspension (RP-HPLC method paper). Vehicle-only group (V) received no quercetin; no quercetin data for it.","conclusion":"Application of the proposed RP-HPLC method to pharmacokinetic studies revealed the improvement in QU bioavailability by 149.8% relative to that of QU suspension.","limitations":"rat study; n=7 per group; oral dose of 25 mg/kg only; plasma assay without stated enzymatic hydrolysis (free QU measured); patent-protected formulation; AUCt interval not stated"},"33807174":{"pmid":"33807174","title":"Quercetin and Its Nano-Scale Delivery Systems in Prostate Cancer Therapy: Paving the Way for Cancer Elimination and Reversing Chemoresistance.","authors":"Hussain Y, Mirzaei S, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Khan H, Daglia M","journal":"Cancers","year":"2021","volume":"13","issue":"7","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/cancers13071602","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33807174/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Cancers 2021) of quercetin and nano-scale delivery systems in prostate cancer; no original PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review, non-primary"},"33918402":{"pmid":"33918402","title":"Rutin Is a Low Micromolar Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease 3CLpro: Implications for Drug Design of Quercetin Analogs.","authors":"Rizzuti B, Grande F, Conforti F, Jimenez-Alesanco A, Ceballos-Laita L, Ortega-Alarcon D, Vega S, Reyburn HT, Abian O, Velazquez-Campoy A","journal":"Biomedicines","year":"2021","volume":"9","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines9040375","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918402/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro biophysical and computational)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro enzyme inhibition (SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro; spectroscopy, calorimetry, docking, MD) of rutin. No absorption/PK data; solubility/bioavailability only mentioned qualitatively in intro/discussion.","conclusion":"herein we have shown that its glycosylated conjugate rutin is also effective to this scope, and with a comparable potency.","limitations":"no absorption data"},"33940290":{"pmid":"33940290","title":"Dual effects of quercetin on protein digestion and absorption in the digestive tract.","authors":"Cheng Y, Liu Y, Chen D, Zhou Y, Yu S, Lin H, Liao CK, Lin H, Xu P, Huang M","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2021","volume":"358","issue":"","pages":"129891","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129891","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33940290/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (animal and in vitro mechanistic)","n":"6 quercetin rats + 3 control rats (plasma experiment)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat study of quercetin's effect on absorption of FITC-casein-derived peptides (plasma FITC fluorescence, MDCK uptake). Measured analyte is FITC-peptides/FITC, not quercetin or its metabolites; no quercetin PK. Plasma data are figure-only (Fig. 3B-C); IC50 values (trypsin inhibition) are not absorption.","conclusion":"Our current study demonstrated the dual effects of quercetin on protein digestion and absorption: suppressing protein digestion and promoting oligopeptide absorption in the small intestine.","limitations":"off-target analyte (peptide absorption, not quercetin); values figure-only"},"33996410":{"pmid":"33996410","title":"The contribution of absorption of integral nanocrystals to enhancement of oral bioavailability of quercetin.","authors":"Shen B, Shen C, Zhu W, Yuan H","journal":"Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B","year":"2021","volume":"11","issue":"4","pages":"978-988","doi":"10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33996410/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (oral and IV groups, two particle sizes)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK/biodistribution of quercetin hybrid nanocrystals (QT-HNCs, 280 and 550 nm), oral vs IV; no free-quercetin comparator.","conclusion":"the present study revealed significant difference in absorption and biodistrbution between integral nanocrystals and overall drugs following oral and intravenous administration of QT-HNCs. Although not accurate enough, it provided a meaningful reference for the contribution of integral nanocrystals to overall bioavailability enhancement.","limitations":"n=3 per group; no free quercetin or non-nano comparator; IV dose and sampling times not stated in text; fluorescence semi-quantification imprecise (authors); Table 4 tissue AUC unit printed as h·µg/mL though curves in µg/g"},"34008400":{"pmid":"34008400","title":"Combination of α-Glycosyl-Isoquercitrin and Soybean Fiber Promotes Quercetin Bioavailability and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion and Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Rats Fed a High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet.","authors":"Trakooncharoenvit A, Hara H, Hira T","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2021","volume":"69","issue":"21","pages":"5907-5916","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01388","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34008400/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 diet groups)","n":"35","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat chronic feeding (9 weeks); quercetin concentrations in plasma largely figure-only; numeric data are Table 2 (degradation/excretion balance) and a few text values.","conclusion":"the combination of soybean fiber and AGIQ could be beneficial for reducing the risk of glucose intolerance, possibly involving enhanced quercetin bioavailability and GLP-1 secretion.","limitations":"plasma/urine/feces concentrations figure-only; not iso-energetic (HSQ ~10% lower energy intake than HQ); dose given in diet, ad libitum; no free quercetin aglycone comparator; industry-supplied test materials"},"34034052":{"pmid":"34034052","title":"Bioavailability of quercetin in zein-based colloidal particles-stabilized Pickering emulsions investigated by the in vitro digestion coupled with Caco-2 cell monolayer model.","authors":"Ma JJ, Huang XN, Yin SW, Yu YG, Yang XQ","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2021","volume":"360","issue":"","pages":"130152","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130152","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34034052/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro digestion/Caco-2)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro digestion (SGF/SIF) plus Caco-2 monolayer; extracted per-form percentages stated in text/abstract. Time-course data are figure-only. Quercetin dose is 20 µg/mL equivalent in cell experiments.","conclusion":"Pickering emulsions with shell quercetin (ZCP-QE) were more effective in promoting the bioaccessibility and cell uptake for further improving overall oral bioavailability of quercetin","limitations":"in vitro model only; n not stated; time-course and several values figure-only; Papp values from supplementary Table 1S; no statistics per value"},"34063645":{"pmid":"34063645","title":"Cocrystal of Apixaban-Quercetin: Improving Solubility and Bioavailability of Drug Combination of Two Poorly Soluble Drugs.","authors":"Zhang L, Kong D, Wang H, Jiao L, Zhao X, Song J, Yang D, Yang H, Yang S, Du G, Lu Y","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2021","volume":"26","issue":"9","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules26092677","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34063645/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro dissolution plus rat PK)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Apixaban-quercetin cocrystal. Dissolution and rat plasma PK measured apixaban only (HPLC/LC-MS of Apx; Table 4); quercetin concentrations were not measured. Quercetin acts as coformer.","conclusion":"Compared with Apx, the dissolution behavior of Apx–Que and Apx–Que–2ACN was enhanced significantly and the bioavailability of Apx–Que was increased compared with Apx","limitations":"off-target analyte (apixaban, not quercetin)"},"34071139":{"pmid":"34071139","title":"Assessment of Metabolic Interaction between Repaglinide and Quercetin via Mixed Inhibition in the Liver: In Vitro and In Vivo.","authors":"Kim JM, Seo SW, Han DG, Yun H, Yoon IS","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2021","volume":"13","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics13060782","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34071139/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro and in vivo interaction)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Drug-herb interaction study: quercetin as inhibitor of repaglinide metabolism (rat/human liver microsomes) and effect on repaglinide PK in rats. In vivo plasma PK measured repaglinide only; no quercetin plasma PK reported.","conclusion":"the in vivo systemic exposure of RPG following intravenous and oral administration in rats was significantly increased by the concurrent administration of QCT.","limitations":"off-target analyte (repaglinide, not quercetin)"},"34091674":{"pmid":"34091674","title":"Dietary Quercetin Reduces Plasma and Tissue Methylglyoxal and Advanced Glycation End Products in Healthy Mice Treated with Methylglyoxal.","authors":"Zhao Y, Tang Y, Sang S","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2021","volume":"151","issue":"9","pages":"2601-2609","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxab176","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34091674/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"15 (Exp 1); 50 (Exp 2)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Efficacy study (methylglyoxal/AGEs) in mice; quercetin and isorhamnetin tissue/excreta concentrations are secondary. Plasma values are figure-only (Fig. 4); numeric values only for urine, feces, liver in Table 2; kidney detected not quantified.","conclusion":"dietary quercetin significantly decreased the accumulation of MGO and AGEs in exogenous MGO–administered mice via trapping MGO directly and activating MGO detoxification pathways","limitations":"plasma concentrations figure-only; urine/feces pooled from one cage, no variance; MGO co-administered; healthy mice; quercetin form/purity not detailed; kidney values not quantified"},"34142631":{"pmid":"34142631","title":"Enhancement of oral bioavailability of quercetin by metabolic inhibitory nanosuspensions compared to conventional nanosuspensions.","authors":"Li H, Li M, Fu J, Ao H, Wang W, Wang X","journal":"Drug delivery","year":"2021","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"1226-1236","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2021.1927244","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142631/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomly divided into six groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"These results collectively supported that metabolic inhibitors based on nanosuspensions is an effective solution to enhance oral absorption of quercetin.","limitations":"rats, n=6 per group; oral dose basis not explicit; no free-quercetin aglycone given orally other than water suspension; Tmax of Que Sol marked significant while others not; plasma curves figure-only"},"34152346":{"pmid":"34152346","title":"Quercetin nanoformulations: a promising strategy for tumor therapy.","authors":"Zang X , Cheng M , Zhang X , Chen X","journal":"Food & function","year":"2021","volume":"12","issue":"15","pages":"6664-6681","doi":"10.1039/d1fo00851j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34152346/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin nanoformulations for tumor therapy (Food & Function, Review); no original absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"These results suggest that quercetin nanoparticles may be a promising antitumor therapeutic agent.","limitations":"review article, secondary source"},"34205156":{"pmid":"34205156","title":"Transit and Metabolic Pathways of Quercetin in Tubular Cells: Involvement of Its Antioxidant Properties in the Kidney.","authors":"Muñoz-Reyes D, Morales AI, Prieto M","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2021","volume":"10","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/antiox10060909","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34205156/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Antioxidants 2021) of quercetin renal transit and metabolism; no primary PK data extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, not a primary study"},"34205604":{"pmid":"34205604","title":"Rutin and Quercetin Decrease Cholesterol in HepG2 Cells but Not Plasma Cholesterol in Hamsters by Oral Administration.","authors":"Liang N, Li YM, He Z, Hao W, Zhao Y, Liu J, Zhu H, Kwek E, Ma KY, He WS, Chen ZY","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2021","volume":"26","issue":"12","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules26123766","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34205604/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (golden Syrian hamsters; HepG2 cells in vitro)","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cholesterol-lowering efficacy study of rutin and quercetin in HepG2 cells and hamsters; no flavonoid concentration, absorption or PK measurement. Bioavailability is only discussed qualitatively.","conclusion":"R and Q were effective in reducing cholesterol in HepG2 cells in vitro, whereas in vivo, the oral administration of the two flavonoids had little effect on plasma cholesterol in hamsters.","limitations":"no quercetin or metabolite concentrations measured; not an absorption study"},"34281178":{"pmid":"34281178","title":"Effect of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Challenge on β-Glucuronidase Activity and the Concentration of Quercetin and Its Metabolites in the Choroid Plexus, Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid.","authors":"Domżalska M, Wiczkowski W, Szczepkowska A, Chojnowska S, Misztal T, Walter FR, Deli MA, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Schwerk C, Skipor J","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2021","volume":"22","issue":"13","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms22137122","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34281178/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep, adult ewes; plus rat and human choroid plexus epithelial cells in vitro)","design":"other (repeated-measures within-animal: saline session then LPS session after 2 weeks recovery; in vitro cell experiments)","n":"40 ewes overall (Exp. 1 n=24; Exp. 2 n=16, 6 excluded from sampling)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3GA) given IV to ewes (on-target, route IV); also in vitro HIBCPP cell Q3GA uptake. Most time-course data are figure-only.","conclusion":"We observed that acute inflammation stimulated β-Gluc activity in the ChP and blood plasma, but not in ChP epithelial cells and CSF, and did not affect Q and its phase II metabolite concentrations in plasma and CSF, except Q3GA, for which the plasma concentration was higher 30 min after administration (p < 0.05) in LPS- compared to saline-treated ewes. The lack of Q3GA deconjugation in the ChP observed under physiological and acute inflammatory conditions, however, does not exclude its possible role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases.","limitations":"IV Q3GA only, no oral dosing; time-course concentrations and AUC figure-only; SEM for all data per Methods; dose unit inconsistent (mg/kg vs mg/60 kg); Exp. 4 unit inconsistency (µmol/g in text vs nmol/g in Fig. 9); n for text-reported plasma values not stated"},"34311274":{"pmid":"34311274","title":"Food frequency questionnaire is a valid assessment tool of quercetin and kaempferol intake in Iranian breast cancer patients according to plasma biomarkers.","authors":"Sadeghi S, Montazeri V, Zamora-Ros R, Biparva P, Sabour S, Pirouzpanah S","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)","year":"2021","volume":"93","issue":"","pages":"1-14","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2021.06.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34311274/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational (consecutive case series; FFQ validation against plasma biomarkers)","n":"140","status":"partial","statusNote":"Observational FFQ validation study (biomarker study). Habitual dietary intake vs fasting plasma flavonols; no controlled dose or PK sampling. Extracted plasma concentrations, intake-plasma correlations and ROC results.","conclusion":"Findings on the accuracy of a diagnostic test could support FFQ as a reasonable nutritional tool to estimate the intake status of quercetin and kaempferol among Iranian breast cancer patients.","limitations":"observational, not a controlled PK study; no flavonoid food composition database for Iran; single plasma measurement; cancer patients; oncogenic metabolism may affect flavonol turnover; total flavonols after hydrolysis, not parent compounds"},"34358980":{"pmid":"34358980","title":"Novel extraction, rapid assessment and bioavailability improvement of quercetin: A review.","authors":"Manzoor MF, Hussain A, Sameen A, Sahar A, Khan S, Siddique R, Aadil RM, Xu B","journal":"Ultrasonics sonochemistry","year":"2021","volume":"78","issue":"","pages":"105686","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105686","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358980/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Ultrason Sonochem 2021) of quercetin extraction, non-destructive assessment and bioavailability improvement; no primary PK data extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, not a primary study"},"34456723":{"pmid":"34456723","title":"A Nano-Pharmaceutical Formula of Quercetin Protects from Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Metabolic Syndrome.","authors":"Ahmed OAA, Hassan NA, Azhar AS, El-Mas MM, El-Bassossy HM","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2021","volume":"12","issue":"","pages":"696981","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2021.696981","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456723/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cardiovascular efficacy study of quercetin SNEDDS vs standard quercetin suspension in metabolic syndrome rats; no quercetin concentration or PK measured in this paper. Improved bioavailability is cited from a previous study only.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the quercetin loaded SNEDDS is evidently more advantageous than the standard preparation of the drug in alleviating functional and histopathological manifestations of cardiac damage incited by MetS.","limitations":"no PK or absorption measured in this paper"},"34529978":{"pmid":"34529978","title":"Effects of quercetin and artemetin prenylation on bioavailability and bioactivity.","authors":"Salamone S, Nieddu M, Khalili A, Sansaro A, Bombardelli E, Rosa A, Pollastro F","journal":"Chemistry and physics of lipids","year":"2021","volume":"240","issue":"","pages":"105137","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105137","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34529978/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro HeLa cell study of quercetin, artemetin and their prenylated derivatives (Perspectives article, primary data). Only cell-pellet content was measured for artemetin compounds (off-target analytes, recorded for context); quercetin and 8-prenyl quercetin were not appreciably detected in cells (data not shown). No numeric quercetin uptake values.","conclusion":"Our results showed that the 8-prenyl quercetin (6), 5-O-prenyl artemetin (7) and 8-prenyl artemetin (8) exerted a more marked reduction in HeLa cell viability and greatly affected HeLa cell lipid profile in a more marked way compared to their relative precursor quercetin (1) and artemetin (2).","limitations":"in vitro cancer cell line only; quercetin cell content data not shown; artemetin is off-target analyte; n for pellet measurements not stated"},"34563617":{"pmid":"34563617","title":"Lipid nanocarrier of selegiline augmented anti-Parkinson's effect via P-gp modulation using quercetin.","authors":"Qamar Z, Ashhar MU, Annu, Qizilibash FF, Sahoo PK, Ali A, Ali J, Baboota S","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2021","volume":"609","issue":"","pages":"121131","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121131","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34563617/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation development, ex vivo permeation and pharmacodynamics)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Measured compound is selegiline; quercetin is a P-gp inhibitor co-loaded in the formulation. Quercetin's own absorption/PK was not measured. Selegiline release/permeation recorded for context (SEL-QUR vs SEL suspension shows quercetin co-formulation effect).","conclusion":"These studies concluded that developed LNC formulation loaded SEL with P-gp inhibitor had the potential in improving bioavailability of SEL in the brain via oral route.","limitations":"quercetin concentrations not measured; ex vivo/in vitro, no in vivo PK; n=3; no quercetin-free LNC control stated in extracted text"},"34611857":{"pmid":"34611857","title":"Formulation, Solubilization, and In Vitro Characterization of Quercetin-Incorporated Mixed Micelles of PEO-PPO-PEO Block Copolymers.","authors":"Patel HS, Shaikh SJ, Ray D, Aswal VK, Vaidya F, Pathak C, Sharma RK","journal":"Applied biochemistry and biotechnology","year":"2022","volume":"194","issue":"1","pages":"445-463","doi":"10.1007/s12010-021-03691-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611857/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterization)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro formulation study (Pluronic mixed micelles of quercetin): solubility and release only; no absorption or PK. Solubility vs temperature is figure-only; few numbers printed in text.","conclusion":"Thus, QCN-incorporated mixed P123/F88 micelles may represent an effective approach for enhancing QCN's oral bioavailability, antioxidant activity, and cell viability.","limitations":"in vitro only; no oral absorption or PK data; solubility values figure-only; no variance reported for release or stability numbers in text"},"34685098":{"pmid":"34685098","title":"Nanotechnology Innovations to Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of Quercetin.","authors":"Pinheiro RGR, Pinheiro M, Neves AR","journal":"Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2021","volume":"11","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nano11102658","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34685098/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Nanomaterials 2021) of nanocarriers for quercetin; no primary PK data extracted.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, not a primary study"},"34710677":{"pmid":"34710677","title":"Co-encapsulation of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and quercetin in double emulsion hydrogel beads: Microstructures, functional properties, and digestion behaviors.","authors":"Hu M, Liu G, Zhang W, Du X, Qi B, Li Y","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2022","volume":"373","issue":"Pt A","pages":"131427","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131427","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34710677/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro simulated gastric + small-intestinal digestion, triplicate)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of co-encapsulated EGCG and quercetin; quercetin 'bioavailability' (micellar solubilised fraction, i.e. bioaccessibility) is shown only in Fig. 4(1); no numeric values in text or tables.","conclusion":"the hydrogel beads inhibited oil digestion without compromising the bioavailability of quercetin and increasing the bioavailability of EGCG.","limitations":"in vitro only; bioavailability defined as micellar solubilised fraction (bioaccessibility); quercetin values figure-only; triplicate, n per group not otherwise stated"},"34813906":{"pmid":"34813906","title":"Self-nanoemulsifying composition containing curcumin, quercetin, Ganoderma lucidum extract powder and probiotics for effective treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in streptozotocin induced rats.","authors":"Khursheed R, Singh SK, Kumar B, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, A A, Awasthi A, Vishwas S, Kaur J, Corrie L, K R A, Kumar R, Jha NK, Gupta PK, Zacconi F, Dua K, Chitranshi N, Mustafa G, Kumar A","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"612","issue":"","pages":"121306","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121306","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34813906/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (rat PK, 6 groups); plus in vitro dissolution and Caco-2 permeability; plus separate 42-day diabetic rat pharmacodynamic study","n":"36 (PK)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin (with curcumin) in SNEDDS pellets: rat PK (Cmax/AUC fold increases; Cmax value printed only in Abstract with group not specified), in vitro dissolution and Caco-2 permeability fold changes. Full PK table is in supplementary Table S4 (not in PDF); plasma and permeability profiles are figure-only. Curcumin results not extracted.","conclusion":"About 50.23– and 5.57-folds increase in bioavailability was observed for curcumin and quercetin respectively, upon loading into SNEDDS pellets.","limitations":"actual PK values (Cmax, AUC, Tmax, t1/2) in supplementary Table S4 not in PDF; plasma and permeability profiles figure-only; co-administered with curcumin and synbiotic excipients; group for abstract Cmax unspecified; variance type unclear (SD vs SEM stated in methods); n=6 per group with split sampling (3 rats early, 3 late)"},"34952968":{"pmid":"34952968","title":"Encapsulating quercetin in cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks improved its solubility and bioavailability.","authors":"Wang Z, Ma Y, Jiang Y, Zhou F, Wu Y, Jiang H, Wang R, Xu Q, Hua C","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","year":"2022","volume":"102","issue":"9","pages":"3887-3896","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.11738","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34952968/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro physicochemical characterisation and solubility)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro paper: quercetin encapsulated in gamma-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks; only absorption-relevant numbers are apparent water solubility values. No permeability, PK or animal/human data despite 'bioavailability' in title.","conclusion":"γ-CD-MOFs are promising carriers for bioactive agents in food and pharmaceutical applications.","limitations":"in vitro solubility only; no absorption/permeability/PK data; 'bioavailability' inferred from solubility and amorphous state; no p-value for solubility comparison"},"35019280":{"pmid":"35019280","title":"Injectable Quercetin-Loaded Hydrogel with Cartilage-Protection and Immunomodulatory Properties for Articular Cartilage Repair.","authors":"Yu W, Zhu Y, Li H, He Y","journal":"ACS applied bio materials","year":"2020","volume":"3","issue":"2","pages":"761-771","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.9b00673","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35019280/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release from hydrogel; efficacy in rat osteochondral defect model not extracted)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Local-delivery quercetin hydrogel for cartilage repair; only quercetin in vitro release from the hydrogel is relevant (burst ~10%; cumulative release curve figure-only). No systemic absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"Our results suggest that a well-designed drug delivery hydrogel with anti-inflammatory activities can promote cartilage regeneration.","limitations":"no systemic PK/absorption data; release curve figure-only; bioavailability claim is conceptual (local delivery)"},"35056127":{"pmid":"35056127","title":"Fabrication and Evaluation of Quercetin Nanoemulsion: A Delivery System with Improved Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy in Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Mahadev M, Nandini HS, Ramu R, Gowda DV, Almarhoon ZM, Al-Ghorbani M, Mabkhot YN","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2022","volume":"15","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ph15010070","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056127/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"the Que-NE compared to pure quercetin exhibited superior release and enhanced oral bioavailability.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); animal study; single dose; parent quercetin by HPLC-UV only, conjugates not described; no absolute bioavailability; comparator of significance symbols not explicitly stated"},"35093441":{"pmid":"35093441","title":"Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides self-assembled nanoparticles for delivery of quercetin and their anti-proliferative activities during gastrointestinal digestion in vitro.","authors":"Li X, Zhou P, Luo Z, Feng R, Wang L","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2022","volume":"203","issue":"","pages":"244-255","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.143","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35093441/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro simulated oral-gastric-intestinal digestion)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro simulated digestion release of quercetin from polysaccharide nanoparticles; no absorption, permeability or PK data; free-quercetin comparator release not reported in text.","conclusion":"During simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, QC-HSP NPs had the sustained release characteristics, and presented stronger anti-proliferative activity than free QC.","limitations":"in vitro only; no free-quercetin release comparator in text; release time course figure-only; no permeability or PK data"},"35122241":{"pmid":"35122241","title":"Enhanced water dispersibility and Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability of quercetin by complexation with casein hydrolysate.","authors":"Inada A, Sawao A, Takahashi K, Oshima T","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2022","volume":"87","issue":"3","pages":"1174-1183","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.16049","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35122241/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro solubility and Caco-2 permeability)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro: apparent solubility and Caco-2 permeability after simulated digestion; Fa is author-estimated from Papp.","conclusion":"The results from the Caco-2 cell permeation assay clarified that the complexation of Que with Pepcas should improve its oral bioavailability.","limitations":"in vitro only; Fa is a calculated estimate from Papp; cumulative permeation time course figure-only; solubility fold compared at slightly different pH; n=3"},"35179095":{"pmid":"35179095","title":"Improving gallic acid and quercetin bioavailability by polymeric nanoparticle formulation.","authors":"Patil P, Killedar S","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2021","volume":"47","issue":"10","pages":"1656-1663","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2022.2043353","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179095/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of quercetin (with gallic acid) in chitosan polyherbal nanoparticles vs polyherbal extract (amla + pomegranate peel). Gallic acid values not extracted. Numerous internal inconsistencies noted.","conclusion":"This research suggests that encapsulating GA and quercetin in polymeric nanoparticles improves their oral bioavailability and anti-colon cancer efficacy.","limitations":"very high variability (SD/SEM comparable to means); different doses (100 vs 400 mg/kg); n and variance type inconsistent (6 rats vs three samples; SD vs SEM); unclear comparator for significance markers; quercetin content of extract not stated; Cmax comparison not significant by magnitude"},"35209106":{"pmid":"35209106","title":"Protective Effect of Quercetin 3-O-Glucuronide against Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in Renal Tubular Cells.","authors":"Muñoz-Reyes D, Casanova AG, González-Paramás AM, Martín Á, Santos-Buelga C, Morales AI, López-Hernández FJ, Prieto M","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2022","volume":"27","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules27041319","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35209106/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (pilot comparison of oral vs intraperitoneal administration)","n":"2","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin micellar formulation (P-quercetin) oral vs i.p. in 2 rats: qualitative HPLC-MS chromatogram comparison of quercetin metabolites in plasma and urine (figure-only, no numeric values); remainder of paper is in vitro cytoprotection by quercetin metabolites (not absorption).","conclusion":"Quercetin afforded no direct cytoprotection and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide was the only metabolite partially preventing the effect of cisplatin in cultured tubule cells.","limitations":"n=2 rats in pilot; no quantitative PK values; chromatograms figure-only; absorption equivalence inferred from chromatograms only"},"35343862":{"pmid":"35343862","title":"Targeted delivery of quercetin by biotinylated mixed micelles for non-small cell lung cancer treatment.","authors":"Li K, Zang X, Meng X, Li Y, Xie Y, Chen X","journal":"Drug delivery","year":"2022","volume":"29","issue":"1","pages":"970-985","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2022.2055225","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35343862/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release; cell and xenograft efficacy not extracted)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin-loaded targeted mixed micelles for NSCLC: only in vitro dialysis release of quercetin is relevant (curves figure-only; free quercetin 'almost complete within 4 h' in text). Biodistribution used DiR dye-labelled micelles, not quercetin concentrations; no PK.","conclusion":"Que-MMICs demonstrated high accumulation at tumor site and exhibited superior anticancer activity in NSCLC bearing mice model.","limitations":"in vitro release only; no PK or absorption data; release curves figure-only; biodistribution done with DiR dye, not quercetin"},"35353535":{"pmid":"35353535","title":"Development of Poly(lipoic acid) Nanoparticles with Improved Oral Bioavailability and Hepatoprotective Effects of Quercetin.","authors":"Banik S, Yamada K, Sato H, Onoue S","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"19","issue":"5","pages":"1468-1476","doi":"10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353535/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This formulation exhibited sustained release of QUE and led to a significant improvement in its oral absorption compared with crystalline QUE.","limitations":"rat study; doses differ between arms (200 vs 50 mg QUE/kg); n = 4-6 per group; exact n per arm NR; sampling time points not stated in text (figure only); IV reference data in Supporting Information only; oral BA values printed without variance"},"35429932":{"pmid":"35429932","title":"The nanomicelles consisting of lotus root amylopectin and quinoa protein: Construction and encapsulation for quercetin.","authors":"Liu K, Zhang HL, Pan LH, Li QM, Luo JP, Zha XQ","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2022","volume":"387","issue":"","pages":"132924","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132924","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35429932/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterization and simulated GI digestion)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro encapsulation/simulated digestion release study of quercetin nanomicelles; no in vivo PK","conclusion":"Results showed that the coating layer of LRA can enhance the encapsulation efficiency, stability, and sustained release characteristic of quercetin.","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption/PK measurement; most values figure-only; no dose or concentration stated for digestion test; variance not printed in text"},"35430382":{"pmid":"35430382","title":"Design of a new light curable starch-based hydrogel drug delivery system to improve the release rate of quercetin as a poorly water-soluble drug.","authors":"Moghadam M, Seyed Dorraji MS, Dodangeh F, Ashjari HR, Mousavi SN, Rasoulifard MH","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences","year":"2022","volume":"174","issue":"","pages":"106191","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430382/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release study of hydrogel formulations)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro release study of quercetin from hydrogels; no in vivo PK. H2 and H3 release values only in Fig. 5/Table S3 (supplement)","conclusion":"Quer release reached 56.62% after 8 h (almost double the previous study (27%)). Future in vivo studies are needed to assess the bioavailability of the synthesized nanoparticle in the body.","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption/PK measurement; release medium contains 30% ethanol; H2/H3 values not printed in main text; no replicate number or variance reported; formulation Table S1 and release Table S3 in supplement only"},"35456709":{"pmid":"35456709","title":"Tailoring of Selenium-Plated Novasomes for Fine-Tuning Pharmacokinetic and Tumor Uptake of Quercetin: In Vitro Optimization and In Vivo Radiobiodistribution Assessment in Ehrlich Tumor-Bearing Mice.","authors":"Aboud HM, Hussein AK, Zayan AZ, Makram TS, Sarhan MO, El-Sharawy DM","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"14","issue":"4","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14040875","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35456709/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"72 (24 mice per group x 3 groups, as printed: 'three groups (24 mice per group)')","status":"complete","statusNote":"IV (not oral) PK/biodistribution of 99mTc-labelled quercetin formulations in tumor-bearing mice; plus in vitro formulation data. Measured analyte is 99mTc radioactivity.","conclusion":"the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies revealed higher AUC0–∞, extended T1/2 and MRT besides reinforced tumor uptake of 99mTc-QRC-SeNOVs compared to 99mTc-QRC-NOVs and 99mTc-QRC solution.","limitations":"intravenous route only; no oral absorption data; analyte is 99mTc radioactivity, not chemically measured quercetin; label stability concerns; n = 3 per time point; industry funding none; mouse tumor model; Kelim units not printed in Table 5"},"35516602":{"pmid":"35516602","title":"Preparation of quercetin-nicotinamide cocrystals and their evaluation under in vivo and in vitro conditions.","authors":"Wu N, Zhang Y, Ren J, Zeng A, Liu J","journal":"RSC advances","year":"2020","volume":"10","issue":"37","pages":"21852-21859","doi":"10.1039/d0ra03324c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35516602/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic experiment in rats affirms that quercetin–nicotinamide cocrystals improve the bioavailability of quercetin significantly.","limitations":"rat study n = 5 per group; Table 1 has no variance (SD/SEM) and no p-values although Student's t-test stated; only 1:1 cocrystal tested in vivo; oral absorption of quercetin as aglycone only; no conjugate measurement; parameter values internally odd (t1/2(ka) 1.06 min vs Ka 0.66 min-1)"},"35527860":{"pmid":"35527860","title":"Novel biodegradable and non-fouling systems for controlled-release based on poly(ε-caprolactone)/Quercetin blends and biomimetic bacterial S-layer coatings.","authors":"Sanchez-Rexach E, Iturri J, Fernandez J, Meaurio E, Toca-Herrera JL, Sarasua JR","journal":"RSC advances","year":"2019","volume":"9","issue":"42","pages":"24154-24163","doi":"10.1039/c9ra04398e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35527860/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro controlled-release study of quercetin from polymer platforms; most release profiles figure-only (Figs. 3-5); few values in text","conclusion":"a stable linear release was obtained (30% decrease compared to uncoated samples) in all the cases.","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption/PK; no replicate number or variance reported; release profiles mainly in figures"},"35541625":{"pmid":"35541625","title":"A simple sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin and quercetin in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.","authors":"Puttappa N, Yamjala K, S T N, Raman SK, Kuppusamy G, Babu B, Kumar PR","journal":"RSC advances","year":"2019","volume":"9","issue":"71","pages":"41794-41802","doi":"10.1039/c9ra07707c","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35541625/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Bioanalytical method paper; PK data for quercetin only as part of an artesunate-quercetin combination (no quercetin-alone arm)","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic data of the ART–QRT solution showed better systemic absorption than the pure drug solution.","limitations":"analytical method paper; no quercetin-alone arm; n stated as 6 in Methods vs 3 in Table 4; significance comparator not stated; no dose-normalization or absolute BA"},"35628203":{"pmid":"35628203","title":"Nanoparticles Formulation Improves the Antifibrogenic Effect of Quercetin on an Adenine-Induced Model of Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Sánchez-Jaramillo EA, Gasca-Lozano LE, Vera-Cruz JM, Hernández-Ortega LD, Gurrola-Díaz CM, Bastidas-Ramírez BE, Vargas-Guerrero B, Mena-Enríquez M, Martínez-Limón FJ, Salazar-Montes AM","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2022","volume":"23","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms23105392","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35628203/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study of quercetin macroparticles vs nanoparticles in adenine-induced CKD in mice; no quercetin concentration or PK measured. Authors state the circulating quercetin concentration could not be quantified.","conclusion":"we confirmed an improved antifibrogenic effect of quercetin with smaller doses of nanoparticles compared to those obtained with macroparticles.","limitations":"no absorption/PK data; authors note impossibility of quantifying circulating quercetin due to sample size/serum volume"},"35631483":{"pmid":"35631483","title":"Fabrication and In Vitro/Vivo Evaluation of Drug Nanocrystals Self-Stabilized Pickering Emulsion for Oral Delivery of Quercetin.","authors":"Wang Z, Dai B, Tang X, Che Z, Hu F, Shen C, Wu W, Shen B, Yuan H","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"14","issue":"5","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14050897","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631483/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"QT–NSSPE has not only a good physical stability for a storage of 30 days, but can also enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of quercetin.","limitations":"rat study n = 6 per arm; no IV reference so absolute BA not determined; plasma quercetin measured after acid hydrolysis (total aglycone); Tmax given as mean ± SD"},"35690763":{"pmid":"35690763","title":"A novel inhalable quercetin-alginate nanogel as a promising therapy for acute lung injury.","authors":"Chen YB, Zhang YB, Wang YL, Kaur P, Yang BG, Zhu Y, Ye L, Cui YL","journal":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","year":"2022","volume":"20","issue":"1","pages":"272","doi":"10.1186/s12951-022-01452-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35690763/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation and efficacy study with tissue distribution imaging)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Inhaled quercetin-alginate nanogel for acute lung injury; no quantitative PK. Only qualitative fluorescence tissue distribution (figure) and formulation loading/encapsulation numbers.","conclusion":"In the ALI rat model, this novel nanogel showed an excellent therapeutic effect by ultrasonic aerosol inhalation administration by protecting and reducing pulmonary inflammation, thereby preventing subsequent pulmonary fibrosis.","limitations":"no quantitative PK or bioavailability data despite abstract claim that bioavailability was significantly enhanced; tissue distribution of fluorescent label only, shown in a figure; inhalation route"},"35933833":{"pmid":"35933833","title":"A unique ternary Ce(III)-quercetin-phenanthroline assembly with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.","authors":"Halevas E, Matsia S, Hatzidimitriou A, Geromichalou E, Papadopoulos TA, Katsipis G, Pantazaki A, Litsardakis G, Salifoglou A","journal":"Journal of inorganic biochemistry","year":"2022","volume":"235","issue":"","pages":"111947","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111947","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35933833/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (chemical synthesis and in vitro/in silico characterization)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Inorganic synthesis, crystal structure and in vitro bioactivity (yeast toxicity, ROS, plasmid DNA degradation, DFT, docking) of a Ce(III)-quercetin-phenanthroline complex. Bioavailability/solubility is mentioned only as motivation; no absorption, solubility, permeability or PK values are reported.","conclusion":"Efforts to modulate flavonoid chemical reactivity toward more soluble, bioavailable, and bioactive forms in cellular media led to the employment of the lanthanide cerium(III) ion seeking interactions with the specific flavonoid quercetin","limitations":"no absorption or PK data reported"},"35980291":{"pmid":"35980291","title":"Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoemulsion against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis: In Vitro/Ex Vivo Studies and Mechanistic Insights.","authors":"Das SS, Dubey AK, Verma PRP, Singh SK, Singh SK","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"19","issue":"9","pages":"3367-3384","doi":"10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00492","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35980291/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro/ex vivo)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro/ex vivo antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of a quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QTNE) against Leishmania donovani. No absorption, permeability, solubility, release or PK data are reported; particle size and in vitro release are stated to be described in earlier work.","conclusion":"QTNE acts as a potential antileishmanial agent targeting both promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. donovani and thus can be used as a possible strategy for targeted delivery of QT at specific infected sites.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data reported"},"36015227":{"pmid":"36015227","title":"A Comparative Study of Quercetin-Loaded Nanocochleates and Liposomes: Formulation, Characterization, Assessment of Degradation and In Vitro Anticancer Potential.","authors":"Munot N, Kandekar U, Giram PS, Khot K, Patil A, Cavalu S","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2022","volume":"14","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14081601","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015227/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (formulation development and in vitro characterization)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation/characterization paper (in vitro only). Only absorption-relevant quantitative data are in vitro dialysis release percentages for quercetin liposomes (QL7), nanocochleates (QN3) and plain quercetin solution; full release curve is figure-only. Liver homogenate (S9G) degradation data are chromatograms only (qualitative).","conclusion":"Thus, it can be concluded that nanocochleates can act as a better alternative to liposomes for the delivery of drugs with poor stability and bioavailability, thus improving their therapeutic efficacy.","limitations":"in vitro only; no n or variance for release data; release profile figure-only; no in vivo absorption data; degradation data qualitative (chromatograms)"},"36102655":{"pmid":"36102655","title":"Lowering effect of combined sweet potato and onion intake on plasma quercetin concentration and underlying mechanism involving intestinal β-glucosidase activity.","authors":"Nuka E, Takahashi M, Okitsu M, Nayama C, Nishijima H, Sogawa R, Kawabata K, Terao J, Mukai R","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2022","volume":"86","issue":"12","pages":"1695-1698","doi":"10.1093/bbb/zbac155","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36102655/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (human test-meal study; crossover status NR; plus in vitro rat intestinal beta-glucosidase experiment)","n":"6","status":"partial","statusNote":"Short note. Human plasma quercetin values are numerically printed only for the onion-alone arm (approximate, ~); other arms and the in vitro saccharide experiment are figure-only (Fig. 1, Fig. 2).","conclusion":"In conclusion, the intake of sweet potato as a combined meal with onion lowers the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides from onion, probably because carbohydrate digestion products interfere with deglycosylation during epithelial uptake.","limitations":"n = 6 healthy young men; values mostly figure-only; crossover/washout details not stated in this paper; short sampling (1.5 and 3.0 h only); in vitro used rat enzyme"},"36120321":{"pmid":"36120321","title":"Protective effect of quercetin on kidney diseases: From chemistry to herbal medicines.","authors":"Chen YQ, Chen HY, Tang QQ, Li YF, Liu XS, Lu FH, Gu YY","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2022","volume":"13","issue":"","pages":"968226","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2022.968226","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36120321/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin in kidney diseases (Frontiers in Pharmacology, Type: Review); no primary data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"36156668":{"pmid":"36156668","title":"O-Sulfation disposition of curcumin and quercetin in SULT1A3 overexpressing HEK293 cells: the role of arylsulfatase B in cellular O-sulfation regulated by transporters.","authors":"Pei S, Dou Y, Zhang W, Qi D, Li Y, Wang M, Li W, Shi H, Gao Z, Yao C, Fang D, Sun H, Xie S","journal":"Food & function","year":"2022","volume":"13","issue":"20","pages":"10558-10573","doi":"10.1039/d2fo01436j","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156668/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro metabolism/transport study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro quercetin sulfation/efflux study in SULT1A3-overexpressing HEK293 cells (curcumin was the second model compound and is not extracted). Most data are percent changes from text; bar values are figure-only. Table 3 and text kinetic values conflict.","conclusion":"Our findings have revealed potentially important roles of BCRP and MRP4 in the O-sulfates excretion by curcumin and quercetin. The reduction in O-sulfate excretion led to a significant decrease in the sulfation extent (fmet) by aglycones, revealing a strong interplay of sulfation with efflux transport.","limitations":"in vitro cell model only; n = 3 determinations; bar values figure-only; Table 3 and text kinetic values inconsistent; structure of Q-O-S not confirmed by NMR"},"36364256":{"pmid":"36364256","title":"Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidative, and Nitric Oxide-Scavenging Activities of a Quercetin Nanosuspension with Polyethylene Glycol in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages.","authors":"Kang SG, Lee GB, Vinayagam R, Do GS, Oh SY, Yang SJ, Kwon JB, Singh M","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2022","volume":"27","issue":"21","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules27217432","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36364256/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and cell study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Formulation (quercetin-PEG 8000 nanosuspension) with physicochemical characterization (particle size, DSC, FT-IR) and in vitro antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. No absorption, solubility, dissolution, permeability or PK measurements; the ~60 mg/L water solubility of quercetin is cited from literature as background.","conclusion":"Hence, it can be concluded that the prepared nanosuspension possesses considerable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity, which may help to prevent the occurrence of chronic diseases.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data reported"},"36364448":{"pmid":"36364448","title":"Quercetin's Effects on Glutamate Cytotoxicity.","authors":"Riche K, Lenard NR","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2022","volume":"27","issue":"21","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules27217620","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36364448/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Molecules, Review) of quercetin effects on glutamate excitotoxicity; no primary absorption data extracted.","conclusion":"Quercetin's bioavailability may limit its use clinically, however. Thus, future research into ways to increase its bioavailability are warranted.","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"36499113":{"pmid":"36499113","title":"Enzymatically Modified Isoquercitrin: Production, Metabolism, Bioavailability, Toxicity, Pharmacology, and Related Molecular Mechanisms.","authors":"Owczarek-Januszkiewicz A, Magiera A, Olszewska MA","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2022","volume":"23","issue":"23","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms232314784","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36499113/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ): production, metabolism, bioavailability, toxicity, pharmacology (Int J Mol Sci, Review); secondary literature, no primary data extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"36570285":{"pmid":"36570285","title":"Enhanced Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of a Natural Self-Emulsifying Reversible Hybrid-Hydrogel System of Quercetin: A Randomized Double-Blinded Comparative Crossover Study.","authors":"Joseph A, Shanmughan P, Balakrishnan A, Maliakel B, M KI","journal":"ACS omega","year":"2022","volume":"7","issue":"50","pages":"46825-46832","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.2c05929","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36570285/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve estimation showed an 18.61-fold improvement in the bioavailability of free (unconjugated) forms and 62.08-fold higher for total quercetin bioavailability (sum of unconjugated and conjugated metabolites) compared to an equivalent dose of unformulated quercetin.","limitations":"small n (16); industry-affiliated authors, patent holder; dose-normalization unclear (445 vs 180 mg quercetin per capsule); single dose; values in text vs Table 1 content inconsistent; in vitro release and concentration-time data figure-only; UQ row in Table 2 not labelled free or total"},"36631429":{"pmid":"36631429","title":"Synthesis of Quercetin-Acid Esters and Its Reduction of H(2) O(2) -Triggered PC12 Cells Damage by Down-Regulating ROS.","authors":"Li JW, Zhang WC, Wu ZY, Liu H, Wang YC, Liu QS, Li SN, Lin YT, Hui AL","journal":"Chemistry & biodiversity","year":"2023","volume":"20","issue":"2","pages":"e202200897","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202200897","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36631429/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Chemical synthesis of quercetin-acid esters with antioxidant/ROS assays in H2O2-treated PC12 cells; no absorption, bioavailability or PK data (solubility only mentioned qualitatively).","conclusion":"()","limitations":"no absorption data"},"36638836":{"pmid":"36638836","title":"Regional distributions of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin in the liver and small intestine of rats when orally co-administered with quercetin and paeoniflorin.","authors":"Yu W, Liu X, Cai D, Zheng J, Lao B, Huang M, Zhong G","journal":"Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition","year":"2023","volume":"44","issue":"2","pages":"183-191","doi":"10.1002/bdd.2346","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36638836/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2 groups)","n":"50","status":"partial","statusNote":"Listed supplement quercetin (15 mg/kg) was co-administered with curcumin and paeoniflorin and measured in tissue, but quercetin tissue data are figure-only (Fig. 3) and quercetin plasma PK is in supplementary tables. Tabulated data are for curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin tissue distribution (quercetin as interaction modifier).","conclusion":"the two bioactive compounds, quercetin and paeoniflorin, might reduce the intestinal biotransformation of curcumin, so as to increase the amount of drug into the body circulation, or to improve the effectiveness of treatments for intestinal diseases.","limitations":"large SDs; small n (5 per time point, tissue from different rats at each time point); single fixed dose; quercetin data figure-only; plasma data in supplement"},"36839896":{"pmid":"36839896","title":"Ultrasonically Fabricated Beta-Carotene Nanoemulsion: Optimization, Characterization and Evaluation of Combinatorial Effect with Quercetin on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model.","authors":"Mahadev M, Dubey A, Shetty A","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","volume":"15","issue":"2","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15020574","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839896/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK study measured beta-carotene (pure drug vs nanoemulsion) in plasma; quercetin nanoemulsion (QU-NE) used only in the diabetic-rat efficacy study (no quercetin absorption/PK data in this paper). Beta-carotene Table 6 recorded for reference.","conclusion":"The βC-NE, combined with QU-NE, exhibited potential therapeutic benefits in controlling body weight, blood sugar level, lipid levels, and tissue damage markers.","limitations":"off-target analyte; small n; no quercetin PK"},"36912048":{"pmid":"36912048","title":"Interaction of quercetin and 5-fluorouracil: cellular and pharmacokinetic study.","authors":"Tavakoli Pirzaman A, Aghajanian S, Mansoori R, Al-E-Ahmad A, Ebrahimzadeh M, Moghadamnia AA, Kazemi S","journal":"Toxicology mechanisms and methods","year":"2023","volume":"33","issue":"6","pages":"502-511","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2023.2188928","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912048/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (control vs quercetin-pretreated)","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK analyte is 5-fluorouracil (IV) in rats pretreated with IP quercetin (10 mg/kg x 14 days); quercetin plasma levels not measured. Interaction study: quercetin raised 5-FU Cmax/AUC. Also in vitro HT-29/fibroblast cytotoxicity.","conclusion":"Daily administration of quercetin could significantly increase the Cmax and AUC of 5-FU and lead to a significant pharmacokinetic synergism between 5-FU and quercetin.","limitations":"off-target analyte; IP quercetin route; small n; n inconsistent (6 vs 5); mechanism not studied; 5-FU metabolites not measured"},"37043980":{"pmid":"37043980","title":"In vitro outcomes of quercetin on Candida albicans planktonic and biofilm cells and in vivo effects on vulvovaginal candidiasis. Evidences of its mechanisms of action.","authors":"Tan Y, Lin Q, Yao J, Zhang G, Peng X, Tian J","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","year":"2023","volume":"114","issue":"","pages":"154800","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154800","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37043980/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups)","n":"24","status":"complete","statusNote":"Primarily an antifungal/anti-VVC study; includes a full quercetin PK study in mice (i.g. 25/50/100 mg/kg and i.v. 50 mg/kg), recorded here.","conclusion":"The present study showed that QC has rapid oral absorption, slow elimination, good viral distribution, and a lack of toxicity.","limitations":"small n; female mice only; fed state not reported; bioavailability values inconsistent (12.3% vs 13.59%); tissue data in supplement"},"37067239":{"pmid":"37067239","title":"Protective effects of dietary quercetin on cerebral ischemic injury: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability-enhancing nanoformulations.","authors":"Zhang Y, Fu K, Wang C, Ma C, Gong L, Zhou H, Xue X, Peng C, Li Y","journal":"Food & function","year":"2023","volume":"14","issue":"10","pages":"4470-4489","doi":"10.1039/d2fo03122a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37067239/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review)","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Food & Function) of quercetin pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and nanoformulations in cerebral ischemia; no original data.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review article"},"37067270":{"pmid":"37067270","title":"The synergistic effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and quercetin co-loaded hydrogel beads on inflammatory bowel disease.","authors":"Hu M, Huang Y, Du X, Liu G, Qi B, Li Y","journal":"Food & function","year":"2023","volume":"14","issue":"10","pages":"4539-4551","doi":"10.1039/d2fo04029h","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37067270/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"30","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mainly in vitro digestion/anti-inflammatory study of EGCG and quercetin co-loaded hydrogel beads; only quercetin GI-tract content (text, HPLC) in DSS-colitis rats is reported; no plasma PK.","conclusion":"the Q content in the colon was the highest in the EQH-treated rats. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of E and Q can reduce the risk of IBD.","limitations":"no plasma PK; dose of Q per bead not stated in rat section; group n and sampling time NR; values for A arm not reported"},"37141640":{"pmid":"37141640","title":"Effective inhibition of breast cancer stem cell properties by quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles via reduction of Smad2/Smad3 phosphorylation and β-catenin signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer.","authors":"Hatami M, Kouchak M, Kheirollah A, Khorsandi L, Rashidi M","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","year":"2023","volume":"664","issue":"","pages":"69-76","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.077","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37141640/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro cancer-cell study of quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (QC-SLN); no absorption/PK data. Only formulation release and encapsulation values recorded.","conclusion":"Our findings demonstrate that SLNs improve the cytotoxic effect of QC in MDA-MB231 cells by increasing its bioavailability and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby effectively inhibiting CSC generation.","limitations":"in vitro only; bioavailability not measured"},"37154870":{"pmid":"37154870","title":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin in soy protein temporarily enhanced the plasma amino-acid concentrations, antioxidant index, and plasma hormone levels: a randomized, double-blind cross-over trial.","authors":"Omi N, Yamamoto H, Yamaguchi T, Tsukiashi M, Yamamoto T, Tanaka R, Watanabe K, Maruki-Uchida H, Kawama T","journal":"Amino acids","year":"2023","volume":"55","issue":"6","pages":"769-776","doi":"10.1007/s00726-023-03267-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37154870/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"9 analysed (16 enrolled)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Supplement (EMIQ, enzymatically modified isoquercitrin) was given with soy protein; measured outcomes are plasma amino acids, antioxidant indices and testosterone/myostatin, not quercetin or EMIQ/metabolites. All numeric data are in figures.","conclusion":"When ingested with soy protein, EMIQ significantly increased plasma TAA concentrations at 120 min after ingestion, and the effect was temporary. Ingestion of EMIQ also resulted in increased plasma testosterone concentrations.","limitations":"small n (9 men); industry funded; off-target analyte; values figure-only; 6 enrolled participants excluded/lost without explanation"},"37242034":{"pmid":"37242034","title":"Novel Hybrid Inulin-Soy Protein Nanoparticles Simultaneously Loaded with (-)-Epicatechin and Quercetin and Their In Vitro Evaluation.","authors":"Ayala-Fuentes JC, Soleimani M, Magaña JJ, Gonzalez-Meljem JM, Chavez-Santoscoy RA","journal":"Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2023","volume":"13","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nano13101615","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37242034/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro formulation study (inulin-soy protein nanoparticles co-loaded with epicatechin and quercetin); only in vitro release/simulated digestion and encapsulation data for quercetin recorded; no absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"Nanoencapsulation of (-)-epicatechin and quercetin into hybrid encapsulating agents, inulin–soy protein, enhances their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption measured; bioavailability claim not tested"},"37291983":{"pmid":"37291983","title":"Enhanced hemocompatibility and antibacterial activity of biodegradable poly(ester-urethane) modified with quercetin and phosphorylcholine for durable blood-contacting applications.","authors":"Hao T, Niu G, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Kong F, Xu J, Hou Z","journal":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","year":"2023","volume":"11","issue":"25","pages":"5846-5855","doi":"10.1039/d3tb00596h","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37291983/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Materials-chemistry paper on quercetin-modified phosphorylcholine poly(ester-urethane) films for blood-contacting devices (antibacterial, hemocompatibility, protein adsorption, subcutaneous implantation). Quercetin is a polymer chain extender; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data for quercetin.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37366114":{"pmid":"37366114","title":"Quercetin@Gd(3+) doped Prussian blue nanocubes induce the pyroptotic death of MDA-MB-231 cells: combinational targeted multimodal therapy, dual modal MRI, intuitive modelling of r(1)-r(2) relaxivities.","authors":"Sahoo P, Jana P, Kundu S, Mishra S, Chattopadhyay K, Mukherjee A, Ghosh CK","journal":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","year":"2023","volume":"11","issue":"28","pages":"6646-6663","doi":"10.1039/d3tb00316g","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37366114/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Materials/nanomedicine paper: quercetin loaded onto Gd3+-doped Prussian blue nanocubes for in vitro cancer-cell therapy and MRI contrast. Only in vitro nanoparticle drug release profile and cellular uptake (iron by ICP-OES) are reported; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37371883":{"pmid":"37371883","title":"A DFT Study on the Kinetics of HOO(•), CH(3)OO(•), and O(2)(•-) Scavenging by Quercetin and Flavonoid Catecholic Metabolites.","authors":"Amić A, Mastiľák Cagardová D","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2023","volume":"12","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/antiox12061154","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37371883/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Computational (DFT) study of radical scavenging kinetics of quercetin and catecholic flavonoid metabolites; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37375211":{"pmid":"37375211","title":"Simultaneous Estimation of Quercetin and trans-Resveratrol in Cissus quadrangularis Extract in Rat Serum Using Validated LC-MS/MS Method: Application to Pharmacokinetic and Stability Studies.","authors":"Dadge SD, Syed AA, Husain A, Valicherla GR, Gayen JR","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2023","volume":"28","issue":"12","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules28124656","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37375211/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of quercetin (and co-analyte trans-resveratrol) delivered within an ethanolic Cissus quadrangularis extract (EECQ); quercetin was not given as a pure compound. Paper is mainly an LC-MS/MS validation study; validation data omitted.","conclusion":"Our in vivo results suggest that intragastric administration may be a more effective route of administration for quercetin and t-res, as it leads to higher Cmax, shorter half-life, and high volume of distribution.","limitations":"single oral dose group only, no IV or comparator arm (the conclusion about intragastric administration being more effective is not supported by a comparison in the paper); quercetin given within a crude extract, dose of quercetin not stated directly; small n (6 rats); text and Table 6 disagree on quercetin AUC0-inf and t-res t1/2; serum measured after beta-glucuronidase treatment, so values reflect total (free plus deconjugated) analyte; fed/fasted state NR"},"37423375":{"pmid":"37423375","title":"Zein-based nanospheres and nanocapsules for the encapsulation and oral delivery of quercetin.","authors":"Campión R, Gonzalez-Navarro CJ, Luisa Martínez López A, Cristina Martínez-Oharriz M, Matías C, Sáiz-Abajo MJ, Collantes M, Peñuelas I, Irache JM","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2023","volume":"643","issue":"","pages":"123216","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123216","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37423375/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"the nanoencapsulation of quercetin in zein-based nanoparticles improved the relative oral bioavailability of this flavonoid. Nevertheless, again, nanospheres showed better performance than nanocapsules.","limitations":"small n (n ≥ 5, exact n per arm not given); dose and sampling times of IV arm and PK sampling schedule not stated; Abstract swaps Q-NS and Q-NC bioavailability values relative to Table 4; dose printed as 15 µg/kg in Results text vs 15 mg/kg elsewhere; Q-NS AUC SD very large (44131 on a mean of 56019); no deconjugation step described so unclear whether free or total quercetin"},"37476826":{"pmid":"37476826","title":"Preparation of caffeic acid grafted chitosan self-assembled micelles to enhance oral bioavailability and antibacterial activity of quercetin.","authors":"Ren X, Ren J, Li Y, Yuan S, Wang G","journal":"Frontiers in veterinary science","year":"2023","volume":"10","issue":"","pages":"1218025","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2023.1218025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37476826/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (white-finned broiler chicken)","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Animal (broiler chicken) PK of quercetin as caffeic acid-grafted chitosan micelles vs quercetin solution; in vitro release and stability also reported.","conclusion":"CA-g-CS/QR showed higher bioavailability in vivo, indicating a significant improvement in the formulation performance of QR proagents.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); no p-values reported for PK comparisons; single-dose, only a reference solution comparator (no IV arm); relative bioavailability, not absolute; industry/commercial conflicts none stated; quercetin measurement method does not describe deconjugation"},"37511613":{"pmid":"37511613","title":"Glycosylation of Quercetin by Selected Entomopathogenic Filamentous Fungi and Prediction of Its Products' Bioactivity.","authors":"Tronina T, Łużny M, Dymarska M, Urbaniak M, Kozłowska E, Piegza M, Stępień Ł, Janeczko T","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2023","volume":"24","issue":"14","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms241411857","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37511613/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Microbial biotransformation (glycosylation) of quercetin by entomopathogenic fungi in culture, with in silico (cheminformatics) predictions of ADME/bioactivity of products; no measured absorption or pharmacokinetic data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37513932":{"pmid":"37513932","title":"Recent Advances in Potential Health Benefits of Quercetin.","authors":"Aghababaei F, Hadidi M","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2023","volume":"16","issue":"7","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ph16071020","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37513932/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of potential health benefits of quercetin (Pharmaceuticals 2023); no primary PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37515777":{"pmid":"37515777","title":"Drug design strategies that aim to improve the low solubility and poor bioavailability conundrum in quercetin derivatives.","authors":"Alizadeh SR, Savadkouhi N, Ebrahimzadeh MA","journal":"Expert opinion on drug discovery","year":"2023","volume":"18","issue":"10","pages":"1117-1132","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2023.2241366","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37515777/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Expert Opin Drug Discov) of drug design strategies to improve solubility and bioavailability of quercetin derivatives; no primary PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37523008":{"pmid":"37523008","title":"Nano Drug Delivery Strategies for an Oral Bioenhanced Quercetin Formulation.","authors":"Attar ES, Chaudhari VH, Deokar CG, Dyawanapelly S, Devarajan PV","journal":"European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics","year":"2023","volume":"48","issue":"5","pages":"495-514","doi":"10.1007/s13318-023-00843-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37523008/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet) of nano drug delivery strategies for oral quercetin formulations; no primary PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"37547881":{"pmid":"37547881","title":"Tuning the Pharmacokinetic Performance of Quercetin by Cocrystallization.","authors":"Haskins MM, Kavanagh ON, Sanii R, Khorasani S, Chen JM, Zhang ZY, Dai XL, Ren BY, Lu TB, Zaworotko MJ","journal":"Crystal growth & design","year":"2023","volume":"23","issue":"8","pages":"6059-6066","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00590","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37547881/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups, single oral dose; plus in vitro dissolution)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK (oral gavage) of quercetin cocrystals vs QUE anhydrous plus in vitro dissolution; quercetin is on-target.","conclusion":"All four cocrystals were found to improve the solubility and bioavailability of QUE with QUEPTF exhibiting the largest improvement in bioavailability out of all QUE cocrystals reported to date.","limitations":"n = 4 rats per group; control form described as both anhydrous and dihydrate; QUE control Cmax/AUC low versus other studies (authors note this); vehicle differs from authors' earlier studies; abstract fold values contradict results text"},"37600550":{"pmid":"37600550","title":"A Pharmacokinetic Study of Different Quercetin Formulations in Healthy Participants: A Diet-Controlled, Crossover, Single- and Multiple-Dose Pilot Study.","authors":"Solnier J, Zhang Y, Roh K, Kuo YC, Du M, Wood S, Hardy M, Gahler RJ, Chang C","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":"2023","volume":"2023","issue":"","pages":"9727539","doi":"10.1155/2023/9727539","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37600550/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label crossover (randomization NR), single- and multiple-dose pilot","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Data obtained from this in vivo study highlight Quercetin LipoMicel as a highly efficient formulation that considerably enhances the absorption of quercetin in the body, regardless of the administered dose.","limitations":"pilot, n=10; industry funded; capillary whole blood measured after glucuronidase hydrolysis; glucuronides not measured; multiple-dose phase lacked full PK profile and standard comparator; randomization/order NR; SDs large relative to means (e.g., Tmax and Cmax)"},"37627483":{"pmid":"37627483","title":"The Potential Effects of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoliposomes on Amoxicillin/Clavulanate-Induced Hepatic Damage: Targeting the SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Microbiota Modulation.","authors":"Abd El-Emam MM, Mostafa M, Farag AA, Youssef HS, El-Demerdash AS, Bayoumi H, Gebba MA, El-Halawani SM, Saleh AM, Badr AM, El Sayed S","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2023","volume":"12","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/antiox12081487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37627483/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups; pharmacodynamic/hepatoprotection study with in vitro formulation characterization)","n":"NR (four groups, n = 7 per group)","status":"partial","statusNote":"No PK/absorption measurements in vivo; pharmacodynamic hepatoprotection study of intraperitoneal quercetin liposomes. Only in vitro release and encapsulation efficiency extracted.","conclusion":"These results suggested that QR-lipo ameliorates Co-Amox-induced liver damage by targeting SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB and modulating the microbiota.","limitations":"no plasma/tissue quercetin PK; intraperitoneal route; bioavailability improvement is asserted, not measured; release values approximate, figure-based text"},"37631250":{"pmid":"37631250","title":"Comparative Serum and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin after Oral and Nasal Administration to Rats as Lyophilized Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives and Their Blends with Mannitol/Lecithin Microparticles.","authors":"Manta K, Papakyriakopoulou P, Nikolidaki A, Balafas E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Banella S, Colombo G, Valsami G","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2023","volume":"15","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15082036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631250/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel groups; sparse-sampling PK; oral vs intranasal)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat serum, brain, olfactory bulb PK of quercetin by oral vs intranasal routes (on-target; route noted).","conclusion":"The IN administration of Que complexed with either the methylated or the hydroxy propylated β-CD derivative in the form of lyophilizates can lead to significant Que levels in the serum and brain.","limitations":"n = 3 sparse sampling per time point; doses not equal across IN and PO groups and across formulations; no oral pure-quercetin reference; text/table inconsistencies; SE of pooled sparse NCA, not per-animal variance"},"37672798":{"pmid":"37672798","title":"Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Absorption and Functional Mechanisms of Quercetin.","authors":"Ishisaka A, Sugimoto R, Marumo H, Doi T, Hamada K, Fujimoto M, Fujiwara N, Yamasaki M, Murakami A","journal":"Molecular nutrition & food research","year":"2023","volume":"67","issue":"21","pages":"e2300225","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.202300225","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37672798/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose rat experiment with vehicle control; in vitro cell experiments)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mostly in vitro/ rat serum EV detection of quercetin; on-target but limited to one 48 h serum timepoint in rats.","conclusion":"The present study is the first to show that QUE and its metabolite Q3GA are embedded in EVs, then released from QUE-treated HT-29 cells... orally administered QUE is dominantly present in serum EVs, but not in the albumin fraction.","limitations":"very high dose (2 g/kg), single 48 h time point in rats; n = 5 rats, trace QUE in control rats from diet; no Cmax/AUC; in vitro EV model; concentrations of EV fractions 'converted to serum'; many results figure-only"},"37711970":{"pmid":"37711970","title":"The neuroprotective effect of quercetin nanoparticles in the therapy of neuronal damage stimulated by acrolein.","authors":"Sanad SM, Farouk R, Nassar SE, Alshahrani MY, Suliman M, Ezzat Ahmed A, Eid Elesawi I","journal":"Saudi journal of biological sciences","year":"2023","volume":"30","issue":"11","pages":"103792","doi":"10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103792","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37711970/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Neuroprotection study of quercetin nanoparticles (30 mg/kg for 30 days) against acrolein in rats (immunohistochemistry of Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-a, GFAP in cerebellum). No quercetin concentration, PK or absorption measurements; only TEM particle size (3.63-4.57 nm) and a cited literature statement (523% relative oral bioavailability from another study).","conclusion":"Treatment of rats with quercetin nanoparticles either before or after treatment with acrolein has been found to preserve the cerebellum tissues from the toxic impacts and oxidative stress","limitations":""},"37840879":{"pmid":"37840879","title":"Mechanistic prospective and pharmacological attributes of quercetin in attenuation of different types of arthritis.","authors":"Bhoi A, Dwivedi SD, Singh D, Keshavkant S, Singh MR","journal":"3 Biotech","year":"2023","volume":"13","issue":"11","pages":"362","doi":"10.1007/s13205-023-03787-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37840879/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (3 Biotech 2023) of quercetin in arthritis, with sections on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics compiled from other studies; no original absorption data.","conclusion":"The use of QUR in a health context would offer a tearing and potential therapeutic method, supporting the advancement of public health, particularly, of arthritic patients worldwide.","limitations":""},"37842255":{"pmid":"37842255","title":"Effects of Quercetin Nanoemulsion on Cholesterol Efflux and MicroRNA-33/34a Expression in the Liver of Mice Fed with a High-Cholesterol Diet.","authors":"Lee MS, Kim Y","journal":"Preventive nutrition and food science","year":"2023","volume":"28","issue":"3","pages":"271-277","doi":"10.3746/pnf.2023.28.3.271","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37842255/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Mouse pharmacodynamic study of dietary quercetin nanoemulsion (0.05% or 0.1% in high-cholesterol diet, 6 weeks) on lipid profiles, AMPK and miR-33/34a in liver. No quercetin concentration, PK or absorption measurements; authors state absorption studies in vivo should be done in future.","conclusion":"In conclusion, our findings indicate that QN improves liver and serum lipid levels in HC diet-fed mice and enhances HDL-C through AMPK activation and the regulation of gene expression involved in cholesterol efflux.","limitations":""},"37962857":{"pmid":"37962857","title":"Quercetin Enhances the Availability of 5-Heptadecylresorcinol by Inhibiting the Expression of P-gp.","authors":"Jiang L, Zhang K, Fan M, Pan W, Qian H, Wang L, Li Y","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2023","volume":"71","issue":"47","pages":"18375-18384","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05518","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37962857/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Caco-2 transport plus parallel single-dose mouse groups)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption/PK study of AR-C17 (5-heptadecylresorcinol) with quercetin as co-administered P-gp-inhibiting enhancer; quercetin concentrations/absorption were not measured as an absorption analyte. No numeric PK values in text or tables; results are figure-only.","conclusion":"Quercetin could promote the transport of AR-C17 in the intestine to further improve its bioavailability in the body, and the effect was the best when quercetin and AR-C17 were at a concentration ratio of 1:1.","limitations":"figure-only results; quercetin dose not stated, only concentration ratios; measured analyte is AR-C17 not quercetin; n = 6 mice"},"38004496":{"pmid":"38004496","title":"Quercetin as a Therapeutic Product: Evaluation of Its Pharmacological Action and Clinical Applications-A Review.","authors":"Mirza MA, Mahmood S, Hilles AR, Ali A, Khan MZ, Zaidi SAA, Iqbal Z, Ge Y","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2023","volume":"16","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ph16111631","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38004496/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Pharmaceuticals 2023) of quercetin pharmacology, clinical trials, patents and nanoformulations to improve bioavailability; no original absorption data.","conclusion":"This review mainly focuses on pharmacological action, clinical trials, patents, marketed products, and approaches to improving the bioavailability of quercetin with the use of a nanoformulation.","limitations":""},"38068974":{"pmid":"38068974","title":"Hydroxyl Group Acetylation of Quercetin Enhances Intracellular Absorption and Persistence to Upregulate Anticancer Activity in HepG2 Cells.","authors":"Sakao K, Saruwatari H, Minami S, Hou DX","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2023","volume":"24","issue":"23","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms242316652","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38068974/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell culture)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro HepG2 cell uptake/metabolism of quercetin vs tetraacetylquercetin (4Ac-Q); numeric uptake data are mostly figure-only.","conclusion":"Hydroxyl group acetylation of quercetin enhances its intracellular absorption and metabolic stability, which strengthen the anticancer activity, including cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction of cancer cells.","limitations":"in vitro HepG2 cell model; uptake/metabolism data are figure-only, no absolute concentrations; no statistics reported for uptake comparison; n for uptake not specified by arm"},"38095371":{"pmid":"38095371","title":"Influence of quercetin on amiodarone pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in rats.","authors":"Ahmad E, Jahangir M, Bukhari NI, Khan J, Sarwar A, Aziz T, Nabi G, Alharbi M, Thamer HA, Alasmari AF","journal":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","year":"2023","volume":"27","issue":"23","pages":"11211-11221","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202312_34561","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38095371/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (two parallel-group animal trials: 14-day QUE pre-treatment; simultaneous co-administration)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat PK drug-interaction study: oral quercetin (20 mg/kg) effect on amiodarone PK and tissue levels. Only amiodarone was measured (HPLC); quercetin itself was not measured in plasma or tissue. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"Quercetin affected the bioavailability of amidone in rats in pre- and co-administered groups, being with higher magnitude in the pre-treatment group.","limitations":"off-target analyte (amiodarone, not quercetin); quercetin concentrations not measured"},"38138630":{"pmid":"38138630","title":"Quercetin: A Potential Polydynamic Drug.","authors":"Georgiou N, Kakava MG, Routsi EA, Petsas E, Stavridis N, Freris C, Zoupanou N, Moschovou K, Kiriakidi S, Mavromoustakos T","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2023","volume":"28","issue":"24","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules28248141","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38138630/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin pharmacology and encapsulation/nano formulations (Molecules 2023); no primary PK data. Not extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, secondary source"},"38203364":{"pmid":"38203364","title":"Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Molecular Descriptors for Improving Permeation through the Blood-Brain Barrier of Quercetin Analogues.","authors":"Pavlović N, Milošević Sopta N, Mitrović D, Zaklan D, Tomas Petrović A, Stilinović N, Vukmirović S","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2023","volume":"25","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms25010192","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38203364/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in silico)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Purely in silico study (molecular docking to IPMK, computed logP/LgBB/P-gp/BOILED-Egg predictions, PCA) of 34 quercetin analogues; no measured absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"Using several in silico methods, it was shown that none of 34 analyzed quercetin analogues have sufficient BBB permeation.","limitations":"in silico predictions only, no measured data"},"38316672":{"pmid":"38316672","title":"Quercetin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier In Situ Gel for Brain Targeting Through Intranasal Route: Formulation, In Vivo Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.","authors":"Sonawane D, Pokharkar V","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2024","volume":"25","issue":"2","pages":"30","doi":"10.1208/s12249-024-02736-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38316672/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK/biodistribution of QT after intranasal gel, intranasal solution, IV solution and oral NLC; plus in vitro release and ex vivo nasal permeation. Pharmacodynamic (TMT model) data not extracted. Curves/biodistribution are figure-only.","conclusion":"It was observed that delivering the QT in situ gel through the nose led to enhanced uptake in the brain. The QT in situ gel showed a more prominent straight nose-to-brain transport than QT-sol. administered i.v. and i.n., according to biodistribution and pharmacokinetic tests in Wistar rats.","limitations":"small n (3 per time point, sacrificial sampling); dose basis per animal vs per kg NR; curves and organ biodistribution figure-only; academic formulation study, no clinical data; some internal inconsistencies in reported values"},"38330142":{"pmid":"38330142","title":"Enhancing effect of the coexisting alpha-tocopherol on quercetin absorption and metabolism.","authors":"Mitsuzane R, Okubo R, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro S, Munemasa S, Murata Y, Nakamura Y, Nakamura T","journal":"Free radical research","year":"2024","volume":"58","issue":"2","pages":"88-97","doi":"10.1080/10715762.2024.2317206","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38330142/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mouse study of quercetin absorption with co-administered alpha-tocopherol, cellulose, vegetable beverage. Plasma concentrations, AUC and metabolite levels are figure-only; no numeric PK values printed in text or tables (apart from Tmax statements).","conclusion":"In conclusion, the bioavailability of Q was enhanced by the co-administration of αT via the increase of absorption from small intestine, although the pattern of the Q metabolites in the blood plasma was similar for any administration.","limitations":"mouse model; values figure-only; small n (4-5); single dose, 6 h sampling; effective in vitro metabolite concentrations may be supraphysiological (authors)"},"38364549":{"pmid":"38364549","title":"The binding selectivity of quercetin and its structure-related polyphenols to human serum albumin using a fluorescent dye cocktail for multiplex drug-site mapping.","authors":"Mukai R, Okuyama H, Uchimura M, Sakao K, Matsuhiro M, Ikeda-Imafuku M, Ishima Y, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro S, Tai A","journal":"Bioorganic chemistry","year":"2024","volume":"145","issue":"","pages":"107184","doi":"10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107184","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38364549/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro binding assay)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro fluorescence competition study of flavonoid (incl. quercetin and its sulfate/glucuronide/prenyl derivatives) binding to human serum albumin sites I and II, with docking and logP; no absorption or PK parameters measured.","conclusion":"Most tested flavonoids bound site I preferentially, with the binding strength dependent on the mother structure in the order flavonol > flavone > flavanone > flavan 3-ols.","limitations":"protein-binding only, not absorption"},"38401715":{"pmid":"38401715","title":"Effects of myricetin and quercetin on ticagrelor metabolism and the underlying mechanism.","authors":"Wang J, Hu Y, Li Q, Liu YN, Lin J, Xu RA","journal":"Chemico-biological interactions","year":"2024","volume":"392","issue":"","pages":"110924","doi":"10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110924","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38401715/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Drug-interaction study: effect of quercetin and myricetin on ticagrelor (and AR-C124910XX) metabolism in rat/human liver microsomes and PK in rats. Only ticagrelor and its metabolite were measured; quercetin was not measured. Data not extracted.","conclusion":"Our results suggested that myricetin and quercetin of flavonoids both had significant effects on the metabolism of ticagrelor, providing reference data for the clinical individualized medication of ticagrelor.","limitations":"off-target analyte (ticagrelor, not quercetin); quercetin concentrations not measured"},"38421545":{"pmid":"38421545","title":"Simple preparation and greatly improved oral bioavailability: The supersaturated drug delivery system of quercetin based on PVP K30.","authors":"Li M, Li H, Lu L, Fu J, Ao H, Han M, Guo Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wang X","journal":"Drug delivery and translational research","year":"2024","volume":"14","issue":"11","pages":"3225-3238","doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01544-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38421545/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of quercetin supersaturated drug delivery system (PVP K30) vs suspension and IV, with dose-ranging; in vitro dissolution/solubility. Isorhamnetin and Que-glu results given as figures or supplementary tables only.","conclusion":"Once being dispersed into water, the resultant QSDDS could be induced into a supersaturated system ... achieved a greatly improved oral bioavailability of free quercetin in plasma (tenfold as that of the physical suspensions of quercetin), and the higher dose, the higher bioavailability.","limitations":"rat study; Iso and Que-glu data in figures or supplement only; sampling time points not stated in text; some authors from industry (Jiangsu Kanion)"},"38429891":{"pmid":"38429891","title":"Exploring the therapeutic potential of quercetin: A focus on its sirtuin-mediated benefits.","authors":"Ungurianu A, Zanfirescu A, Margină D","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2024","volume":"38","issue":"5","pages":"2361-2387","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8168","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38429891/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin sirtuin-mediated effects with a short section on absorption/metabolism citing other studies (e.g. Erlund 2000, Guo 2013); no primary PK data. Not extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, secondary source"},"38462227":{"pmid":"38462227","title":"Lipid nanoparticles of quercetin (QU-Lip) alleviated pancreatic microenvironment in diabetic male rats: The interplay between oxidative stress - unfolded protein response (UPR) - autophagy, and their regulatory miRNA.","authors":"Khater SI, El-Emam MMA, Abdellatif H, Mostafa M, Khamis T, Soliman RHM, Ahmed HS, Ali SK, Selim HMRM, Alqahtani LS, Habib D, Metwally MMM, Alnakhli AM, Saleh A, Abdelfattah AM, Abdelnour HM, Dowidar MF","journal":"Life sciences","year":"2024","volume":"344","issue":"","pages":"122546","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122546","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38462227/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal efficacy study; in vitro release test)","n":"70","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat efficacy study of oral quercetin liposomes (QU-Lip); only absorption-related data are in vitro release (% released) and encapsulation efficiency. No in vivo plasma/serum quercetin concentrations or PK parameters reported (bioavailability claim is not backed by a measured value).","conclusion":"In conclusion, this investigation showed that treatment with QU-Lip mitigated ER stress/autophagy pathway and regulatory miRNA-induced STZ-induced damage to β-cells.","limitations":"No in vivo quercetin concentrations or PK parameters measured; Authors state QU-Lip enhanced bioavailability (Discussion p.13) without bioavailability data; In vitro release has no variance, n or p-values in text; time-course values figure-only; Dosing state (fed/fasted) NR"},"38479376":{"pmid":"38479376","title":"Effect and mechanism of quercetin or quercetin-containing formulas against COVID-19: From bench to bedside.","authors":"Chen JY, Huang TR, Hsu SY, Huang CC, Wang HS, Chang JS","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2024","volume":"38","issue":"6","pages":"2597-2618","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8175","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38479376/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative/systematic review (Phytotherapy Research 2024;38:2597-2618) of quercetin and quercetin-containing formulas against COVID-19; no primary PK data.","conclusion":"The effectiveness of quercetin against COVID-19 is not solid due to methodological flaws in the clinical trials.","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"38565372":{"pmid":"38565372","title":"Exploring the potential of quercetin in Alzheimer's Disease: Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Nanodelivery systems.","authors":"Kaur K, Kulkarni YA, Wairkar S","journal":"Brain research","year":"2024","volume":"1834","issue":"","pages":"148905","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148905","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38565372/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of animal studies)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review article (Brain Research 2024;1834:148905) on quercetin in Alzheimer's disease: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and nanodelivery systems; no primary data.","conclusion":"Therefore, clinical studies must be conducted to explore it as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"38569984":{"pmid":"38569984","title":"Improving the properties of whey protein isolate-zein nanogels with novel acidifiers: Re-dispersity, stability and quercetin bioavailability.","authors":"Shao F, Zhang Y, Wan X, Duan Y, Cai M, Zhang H","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"266","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"131284","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131284","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38569984/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion only; 'bioavailability' in title/abstract is the Table 2 'bio accessibility (%)'. No in vivo data.","conclusion":"In conclusion, this work successfully prepared WPI-zein nanogels to improve Que bioavailability and confirmed the feasibility of substituting acetic acid and citric acid for hydrochloric acid.","limitations":"in vitro digestion only; 'bioavailability' is bioaccessibility; n not stated per value (experiments repeated at least three times); no free-quercetin control; Que-free is a nanogel without quercetin; authors note in vitro differs from in vivo digestion"},"38581388":{"pmid":"38581388","title":"Intranasal Delivery of Carvedilol- and Quercetin-Encapsulated Cationic Nanoliposomes for Cardiovascular Targeting: Formulation and In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies.","authors":"Kar S, Das SS, Kundu S, Sahu BD, Kumar KJ, Kesari KK, Singh SK","journal":"ACS applied bio materials","year":"2024","volume":"7","issue":"5","pages":"3061-3085","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c00102","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581388/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro / ex vivo formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation paper: quercetin plus carvedilol cationic nanoliposomes/intranasal gel; only in vitro release, ex vivo goat nasal permeation and cell uptake. No in vivo PK. Carvedilol (off-target analyte) values not extracted except as noted.","conclusion":"CVD/QC-NLPs and CVD/QC-L.O.F. in situ gel showed better QC permeation of 67.28% and 75.09% from the goat nasal membrane for about 96 h, whereas CVD permeates within 48 h.","limitations":"no in vivo PK for quercetin in this paper; variance type of +/- not stated for release and permeation values; n not stated; in vitro release of QC from gel very low (18.78%) while ex vivo permeation higher; authors attribute to poor QC solubility in dialysis medium; carvedilol values not extracted"},"38614171":{"pmid":"38614171","title":"Effect of ultrasonic power on delivery of quercetin in emulsions stabilized using octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified broken japonica rice starch.","authors":"Wang X, Wang N, Wu D, Wang L, Zhang N, Yu D","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"267","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"131557","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131557","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38614171/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro simulated digestion only; 'bioavailability' is micellar fraction (Eq. 6 labelled bioaccessibility). Most per-arm values are figure-only.","conclusion":"Therefore, the results of this study confirm that ultrasound improved the stability of the emulsion and the digestive properties of quercetin.","limitations":"in vitro only; per-arm values figure-only except 400 W and control; n not stated (data from three parallel experiments); variance not given in text for release/bioavailability"},"38618039":{"pmid":"38618039","title":"Effect of dietary Achyranthes japonica extract on growth performance of growing pigs and absorption rate of quercetin in blood.","authors":"Hossain MM, Hwang HS, Pang M, Choi MK, Kim IH","journal":"Journal of animal science and technology","year":"2024","volume":"66","issue":"1","pages":"103-114","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e23","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38618039/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"parallel (3 dose groups)","n":"9","status":"complete","statusNote":"Exp 1 (Achyranthes japonica extract growth/digestibility trial) is not quercetin absorption and was not extracted; Exp 2 (quercetin blood concentrations in pigs) extracted from Table 6.","conclusion":"The incorporation of AJE into a diets had no effect on the growth performance, nutrition digestibility, fecal microbial count, or fecal gas emission of growing pigs.","limitations":"n = 3 pigs per group; no Cmax/Tmax/AUC reported (only concentrations at timepoints); dose given as grams of quercetin powder in 2,500 g feed; intake per kg body weight NR; SEM pooled across groups; preliminary per authors"},"38674092":{"pmid":"38674092","title":"Can Compounds of Natural Origin Be Important in Chemoprevention? Anticancer Properties of Quercetin, Resveratrol, and Curcumin-A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Cecerska-Heryć E, Wiśniewska Z, Serwin N, Polikowska A, Goszka M, Engwert W, Michałów J, Pękała M, Budkowska M, Michalczyk A, Dołęgowska B","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2024","volume":"25","issue":"8","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms25084505","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38674092/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Comprehensive review (Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:4505) of anticancer properties of quercetin, resveratrol and curcumin; no primary PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"38808380":{"pmid":"38808380","title":"Quercetin nanocrystals for bioavailability enhancement: impact of different functional stabilizers on in vitro/in vivo drug performances.","authors":"Zhu Y, Hu F, Shen C, Shen B, Yuan H","journal":"Pharmaceutical development and technology","year":"2024","volume":"29","issue":"6","pages":"551-558","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2361654","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38808380/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (6 groups)","n":"36","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"These results revealed that stabilizers play an important role in the in vitro/in vivo performance of orally administrated drug NCs, and the in vitro/in vivo behavior of poorly soluble drugs can be altered by changing the type of functional stabilizers in NCs preparation.","limitations":"rats only; plasma curves figure-only; no absolute bioavailability or relative bioavailability values reported; n=6 per group; IV reference not included"},"38855739":{"pmid":"38855739","title":"A detailed overview of quercetin: implications for cell death and liver fibrosis mechanisms.","authors":"Xiong F, Zhang Y, Li T, Tang Y, Song SY, Zhou Q, Wang Y","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2024","volume":"15","issue":"","pages":"1389179","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2024.1389179","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38855739/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (Front Pharmacol 2024;15:1389179) of quercetin sources, extraction, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, cell death and liver fibrosis; no primary PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"38858165":{"pmid":"38858165","title":"Study on the mechanism of quercetin in Sini Decoction Plus Ginseng Soup to inhibit liver cancer and HBV virus replication through CDK1.","authors":"Hao L, Li S, Chen G, Nie A, Zeng L, Xiao Z, Hu X","journal":"Chemical biology & drug design","year":"2024","volume":"103","issue":"6","pages":"e14567","doi":"10.1111/cbdd.14567","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38858165/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (network pharmacology and in vitro experiments)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Network pharmacology and in vitro cell study (Hep3B, HepG2215) of quercetin and CDK1 in HBV-related HCC. No pharmacokinetic or absorption data in humans or animals; OB >30% was only a TCMSP screening threshold with no values reported.","conclusion":"Quercetin is a key ingredient of anti-HBV-related HCC activity and inhibits HBV replication in SNRS by inhibiting CDK1.","limitations":"not an absorption study"},"38931884":{"pmid":"38931884","title":"Therapeutic Applications of Nanoformulated Resveratrol and Quercetin Phytochemicals in Colorectal Cancer-An Updated Review.","authors":"Unnikrishnan Meenakshi D, Narde GK, Ahuja A, Al Balushi K, Francis AP, Khan SA","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":"2024","volume":"16","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16060761","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931884/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of nanoformulated resveratrol and quercetin in colorectal cancer; no primary PK data extracted.","conclusion":"The major bottleneck in the progression of the use of resveratrol and quercetin as anticancer therapeutics is their reduced bioavailability in vivo because of their rapid metabolism in humans.","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"38944925":{"pmid":"38944925","title":"The bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, and regulation of glucolipid metabolism disorders by quercetin and its important glycosides: A review.","authors":"Zhu X, Ding G, Ren S, Xi J, Liu K","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2024","volume":"458","issue":"","pages":"140262","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140262","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38944925/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of human and animal studies)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin/glycoside bioavailability, absorption, metabolism and effects on glucolipid metabolism; no primary data extracted.","conclusion":"This review enhances understanding of the mechanism of quercetin/QG regulate glucolipid metabolism and provides scientific support for the development of functional foods.","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"39165908":{"pmid":"39165908","title":"Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral entry by targeting spike:ACE2 interaction with O-modified quercetin derivatives.","authors":"Rosal RJZ, Paderes MC","journal":"RSC medicinal chemistry","year":"2024","volume":"15","issue":"9","pages":"3212-3222","doi":"10.1039/d4md00286e","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39165908/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (synthesis, in vitro assay, in silico prediction)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Synthesis and in vitro S:ACE2 inhibition of O-modified quercetin derivatives; pharmacokinetic properties only predicted in silico (SwissADME), no measured absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Moreover, these compounds exhibited low hepato-, nephro-, and cardiotoxicity, and their SwissADME profiles indicated favorable physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and drug-like properties, suggesting their potential as promising lead SARS-CoV-2 S:ACE2 inhibitors.","limitations":"in silico predictions only, no measured PK"},"39255893":{"pmid":"39255893","title":"Tea saponin-Zein binary complex as a quercetin delivery vehicle: preparation, characterization, and functional evaluation.","authors":"Huang J, Liao J, Li X, Zhao H, Li H, Kuang J, Li J, Guo J, Huang T, Li J","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"279","issue":"Pt 4","pages":"135485","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135485","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255893/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation and simulated digestion study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro study only (simulated GI digestion, solubility) of quercetin-loaded Zein/tea saponin nanoparticles; absolute release and bioavailability values are figure-only, supplementary tables S1-S2 not available.","conclusion":"During simulating gastrointestinal digestion procedure, ZQTNPs has higher release rate and bioavailability than free quercetin.","limitations":"in vitro only; no human or animal absorption data; absolute release and bioavailability values figure-only; supplementary tables not available; bioavailability defined as concentration ratio before/after digestion (bioaccessibility)"},"39314175":{"pmid":"39314175","title":"Folic acid-conjugated long circulating co-encapsulated atorvastatin and quercetin solid lipid nanoparticles: pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in rats.","authors":"Lalchandani DS, Chenkual L, Pate S, Kulhari U, Sahu BD, Chella N, Porwal PK","journal":"Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications","year":"2024","volume":"16","issue":"42","pages":"7188-7199","doi":"10.1039/d4ay00821a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314175/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three formulation groups)","n":"18 rats for PK; 30 rats for tissue distribution","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin (co-encapsulated with atorvastatin) given as single IV dose to rats; on-target by rule (IV route). Atorvastatin PK not extracted.","conclusion":"These results suggest that ATR and QUER-encapsulated FA-SLNs offer prolonged circulation and improved targeting, highlighting their potential for therapeutic applications in diseases characterized by overexpressed folate receptors.","limitations":"IV dosing, no oral absorption; pilot tissue study with 2 rats per time point; variance type not stated; tissue concentration time courses figure-only"},"39315891":{"pmid":"39315891","title":"Polysaccharide Based Self-Driven Tubular Micro/Nanomotors as a Comprehensive Platform for Quercetin Loading and Anti-inflammatory Function.","authors":"Yan Z, Ding N, Lin S, Zhang S, Xiao Y, Xie Y, Zhang S","journal":"Biomacromolecules","year":"2024","volume":"25","issue":"10","pages":"6840-6854","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01084","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39315891/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (materials characterization, cell and mouse anti-inflammatory experiments)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Quercetin-loaded polysaccharide nanomotors: materials characterization, photothermal and cell anti-inflammatory assays; bioavailability mentioned only qualitatively, no measured absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"In vitro experiments showed that NMs-Fe3O4 has excellent photothermal conversion properties and potential for use in photothermal therapy.","limitations":"no measured absorption or PK data"},"39394871":{"pmid":"39394871","title":"Impact of calcium-reinforcement on stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity of quercetin-loaded zein/alginate-pectin nanoparticles.","authors":"Li W, Zhu X, Zhou Y, Jiang Y, Feng J, McClements DJ, Hu K","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","year":"2025","volume":"105","issue":"3","pages":"1771-1782","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.13954","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39394871/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three groups); plus in vitro simulated digestion","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Rat oral PK is complete (Table 2); in vitro release curves and rat concentration-time curves are figure-only; gastric release for nanoparticles given only as 'almost three times higher' than PM.","conclusion":"These results suggest that calcium ion addition improved the performance and bioavailability of nutraceutical-loaded biopolymer nanoparticles.","limitations":"rat study, n=6; dose 50 mg/kg; no oral solution/unformulated aqueous control other than physical mixture; in vitro release curves figure-only; body weight printed as 25 g"},"39596162":{"pmid":"39596162","title":"A Systematic Review: Quercetin-Secondary Metabolite of the Flavonol Class, with Multiple Health Benefits and Low Bioavailability.","authors":"Frenț OD, Stefan L, Morgovan CM, Duteanu N, Dejeu IL, Marian E, Vicaș L, Manole F","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2024","volume":"25","issue":"22","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms252212091","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596162/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of human and animal studies)","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic (PRISMA-style) review of quercetin health benefits and bioavailability-enhancing delivery systems; secondary source, no primary data extracted.","conclusion":"In addition to evaluating quercetin's potential for drug development with fewer side effects and lower toxicity, this type of review attempts to collect scientific evidence addressing quercetin's roles as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer agent.","limitations":"review article, no primary data"},"39638918":{"pmid":"39638918","title":"Isoquercitrin Loaded PEGylated Long Circulating Liposomes Improve Bone Mass and Reduce Oxidative Stress After Osteoporosis.","authors":"Sheng L, Gao F, Lan Z, Zong B, Wang Q","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2024","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"5","doi":"10.1208/s12249-024-02993-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638918/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups, PK)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Isoquercitrin (quercetin glucoside) oral PK in rats plus in vitro solubility and release; bone and antioxidant outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"Taken together, the IQ-Lips may be a novel avenue to potentially prolong the circulation of IQ in the body and improve the bioavailability of IQ for osteoporosis treatment.","limitations":"rat study, n=6; dose 200 mg/kg; isoquercitrin not quercetin aglycone; concentration-time and release curves figure-only; fasting status not reported"},"39665312":{"pmid":"39665312","title":"An in vitro investigation on the physicochemical properties of different quercetin formulations.","authors":"Ibi A, Chang C, Zhang Y, Kuo YC, Du M, Roh K, Gahler R, Solnier J","journal":"Journal of complementary & integrative medicine","year":"2025","volume":"22","issue":"3","pages":"490-500","doi":"10.1515/jcim-2024-2002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39665312/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation comparison)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro physicochemical study (particle size, solubility, Caco-2 permeability, TEER, cytotoxicity) of four commercial quercetin products; no in vivo PK.","conclusion":"Liquid-based, micellar, delivery systems such as LMQ (LipoMicel Quercetin) that microencapsulate quercetin with fatty acid compounds in a soft-gel capsule are more soluble and better absorbed than powder-based ones.","limitations":"in vitro only, no in vivo PK; small n (3-4); authors are employees of Isura; LMQ supplier (Factors Group) owner is a coauthor; solubility values figure-only; variance type for Papp values inconsistent (SEM in Fig. 5 caption vs SD in Methods); QUO Papp high likely reflects cytotoxicity/membrane damage"},"39718513":{"pmid":"39718513","title":"Intensification of quercetin nanobubble formulation and performance by multi-factor optimization and interaction analysis.","authors":"Kumar A V H, Kantlam C","journal":"Pharmaceutical development and technology","year":"2025","volume":"30","issue":"1","pages":"10-24","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2441182","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39718513/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation optimization (Box-Behnken) of quercetin PLGA nanobubbles with oral PK in rats vs pure drug suspension; in vitro release also reported.","conclusion":"Nanobubbles significantly enhanced medication release, indicating that this could be a new and clever delivery system.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); single dose, no absolute bioavailability; dose basis (quercetin content) not stated; SD values very small relative to means; no food/fasting information; concentration-time curve figure-only; paper contains internal inconsistencies (Na-CMC 0.5% vs 0.25%; conclusion refers to chronic myeloid leukaemia and chili peppers)"},"39758731":{"pmid":"39758731","title":"Simultaneous ingestion of apple pectin enhances the absorption and antioxidant activity of quercetin in rats.","authors":"Iwai K, Norikura T","journal":"Food science and biotechnology","year":"2025","volume":"34","issue":"1","pages":"277-285","doi":"10.1007/s10068-024-01657-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39758731/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (diet groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat feeding studies: quercetin with cellulose vs pectin; plasma/urine/LDL quercetin and isorhamnetin; LDL oxidation (TBARS).","conclusion":"The simultaneous ingestion of pectin has been suggested to immediately enhance the absorption and antioxidant activity of Qr.","limitations":"rodent study; time-course plasma and urine data figure-only; measurements after enzymatic deconjugation (aglycones only; conjugates not resolved); dose given as 0.2% of diet; n=6 per group; mechanism not elucidated"},"39798316":{"pmid":"39798316","title":"Self-assembled water soluble and bone-targeting phosphorylated quercetin ameliorates postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomy mice.","authors":"Luo P, Zhong Y, Yang X, Lai Q, Huang S, Zhang X, Zhang B, Wei Y","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","year":"2025","volume":"249","issue":"","pages":"114495","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114495","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39798316/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical efficacy)","n":"24 mice","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Synthesis of phosphorylated quercetin nanoparticles (p-Que NPs) with in vitro osteoclast assays and an intraperitoneal OVX mouse efficacy study (micro-CT, histology). No plasma/tissue concentrations, PK, or absorption measurements. Only absorption-adjacent data: in vitro hydroxyapatite (HAp) binding, recorded in extraction_notes.","conclusion":"In conclusion, this work demonstrated that phosphorylation strategy can effectively solve low water solubility, lack of bone-targeting capability and poor bioavailability of natural compounds, providing a novel and efficient approach for development of OP nanomedicines.","limitations":"no PK or absorption measurement; bioavailability claims not supported by concentration data; intraperitoneal route only"},"39808370":{"pmid":"39808370","title":"Topical Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Quercetin Glycosides on Atopic Dermatitis-Like Lesions: Influence of the Glycone Type on Efficacy and Skin Absorption.","authors":"Yang SC, Chang ZY, Hsiao CY, Alshetaili A, Wei SH, Hsiao YT, Fang JY","journal":"Inflammation","year":"2025","volume":"48","issue":"5","pages":"2856-2873","doi":"10.1007/s10753-025-02236-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39808370/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal (baby pig skin in vitro; Balb/c mice in vivo; human and rat cell lines)","design":"other (in vitro permeation test plus cell and mouse efficacy)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Topical quercetin glycosides: skin absorption (in vitro porcine Franz-cell) with all skin-absorption values figure-only except author-stated ratios in text; remainder is cell and mouse anti-inflammatory efficacy. No systemic PK.","conclusion":"The IVPT exhibited higher skin permeation of mono-glycone compounds than the glycoside with dual sugar moieties. Topical isoquercitrin prevented the development of AD-like inflammation in DNCB-sensitized mice.","limitations":"skin absorption values figure-only; in vitro porcine skin; authors caution extrapolation to humans; no systemic PK or plasma concentrations; IVPT sample size not stated; SEM used for variance; no AUC or Cmax; no skin deglycosylation detected by HPLC (authors report)"},"39824264":{"pmid":"39824264","title":"Light-activated photosensitizer/quercetin co-loaded extracellular vesicles for precise oral squamous cell carcinoma therapy.","authors":"Liu Q, Jiang D, Zhang S, Ru Y, Li J, Guo P, Jiao W, Miao J, Sun L, Chen M, Yu Y, Li M, Liu B","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2025","volume":"671","issue":"","pages":"125224","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125224","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39824264/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (treatment groups)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Intravenous quercetin + chlorin e6 co-loaded extracellular vesicles in MOC2 tumor-bearing mice and MOC2 cells; quercetin delivery/uptake/biodistribution reported mostly as fold-differences and figure-only values. No plasma PK.","conclusion":"Encapsulation within EVs significantly enhanced the stability of quercetin and allowed for targeted delivery.","limitations":"intravenous route only; no oral absorption; tumor and organ quercetin concentrations figure-only; n and per-group sample sizes not stated in text; quercetin dose within the 95 mg/kg total not stated; combination with photosensitizer Ce6 and light"},"39843312":{"pmid":"39843312","title":"Corrigendum to 'Quercetin-loaded freeze-dried nanomicelles: Improving absorption and anti-glioma efficiency in vitro and in vivo.' [G. Wang et al. / Journal of Controlled Release 235 (2016) 276-290.].","authors":"Wang G","journal":"Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society","year":"2025","volume":"379","issue":"","pages":"1058","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.12.077","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39843312/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (corrigendum)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Corrigendum (published erratum) correcting an image in Fig. 10A of Wang et al., J Control Release 2016; 235:276-290. Contains no data.","conclusion":"The correction does not affect the conclusions of the manuscript.","limitations":"corrigendum only, no data"},"39844873":{"pmid":"39844873","title":"Quercetin nanoparticles as a therapeutic approach: pharmacological actions and potential applications in therapy.","authors":"Baiomy RFE","journal":"Biotechnologia","year":"2024","volume":"105","issue":"4","pages":"377-393","doi":"10.5114/bta.2024.145258","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39844873/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review; various)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review article on quercetin nanoparticles (Baiomy, BioTechnologia 2024; 105(4):377-393); secondary literature, no original data.","conclusion":"This comprehensive review aims to explore the pharmacokinetics and biological activities associated with quercetin nanoparticles.","limitations":"review, secondary data only"},"39906526":{"pmid":"39906526","title":"Iron(III)-Quercetin Complex: In Vivo Acute Toxicity and Biodistribution of Novel MRI Agent.","authors":"Innuan P, Kongkarnka S, Thongtharb A, Kantapan J, Dechsupa N","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2025","volume":"20","issue":"","pages":"1303-1320","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S496015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39906526/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical PK, biodistribution and acute toxicity)","n":"32 rats","status":"partial","statusNote":"IronQ (Fe(III)-quercetin complex, 1 Fe : 2 quercetin) MRI agent; rat PK and biodistribution measured as iron (ICP-OES), not quercetin. Included as partial because the dosed compound is a quercetin complex; reviewer may reclassify as off-target analyte (iron measured, not quercetin).","conclusion":"These findings provide valuable insights into the safety, pharmacokinetics, and imaging efficacy of IronQ, highlighting its potential as a robust and biocompatible MRI contrast agent.","limitations":"analyte is iron, not quercetin; n=4 PK; IP and IV routes only, no oral; Cmax/AUC not reported numerically; concentration-time data figure-only; safety study with imaging focus"},"39931515":{"pmid":"39931515","title":"Enhanced bioavailability of Quercetin-loaded niosomal in situ gel for the management of Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Revankar AA, Patil AS, Karishetti R, Chougule KR, Patil P, Salokhe A","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2024","volume":"15","issue":"","pages":"1519649","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2024.1519649","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39931515/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups)","n":"24","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin niosomal intranasal in situ gel for haloperidol-induced Parkinson's model in rats; title claims enhanced bioavailability but no plasma or brain quercetin concentrations or PK are reported. Only in vitro release/diffusion data are absorption-adjacent; in vivo outcomes are behavioral and biochemical (pharmacodynamic).","conclusion":"The findings suggest that the quercetin-loaded niosomal formulation offers improved drug delivery and efficacy, indicating its potential as a superior treatment option for PD compared to conventional dosage forms.","limitations":"no in vivo PK or drug concentration data despite bioavailability claim in title; in vitro diffusion across cellophane, not nasal mucosa; small n (6 per group); intranasal route only; Table 7 column headers inconsistent with values; no oral comparator"},"39956225":{"pmid":"39956225","title":"Multifunctional quercetin-hordein-chitosan nanoparticles: A non-antibiotic strategy for accelerated wound healing.","authors":"Liang T, Lu C, Zhao M, Cao X, Hao J, Zhang X, Fu H, Cao Q, Li L, Jiang J","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2025","volume":"305","issue":"Pt 1","pages":"140943","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140943","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39956225/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Quercetin-hordein-chitosan nanoparticle for topical wound healing/antibacterial activity in mice; no absorption or PK data (only encapsulation efficiency 79.8% and loading capacity 4.1%, Results 3.1). Bioavailability mentioned only as rationale.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"39961223":{"pmid":"39961223","title":"Validation of a quantitation method for conjugated quercetin in human plasma.","authors":"Sudaka Y, Mitsui T, Kida H, Sultana MJ, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro S, Yamaguchi N","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2025","volume":"258","issue":"","pages":"116738","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2025.116738","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39961223/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an LC-MS method validation paper; the clinical PK application reports its results only in figures (Fig. 3, 4, 5) plus one approximate AUC ratio in text. Analytic validation numbers (recovery, RSD, LOQ) are not absorption data and were not extracted.","conclusion":"A quantitative method was developed to analyze phase II metabolites of quercetin in human plasma and urine using appropriate reference standards. The method was validated, and applied to an actual clinical pharmacokinetic experiment testing over 700 specimens.","limitations":"method-validation paper; PK results presented as figures only; small number of participants (authors: 'relatively small number of participants'); no variance or p-values for AUC comparison; dose basis of quercetin arm not stated; arm sizes not stated; participant count 16 vs 15 in Fig. 5 not explained; industry funded (Alps Pharmaceutical)"},"39976905":{"pmid":"39976905","title":"Electronic structures of isoquercitrin and its pharmacokinetic exploration with Dengue virus 1 NS5 methyl transferase.","authors":"Alwabli AS","journal":"Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)","year":"2025","volume":"71","issue":"2","pages":"111-117","doi":"10.14715/cmb/2025.71.2.16","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39976905/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (computational: DFT, ADMET prediction, molecular docking)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Computational (DFT, in silico ADMET, docking) study of isoquercitrin against dengue NS5 methyltransferase; no experimental absorption/PK data. Predicted ADMET values recorded only as in silico predictions.","conclusion":"The ADME and toxicity results revealed promising drug-like properties and low toxicity, underscoring the compound's therapeutic potential.","limitations":"in silico predictions only, no experimental or human data; units not printed in Table 1; text descriptions of HIA/F20%/F30% inconsistent with Table 1 values"},"40037045":{"pmid":"40037045","title":"Improving quercetin bioavailability: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies.","authors":"Liu L, Barber E, Kellow NJ, Williamson G","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2025","volume":"477","issue":"","pages":"143630","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143630","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40037045/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of 31 human quercetin bioavailability intervention studies (Food Chemistry 2025); secondary data compiled from other papers, not a primary PK study. Primary studies it summarizes (e.g. Petersen 2016, Joseph 2022, Kapoor 2021, Riva 2019, Burak 2017, Guo 2013) should be extracted from their own papers.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40072367":{"pmid":"40072367","title":"Bone Regeneration Enhanced by Quercetin-Capped Selenium Nanoparticles via miR206/Connexin43, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways.","authors":"Sharma G, Lee YH, Kim JC, Sharma AR, Lee SS","journal":"Aging and disease","year":"2025","volume":"17","issue":"1","pages":"530-548","doi":"10.14336/AD.2025.0025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40072367/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Quercetin-capped selenium nanoparticles for osteogenesis/bone regeneration (MC3T3-E1 cells, mouse drill-hole defect). Only in vitro Qu release and cellular uptake time-courses, shown in figures (Fig. 2D, Fig. 3B); no absorption or PK data. Quercetin content 46.8% of total weight of Qu-SeNPs (Results).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40074160":{"pmid":"40074160","title":"Quercetin loaded biogenic squalene nano-lipid carriers for the treatment of dry eye syndrome.","authors":"Mishra A, Halder J, Saha I, Rai VK, Mahanty R, Pradhan D, Dash P, Das C, Rajwar TK, Satpathy B, Manoharadas S, Tata M, Al-Tamimi J, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2025","volume":"674","issue":"","pages":"125457","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125457","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40074160/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit; ex vivo goat cornea; in vitro)","design":"other (preclinical formulation comparison; within-animal comparison, NLC right eye vs solution left eye)","n":"12 rabbits (all in vivo studies)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Topical ocular (conjunctival sac) quercetin nano-lipid carriers in rabbits; tear-fluid PK is the on-target absorption/PK data (route: ocular topical), plus ex-vivo goat corneal permeation and in-vitro release.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic studies further highlighted the improved bioavailability of QS-NLCs, as evidenced by increased tear production, prolonged half-life, and enhanced systemic exposure.","limitations":"n=3; tear-fluid (ocular surface) concentrations only, not systemic; dose concentration not stated for PK; sampling times not stated in text; variance larger than mean for solution T1/2 (2 ± 3.42 h); fold-change values stated by authors not verified"},"40125927":{"pmid":"40125927","title":"Preparation of PEG-modified isoquercitrin liposomes and anti-chronic kidney disease research.","authors":"Hua Q, Wang Q, Wang X, Jiang X, Gong M, Li J, Li T, Wang X, Cao X, Yu J, Toreniyazov E, Zong B, Xu X, Shi F, Adu-Frimpong M","journal":"Journal of liposome research","year":"2025","volume":"35","issue":"3","pages":"252-266","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2480782","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40125927/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oral isoquercitrin vs PEG-modified isoquercitrin liposomes (IQ-L) in SD rats (serum PK), plus in vitro solubility/release; mouse CKD efficacy not extracted.","conclusion":"Compared with free IQ, the liposomal drug delivery system significantly improved solubility and oral bioavailability.","limitations":"n=4 per arm; single-dose rat study; dose basis for IQ-L not stated; no IV reference so no absolute bioavailability; industry/academic formulation study without independent replication; values partly figure-only"},"40132458":{"pmid":"40132458","title":"Exploring quercetin based nano formulation in combating human Metapneumovirus infections.","authors":"Bhuvaneshwari V, Amsaveni R","journal":"International immunopharmacology","year":"2025","volume":"153","issue":"","pages":"114510","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114510","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40132458/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Short review on quercetin nanoformulations against human metapneumovirus; no primary absorption/PK data. Only an in silico ADMET statement of '88 %' oral bioavailability cited from another source (bioRxiv).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40211722":{"pmid":"40211722","title":"[Corrigendum] Pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy of DSPE‑PEG2000 polymeric liposomes loaded with quercetin and temozolomide: Analysis of their effectiveness in enhancing the chemosensitization of drug‑resistant glioma cells.","authors":"Hu J, Wang J, Wang G, Yao Z, Dang X","journal":"International journal of molecular medicine","year":"2025","volume":"55","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3892/ijmm.2025.5530","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40211722/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Corrigendum (2025) to Hu et al. 2016 (Int J Mol Med 37:690-702) correcting Fig. 4 image panels; contains no absorption/PK data. The original 2016 paper (quercetin/temozolomide liposomes) is the source of any PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40213362":{"pmid":"40213362","title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of quercetin: From chemistry and mechanistic insight to nanoformulations.","authors":"Aggarwal D, Chaudhary M, Mandotra SK, Tuli HS, Chauhan R, Joshi NC, Kaur D, Dufossé L, Chauhan A","journal":"Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery","year":"2025","volume":"8","issue":"","pages":"100217","doi":"10.1016/j.crphar.2025.100217","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40213362/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review: anti-inflammatory potential of quercetin, from chemistry and mechanisms to nanoformulations (Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2025); secondary source, no primary PK data extracted. Page text not read in full per review rule (title/journal/pubtype from paper.py: Journal Article; Review).","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40228425":{"pmid":"40228425","title":"Nanoparticles of quercetin-gellan gum conjugate for the controlled delivery of fluconazole.","authors":"Fatima A, Shah S, Rasul A, Abbas G, Mahmood A, Hanif M, Ilyas A, Tahir M, Maheen S, Mubeen I, Zaheer T, Sufian MA, Babar S, Namazi NI","journal":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","year":"2025","volume":"252","issue":"","pages":"114681","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114681","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40228425/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (two groups)","n":"12","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Quercetin is a structural component of the gellan gum-quercetin conjugate carrier; the compound measured in the rat PK study (and release/permeation studies) is fluconazole, a drug, not quercetin.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic profile of the NGQ3 formulation indicated a higher bioavailability compared to FCZ suspension. Therefore, the experiments conducted and their outcomes strongly support the idea that NGQ3-DL provides improved bioavailability and controlled delivery of FCZ.","limitations":"analyte is fluconazole, not quercetin; n per group not stated (12 rats total in two groups); variance type (SD/SEM) not stated; sampling timepoints not stated; implausible magnitude (Cmax ~97 ug/mL after 1 mg/kg; tmax 24 h; t1/2 ~33 h in rats) and extremely small SDs, reviewer should treat with caution; no individual-level data"},"40239742":{"pmid":"40239742","title":"Quercetin-loaded PEGylated liposomes alleviate testicular dysfunction in alloxan-induced diabetic rats: The role of Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin pathway.","authors":"Mansour MF, Behairy A, Mostafa M, Khamis T, Alsemeh AE, Ahmed NMQ, El-Emam MMA","journal":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology","year":"2025","volume":"499","issue":"","pages":"117337","doi":"10.1016/j.taap.2025.117337","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40239742/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"32","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy/mechanism study of IP quercetin PEGylated liposomes in alloxan-diabetic rats (testicular outcomes). No quercetin plasma/tissue concentration or PK parameters reported; only in vitro liposome release (37%, 55%, 62% at 6, 24, 48 h, given in Results 3.1 and Fig. 1D) and entrapment efficiency.","conclusion":"In conclusion, Que-PEG-Lip mitigated the testicular dysfunction in alloxan-induced diabetic rats via regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis signaling pathway and alleviation the testicular oxidative stress.","limitations":"no absorption or PK measurements"},"40296879":{"pmid":"40296879","title":"Zein and Trimethyl Chitosan-Based Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Quercetin Oral Delivery to Enhance Absorption by Paracellular Pathway in Obesity Mice.","authors":"Dai Z, Yin W, Li J, Ma L, Chen F, Shen Q, Hu X, Xue Y, Ji J","journal":"Biomaterials research","year":"2025","volume":"29","issue":"","pages":"0193","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0193","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40296879/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"TMC-Zein-Q nanoparticles could effectively improve the oral absorption and anti-obesity effect of quercetin, which had a promising application.","limitations":"mouse model; plasma concentrations given only as one value per arm in text; timepoint not stated; AUC/Cmax/Tmax not tabulated; variance type per general statement only; relative bioavailability calculation basis not stated; Zein-Q arm in text but not in Fig. 4D legend; key data figure-only"},"40306637":{"pmid":"40306637","title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: A Meta-analysis.","authors":"Can C, Hamilçıkan Ş","journal":"American journal of perinatology","year":"2025","volume":"42","issue":"16","pages":"2203-2208","doi":"10.1055/a-2578-1875","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40306637/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"other animal (rat and piglet preclinical studies pooled)","design":"other (systematic review / random-effects meta-analysis)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic review and meta-analysis (8 preclinical studies) of quercetin neuroprotection in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (efficacy SMDs); no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Quercetin offers notable neuroprotection in neonatal HIBI, with an optimal 40 mg/kg IP dose, suggesting it could complement hypothermia. Limited bioavailability and lack of long-term data call for further research in advanced models.","limitations":"review/meta-analysis, not primary PK data"},"40329128":{"pmid":"40329128","title":"Development and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Quercetin-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Improved Solubility, Brain Targeting, and Neuroprotective Potential Against Epilepsy.","authors":"Pradhan P, Rai VK, Halder J, Kar D, Prusty SK, Rout SK, Manoharadas S, Palanisamy S, Dash P, Das C, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2025","volume":"26","issue":"5","pages":"124","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03119-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40329128/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12 (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed a marked improvement in systemic and brain bioavailability over free quercetin, reflected in significantly higher Cmax (~ fourfold), extended half-life, and increased AUC (~ fourfold) values.","limitations":"mouse study, n = 6 per group; internal inconsistencies between text/abstract and Table III for brain Cmax and Tmax and free quercetin Tmax; no p-values given; AUC interval not stated; fed/fasted state not stated; non-compartmental mean values at sampling times not tabulated"},"40331705":{"pmid":"40331705","title":"Innovative delivery strategies for quercetin: A comprehensive review of advances and challenges.","authors":"Zhao R, Hu S, Chen T, Li Y, Chi X, Yu S, Wang W, Liu D, Zhu B, Hu J","journal":"Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety","year":"2025","volume":"24","issue":"3","pages":"e70146","doi":"10.1111/1541-4337.70146","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40331705/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin delivery systems; no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"By reviewing recent advances in Qu-based delivery systems, this review provides insights into how these technologies can enhance the stability, bioavailability, and targeted efficacy of Qu, presenting current challenges and future development prospects for more effective utilization of Qu in food safety and health-promoting applications.","limitations":"review article, secondary data only"},"40345208":{"pmid":"40345208","title":"Pharmacokinetic Prediction and Cytotoxicity of New Quercetin Derivatives.","authors":"Dos Santos MG, Demonceaux M, Schimith LE, Goux M, Solleux C, Muccillo-Baisch AL, Arbo BD, Andre-Miral C, Hort MA","journal":"Chemistry & biodiversity","year":"2025","volume":"22","issue":"8","pages":"e202500119","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202500119","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40345208/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in silico prediction + in vitro cytotoxicity)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In silico (ADMETlab 2.0/SwissADME) predictions of PK properties for quercetin and enzymatically made glucosides, plus cell cytotoxicity. No measured absorption/PK data; table values are computational predictions.","conclusion":"Three α-glucosylated derivatives were obtained, which demonstrated improved pharmacokinetics, including a higher volume of distribution and lower clearance rate, with minimal likelihood of cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition compared to QUE.","limitations":"predicted values only, no measured PK; no n or variance for predictions"},"40356955":{"pmid":"40356955","title":"Quercetin as a therapeutic agent for acute pancreatitis: a comprehensive review of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory mechanisms.","authors":"Jiang Z, Lhamo G, Ma M, Ye X, Chen J, He Y, Xu J, Huang L","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2025","volume":"16","issue":"","pages":"1587314","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1587314","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40356955/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of preclinical and clinical literature)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin in acute pancreatitis mechanisms; no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Although preliminary studies suggest that quercetin can alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress in AP, clinical evidence remains limited. One of the main challenges for quercetin's clinical application is its low bioavailability. Future research should focus on strategies to enhance its bioavailability and on conducting large-scale randomized controlled trials.","limitations":"review article"},"40418582":{"pmid":"40418582","title":"Improved antidiabetic potential of quercetin-loaded chitosan-lecithin nanoparticles for effective glycaemic control.","authors":"Ahmad MZ, Pathak K, Alam A, Abdel-Wahab BA, Bakir MB, Das A, Pathak MP, Abdullah MM, Ahmed KA, Alasmary MY, Alqahtani AA, Sarma H","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","year":"2025","volume":"33","issue":"9","pages":"1591-1606","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2511837","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40418582/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"QTN/LCHS-NPs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of QTN and improved its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effects, demonstrating their potential as an effective delivery system for addressing metabolic disorders.","limitations":"small n (6 per group); no p-values reported for PK parameters; Tmax unit not printed in Table 3; AUC extrapolation percentage NR; single dose, rodent"},"40456340":{"pmid":"40456340","title":"Quercetin-polysaccharides based hydrogels: A review of applications, molecular associations, chemical and biological modifications, toxicological implications and future perspectives.","authors":"Ashfaq M, Ali S, Summer M","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2025","volume":"318","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"144845","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.144845","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40456340/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of literature)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review of quercetin-polysaccharide hydrogels for wound healing; no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"The novelty of employing quercetin-based hydrogels in wound healing is that they facilitate an enhancement of quercetin bioavailability and elicit sustained, targeted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, allowing for enhanced healing outcomes and acceleration of tissue regeneration in diabetic and chronic wounds beyond existing forms of wound therapy.","limitations":"review article, secondary data only"},"40503074":{"pmid":"40503074","title":"Targeting Senescence, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation: Quercetin-Based Strategies for Ocular Diseases in Older Adults.","authors":"Medoro A, Davinelli S, Scuderi L, Scuderi G, Scapagnini G, Fragiotta S","journal":"Clinical interventions in aging","year":"2025","volume":"20","issue":"","pages":"791-813","doi":"10.2147/CIA.S516946","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40503074/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin for ocular diseases in older adults (senescence, oxidative stress, inflammation); not a primary absorption/PK study. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"40505320":{"pmid":"40505320","title":"Quercetin-3-β-aminobutyrate (HPS-β) as a promising novel anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of sepsis.","authors":"Zhou Y, Ma Y, Li K, Yu C, Sang Y, Huang W, Lin J, Lu X, Kong X","journal":"Bioorganic chemistry","year":"2025","volume":"163","issue":"","pages":"108642","doi":"10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108642","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40505320/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro solubility measurement; mouse efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"No in vivo PK or absorption data. Only aqueous solubility of quercetin vs prodrug HPS-beta (Table 1); bioavailability improvement is claimed in the abstract but no bioavailability data are reported in the paper. In vivo work is IP dosing in an LPS sepsis model (efficacy only).","conclusion":"The modified compound (HPS-β trifluoroacetate salt form) exhibited a 17,500-fold increase in phosphate buffer solubility compared to the parent drug.","limitations":"No pharmacokinetic or bioavailability data despite abstract claim; Solubility method, replicates and variance not reported; Quercetin prodrug (HPS-beta) rather than quercetin tested for most outcomes; IP dosing in mice, efficacy only"},"40509277":{"pmid":"40509277","title":"Enhancing Oral Absorption of Quercetin Through Multifactorial Synergies in Crystal Dispersion Systems.","authors":"Liu Y, Yan Q, Hu C","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2025","volume":"30","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules30112390","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40509277/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (three formulation groups; sub-studies in vitro, Caco-2, SPIP)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of quercetin vs two crystalline solid dispersions (single dose); plus in vitro dissolution, Caco-2 and rat SPIP. Caco-2 Papp and some SPIP data are figure-only.","conclusion":"Both QUR/PEG8000-CSD and QUR/P188-CSD enhanced the oral absorption of QUR, increasing it by 25 times and 3.5 times, respectively, relative to pure QUR.","limitations":"Rat study, single dose, n=6; Dose basis (quercetin vs formulation) not clear; Plasma quercetin measured after acid hydrolysis (total aglycone); Caco-2 Papp and inhibitor SPIP values figure-only; Large SD in AUC0-inf/t1/2 for CSD arms; Poor in vitro-in vivo correlation noted by authors"},"40509418":{"pmid":"40509418","title":"Quercetin-Loaded Ginkgo Starch Nanoparticles: A Promising Strategy to Improve Bioactive Delivery and Cellular Homeostasis in Functional Foods.","authors":"Sun Y, Cong K, Wang T, Li X, Li T, Fan G, Zhou D, Wu C","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2025","volume":"14","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/foods14111890","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40509418/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Toxicity and anti-tumor efficacy study of quercetin-loaded ginkgo starch nanoparticles in mice. No quantitative absorption/PK data; only oral fluorescence-dye biodistribution imaging (figure-only) labelled as 'pharmacokinetic'.","conclusion":"These findings suggest that an appropriate concentration of SNPs/Qc could effectively replace water-insoluble free Qc while maintaining its functional benefits.","limitations":"No quantitative PK or bioavailability measurement; Fluorescence imaging figure-only and of dye label; Abstract claims improved bioavailability without supporting data; n=5 per group"},"40525309":{"pmid":"40525309","title":"Simultaneous estimation of donepezil and quercetin using ultra high performance liquid chromatography: pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic applications in Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Tripathi S, Rana R, Chakradhar J, Mishra K, Jaiswal S, Sethi M, Tiwari AK, Chourasia MK","journal":"Bioanalysis","year":"2025","volume":"17","issue":"11","pages":"747-757","doi":"10.1080/17576180.2025.2518044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40525309/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (saline control group and treated group)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Bioanalytical UHPLC method validation paper; quercetin PK is only IV dosing of donepezil+quercetin co-loaded liposomes in mice (no oral absorption). Donepezil PK values not extracted (co-administered drug).","conclusion":"The developed UHPLC method efficiently quantified DNP and QCT co-loaded inside liposomes estimating their entrapment efficiency, loading efficiency, and in vivo plasma kinetics.","limitations":"IV dosing only, no oral absorption; n=3; Table 5 gives single values without variance; Method LOQ (4.159 µg/mL) high relative to calibration range 0.3-30 µg/mL as printed"},"40544702":{"pmid":"40544702","title":"Quantification of gossypetin, myricetin, quercetin and isorhamnetin in mouse plasma: Pharmacokinetic profiling after oral administration of total flavone of Abelmoschi Corolla.","authors":"Chen X, Wang Y, Li P, Yao J, Song Y, Jiang H, Zeng S, Chen L, Zhou H","journal":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","year":"2025","volume":"265","issue":"","pages":"117039","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117039","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40544702/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (each sampling time a separate group; single dose 3 dose levels and 7-day repeated)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin is one of four aglycones measured (total after hydrolysis) following oral dosing of an herbal flavone extract (TFA), not a quercetin supplement; only quercetin rows extracted. Gossypetin, myricetin and isorhamnetin not extracted.","conclusion":"This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice following oral administration of TFA. The results revealed four aglycones rapidly attained peak plasma concentrations and isorhamnetin cleared slowly.","limitations":"Quercetin dosed within herbal extract, not as supplement; Total (free + conjugated) quercetin only; free and conjugated forms not distinguished; No variance or statistic type in Table 8; Separate animals per time point"},"40552152":{"pmid":"40552152","title":"Molecular pharmacokinetic mechanism of quercetin-encapsulated polymeric micelles in alleviating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and enhancing antineoplastic effects.","authors":"Hao T, Huo X, Li Z, Wang C, Wu S, Song A, Zhang F, Liu K","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2025","volume":"16","issue":"","pages":"1590688","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1590688","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40552152/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"PK study measures plasma and urinary cisplatin (DDP) after IV Que-PEG-PCL micelles; quercetin concentrations in plasma/tissue were not measured. Only formulation characterization of the quercetin micelles (EE, DL) recorded.","conclusion":"Que-PEG-PCL enhanced DDP’s therapeutic window by limiting renal accumulation and promoting tumor cell apoptosis.","limitations":"Quercetin not measured in biological matrices; Cisplatin PK values not extracted (off-target analyte)"},"40627938":{"pmid":"40627938","title":"Effect of the C2C3 double bond and sodium taurodeoxycholate addition on the quercetin-hemoglobin and taxifolin-hemoglobin interactions.","authors":"Guo Y, Jiang H, Zhang X, Guo M, Fang H, Zhang Q, Liu J","journal":"Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy","year":"2026","volume":"344","issue":"Pt 1","pages":"126619","doi":"10.1016/j.saa.2025.126619","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40627938/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro spectroscopy)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro spectroscopic/molecular docking study of quercetin and taxifolin binding to bovine hemoglobin with sodium taurodeoxycholate; also antioxidant and antibacterial assays. No absorption or PK data; quercetin solubility vs NaTDC is shown only in Fig. 5C (figure-only).","conclusion":"The addition of NaTDC can enhance the low solubility of Que./Tax and regulate their interaction strength with HB, thereby further influencing their bioavailability.","limitations":"No absorption or PK measurement; Bioavailability inferred from protein binding and solubility only"},"40635717":{"pmid":"40635717","title":"Materials, Syntheses and Biomedical Applications of Nano-Quercetin Formulations: A Comprehensive Literature Review.","authors":"Wang H, Di W, Gao X, Guo Y, Tang T, Bai X, Cao H","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2025","volume":"20","issue":"","pages":"8729-8764","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S517079","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40635717/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of nano-quercetin formulations (International Journal of Nanomedicine 2025); not a primary absorption/PK study. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"40639238":{"pmid":"40639238","title":"Potential application of quercetin as an anti-diabetic treatment: From molecular mechanism to delivery system design.","authors":"Liu F, Zhao B, Wang Q, Lei Z, McClements DJ, Wang S, Chen S","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","year":"2025","volume":"145","issue":"","pages":"157036","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40639238/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin as an anti-diabetic treatment and nano delivery systems (Phytomedicine 2025); not a primary absorption/PK study. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"40738454":{"pmid":"40738454","title":"Isoquercitrin: From natural source to clinical candidate - Synthesis, pharmacology, and metabolic safety.","authors":"Song B, Niu W, Sun H, Hao M, Xie R, Lv J, Tong C, Jin C","journal":"Fitoterapia","year":"2025","volume":"185","issue":"","pages":"106766","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106766","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40738454/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative/systematic review of isoquercitrin (Fitoterapia 2025) summarizing prior studies; not a primary PK study.","conclusion":"Analysis of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ISQ has indicated low oral bioavailability, suggesting the necessity for formulation improvement.","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"40790677":{"pmid":"40790677","title":"Enhancing the encapsulation efficiency, bioavailability, and antioxidant efficacy of quercetin and maize peptide by a novel multi-frequency pulsed ultrasonic-assisted nanoliposomal encapsulation system.","authors":"Qu W, Deng X, Guo T, Zhou C, Ma H","journal":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","year":"2025","volume":"218","issue":"","pages":"116874","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116874","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40790677/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (specify): in vitro formulation study","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro study (simulated GI digestion + Caco-2 cell uptake) of quercetin and maize peptide in ultrasound-assisted nanoliposomes; no in vivo PK. Most bioavailability data given as 'increase by X %' in text; absolute values mainly in figures.","conclusion":"The system significantly enhanced the embedding rate and intracellular bioavailability of MP/Qu, in contrast to unencapsulated MP/Qu monomers and unsonicated liposomes.","limitations":"in vitro only, no in vivo PK; absolute bioavailability values mostly figure-only; increases printed without stating percentage-point vs relative; triplicate experiments, no n for human/animal"},"40795549":{"pmid":"40795549","title":"Sodium alginate-mediated interfacial structuring in soy protein-quercetin composite emulsions: A synergistic strategy for encapsulation and bioavailability enhancement of lipophilic bioactives.","authors":"Li T, Zhang Z, Shao J, Wu X, Xie H, Zhu B, He X, Wang H, Zhang Y","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2025","volume":"493","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"145812","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145812","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40795549/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (specify): in vitro formulation study","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro simulated GI digestion of soy protein isolate-quercetin-lutein emulsions with sodium alginate; quercetin is a structural component, with only bioaccessibility measured (a single value printed; others figure-only). Primary focus is lutein.","conclusion":"moderate SA addtion improved the antioxidant capacity of the emulsion and promoted the bioaccessibility of lutein and quercetin, thus establishing an efficient delivery system for dual bioactive compounds.","limitations":"in vitro only; quercetin bioaccessibility mostly figure-only; dose/concentration of quercetin in digestion not stated as absolute amount; bioaccessibility is not absorption"},"40807271":{"pmid":"40807271","title":"Potential of Quercetin as a Promising Therapeutic Agent Against Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Niziński P, Hawrył A, Polak P, Kondracka A, Oniszczuk T, Soja J, Hawrył M, Oniszczuk A","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2025","volume":"30","issue":"15","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules30153096","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807271/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin as an antidiabetic agent (Pharmaceuticals/MDPI-style review, 2025); no primary PK data.","conclusion":"This review elucidates the mechanistic basis of QE quercetin antidiabetic action and discusses strategies to enhance its therapeutic potential in clinical settings.","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"40807647":{"pmid":"40807647","title":"Preparation Optimization and Antioxidant Properties of the β-Glucan and Ferulic Acid/Quercetin Complex from Highland Barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum).","authors":"Ren Y, Yang Y, Jiang M, Gu W, Cao Y, Zou L, Peng L","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2025","volume":"14","issue":"15","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/foods14152712","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807647/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro preparation optimization (equilibrium dialysis), structural characterization (FTIR, SEM) and antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical) of beta-glucan-ferulic acid and beta-glucan-quercetin complexes from highland barley. No absorption, bioavailability, bioaccessibility or permeability measurement reported; full text read.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"40897275":{"pmid":"40897275","title":"Unveiling the photothermal mechanism and therapeutic potential of quercetin-loaded MXene-ZMOF@Chitosan in MCF-7 breast cancer.","authors":"Elbeltagi S, Al-Zharani M, Nasr FA, Ismail AM, El-Tohamy HM, Abdelbased KM, Shakor ABA, Eldin ZE","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2025","volume":"327","issue":"Pt 1","pages":"147294","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147294","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40897275/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR for PK","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin-loaded MXene-ZMOF@chitosan nanocomposite vs free quercetin in mice (IV, per Introduction); includes plasma PK (Table 2), tissue biodistribution values in text, and in vitro release. Dose/n for PK not stated.","conclusion":"In-vivo xenograft studies in BALB/c mice confirmed enhanced bioavailability and improved pharmacokinetic parameters, demonstrating the nanoplatform's potential as a sophisticated, targeted approach to breast cancer treatment.","limitations":"IV dosing, so bioavailability claims reflect exposure not oral absorption; PK dose, n and sampling times not stated; unit inconsistency (ng/mL table vs ug/ml figure axis); no statistics for PK parameters; tissue values text-only without variance"},"40938667":{"pmid":"40938667","title":"pH-targeted and time-released microparticles of quercetin and lycopene for ulcerative colitis treatment: DoE-based formulation development, pharmacokinetics, and in-vivo proof of concept studies.","authors":"Choiri S, Pertiwi NRI, Saputri DAN, Rahmawati SA, Widyasari YS, Wiyono N, Kuncahyo I","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","year":"2026","volume":"34","issue":"3","pages":"495-507","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2561211","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40938667/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Oral PK in rats of quercetin (with lycopene) as pH-targeted Eudragit microparticles vs quercetin suspension. Lycopene not detectable in plasma; QRN used as marker.","conclusion":"The release and bioavailability assessment proved that the system successfully released a higher amount in the colon and improved the bioavailability 3.5 times.","limitations":"small n; rat model; dose basis (QRN vs total formulation) unclear; AUC interval label inconsistent (0-24 vs 0-48 h); Table 4 n = 6 vs Methods n = 12 total; concentration-time data figure-only"},"40944361":{"pmid":"40944361","title":"Quercetin as a Multi-Target Natural Therapeutic in Aging-Related Diseases: Systemic Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms.","authors":"Zhou S, Qingman X, Zhang W, Zhang D, Liu S","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":"2025","volume":"39","issue":"10","pages":"4821-4869","doi":"10.1002/ptr.70078","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40944361/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Phytotherapy Research) of quercetin mechanisms in aging-related diseases; no primary PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review, not primary data"},"41014182":{"pmid":"41014182","title":"Microbiological and Pharmacokinetic Aspects of a Water-Soluble Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, EubioQuercetin: A Direct Comparison With Quercetin in In Vitro and Human Clinical Studies.","authors":"Yamaguchi N, Sudaka Y, Mitsui T, Nakaguro R, Saito M, Kida H, Ono M","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2025","volume":"90","issue":"10","pages":"e70579","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.70579","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41014182/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"16 randomized (Fig. 2a); 15 participants stated in Results/Fig. 7","status":"complete","statusNote":"Human randomized open-label crossover PK of EubioQuercetin (water-soluble quercetin-3-O-rutinoside formulation) vs conventional quercetin; PK reported in Table 3 as single values; in vitro fecal microbiota assay not extracted.","conclusion":"The results indicate that the health benefits of conventional quercetin for humans can be greatly improved by making Q3R water-soluble with indigestible rutinose to enhance absorption.","limitations":"small n; industry-affiliated authors; PK values single numbers without variance or statistical test; participant count inconsistent (16 randomized, analysis n = 8 and 6, text says 15); dose per capsule ambiguous; open-label"},"41066807":{"pmid":"41066807","title":"Quercetin can serve as a CXR inhibitor to enhance florfenicol absorption by attenuating BCRP-mediated efflux in chickens.","authors":"Deng H, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Wang L, Zhang Y","journal":"Poultry science","year":"2025","volume":"104","issue":"12","pages":"105893","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.105893","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41066807/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify): broiler chickens (Arbor Acres, 42 days old)","design":"parallel","n":"40 for PK (120 allocated across experiments)","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Quercetin given orally to chickens as a BCRP/CXR inhibitor; the measured analyte is the drug florfenicol (Papp and plasma PK), not quercetin. Quercetin concentrations not measured. Florfenicol data recorded as quercetin-drug interaction.","conclusion":"The research substantiates quercetin's inhibitory effect on BCRP and demonstrates the resultant enhancement in the absorption of BCRP substrate drug florfenicol.","limitations":"quercetin not measured; florfenicol is the analyte; florfenicol sampling times not stated in text read; Papp units not stated in text read; animal study (chickens); Table 2 Vz/F and Cl/F printed with mL/kg and mL/h/kg units as shown"},"41084506":{"pmid":"41084506","title":"Enhancing Quercetin's Potential: A Nanoliposome Delivery System for High Altitude Pulmonary Edema.","authors":"Lin L, Shen B, Cui J, Gao Y, Wang L, Yang T, Weng J, Lai C, Tang X, Xiao C, Shen X, Gao Y","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","year":"2025","volume":"19","issue":"","pages":"9151-9167","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S509270","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41084506/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of quercetin vs quercetin nanoliposome; rest of paper is pharmacology (HAPE mouse model, PASMCs) and not extracted.","conclusion":"The quercetin nanoliposome could notably enhance absorption rate and concentration of QU in rats and displayed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile.","limitations":"rodent study, single dose, n=6 per arm; vehicle of free quercetin not stated; plasma acid-treated before analysis; whether analyte is total quercetin not labelled by authors; PK statistical test not specified (ANOVA stated for multi-group comparisons); concentration-time curve figure only; assignment of 12 rats to arms not described"},"41195524":{"pmid":"41195524","title":"Enhancing Chemosensitivity With Quercetin: Mechanistic Insights Into MerTK and Associated Signaling Pathways.","authors":"Jafari S, Ghasemi S","journal":"Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)","year":"2025","volume":"8","issue":"11","pages":"e70370","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70370","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41195524/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Cancer Reports) of quercetin and MerTK signalling in cancer; mentions nanoparticle delivery but reports no primary absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Quercetin holds great promise as a complementary therapeutic agent targeting MerTK and associated signaling pathways.","limitations":"review article, no primary PK data"},"41300470":{"pmid":"41300470","title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Micellar Chrysin-Quercetin-Rutin Formulation: A Randomized Crossover Trial.","authors":"Ibi A, Chang C, Kuo YC, Zhang Y, Do P, Du M, Roh YS, Gahler R, Hardy M, Solnier J","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2025","volume":"14","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/antiox14111313","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41300470/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover","n":"18","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Human crossover PK and Caco-2 study of a micellar chrysin-quercetin-rutin product, but the only analyte quantified (plasma and Caco-2 transport) was chrysin. Quercetin and rutin were co-formulated (quercetin 105/77.4 mg per dose in LMC/NMC) but their plasma concentrations or permeability were not reported in the main text. Chrysin PK/permeability values not extracted.","conclusion":"The novel micellar chrysin-quercetin-rutin formulation substantially improved bioavailability and was well tolerated during 30 days of daily use, supporting its potential as an advanced delivery strategy for flavonoids with poor oral absorption and identifying glucose regulation as a physiological effect of interest.","limitations":"measured analyte is chrysin, not quercetin; authors affiliated with product developer/owner (conflicts declared); small n; quercetin and rutin plasma levels not reported"},"41319703":{"pmid":"41319703","title":"Intranasal Delivery of Ligand-Conjugated NLCs Co-Loaded With Docetaxel and Quercetin: HPLC Method Development, Pharmacokinetics, and Brain Biodistribution in Wistar Rats for Glioblastoma.","authors":"Qamar Z, Khan SA, Haider F, Moonis M, Ali J, Baboota S, Ali A","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2026","volume":"40","issue":"1","pages":"e70251","doi":"10.1002/bmc.70251","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41319703/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Quercetin extracted (route: IV and intranasal in rats; co-loaded with docetaxel). Docetaxel values not extracted. Brain and plasma concentrations; relative to IV suspension.","conclusion":"IN delivery of Tf-(DX–QR) NLC significantly enhanced brain uptake, prolonged drug retention, and reduced systemic exposure compared to IV administration of (DX–QR) SUS.","limitations":"n=3 per group, single dose; quercetin given only with docetaxel, no quercetin-alone arm; intranasal/IV routes, not oral absorption; several values in text/Tables 14-17 inconsistent (SDs differ for same mean); comparator for asterisks not stated; organ biodistribution figure-only; academic fellowship funding"},"41337643":{"pmid":"41337643","title":"Correction to \"Pharmacokinetic Prediction and Cytotoxicity of New Quercetin Derivatives\".","authors":"NR","journal":"Chemistry & biodiversity","year":"2026","volume":"23","issue":"2","pages":"e03748","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202503748","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41337643/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (correction notice)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Corrigendum (published erratum) correcting Figure 5 (cytotoxicity of quercetin derivatives in SH-SY5Y and C6 cells) of an earlier paper; no absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"This correction does not affect the results, statistical analyses, or conclusions reported in the article.","limitations":"correction notice only"},"41412433":{"pmid":"41412433","title":"Micellar Co-Delivery of Fulvestrant and Quercetin to enhance oral Bioavailability: A potential Bioenhancement strategy.","authors":"Fuentes P, Moretton MA, Flor S, Höcht C, Chiappetta DA, Bernabeu EA","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2026","volume":"689","issue":"","pages":"126512","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126512","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412433/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"15","status":"partial","statusNote":"Oral rat PK, ex vivo pig-intestine permeation and cell uptake measured fulvestrant (FVT), with quercetin used only as a bioenhancer; plasma quercetin was not measured. Only quercetin-specific data (micelle loading, in vitro release, cell uptake) extracted; FVT results not extracted.","conclusion":"Soluplus/Pluronic F127 mixed micelles successfully encapsulated FVT, either alone or in combination with QUE, without compromising loading efficiency.","limitations":"measured PK analyte is fulvestrant, not quercetin; plasma quercetin not measured; quercetin dose per kg in vivo not stated; quercetin release and uptake data figure-only or approximate; preclinical rat/porcine/cell models"},"41429389":{"pmid":"41429389","title":"Quercetin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles through borneol-embedded hyaluronic acid hydrogel for ischemic stroke treatment.","authors":"Yu Y, Zou Y, Yang M, Li D, Zhao J, He Y, Bai X, Wu Y, Yao F, Fan H","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2026","volume":"340","issue":"Pt 1","pages":"149821","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149821","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41429389/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin ZIF-8/borneol hydrogel intranasal formulation for ischemic stroke. The main text prints no PK numbers; brain PK in rats is in supplementary Figs. S3/S4 (not available). Only in vitro release %, drug loading/EE and figure-only PK rows recorded.","conclusion":"Bo/QC@ZIF-8-Gel represents a promising strategy for the treatment of IS.","limitations":"PK data only in supplementary figures not available; no PK numbers in main text; PK sampling times, n and assay not stated; intranasal/IV routes, rat model; release numbers without variance"},"41443395":{"pmid":"41443395","title":"Sulfasalazine-quercetin co-amorphous systems: Sustained release behaviors and enhanced pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Deng J, Li J, Peng Y, Dai Q, Pang N, Wang Z, Zhang H, Chen X","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","year":"2026","volume":"220","issue":"","pages":"114972","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114972","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41443395/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"15","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Rat oral PK and dissolution study of sulfasalazine (SULF) co-amorphous systems using quercetin as a co-former; only SULF was quantified (HPLC dissolution, LC-MS plasma). Quercetin concentrations were not measured. SULF data not extracted.","conclusion":"co-amorphous forms demonstrated enhanced oral bioavailability (1.52-2.80-fold) and prolonged Tmax (1.84-5.52-fold) compared to crystalline SULF","limitations":"measured analyte is sulfasalazine, not quercetin; quercetin plasma levels not measured"},"41492379":{"pmid":"41492379","title":"Comparison of plasma and cecal quercetin in Enterococcus sp. rutin_18 mono-associated and germ-free mice fed rutin-supplemented diet.","authors":"Tamura M, Nakano A, Nakagawa H, Hirayama K","journal":"Bioscience of microbiota, food and health","year":"2026","volume":"45","issue":"1","pages":"51-57","doi":"10.12938/bmfh.2025-021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41492379/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"8","status":"partial","statusNote":"Germ-free vs Enterococcus sp. rutin_18 mono-associated mice fed 0.4% rutin diet; plasma and cecal quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin and rutin are reported only in figures (Fig. 3, Fig. 4). Only the in vitro conversion values are printed as numbers.","conclusion":"We infer that the Enterococcus sp. rutin_18 used in this study is an important intestinal bacterium that converts rutin to quercetin.","limitations":"n=4 per group; plasma and cecal concentrations figure-only; single sampling time after 3 weeks, no time course; female mice only, germ-free model; PK parameters not calculated"},"41579343":{"pmid":"41579343","title":"Design, optimization, and in vivo assessment of in situ pH-sensitive quercetin transbilosomes for the treatment of diabetes mellitus-associated heart failure.","authors":"Jin W, Elkarmalawy MH, Fouad AG, Belal A, Ismail A, Ali MAM, Aref Albezrah NK, Miski SF, Abo El-Ela FI, Nagib MM","journal":"Journal of drug targeting","year":"2026","volume":"34","issue":"7","pages":"1359-1375","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2026.2621844","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41579343/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Nasal in-situ gel of quercetin transbilosomes vs oral quercetin suspension in rats (PK, Table 4), plus in vitro release and ex vivo nasal permeation. Cardioprotective/efficacy outcomes not extracted.","conclusion":"nasal administration of the IPSQLT formulation may represent an effective therapy for DM-associated HF.","limitations":"PK dose, vehicle, sampling times and fed state not stated; n=6 per arm; routes differ (nasal gel vs oral suspension) so comparison confounds route and formulation; PK animals' disease state not stated; tissue distribution and concentration curves figure-only; units for tissue levels not stated"},"41596825":{"pmid":"41596825","title":"Nanoparticles for Synergistic Delivery of Curcumin and Quercetin Based on Zein and Sodium Caseinate: Preparation, Characterization, and Intestinal Absorption.","authors":"Li Y, Shi R, Xu Z, Huang T, Wang S, Sang Y, Neves MA, Yu W, Wang X","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"15","issue":"2","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/foods15020225","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41596825/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro experiments)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"In vitro (simulated digestion, Caco-2) study; listed supplement quercetin is co-encapsulated but only its encapsulation efficiency is reported. All uptake/permeability/bioaccessibility values are for curcumin, not quercetin. Curcumin rows recorded for reference.","conclusion":"which significantly improved the bioaccessibility and cellular translocation uptake of curcumin.","limitations":"in vitro only; off-target analyte: absorption measured for curcumin not quercetin; most Papp and uptake values figure-only; n=3 per group; statistic type for bioaccessibility not stated; internal inconsistencies in fold-change (abstract vs results) and nanoparticle ratio (80:40:20:4 vs 80:40:20:5)"},"41610766":{"pmid":"41610766","title":"A novel heteropeptide self-assembly-cascaded dual-enzyme (HSC-DE) system for cascade synthesis of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ) from rutin and sucrose.","authors":"Mei RX, Xia T, Guo JM, Wang D, Zhang ZA, Xu Y, Herman RA, Wang J","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2026","volume":"506","issue":"","pages":"148119","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.148119","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41610766/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (enzyme synthesis)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Biocatalysis/enzyme-engineering paper on cascade synthesis of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ) from rutin and sucrose using co-immobilized dual-enzyme system; no absorption, bioavailability or PK measurements. Bioavailability is mentioned only in background/discussion citing other work.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"no absorption data"},"41624536":{"pmid":"41624536","title":"pH-responsive ZIF-8@quercetin nanoparticles induce pyroptosis for targeted gastric cancer therapy.","authors":"Xu Q, Jin X, Song S, Zhang H, Ding H, Liu C, Li L, Peng S, Cheng Y, Zhong M, Li L, Zhu J, Dong S, Zhang G","journal":"Materials today. Bio","year":"2026","volume":"37","issue":"","pages":"102806","doi":"10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102806","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41624536/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro and in vivo preclinical formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Anticancer nanomedicine paper (ZIF-8@quercetin). No plasma/tissue quercetin concentrations or PK parameters. Only formulation encapsulation efficiency, in vitro pH-dependent release percentages, and figure-only cellular uptake / fluorescence biodistribution of Cy5.5-labeled nanoparticles (IV, mice).","conclusion":"Collectively, these findings highlight ZIF-8@Que as a safe and effective nanoparticle that integrates drug delivery with ROS-mediated pyroptosis, offering a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of Que monotherapy and advance GC therapy.","limitations":"no plasma or tissue quercetin concentrations; biodistribution fluorescence of nanoparticle label only and figure-only; IV dosing, not oral absorption; dose is total formulation mass, not Que-equivalent; free Que given IP vs nanoparticle IV in efficacy study"},"41633432":{"pmid":"41633432","title":"Two-birds-one-stone, microfluidic producing DES/W microemulsions to solubilize quercetin and penetrate intestinal mucosa for enhanced oral bioavailability.","authors":"Liu R, Yang X, Huang C, Guan X, Li Y, Yang G, Yang Q","journal":"European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V","year":"2026","volume":"222","issue":"","pages":"115007","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.115007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41633432/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The results showed that the obtained microemulsions increased quercetin solubility, retention time in the intestines, and mucosal absorption, improving drug absorption and bioavailability.","limitations":"small n (6 per arm); variance not reported in Table 2; statistic type (mean/median) not stated; reference is quercetin in water with Tween 20, not plain quercetin; no oral solid reference; only Fig. 9 shows concentration-time data"},"41642032":{"pmid":"41642032","title":"Ultrasound-Enhanced Delivery of the Quercetin Derivative ANL3 Activates the FOXO1A-NDRG2-SOD2 Axis to Induce Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteosarcoma.","authors":"Qian J, Wu W, Wang H, Shu C, Liu B","journal":"Cancer biotherapy & radiopharmaceuticals","year":"2026","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"10849785251406063","doi":"10.1177/10849785251406063","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41642032/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (in vitro and xenograft efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Anticancer mechanism study of the synthetic quercetin derivative ANL3 (osteosarcoma cells, nude mouse xenografts, low-intensity ultrasound). No absorption, bioavailability or PK measurements of quercetin or ANL3; HPLC used only for compound purity. Cellular 'uptake' is inferred from IC50 shifts, not measured. Pharmacokinetics listed by authors as future work.","conclusion":"These findings show that ultrasound-augmented ANL3 treatment is a viable biotherapeutic method for osteosarcoma because it improves ER stress-mediated tumor suppression while reducing systemic adverse effects.","limitations":"no absorption or PK data"},"41675219":{"pmid":"41675219","title":"Punicic acid ethyl ester, a superior absorption-enhancer over pomegranate seed oil, dramatically improves quercetin bioavailability via strong interaction and rapid lipolysis.","authors":"Ding Y, Gong J, Yang P, Zhao Z, Jiang Z, Yang X, Xu M, Guo X, Yan Y, Yao Q","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics: X","year":"2026","volume":"11","issue":"","pages":"100499","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100499","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41675219/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"combining QU with PAEE, PSO, or OA yields superior stability in gastrointestinal fluids, enhanced antibacterial activity, and improved oral bioavailability in the order of QU-PAEE > QU-PSO > QU-OA.","limitations":"small n (4 rats per group); dose stated as 25 mg/kg in Methods but 50 mg/kg in Fig. 6 caption; Table 1 variance type not stated; units of AUC (min*mg/L) and CL (L/h/kg) unusual and CL not dose-normalised to F; sampling timepoints not listed; control is QU in CMC-Na, no oral absolute BA; Cmax2 for OA group appears duplicated from tmax; statistical test results for PK not given in table"},"41710065":{"pmid":"41710065","title":"Identification of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin as a therapeutic lead for myotonic dystrophy type 1.","authors":"Mishra SK, Hicks SM, Frias JA, Zhang J, Handley MT, Vangaveti S, Reid TS, Pandey A, McMichael O, Crumbaugh C, Provenzano M, Hale MA, Johnson NE, Nakamori M, Cleary JD, Reddy K, Berglund JA","journal":"NAR molecular medicine","year":"2026","volume":"3","issue":"1","pages":"ugag007","doi":"10.1093/narmme/ugag007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41710065/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical efficacy study with tissue quercetin measurement)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Efficacy-focused paper (EMIQ in DM1 mouse model). Quercetin levels in plasma, quadriceps and brain after EMIQ in drinking water were measured by HPLC but reported only in Fig. 4C and Supplementary Fig. S11; main text gives qualitative descriptors only (low micromolar, mid-micromolar). No numeric PK values in text.","conclusion":"EMIQ, a safe, bioavailable compound with broad tissue distribution, including across the blood-brain barrier, selectively reduces the production of toxic CUG expansion RNA, a primary cause of DM1, and thus strongly warrants clinical investigation for the treatment of DM1.","limitations":"no numeric PK values in text (figure-only); tissue quercetin n not stated; no EMIQ or conjugate measurement; total quercetin only; latency in therapeutic response suggests complex PK that authors say needs additional dosing studies"},"41724417":{"pmid":"41724417","title":"Comparison of bioavailability of quercetin and its structural analogs in mice.","authors":"Maeda N, Hashimoto A, Morita R, Munemasa S, Murata Y, Nakamura Y, Nakamura T","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","year":"2026","volume":"779","issue":"","pages":"110775","doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2026.110775","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41724417/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Brief communication in mice; all quantitative plasma and tissue data (concentration-time, AUC, tissue distribution) are presented only in Figs. 1-4. Text gives only Tmax (0.5 h) and the percentage of dose recovered in four tissues at 1 h.","conclusion":"the bioavailability of the six flavonoids differed despite the slight structural differences. The absorption of flavonoids in the small intestine may be influenced by their hydrophobicity.","limitations":"all numeric plasma/tissue values figure-only; mouse model; aglycone dosing only; n stated only as 'n > 3'; dosing vehicle differs (galangin dissolved without water)"},"41762160":{"pmid":"41762160","title":"Species-specific deglucuronidation of quercetin glucuronides by the human gut microbiota.","authors":"Sultana MJ, Yoshida Y, Kurihara S, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro S","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2026","volume":"90","issue":"6","pages":"821-831","doi":"10.1093/bbb/zbag032","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762160/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro enzymatic/whole-cell assay)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro gut-microbial deglucuronidation of quercetin monoglucuronides (quercetin metabolites); no absorption/PK in a host. Kinetic parameters in Table 1 extracted; screening rates and rat cecal/fecal activities are figure-only.","conclusion":"These findings delineate species-resolved deglucuronidation patterns underlying inter-individual differences in quercetin bioavailability and identify species microbiota-driven deconjugation into pharmacokinetic models.","limitations":"in vitro only, aerobic incubation of anaerobes; Table 1 variance type not defined; screening rates figure-only; no microbiome profiling of cecal/fecal samples; rat matrices, not human"},"41771805":{"pmid":"41771805","title":"Excipient Nanoemulsion-Based Enhancement of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Quercetin Bioavailability and Antioxidant Efficacy: A Comprehensive In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Fate.","authors":"Ke L, Lin Y, McClements DJ, Zong C, Xiao J, Cao Y, Liu X","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2026","volume":"74","issue":"10","pages":"8356-8367","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c11547","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41771805/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"30 (four independent animal cohorts for different analyses)","status":"partial","statusNote":"Absorption data are mostly relative (percent/fold) in text; absolute plasma and tissue quercetin concentrations are in Fig. 1D only except ileum NE (436.2 ng/mL). In vitro bioaccessibility given as point values without variance in text. Spinach quercetin (food matrix) with excipient nanoemulsion, not a supplement form.","conclusion":"Overall, this study shows how the bioavailability and bioactivity of health-promoting molecules in fruits and vegetables could be improved by using excipient-based strategies.","limitations":"absolute plasma/tissue concentrations figure-only; n per group not stated for in vivo; food-matrix quercetin, dose of quercetin not stated; single time point for plasma/tissue quercetin; text inconsistent on sampling time (2.5 h after last dose vs 5 h); abstract calls 46.6% plasma concentration increase 'bioavailability' without AUC; dose stated as '1.0 and 0 g/kg'"},"41772653":{"pmid":"41772653","title":"Crossing ocular barriers with quercetin-SPIONs: modulation of Bax/Bcl-2 balance in normal rat eyes.","authors":"Hajiaghajanian M, Movahedi N, Pouriaii D, Souri Z, Rezayat A, Esmaeili A","journal":"BMC pharmacology & toxicology","year":"2026","volume":"27","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1186/s40360-026-01113-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41772653/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized groups)","n":"42","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study; oral gavage and IP quercetin vs quercetin-conjugated SPIONs; serum and ocular tissue quercetin by HPLC after 35 days. IP route data are on-target (route noted).","conclusion":"In conclusion, this study demonstrates that conjugating quercetin to SPIONs (QCSPIONs) significantly enhances its delivery to posterior ocular tissues following oral administration, compared to the free drug.","limitations":"rats only, males only, n = 6 per group; single terminal timepoint, no time-course PK; serum concentrations in the text (~1000 µg/mL) are implausibly high and units/assay should be verified; free vs conjugated quercetin not distinguished in assay; dose basis of QCSPION stated as quercetin 25 mg/kg; Authors' Discussion refers to a 'single administration' while Methods describe 35 days of daily dosing"},"41773219":{"pmid":"41773219","title":"Quercetin and Its Nano-Based Formulations Against Skin Cancer: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Khanyabzadeh M, Emamifar A, Emtiazi N, Nazari A, Shekarriz M, Karami A, Mahallati FHB, Lafmejani RN, Dariush A, Rohani SMM, Vadeghani EM, Khoshnood N, Ojaghi HR, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Arefnezhad R","journal":"Health science reports","year":"2026","volume":"9","issue":"3","pages":"e71920","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71920","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41773219/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin and nano-formulations against skin cancer (preclinical literature); no original absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"Integrating quercetin with nano-based formulations presents a novel and promising approach for targeted skin cancer therapy.","limitations":"narrative review, no primary data"},"41788687":{"pmid":"41788687","title":"The multi-target protective effects of quercetin in cerebrovascular diseases: a dietary strategy for endothelial repair and neuroprotection.","authors":"Lu T, Gao J, Zhu P, Cao R, Ye K","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition","year":"2026","volume":"13","issue":"","pages":"1775964","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1775964","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41788687/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (type: Review) of quercetin mechanisms in cerebrovascular disease and delivery strategies; no original absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"quercetin represents a promising candidate for cerebrovascular disease intervention; however, technological innovations are urgently needed to overcome bioavailability limitations and generate conclusive clinical evidence.","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"41802516":{"pmid":"41802516","title":"Hybrid nanogel system of quercetin-loaded squalene NLCs with zinc-HA network for dry eye syndrome.","authors":"Mishra A, Halder J, Sahoo RK, Rai VK, Rajwar TK, Satpathy B, Dash P, Das C, Manoharadas S, Mohandoss S, Al-Tamimi J, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2026","volume":"353","issue":"","pages":"151215","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151215","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41802516/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (formulation comparison, within-animal contralateral eye comparison)","n":"15","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation paper (topical ocular quercetin in rabbits plus in vitro release and ex vivo goat cornea permeation); route noted as topical ocular, tear-fluid PK.","conclusion":"Further, enhanced pharmacokinetic parameters ensured higher bioavailability of QS-NLCs-Zn-HA nanogel in DES.","limitations":"small n (n = 3 stated generally), per-arm n for PK not printed; topical ocular tear-fluid PK in rabbits, not systemic absorption; Cmax in tear fluid measured at 0 h (tmax 0), reflecting dosing not absorption; dose concentration NR; concentration-time data figure-only"},"41808541":{"pmid":"41808541","title":"Dietary Quercetin 3-O-Glucuronide: Current Research on Its Extraction, Biosynthesis, Pharmacokinetics, Health Benefits, and Potential Food Applications.","authors":"Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Yu H, Dai X","journal":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","year":"2026","volume":"74","issue":"11","pages":"9027-9043","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14773","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41808541/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (miquelianin): extraction, biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, health benefits; secondary summary of other studies, no original PK data.","conclusion":"In conclusion, advancing miquelianin’s biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy is crucial for its successful application in functional foods and public health.","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"41836015":{"pmid":"41836015","title":"Recent developments in quercetin nanomedicine and applications in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis therapies.","authors":"Zhu Y, Chen H, Yi Y, Zhou F, Zhou W, Zhong S","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"1790233","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2026.1790233","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41836015/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (mini review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Mini Review of quercetin nanoformulations in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; no original absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"41851521":{"pmid":"41851521","title":"Engineered Novel Brijaluronic Terpesomes for Brain-Targeted Quercetin Delivery: Optimization, Ex Vivo and Radiokinetics.","authors":"Ahmed S, Attallah KM, Sayyed ME","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":"2026","volume":"27","issue":"3","pages":"","doi":"10.1208/s12249-026-03366-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41851521/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"45","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vivo analyte is the radiolabeled complex [99mTc]Tc-quercetin (radioactivity %ID/g), a proxy for quercetin; in vitro release and ex vivo permeation measure quercetin. Intravenous and intranasal routes in mice. Release/permeation of plain suspension mostly figure-only.","conclusion":"Compared with the nasal QER solution, [99mTc]Tc-QER-loaded terpesomes demonstrated markedly improved brain delivery, reflected in higher AUC, reduced Tmax, and elevated Cmax in brain tissue.","limitations":"analyte is radiolabeled quercetin complex, label may not track quercetin; n = 3 per time point, mice only; other organ data only in supplementary file; no oral dosing; units of DTI not printed"},"41854858":{"pmid":"41854858","title":"Inhalable quercetin dihydrate nanosuspension mitigates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats.","authors":"Gupta N, Paryani M, Kumar J, Verma S, Patel S, Butani S","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"399","issue":"9","pages":"13101-13120","doi":"10.1007/s00210-026-05180-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854858/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"48","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation/efficacy paper for inhaled quercetin dihydrate nanosuspension in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. No in vivo PK, absorption or biodistribution was measured (authors state this as a limitation); only in vitro dissolution of the nanosuspension vs API is absorption-relevant.","conclusion":"The treatment through the inhalation route showed more efficacy than that of the oral route due to its targeted approach.","limitations":"no in vivo pharmacokinetic or biodistribution measurement (authors state this); small animal sample size; single dose level 0.64 mg/kg; drug content of formulation only 85.29%"},"41931997":{"pmid":"41931997","title":"Engineered Liposomal Quercetin Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Targeted HMGB1-NF-κB Suppression.","authors":"Meng Y, Tu Q, Han M, Liu D, Zhao H, Fu Y, Xia F, Yang T, Zhang C, Ma A, Gu L, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Zhong L, Zhang J, Qiu C, Wang J","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"155","issue":"","pages":"158097","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158097","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41931997/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK of free quercetin (i.p.) vs liposomal PEG-PEP/QC NPs (i.v.); both non-oral routes noted. Mechanistic (HMGB1) and MI/R efficacy data not extracted.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed this NPs significantly increased the QC's plasma concentration, prolonged the half-life, and, crucially, enhanced the accumulation of QC in cardiac tissue.","limitations":"different routes compared (i.v. nanoparticles vs i.p. free QC), not a like-for-like formulation comparison; n = 6 per Methods vs n = 3 in Fig. 6 legend; variance type not stated for Table 1; no oral dosing"},"41939847":{"pmid":"41939847","title":"From multi-target mechanisms to clinical translation: the analgesic potential of quercetin.","authors":"Wang F, Yang Y, Wang W, Fan B","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"1780749","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2026.1780749","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41939847/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review (type: Review) of quercetin's analgesic mechanisms and clinical translation; no original absorption/PK data.","conclusion":"This study consolidates evidence on quercetin’s analgesic pharmacology and translational potential, concluding that it represents a viable multi-target candidate, with future research poised to optimize its formulations and validate clinical efficacy for pain management.","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"41944664":{"pmid":"41944664","title":"Targeting the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in the Retina Using Quercetin-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Myopia Control.","authors":"Zhao L, Guo B, Dong X, Du Y, Xu Z, Song Y, Feng J, Zhang A, Qu Y, Song J, Bi H","journal":"Translational vision science & technology","year":"2026","volume":"15","issue":"4","pages":"3","doi":"10.1167/tvst.15.4.3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41944664/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig, tricolor strain, 2-week-old males)","design":"other (controlled animal efficacy study, 5 groups)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation/efficacy study of quercetin-loaded liposomes (QLS) for myopia in guinea pigs. No in vivo absorption/PK (no plasma or tissue quercetin) data; only in vitro encapsulation efficiency and release are reported. Species is guinea pig (list said pig).","conclusion":"QLSs could suppress experimental myopia progression by inhibiting the activation of hedgehog signaling pathway, offering a promising approach for preventing myopia.","limitations":"no in vivo PK or tissue quercetin concentrations measured; route and frequency of administration not found in text read; bioavailability enhancement claimed but not measured; low sample size acknowledged by authors; in vitro release only (curve figure-only)"},"41971603":{"pmid":"41971603","title":"Hepatoprotective Effects of Quercetin-Chitosan Nanoparticles on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: In Vivo Study.","authors":"Babaalizadeh B, Osanloo M, Tavassoli A, Zarenezhad E, Niknia S, Miladpour B","journal":"Food science & nutrition","year":"2026","volume":"14","issue":"4","pages":"e71617","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.71617","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41971603/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (controlled animal efficacy study, 4 groups)","n":"24","status":"partial","statusNote":"Efficacy study of quercetin-chitosan nanoparticles (Que-CH) in a rat NAFLD/MASLD model. No pharmacokinetic or absorption measurements (authors state PK profiling and biodistribution were not performed); only nanoparticle encapsulation efficiency and size are reported.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the results of this study confirm that Que-CH nanoparticles possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and lipid-lowering effects, highlighting their potential as a promising therapeutic option for MASLD.","limitations":"no pharmacokinetic profiling or tissue biodistribution (authors' stated limitation); bioavailability enhancement asserted but not measured; no free-quercetin comparison arm; n=6 per group; variance type for most values not stated"},"41980692":{"pmid":"41980692","title":"Brain-targeted mucoadhesive in situ gel incorporating quercetin-PEG conjugate and rivastigmine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for Alzheimer's therapy.","authors":"Aslam S, Tulain UR, Zahid F, Ali Z, Erum A, Alamri AH, Al Fatease A, Amin M, Wan G, Din FU","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","year":"2026","volume":"361","issue":"","pages":"151998","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151998","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41980692/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (formulation comparison, intranasal; plus in vitro and ex vivo sheep nasal mucosa studies)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin is on-target (given as PEG conjugate with rivastigmine in nasal gel). Rivastigmine PK data (co-drug, off-target analyte) deliberately not extracted. Rat PK reported as pooled data; Tmax for plasma quercetin NR; several SDs differ between text and Table 4.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution analyses confirmed substantially elevated brain concentration, prolonged half-life, and reduced systemic exposure. RVS-Q-PEG-CNPsG integrated strategic design, mucoadhesive properties, and sustained release to significantly augment brain bioavailability, offering a robust platform for targeted, sustained neurotherapeutic delivery in neurodegenerative disease.","limitations":"intranasal route in rats, not oral absorption; quercetin tested as PEG conjugate co-formulated with rivastigmine, so formulation effect cannot be separated from conjugation; PK from pooled data, n=3 per timepoint; text and Table 4 SDs inconsistent; plasma Tmax for quercetin NR; dose basis for conjugate arm not explicit; no comparison with free oral quercetin"},"42014646":{"pmid":"42014646","title":"Quercetin-loaded exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via an anti-inflammatory mechanism.","authors":"Osman S, Demirbolat GM, Isik S","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"34","issue":"5","pages":"3469-3482","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02236-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42014646/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro cell study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro study only (HMC3 human microglial cells; species field in list said human but no human subjects). Quercetin-loaded UC-MSC exosomes; only encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release and cellular uptake are absorption-related. No PK.","conclusion":"By delivering Que in a stable and bioavailable form, Exo enhance their cellular uptake and anti-inflammatory potency.","limitations":"in vitro cell model only; n=2 for release and uptake; uptake measured with a lipid dye on the exosome, not quercetin; no PK or bioavailability measured despite 'bioavailability' wording"},"42046735":{"pmid":"42046735","title":"Quercetin-Based Advanced Delivery Systems - From Multimodal Nano-theranostics to Microneedles: a Recent Update on Their Preclinical Studies.","authors":"Beena M, Udduttula A, Palaniappan A","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2026","volume":"21","issue":"","pages":"570558","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S570558","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42046735/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (review of preclinical studies)","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin delivery systems, theranostics and microneedles (Int J Nanomedicine, REVIEW). No primary absorption/PK data; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"42051459":{"pmid":"42051459","title":"Quercetin in metabolic diseases: mechanisms, therapeutics, and multidimensional frontiers.","authors":"Song Q, Liu L, Yang Q, Pan M, Zhang Y","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"1800322","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2026.1800322","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42051459/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review article (Frontiers in Endocrinology, TYPE Review) on quercetin in metabolic diseases. No primary absorption/PK data; data sections skipped.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":"review article, not primary data"},"42190375":{"pmid":"42190375","title":"Elucidating the self-assembly of prolamin-derived peptide nanoparticles prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis: implications for loading quercetin and intestinal absorption.","authors":"Liu M, Wang B, Yang X, Huang Z, Yin L, Cheng Y, Jia X","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2026","volume":"520","issue":"","pages":"149736","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149736","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42190375/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro study of gliadin and zein peptide nanoparticles loading quercetin: loading capacity, simulated gastrointestinal digestion retention, mucus interaction and Caco-2 uptake. Most absorption-related outcomes (digestion retention curves, mucus penetration %, Caco-2 uptake amounts) are figure-only; carrier uptake was measured with Cy5-labelled nanoparticles without quercetin, not quercetin itself.","conclusion":"The results of intestinal absorption ability showed that the amphiphilic properties of GPNs and its charged characteristics facilitated the penetration through the mucus layer as well as improved the cellular uptake efficiency as compared to ZPNs.","limitations":"in vitro only; uptake measured on empty Cy5-labelled carriers, not quercetin; key digestion and uptake results figure-only; no permeability or PK data; funding statement not found"},"42196996":{"pmid":"42196996","title":"Enhancing Quercetin Bioavailability Attenuates Aging Phenotypes via the Gut Microbiota-Intestinal Barrier Axis in Aged Mice.","authors":"Naito Y, Mizushima K, Inoue R, Takagi T","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2026","volume":"18","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu18101537","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42196996/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3-group diet study, 12 weeks)","n":"30","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Efficacy study (aging score, gut microbiota, intestinal gene expression) in aged mice fed EubioQuercetin (EQN, isoquercetin-derived formulation) vs conventional quercetin (CQN). Bioavailability is asserted from prior work; no quercetin concentration, PK or absorption values were measured or reported in this paper.","conclusion":"In conclusion, EubioQuercetin attenuated external aging phenotypes in aged male mice and was associated with coordinated changes in gut microbiota composition and intestinal gene expression.","limitations":"no quercetin or metabolite concentrations measured; bioavailability advantage of EQN taken from prior studies; efficacy endpoints only; industry-linked authors"},"42284755":{"pmid":"42284755","title":"Quercetin loaded ZIF-8 coated human serum albumin nanoparticles relieve pulmonary fibrosis via NUAK1-YAP axis.","authors":"Chen KG, Zhang CS, Ma YH, Xu HQ, Jin CL, Ji L, Ning GY, Guo XH, Zhang RQ, Cai PA, Zhu KC","journal":"Biomaterials advances","year":"2026","volume":"188","issue":"","pages":"215002","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.215002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42284755/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (nanoparticle formulation and efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin-loaded ZIF-8 / human serum albumin nanoparticles (Que@ZIF-8/HSA) for pulmonary fibrosis (in vitro cell work and bleomycin mouse model, intratracheal). No PK or tissue/plasma quercetin measurements (authors state biodistribution not characterized). Only in vitro dialysis release values are absorption-related.","conclusion":"In conclusion, we developed a bioengineered Que@ZIF-8/HSA nanoplatform exhibiting: (i) sustained Que release kinetics, (ii) broad-spectrum pulmonary cytocompatibility, and (iii) multilevel antifibrotic activity. This nanosystem reprograms macrophage-fibroblast crosstalk by downregulating NUAK1-dependent profibrotic signaling, thereby blocking YAP-driven fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition.","limitations":"no PK, biodistribution or lung accumulation measured (authors' limitation); release values only approximate, curve in figure; in vitro and intratracheal mouse efficacy model, not oral absorption; drug loading and EE values in supplementary figure only"},"42300428":{"pmid":"42300428","title":"Polyphenol combinations improve quercetin absorption and inhibit carbohydrate digestion while reducing glucose transport.","authors":"Dohmen CGM, Sthijns MMJPE, Slotboom R, Troost FJ","journal":"Food & function","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"12","pages":"5704-5714","doi":"10.1039/d6fo00569a","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42300428/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro absorption/transport)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro Caco-2 Transwell study of quercetin, kaempferol, isoquercetin and their mixture; quercetin absorption rows extracted (kaempferol and isoquercetin included as co-analytes). Enzyme inhibition and glucose/fructose transport outcomes not extracted as unrelated to polyphenol absorption.","conclusion":"These findings suggest that multi-component polyphenol formulations can enhance α-amylase inhibition and quercetin bioavailability while maintaining strong α-glucosidase inhibition.","limitations":"in vitro Caco-2 model only; efflux mechanism not tested directly; authors state in vivo validation needed; single 100 µM dose and single 60 min time point"},"42338899":{"pmid":"42338899","title":"Ion‑Responsive in situ Gel of Quercetin‑Loaded PEGylated Liposomes for Anti‑inflammatory Treatment of Dry Eye Disease.","authors":"Yao X, He X, Liang Z, Dong F, Zhang Z, Pu G, Ye J, Zhou T","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2026","volume":"21","issue":"","pages":"603221","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S603221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42338899/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal (rabbit; New Zealand white; also C57BL/6J mice for efficacy)","design":"other (preclinical parallel-group ocular PK, single topical instillation)","n":"63 rabbits (Methods p.6)","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target: quercetin applied topically to rabbit eye (ocular tissue/tear PK). Also contains in vitro, ex vivo and mouse efficacy work not extracted.","conclusion":"Qu-PL-ISG is a safe, ion-activated in situ gel that significantly enhances Qu bioavailability and anti-inflammatory efficacy, showing promise for DED treatment.","limitations":"Methods print n = 63 per group but Table 2/Fig. 5 print n = 6; Tissue homogenate analysis cannot separate retained particles from absorbed drug (authors); rabbit low blink rate vs humans; No variance printed for t1/2, AUC, MRT, Tmax; Qu concentration of Qu-Susp and Qu-PL arms not explicitly stated; EE determined indirectly"},"42340050":{"pmid":"42340050","title":"Correction to \"Microbiological and Pharmacokinetic Aspects of a Water-Soluble Quercetin 3-O-Rutinoside, EubioQuercetin: A Direct Comparison With Quercetin in In Vitro and Human Clinical Studies\".","authors":"NR","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2026","volume":"91","issue":"6","pages":"e71198","doi":"10.1111/1750-3841.71198","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42340050/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Published erratum (Correction) to Yamaguchi et al. 2025 J Food Sci 90(10):e70579 on EubioQuercetin (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside) vs quercetin; corrects methods text, a primer sequence, registration date, Figure 3 axis labels and Table 4 q-values (gut bacteria). No PK/absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42341703":{"pmid":"42341703","title":"Dual inhibition strategy against EGFR utilizing quercetin and 5-fluorouracil: A computational analysis for oral cancer treatment.","authors":"Haroon F, Arora K, Sahu S, Kumar A, Mohan V","journal":"Computational biology and chemistry","year":"2026","volume":"124","issue":"Pt 2","pages":"109207","doi":"10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.109207","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42341703/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Purely computational study (docking and 100 ns MD of quercetin and 5-fluorouracil against EGFR C797S mutant, PDB 7AEI). No absorption/PK data; bioavailability mentioned only qualitatively in discussion.","conclusion":"Our research indicates that Quercetin serves as a promising EGFR-interacting compound and potential chemosensitizer, complementing conventional 5-FU therapy through enhanced receptor stabilization and modulation of EGFR-associated dynamics.","limitations":""},"42354127":{"pmid":"42354127","title":"Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals to Treat Inflammatory Diseases: Focusing on Quercetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, Apigenin, Epicatechin and Their Effects on Hepatic, Nervous, and Pulmonary Systems.","authors":"Piva M, Martelossi-Cebinelli G, Mendes-Pierotti S, Chinen WH, Cardines PHF, Martinez RM, Georgetti SR, Baracat MM, Vicentini FTMC, Verri WA, Casagrande R","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"15","issue":"12","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/foods15122159","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42354127/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative/systematic literature review of flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, epicatechin) in inflammatory diseases; not a primary absorption study. Data sections skipped.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42354404":{"pmid":"42354404","title":"Deamidated Zein Peptide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Quercetin Delivery: Structural Analysis, Stability, and Antioxidant Properties.","authors":"Kuang Y, Zhang T, Liu HY, Wu JP, Luo W, Chen K, Qian H, Wu K, Li C","journal":"Gels (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"12","issue":"6","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/gels12060506","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42354404/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro only: quercetin-loaded deamidated zein peptide nanoparticles; only simulated-digestion release data are absorption-relevant (no PK). Most numbers for release are figure-only (Fig. 9).","conclusion":"Q2@DDZ effectively preserved the antioxidant activity of Q and mitigated its premature Q release in simulated oral and gastric environments, while enabling sustained release in the intestinal phase, thereby enhancing its potential bioavailability.","limitations":"in vitro only; release values mostly figure-only; dose/concentration and n NR; no PK data"},"42395946":{"pmid":"42395946","title":"Quercetin Delivered by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Improves Liver Fibrosis via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Fang D, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Fan Y, Lin X, Liang D, Zhong L, Zhang Y, Yan S, Shen T, Meng Y, Zhao X, Zuo S","journal":"ACS omega","year":"2026","volume":"11","issue":"25","pages":"38017-38028","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.6c03434","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42395946/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (preclinical formulation and efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin-loaded hUC-MSC exosomes for liver fibrosis (mouse CCl4 model, LX-2 cells). No plasma/tissue quercetin PK measured; only in vitro release (figure-only, sustained to 48 h) and qualitative dye-labelled exosome biodistribution (not quercetin). Mostly efficacy/mechanism.","conclusion":"By successfully transforming a potent but poorly bioavailable phytochemical into a targeted nanotherapeutic, we present a promising preclinical strategy for liver fibrosis treatment and demonstrate a proof-of-concept platform for hydrophobic drug delivery.","limitations":"no quercetin PK measured; biodistribution used dye-labelled exosomes; release figure-only; in vitro release n = 3"},"42400341":{"pmid":"42400341","title":"ROS-Responsive Quercetin Nanoparticles Improve the Prognosis of Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting Aberrant Nrf2-Keap1 Signaling Pathway Activation.","authors":"Lei Y, Dou R, Ma C, Fang Y, Wang Z, Gao Y, Cai C, Wang X, Zhang Y, Fu X","journal":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A","year":"2026","volume":"114","issue":"7","pages":"e70123","doi":"10.1002/jbm.a.70123","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42400341/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (preclinical formulation, distribution and efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"ROS-responsive CAQK-modified PPS quercetin nanoparticles (C-PPS/Q) in TBI mouse (CCI) model, i.v. dosing. Absorption/PK content is qualitative or figure-only: serum drug concentration/half-life (supplementary Fig. S5, no values in main text), DiR-fluorescence brain/organ distribution (Fig. 4), in vitro release (Fig. 2F). Mostly efficacy/mechanism.","conclusion":"Collectively, C-PPS/Q nanoparticles effectively mitigate secondary brain injury after TBI and represent a promising brain-targeted therapeutic strategy for TBI management.","limitations":"PK values only in supplementary figure; fluorescence label not quercetin; n small (3); time points inconsistent (12 vs 24 h)"},"42406229":{"pmid":"42406229","title":"Safe and effective control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: pharmacokinetic and residue profiling of doxycycline combined with quercetin nanomicelles.","authors":"Hosny RA, Alatfeehy NM, El Masry DMA, Saad ASA, Abdelmagid MA, Fadel MA","journal":"Veterinary research communications","year":"2026","volume":"50","issue":"5","pages":"","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11379-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42406229/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (broiler chickens, Cobb)","design":"parallel (PK sub-study in treated groups 3-7)","n":"420 chicks (7 groups x 3 replicates x 20 birds)","status":"complete","statusNote":"On-target: oral quercetin and quercetin nanomicelles in broiler chickens; serum PK (Table 2) and tissue residues (Table 4). Doxycycline PK/residue rows included as the interaction partner. Efficacy, histology, MG counts, gene expression not extracted.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis showed that doxycycline alone or combined with conventional quercetin failed to maintain serum concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for sufficient durations against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In contrast, quercetin micelles markedly prolonged effective drug exposure, highlighting their potential as a clinically relevant adjuvants","limitations":"No IV reference (no absolute bioavailability); No dose optimisation of quercetin nanomicelles; No single-infection (MG only) group so E. coli effect on PK not assessable; Table 4 prints no units; Inconsistent dosing description (Discussion 10 mg/kg x 3 days vs Methods 25/50 mg/kg x 5 days); Inconsistent n for residues (Table 4 n = 5 vs Methods three chickens); V/F and CL/F printed with concentration-type units; small n = 5"},"42443946":{"pmid":"42443946","title":"Enhancement of solubility and antioxidant activity of quercetin in choline-aspartate ionic liquid: spectroscopic, volumetric and kinetic insights.","authors":"Srichandan V, Pradhan S, Talukdar M","journal":"BMC chemistry","year":"2026","volume":"20","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01883-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42443946/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro physicochemical)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"In vitro physicochemical study: quercetin equilibrium solubility in water and aqueous choline-aspartate ionic liquid, plus DPPH kinetics and volumetric analysis. Only solubility values are absorption-related; recorded as parameter 'other'. No PK or absorption experiments.","conclusion":"These findings establish the [Ch][Asp] IL as a promising green excipient for enhancing the physicochemical performance of poorly soluble bioactive compounds.","limitations":"in vitro solubility only; no PK or permeability data"},"42450324":{"pmid":"42450324","title":"Quercetin Reduces Toxoplasma gondii Infection in In Vitro and Ex Vivo Placental Models.","authors":"Souto MP, de Faria GV, de Souza G, Lima Júnior JP, Damasceno IS, Almeida MPO, Dos Santos NCL, de Oliveira RM, Ferreira EL, Luz LC, Mendonça TP, Pereira CS, Espindola FS, Justino AB, Gomes ALJ, Alves RN, Fernandes TAM, Ferro EAV, Barbosa BF, Teixeira SC","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2026","volume":"27","issue":"13","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms27136054","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42450324/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of quercetin in BeWo cells and human placental villous explants (in vitro/ex vivo) plus docking; no PK or absorption measurements. In silico ADMET prediction mentioned qualitatively only (good predicted gastrointestinal absorption, radar plots Fig. 7E,F; full values in Supplementary File S2).","conclusion":"NR (not extracted; efficacy paper)","limitations":""},"42558578":{"pmid":"42558578","title":"Quercetin-associated cardioprotection in preclinical myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Shi Z, Liang Z, Chen D, Wang X, Zhang D, Yao M, Jiang L","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"1863814","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2026.1863814","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42558578/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical quercetin cardioprotection in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury; not a primary absorption study.","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"42595232":{"pmid":"42595232","title":"Polyethylene glycol 400 improves the bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin by modulating metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters.","authors":"Zhang M, Shang L, Zhao M, Zheng Y, Huang S, Wu W, Fang L, Zhang S, Zhang M, Gao X","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","year":"2026","volume":"703","issue":"","pages":"127302","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127302","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42595232/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel two-group animal PK; in vitro mechanistic assays; mouse efficacy model)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of quercetin ± PEG 400 plus mechanistic in vitro work; mouse anti-inflammatory model reported serum levels. Supplementary tables (S9 etc.) not reviewed.","conclusion":"Our findings suggest that PEG 400 modulates the in vivo PK profiles and tissue distribution of QUE and its metabolite Q3GA, which may be attributable to improved solubility, activated UGT1A9-mediated glucuronidation, and inhibited BCRP/MRP2-mediated efflux.","limitations":"Rat only, male only, single dose level; Plasma curves figure-only; Solubility not measured; Tissue distribution is relative abundance (MSI), n=3; Mouse serum QP subgroup not identified in text; Excipient effect at a high PEG 400 dose (2000 mg/kg) only; Table 1 Tmax, MRT given as mean ± SD"},"42609458":{"pmid":"42609458","title":"Research Advances on the Molecular Structural Basis and Mechanisms of Quercetin and Its Derivatives in Improving Insulin Resistance.","authors":"Xing Q, Chen J, Liu R, Li W, Chen K, Liu X","journal":"Drug design, development and therapy","year":"2026","volume":"20","issue":"","pages":"626825","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S626825","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42609458/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin and derivatives in insulin resistance; not primary.","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"42612930":{"pmid":"42612930","title":"Optimization of a niosomal formulation for Quercetin delivery: Comparative effects on growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses, and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).","authors":"Yousefi M, Ghafarifarsani H, Farsani MN, Hoseini SM","journal":"Fish & shellfish immunology","year":"2026","volume":"178","issue":"","pages":"111662","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111662","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42612930/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Niosomal quercetin formulation characterization (entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, stability) and a rainbow trout dietary study of growth, immune, antioxidant and disease-resistance outcomes. No quercetin concentration in blood or tissue, and no absorption or PK parameter, was measured; bioavailability is only mentioned as the rationale.","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"42653890":{"pmid":"42653890","title":"Quercetin: Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Evidence in Metabolic Syndrome, and Translational Opportunities in Food Preservation.","authors":"Jacobo-Velázquez DA","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"31","issue":"16","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules31162810","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42653890/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin mechanisms, metabolic syndrome evidence and food preservation; not primary.","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"42653995":{"pmid":"42653995","title":"Quercetin as a Multifunctional Flavonol: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Grumăzescu Bonifate F, Anghel Ştefan AM, Lupu A, Enachi E, Lisă EL, Diaconu C","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"31","issue":"16","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules31162914","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42653995/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin as a multifunctional flavonol; not primary.","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"42671646":{"pmid":"42671646","title":"Comparative Effects of Quercetin and its α- and β-D-glucoside Derivatives in LPS-Stimulated C6 Astroglial Cells.","authors":"Dos Santos MG, Guillante T, de Aguiar RF, Marinho MAG, da Luz DB, Demonceaux M, Solleux C, Schimith LE, da Rosa CE, André-Miral C, Arbo BD, Hort MA","journal":"Neurochemical research","year":"2026","volume":"51","issue":"5","pages":"","doi":"10.1007/s11064-026-04875-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671646/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant comparison of quercetin, quercetin-3'-α-glucoside and quercetin-3-β-glucoside in LPS-stimulated C6 astroglial cells (viability, ROS, apoptosis, iNOS/cytokine expression). No absorption, uptake or PK measurement; the earlier PK of the α-glucoside is only cited from a previous study.","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"42732404":{"pmid":"42732404","title":"cRGD-Targeted Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Ag, Quercetin and PD-L1 siRNA with Combined Antibacterial and Immunotherapeutic Functions Against Fusobacterium nucleatum-Associated Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.","authors":"Zhang J, Kong X, Wu X, Tao D, Li X, Cheng H","journal":"International journal of nanomedicine","year":"2026","volume":"21","issue":"","pages":"616751","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S616751","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732404/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (parallel-group animal PK, tissue distribution; in vitro assays)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Quercetin is one component of a Ag/PD-L1 siRNA nanoparticle; PK is after intravenous injection in rats (on-target compound, IV route). PK numbers only in Fig. 4 embedded table; tissue and uptake data figure-only. Silver (Ag) PK values were not extracted (not the supplement). Supplementary Table S1 not reviewed.","conclusion":"the nanoplatform achieves prolonged systemic circulation and preferential tumor accumulation through the combination of the EPR effect and cRGD-mediated active targeting.","limitations":"Intravenous only; no oral absorption data; Quercetin given as part of a silver/siRNA nanoplatform; n=3 per group; PK table only inside a figure image; Tissue and uptake data figure-only; Tmax of 2 min without variance"},"42749965":{"pmid":"42749965","title":"Quercetin-Based Nanotherapeutics for Targeted Drug Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease: Comparative Insights into Molecular Mechanisms, Blood-Brain Barrier Targeting and Therapeutic Perspectives.","authors":"Begum MY, Rajkumar M, Govindaraj P, Velmani S, Rajkumar P, Sudha PN, Alhamod M, Alotaibi H","journal":"Molecular neurobiology","year":"2026","volume":"63","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1007/s12035-026-06188-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42749965/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Review of quercetin-based nanotherapeutics in Alzheimer's disease; not primary.","conclusion":"()","limitations":""},"42781481":{"pmid":"42781481","title":"Porous-starch-encapsulated quercetin remodels the gut microbiota and elevates short-chain fatty acids, alleviating hyperglycaemia-associated phenotypes in T2DM mice.","authors":"Kang P, Zheng Y, Song S, Gao Y, Song Y, Wang H, Jiang T, Xiang X","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition","year":"2026","volume":"13","issue":"","pages":"1851659","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1851659","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42781481/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro release test plus mouse efficacy study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Only absorption-related data are in vitro release of quercetin in simulated gastric/intestinal fluids. The T2DM mouse study measured efficacy, microbiota and SCFAs; no quercetin concentration in blood/tissue or PK parameters. Fig. 2J release AUC values are figure-only.","conclusion":"Porous-starch encapsulation provides partial gastric protection and enhances intestinal availability of quercetin, thereby potentiating its metabolic benefits in T2DM mice.","limitations":"No in vivo absorption or PK measured; Release performed with 0.5% Tween 80; Release values given as 'approximately' in text, no variance; Release AUC values figure-only; Intestinal availability inferred from in vitro release"},"42800387":{"pmid":"42800387","title":"Quercetin-loaded exosomes prevent endometrial fibrosis by downregulating EGFR.","authors":"Zhang X, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Zhuang Q, Wang X, Zhang X, Hu Y, Zhao G","journal":"International immunopharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"190","issue":"","pages":"117483","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2026.117483","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42800387/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Anti-fibrotic efficacy study of quercetin and quercetin-loaded exosomes (Que-Exo) in endometrial stromal cells and a mouse intrauterine-adhesion model. No absorption or PK measured; authors state PK parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, half-life) and tissue drug concentrations are lacking (Discussion). Only formulation encapsulation efficiencies (15.39% ultrasonication, 30.11% freeze-thaw, Results 3.5/Fig. 5A) are reported, not extracted.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42802055":{"pmid":"42802055","title":"An in Vivo Factor Connecting Sustained Reactive Oxygen Species Capture with Rapid Disposition: Quercetin Distribution into Hemoglobin.","authors":"Tanino T, Ueda Y, Nagai N, Funakami Y, Itoh K","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","year":"2026","volume":"49","issue":"9","pages":"1550-1560","doi":"10.1248/bpb.b26-00207","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42802055/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-group IV PK plus in vitro and APAP-injury experiments)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Mouse study of quercetin-hemoglobin binding; only limited IV plasma PK reported (T1/2, Vd in text; concentration-time curve figure-only). Plasma/tissue concentrations only as thresholds. Most results are in vitro disappearance/binding and APAP-liver-injury endpoints. Dosing was intravenous (and the APAP model used IP APAP), not oral.","conclusion":"we demonstrated that rapid and strong interactions between intracellular Hb and hydroxyl groups at the 3-, 3′- or 4′-positions of the Qc molecule caused the rapid disappearance and wide distribution of Qc pharmacokinetics.","limitations":"IV dosing only in mice; no oral absorption data; tissue data not shown; plasma and tissue Qc reported only as below detection limit; most data in vitro or in APAP-injury model; parameters Cmax/AUC not reported"},"42827146":{"pmid":"42827146","title":"Quercetin as a modulator of xenobiotic metabolism: integrating CYP450 regulation, phase II conjugation pathways, and transporter-mediated drug interactions.","authors":"Sulaiman SH, Omer RA, Muhammad HY, Qadir AM, Barzani HAH","journal":"European journal of clinical pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"82","issue":"11","pages":"","doi":"10.1007/s00228-026-04194-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42827146/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Systematic review (PRISMA 2020) of quercetin effects on CYP450, phase II enzymes, transporters and drug interactions; no original PK data. Secondary source.","conclusion":"Current evidence supports the biological plausibility of quercetin-mediated drug interactions but indicates that their clinical significance is substrate-dependent and remains insufficiently characterized for most therapeutic agents.","limitations":""},"42840060":{"pmid":"42840060","title":"Ulcerative colitis therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics of flexible quercetin nanocrystals prepared with geniposide assistance.","authors":"Lv W, Liu H, Feng H, Xue H, Wen J, Fu X, Zhang X, Xv Y, Wang H, Guo S, Wu S","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"1873475","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2026.1873475","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42840060/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized parallel (two groups)","n":"12 rats (PK)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of raw quercetin vs quercetin nanocrystals plus DSS-colitis efficacy in mice (PD not extracted).","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that QUE-NCs exhibited 4.12-fold higher Cmax, 2.94-fold greater AUC0−∞, and 294.42% relative bioavailability compared to raw QUE, confirming enhanced oral bioavailability.","limitations":"small n (6 per arm); single dose, rats only; PK in Wistar rats but efficacy in BALB/c mice (acknowledged by authors); no tissue/colon concentrations measured; method for conjugate hydrolysis not clearly described in Methods"},"42906472":{"pmid":"42906472","title":"Quercetin in Foods: Sources, Bioavailability, and nanoencapsulation Strategies.","authors":"da Conceição das Mercês Z, Assis RQ, de Oliveira VR, Flôres SH, Rios AO","journal":"Food chemistry","year":"2026","volume":"532","issue":"Pt 3","pages":"151598","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.151598","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42906472/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Literature review (29 studies included) on quercetin food sources, bioavailability limits and nanoencapsulation; secondary source, no original PK data extracted.","conclusion":"despite promising technological advances, additional studies addressing food applications, large-scale production, safety, and in vivo validation are essential for the successful implementation of quercetin-based delivery systems in the food industry.","limitations":""},"42914624":{"pmid":"42914624","title":"Quercetin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Integrating immunometabolic reprogramming, cancer stem cell plasticity, and precision therapeutic strategies.","authors":"Das R, Yadav S, Das S, Prajapati S","journal":"Pathology, research and practice","year":"2026","volume":"288","issue":"","pages":"156710","doi":"10.1016/j.prp.2026.156710","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42914624/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review of quercetin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (immunometabolic reprogramming, cancer stem cells, biomarker-guided strategies); secondary source, no original PK data.","conclusion":"the available evidence remains largely preclinical, and no clinical trial has demonstrated an improvement in progression-free survival or overall survival with quercetin in OSCC.","limitations":""},"42943322":{"pmid":"42943322","title":"Formulation Development and Characterization of Quercetin Solid Dispersions with Integrated In Vitro Release and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Assessment.","authors":"Guo ZX, Li ZY, Wei XL, Ji XY, Lian TT, Zhu F, Jin QR","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2026","volume":"19","issue":"10","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ph19101625","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42943322/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"randomized parallel (3 groups); plus in vitro experiments","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Formulation paper with in vitro solubility/dissolution/Caco-2-MDCK permeability and a rat oral PK study (QUE vs physical mixture vs solid dispersion).","conclusion":"The prepared quercetin solid dispersion effectively enhances the water solubility, transmembrane transport, and systemic absorption of quercetin.","limitations":"small n (6 per arm); rats only, single dose; dose basis (QUE equivalent vs total formulation) not stated; Tmax mean ± SD with SD larger than mean; t1/2 large variance; Papp variance not printed in text; statistics described as paired t-test in Table 2 note though groups are independent"},"42954627":{"pmid":"42954627","title":"Deep Eutectic Solvents Improve Protective Effects of Quercetin against Cytotoxic Amyloid Fibrillation of α-Synuclein.","authors":"Mohammad-Zaheri M, Mousavi-Jarrahi Z, Ahmadi S, Rezaeifar F, Ghasemi A, Ghahremani M, Mamashli F, Meratan AA, Saboury AA","journal":"The journal of physical chemistry. B","year":"2026","volume":"130","issue":"43","pages":"11515-11528","doi":"10.1021/acs.jpcb.6c04016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42954627/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro biophysical/cell study of quercetin dissolved in ethaline (deep eutectic solvent) vs DMSO on alpha-synuclein amyloid fibrillation and cytotoxicity. No absorption, PK or measured solubility values; solubility is only discussed as a proposed mechanism.","conclusion":"We suggest that increasing the aqueous solubility of quercetin is likely the main mechanism contributing to the beneficial effects of ethaline.","limitations":""},"42960614":{"pmid":"42960614","title":"Engineering Quercetin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Oral Delivery: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Evaluation.","authors":"Saini K, Jethi H","journal":"Assay and drug development technologies","year":"2026","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1540658X261502041","doi":"10.1177/1540658X261502041","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42960614/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro formulation characterization)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation and in vitro characterization paper (NLC particle size, zeta, entrapment, stability, in vitro dialysis release, DPPH). No absorption or PK data in humans or animals. Only the in vitro release percentages printed in Table 1 are extracted; release curves are figure-only. Particle size, zeta, TDC, EE and DPPH values not extracted.","conclusion":"Que-NLCs were successfully produced by utilizing ultrasonic homogenization to resolve the issues of poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability of Que.","limitations":"in vitro only; no permeability or in vivo absorption data; release values only in Table 1 stability data; variance type for Table 1 not stated"}},"rejected":[{"pmid":"11520427","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Br J Nutr 2001, 86 Suppl 1:S105-S110) on identification of quercetin glycosides in plasma; no original absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"12069586","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Structural biochemistry: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS/XANES) of the Cu site of Aspergillus japonicus quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase; 'absorption' refers to X-ray absorption, not nutrient absorption. No pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"12098884","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study in high-cholesterol-fed rats (plasma/hepatic lipids, HMG-CoA reductase, ACAT, fecal sterols, antioxidant enzymes) with 0.1% quercetin dihydrate or gallate diets. No quercetin concentrations, PK or absorption of quercetin measured; 'absorption' in the paper refers to dietary cholesterol absorption."},{"pmid":"12623212","status":"off-target analyte","note":"PK study of moxidectin (antiparasitic drug) in lambs and 14C-moxidectin in rat hepatocytes with quercetin as a co-administered P-gp/CYP modulator (10 mg/kg SC in lambs; 100 uM in vitro). Quercetin concentrations/absorption were not measured; the measured analyte is moxidectin, so data not extracted."},{"pmid":"12921774","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Minireview (Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 417:12-17) on quercetin intestinal absorption and metabolism; no primary PK dataset extracted."},{"pmid":"15182918","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study in oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice (serum urate, liver XDH/XO activity) with oral vs i.p. quercetin/rutin/Biota orientalis extract. No quercetin/rutin concentrations, PK parameters or absorption measurements; absorption is only inferred in the Discussion from onset of hypouricemic effect."},{"pmid":"15502363","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro physicochemical study (spectrophotometric and stopped-flow kinetics) of quercetin binding to bovine serum albumin; no absorption, bioavailability or PK measurements."},{"pmid":"16129409","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cell physiology study in renal epithelial A6 cells: quercetin (100 µM, 24 h pretreatment) effects on aldosterone-stimulated transepithelial Na+ absorption (ion transport), ENaC activity and alpha-ENaC mRNA. No quercetin absorption/bioavailability/PK measured; 'Na+ absorption' refers to epithelial ion transport."},{"pmid":"16512930","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mouse dietary study (0.5% quercetin or 0.05% sphingomyelin, 28 d) on growth, serum biochemistry, brush-border enzyme activity and SGLT1/PEPT1-mediated galactose/dipeptide uptake. Quercetin's own absorption/bioavailability was not measured ('nutrient absorption' refers to sugar and dipeptide uptake)."},{"pmid":"17513143","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study of chronic oral quercetin (10 mg/kg for 6 weeks) on blood glucose, vascular reactivity and oxidative stress in STZ-diabetic rats. No quercetin plasma/tissue concentrations or absorption data reported; 'bioavailability' refers to nitric oxide."},{"pmid":"17970592","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK/bioavailability of biochanin A (an isoflavone); quercetin (with EGCG) was only a co-administered interacting agent and quercetin concentrations were not measured."},{"pmid":"18619980","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK/Caco-2 study of irinotecan (CPT-11) and SN-38 with quercetin only as an oral P-gp inhibitor pre-treatment (20 mg/kg PO, 2 h before irinotecan). Plasma/bile/Caco-2 quercetin concentrations were not measured; absorption data (Cmax, AUC, F 33% vs 43%, RB 130%) are for irinotecan, not quercetin. Data sections not extracted."},{"pmid":"19043305","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Chemistry paper: synthesis, crystal structure, solubility, logP and in vitro hydrolysis kinetics (half-life 3.85 h at pH 7.4, 37 C) of quercetin pentabenzensulfonate (QPBS) as a potential prodrug. No absorption, bioavailability or pharmacokinetic measurements in humans or animals; oral bioavailability improvement is only inferred from LogP 2.04. Data sections not extracted."},{"pmid":"19215233","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Drug-interaction study: effect of 13 days of quercetin 500 mg/d on caffeine PK and urinary caffeine metabolite ratios (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2, XO activity) in healthy volunteers. Measured analytes are caffeine and its metabolites; quercetin concentrations were not measured. Data sections not extracted."},{"pmid":"20608724","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Comment/letter (Cermak and Wolffram) criticizing Chen et al. 2010 (J Agric Food Chem 58:546-551) on lymphatic absorption of quercetin and rutin in rats; no original data."},{"pmid":"20694791","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study of quercetin (10 mg/kg/day by gavage, 3 weeks) on plasma nitrite, nitroso species, blood pressure and vascular function in 2K1C hypertensive rats. Quercetin itself was not measured in plasma or tissue; no absorption/PK data (full text screened)."},{"pmid":"22474599","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study in high-fat diet plus low-dose streptozotocin rats of a curcumin:piperine:quercetin (94:1:5) combination on glucose, lipids, body weight and oxidative stress enzymes. No quercetin (or curcumin) plasma/tissue concentration or PK data are reported. The Discussion only mentions that a comparative bioavailability study in rats was carried out, without data."},{"pmid":"22670860","status":"off-target analyte","note":"PK interaction study in rats and rat everted ileal sacs where the measured analyte is valsartan (not quercetin); quercetin (10 mg/kg p.o.; 10, 50, 100 uM in sacs) is the modulator and quercetin concentrations are not measured. Valsartan PK data not extracted."},{"pmid":"22820241","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (J Ethnopharmacol 143:383-396) of neuroprotective and anticancer effects of quercetin, with a short section on bioavailability; no primary PK data. Pubtype in PubMed is Review."},{"pmid":"23053089","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Metabolic engineering of E. coli for biotransformation of quercetin to 3-O-xylosyl quercetin (production titers and bioconversion %); no absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements. Bioavailability only mentioned as motivation in the Abstract."},{"pmid":"23184534","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Nanoparticle formulation paper (PEG-PLA nanoparticles with quercetin and silicon quantum dots): characterization, in vitro release in PBS (77.1% and 79.8% max release at 72 h), HepG2 cytotoxicity and DNA damage. No absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements in humans or animals; 'bioavailability' used loosely for confocal imaging in HepG2 cells."},{"pmid":"23422925","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Measured analyte is talinolol (P-gp probe drug) PK after 13 days of quercetin vs placebo; quercetin itself or metabolites were not measured in plasma. Effect of quercetin on talinolol absorption only."},{"pmid":"23425105","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro enzymatic bioconversion of rutin to quercetin-3-O-glucoside by P. decumbens naringinase, with water solubility (Table 1) and enzyme inhibition (maltase, HMG-CoA reductase) assays. No absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements; bioavailability is only inferred from solubility."},{"pmid":"23514412","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin bioavailability problems and formulation strategies (inclusion complexes, liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, prodrugs). Not a primary study; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"23856969","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mouse chronic unpredictable stress model testing behavioural, oxidative stress, TNF-alpha and corticosterone outcomes of quercetin with or without piperine. No quercetin concentrations or absorption/PK measurements; bioavailability enhancement by piperine is only inferred from efficacy."},{"pmid":"24678260","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro study of 15 synthetic quercetin derivatives: DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activity and MTT cytotoxicity (HeLa, NIH-3T3). No absorption, permeability or pharmacokinetic measurements; bioavailability is mentioned only as the motivation and a conclusion inference."},{"pmid":"24680690","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Invited narrative review of isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) and EMIQ covering occurrence, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, toxicology and biological activity; no original absorption data (secondary source)."},{"pmid":"24859282","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Cholesterol absorption study: the measured analyte is cholesterol (radiolabelled cholesterol uptake in Caco-2/HEK-NPC1L1 cells; serum cholesterol in rats), with quercetin (and luteolin) tested as inhibitors. Quercetin absorption/PK was not measured."},{"pmid":"24935565","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Mini-review (PubMed pubtype Review) of nanoformulations of curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol and quercetin; no primary PK data. Pages 1-4 read; remaining pages are further review text and references."},{"pmid":"24959911","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro liposomal quercetin study (MCF-7 antiproliferative/antioxidant assays, DPPH, ferric reducing power, encapsulation efficiency and particle size). No absorption, permeability, uptake or PK data are reported. The abstract claims improved solubility, bioavailability and cellular uptake but no uptake or bioavailability measurements appear in the paper."},{"pmid":"25468612","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (J Nutr Biochem Reviews: Current Topics) of endogenous and exogenous mediators of quercetin bioavailability; summarises other studies, no new primary data. Pages 1-4 read; remaining pages continue the review and references."},{"pmid":"25678313","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK drug-interaction study: measured plasma paracetamol (acetaminophen) with/without quercetin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) or chrysin; quercetin concentrations were not measured. Paracetamol Cmax/AUC increased with quercetin co-administration (Tables 1-2). Paracetamol data not extracted as it is not the listed supplement."},{"pmid":"25761771","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin and related polyphenols (bioactivity and bioavailability); no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"25845380","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review of quercetin in prostate cancer (chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects, mechanisms); no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"25982953","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro anti-glycation/AGE inhibition study of quercetin with human serum albumin (spectroscopy, HbA1c assay, comet assay, docking); no absorption or pharmacokinetic data reported."},{"pmid":"26180590","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro 3T3-L1 preadipocyte/adipocyte study of quercetin effects on triacylglycerol accumulation and gene expression at 0.1-10 uM; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data generated (plasma concentrations are only cited from other studies in the discussion)."},{"pmid":"26408869","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK study of atorvastatin calcium (the measured analyte) with and without oral quercetin pretreatment (10 mg/kg); plasma quercetin was not measured, so no quercetin absorption/PK data. Single- and multiple-dose atorvastatin PK parameters are not extracted."},{"pmid":"26882678","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Chemical synthesis of 18 alkylated quercetin derivatives and WST-1 anti-proliferative assay against prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU145, LNCaP). No absorption or PK measurements; bioavailability mentioned only as motivation."},{"pmid":"26928207","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Drug-drug interaction PK study: quercetin (500 mg/day) was the perpetrator; the measured analyte was plasma cefprozil, not quercetin or its metabolites. No quercetin concentrations or absorption data reported."},{"pmid":"26959546","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Quercetin used as a P-gp modulator; the measured analyte was ritonavir (HBMEC accumulation, rat plasma PK and tissue distribution). No quercetin concentrations or absorption data reported."},{"pmid":"28135601","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro study of quercetin and metabolites binding to human serum albumin (fluorescence quenching, warfarin displacement by fluorescence and ultrafiltration) and CYP2C9 inhibition by diclofenac assay; no absorption or PK data (no plasma, urine or tissue concentrations)."},{"pmid":"28374530","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro spectroscopic study of fluphenazine binding to human serum albumin in the presence of quercetin or rutin as competitors (association constants, binding distances, HSA conformation). No absorption or pharmacokinetic data for quercetin/rutin; no bioavailability measured."},{"pmid":"28377278","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Biochemical Pharmacology, Review section) on factors modulating quercetin bioavailability and vascular function; no original data."},{"pmid":"28852397","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study of quercetin (25 and 50 mg/kg i.g.) with or without piperine (2.5 mg/kg i.g.) in MPTP-treated rats (behavior, oxidative stress, cytokines, striatal neurotransmitters). No quercetin concentration, PK or absorption parameter was measured; piperine's bioavailability-enhancing effect is only asserted."},{"pmid":"29621523","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study of dietary quercetin (4 g/kg diet, 4 days) on heart NO metabolism, NOX, SOD/GPx/CAT and blood pressure in L-NAME-treated rats. No quercetin absorption, plasma/tissue concentration or PK data reported."},{"pmid":"29759252","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Bioanalytical UHPLC-MS/MS method development and validation for quercetin and metabolites in rat plasma. No PK/absorption values in the main text; application to PK samples is shown only in supplementary figures (SM Fig. 4), not in the PDF."},{"pmid":"29914151","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mouse pharmacology study of dietary quercetin (0.1% w/w in high-fat diet, 12 wk) on plasma triglycerides and adipose browning. Measures intestinal fatty acid absorption, not quercetin absorption; no quercetin concentrations or PK parameters reported."},{"pmid":"30015887","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Measured analyte is cyclosporin A (CsA) in rat blood, not quercetin or Q3GA; quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (Q3GA) was only given i.v. as a pretreatment (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg for 7 days) to study its effect on CsA PK and on drug-metabolizing enzyme/transporter expression. No Q3GA concentrations or PK reported."},{"pmid":"30062709","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Randomized placebo-controlled efficacy trial of quercetin 1,000 mg/day for 12 weeks in overweight/obese women with PCOS (resistin, hormones, glucose). Plasma/blood quercetin was not measured; authors list this as a limitation."},{"pmid":"30396404","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Enzymatic biosynthesis study: production of isoquercitrin glucosides (EMIQ) by amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis versus CGTases, with HPLC/LC-MS bioconversion yields. No absorption or pharmacokinetic data were measured; bioavailability statements are literature citations only."},{"pmid":"30398646","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Randomized crossover efficacy (post hoc) trial of quercetin 3-glucoside 160 mg/d and epicatechin 100 mg/d for 4 wk on plasma methylglyoxal, glyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone and AGEs. No quercetin plasma concentrations or PK parameters measured in this paper; the ~2000 nmol/L plasma value and 17 h half-life are quoted from a previous study (Dower et al.) in the Discussion."},{"pmid":"30704023","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro biophysical study (fluorescence, circular dichroism, FT-IR, molecular docking) of amlodipine and quercetin binding to human serum albumin (Sudlow's Site 1). No absorption or pharmacokinetic measurements in vivo or in cell models; plasma protein binding/displacement only."},{"pmid":"30976186","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat pharmacokinetics of naproxen (NPX) after oral NPX vs NPX-quercetin 1:2 co-lyophilizate (Table 2, Fig. 8). Quercetin is a co-formulated excipient/gastroprotective agent; quercetin plasma concentrations were not measured. Also dissolution of NPX (DE30, RDR30) and gastric histology. No quercetin absorption/PK data; naproxen data not extracted."},{"pmid":"31053743","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Behavioral (Morris water maze) and in-silico docking study of oral quercetin vs QT-SPION in healthy rats. No quercetin concentration or PK parameter was measured in this paper; enhanced bioavailability is only inferred from behavior and cites the authors' earlier study (ref 45). Only tissue iron (ICP-MS) is shown, figure-only (Fig. 5B)."},{"pmid":"31155811","status":"off-target analyte","note":"PK/interaction study in rats where quercetin (10 and 20 mg/kg oral, 15 days) was a modulator; measured analytes were paracetamol and its metabolite NAPQI in plasma (Tables 1-2), not quercetin. No quercetin concentration or PK parameter measured. Paracetamol Cmax/AUC rose and NAPQI Cmax/AUC fell with quercetin co-administration."},{"pmid":"31380532","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy/mechanism study in mice fed EMIQ or quercetin (0.02, 0.1, 0.5% in diet, 2 weeks); outcomes are body/adipose weight, plasma glucose and AMPK-pathway proteins. No quercetin or metabolite concentration measured; bioavailability statements come from cited literature."},{"pmid":"31385192","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Enzymatic (E. coli UGT73G1 + sucrose synthase) biosynthesis of quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside; reaction yields only. Bioavailability mentioned only in the Introduction citing prior work. No absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"31539794","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Measures CYP3A37 and MDR1 mRNA expression (qPCR) in liver and duodenum of broiler chickens after oral piperine/quercetin (10 mg/kg x 3 days) with or without marbofloxacin; no quercetin or drug concentration/PK/absorption measurement."},{"pmid":"31557798","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Nutrients 2019, 11, 2288) of dietary quercetin and kaempferol bioavailability and cardiovascular effects in humans; PDF carries the type 'Review'. No primary data; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"31947563","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Pharmacodynamic study: IV infusion of quercetin colonic metabolite combinations (DHPA, 4MC, 3HPPA) in anaesthetised SHR with blood pressure as outcome. No absorption/PK data generated in this study; plasma concentrations in Discussion are cited from other studies."},{"pmid":"32059743","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study (hepatoprotection, IP nanoliposomal vs pure quercetin in CCl4/ethanol liver-injury rats). No quercetin concentration or PK measured; 'bioavailability' claims are inferred from liver enzymes/histology. Authors state PK still needs to be studied."},{"pmid":"32210182","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin pharmacology and pharmacokinetics (Foods 2020); no original absorption data. Section 2 cites values from other studies (e.g., Graefe et al., Ferry et al.)."},{"pmid":"32226726","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In silico study (virtual screening, docking, pkCSM/SwissADME ADMET predictions) of Acacia nilotica constituents incl. quercetin; no measured absorption/PK data. Predicted intestinal absorption values (Tables 7-8) are computational outputs, not extracted."},{"pmid":"32278151","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro spectroscopic and docking study of poziotinib binding to bovine serum albumin and displacement by flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, naringenin, sinapic acid). No absorption/PK data for quercetin or any supplement."},{"pmid":"32464160","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Histological/immunohistochemical efficacy study of oral quercetin nanoparticles (30 mg/kg/day) in an AlCl3 rat model of Alzheimer's disease. No quercetin plasma/tissue concentrations or other PK/absorption measurements; bioavailability is mentioned only as background."},{"pmid":"32478277","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin pharmacological activities (ACS Omega 2020, 5, 11849-11872); abstract states 'The present review aims to provide a brief overview'. Secondary summary; no original absorption/PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"32521458","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review article (Biomed Pharmacother 2020;128:110372) on quercetin drug-delivery systems and oral diseases; secondary summary, no original absorption/PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"32751996","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro enzyme/transporter inhibition study (CYP2C19/3A4/2D6, OATP1A2/1B1/1B3/2B1, BCRP, MRP2) with quercetin and its conjugates (IC50/inhibition %). No absorption, permeability or PK measurement of quercetin; plasma levels only cited from other studies in the Introduction."},{"pmid":"32785199","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro/in silico study of quercetin and indomethacin binding to human serum albumin (spectrofluorometry, docking, molecular dynamics, quantum chemistry). No absorption or PK measurements."},{"pmid":"33016666","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Minerva Gastroenterol 2021) on Quercetin Phytosome as a COVID-19 candidate; summarises previously published PK data, no original absorption data."},{"pmid":"33213346","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrowed review on quercetin cholinesterase inhibition in Alzheimer's disease (Curr Neuropharmacol 2021); no original absorption data."},{"pmid":"33350133","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic literature review (Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018) of published human quercetin bioavailability studies and interindividual variation; no original PK data."},{"pmid":"33445760","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Nutrients 2021) on curcumin, quercetin, catechins and gut microbiota in metabolic disease; no original PK data."},{"pmid":"33528064","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Ex vivo pharmacology of quercetin on human gastric smooth muscle strip contractility (AUC refers to contraction recordings); no absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"33785340","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Quercetin F127 nanomicelle/microemulsion: DLS, DPPH antioxidant activity and renoprotection against gentamicin in rats. No plasma/absorption PK measured; the 'release' in the abstract is a DPPH scavenging rate and encapsulation/sustained-release are stated as expectations, not measurements."},{"pmid":"33807174","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Cancers 2021) of quercetin and nano-scale delivery systems in prostate cancer; no original PK data."},{"pmid":"33918402","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro enzyme inhibition (SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro; spectroscopy, calorimetry, docking, MD) of rutin. No absorption/PK data; solubility/bioavailability only mentioned qualitatively in intro/discussion."},{"pmid":"33940290","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat study of quercetin's effect on absorption of FITC-casein-derived peptides (plasma FITC fluorescence, MDCK uptake). Measured analyte is FITC-peptides/FITC, not quercetin or its metabolites; no quercetin PK. Plasma data are figure-only (Fig. 3B-C); IC50 values (trypsin inhibition) are not absorption."},{"pmid":"34063645","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Apixaban-quercetin cocrystal. Dissolution and rat plasma PK measured apixaban only (HPLC/LC-MS of Apx; Table 4); quercetin concentrations were not measured. Quercetin acts as coformer."},{"pmid":"34071139","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Drug-herb interaction study: quercetin as inhibitor of repaglinide metabolism (rat/human liver microsomes) and effect on repaglinide PK in rats. In vivo plasma PK measured repaglinide only; no quercetin plasma PK reported."},{"pmid":"34152346","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin nanoformulations for tumor therapy (Food & Function, Review); no original absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"34205156","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Antioxidants 2021) of quercetin renal transit and metabolism; no primary PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"34205604","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cholesterol-lowering efficacy study of rutin and quercetin in HepG2 cells and hamsters; no flavonoid concentration, absorption or PK measurement. Bioavailability is only discussed qualitatively."},{"pmid":"34358980","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Ultrason Sonochem 2021) of quercetin extraction, non-destructive assessment and bioavailability improvement; no primary PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"34456723","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cardiovascular efficacy study of quercetin SNEDDS vs standard quercetin suspension in metabolic syndrome rats; no quercetin concentration or PK measured in this paper. Improved bioavailability is cited from a previous study only."},{"pmid":"34685098","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Nanomaterials 2021) of nanocarriers for quercetin; no primary PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"35628203","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study of quercetin macroparticles vs nanoparticles in adenine-induced CKD in mice; no quercetin concentration or PK measured. Authors state the circulating quercetin concentration could not be quantified."},{"pmid":"35933833","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Inorganic synthesis, crystal structure and in vitro bioactivity (yeast toxicity, ROS, plasmid DNA degradation, DFT, docking) of a Ce(III)-quercetin-phenanthroline complex. Bioavailability/solubility is mentioned only as motivation; no absorption, solubility, permeability or PK values are reported."},{"pmid":"35980291","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro/ex vivo antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of a quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QTNE) against Leishmania donovani. No absorption, permeability, solubility, release or PK data are reported; particle size and in vitro release are stated to be described in earlier work."},{"pmid":"36120321","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin in kidney diseases (Frontiers in Pharmacology, Type: Review); no primary data extracted."},{"pmid":"36364256","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Formulation (quercetin-PEG 8000 nanosuspension) with physicochemical characterization (particle size, DSC, FT-IR) and in vitro antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. No absorption, solubility, dissolution, permeability or PK measurements; the ~60 mg/L water solubility of quercetin is cited from literature as background."},{"pmid":"36364448","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Molecules, Review) of quercetin effects on glutamate excitotoxicity; no primary absorption data extracted."},{"pmid":"36499113","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ): production, metabolism, bioavailability, toxicity, pharmacology (Int J Mol Sci, Review); secondary literature, no primary data extracted."},{"pmid":"36631429","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Chemical synthesis of quercetin-acid esters with antioxidant/ROS assays in H2O2-treated PC12 cells; no absorption, bioavailability or PK data (solubility only mentioned qualitatively)."},{"pmid":"37067239","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Food & Function) of quercetin pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and nanoformulations in cerebral ischemia; no original data."},{"pmid":"37291983","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Materials-chemistry paper on quercetin-modified phosphorylcholine poly(ester-urethane) films for blood-contacting devices (antibacterial, hemocompatibility, protein adsorption, subcutaneous implantation). Quercetin is a polymer chain extender; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data for quercetin."},{"pmid":"37366114","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Materials/nanomedicine paper: quercetin loaded onto Gd3+-doped Prussian blue nanocubes for in vitro cancer-cell therapy and MRI contrast. Only in vitro nanoparticle drug release profile and cellular uptake (iron by ICP-OES) are reported; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"37371883","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Computational (DFT) study of radical scavenging kinetics of quercetin and catecholic flavonoid metabolites; no absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"37511613","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Microbial biotransformation (glycosylation) of quercetin by entomopathogenic fungi in culture, with in silico (cheminformatics) predictions of ADME/bioactivity of products; no measured absorption or pharmacokinetic data."},{"pmid":"37513932","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of potential health benefits of quercetin (Pharmaceuticals 2023); no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"37515777","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Expert Opin Drug Discov) of drug design strategies to improve solubility and bioavailability of quercetin derivatives; no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"37523008","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet) of nano drug delivery strategies for oral quercetin formulations; no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"37711970","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Neuroprotection study of quercetin nanoparticles (30 mg/kg for 30 days) against acrolein in rats (immunohistochemistry of Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-a, GFAP in cerebellum). No quercetin concentration, PK or absorption measurements; only TEM particle size (3.63-4.57 nm) and a cited literature statement (523% relative oral bioavailability from another study)."},{"pmid":"37840879","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (3 Biotech 2023) of quercetin in arthritis, with sections on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics compiled from other studies; no original absorption data."},{"pmid":"37842255","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Mouse pharmacodynamic study of dietary quercetin nanoemulsion (0.05% or 0.1% in high-cholesterol diet, 6 weeks) on lipid profiles, AMPK and miR-33/34a in liver. No quercetin concentration, PK or absorption measurements; authors state absorption studies in vivo should be done in future."},{"pmid":"38004496","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Pharmaceuticals 2023) of quercetin pharmacology, clinical trials, patents and nanoformulations to improve bioavailability; no original absorption data."},{"pmid":"38095371","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat PK drug-interaction study: oral quercetin (20 mg/kg) effect on amiodarone PK and tissue levels. Only amiodarone was measured (HPLC); quercetin itself was not measured in plasma or tissue. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"38138630","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin pharmacology and encapsulation/nano formulations (Molecules 2023); no primary PK data. Not extracted."},{"pmid":"38203364","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Purely in silico study (molecular docking to IPMK, computed logP/LgBB/P-gp/BOILED-Egg predictions, PCA) of 34 quercetin analogues; no measured absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"38364549","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro fluorescence competition study of flavonoid (incl. quercetin and its sulfate/glucuronide/prenyl derivatives) binding to human serum albumin sites I and II, with docking and logP; no absorption or PK parameters measured."},{"pmid":"38401715","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Drug-interaction study: effect of quercetin and myricetin on ticagrelor (and AR-C124910XX) metabolism in rat/human liver microsomes and PK in rats. Only ticagrelor and its metabolite were measured; quercetin was not measured. Data not extracted."},{"pmid":"38429891","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin sirtuin-mediated effects with a short section on absorption/metabolism citing other studies (e.g. Erlund 2000, Guo 2013); no primary PK data. Not extracted."},{"pmid":"38479376","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative/systematic review (Phytotherapy Research 2024;38:2597-2618) of quercetin and quercetin-containing formulas against COVID-19; no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"38565372","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review article (Brain Research 2024;1834:148905) on quercetin in Alzheimer's disease: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and nanodelivery systems; no primary data."},{"pmid":"38674092","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Comprehensive review (Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:4505) of anticancer properties of quercetin, resveratrol and curcumin; no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"38855739","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (Front Pharmacol 2024;15:1389179) of quercetin sources, extraction, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, cell death and liver fibrosis; no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"38858165","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Network pharmacology and in vitro cell study (Hep3B, HepG2215) of quercetin and CDK1 in HBV-related HCC. No pharmacokinetic or absorption data in humans or animals; OB >30% was only a TCMSP screening threshold with no values reported."},{"pmid":"38931884","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of nanoformulated resveratrol and quercetin in colorectal cancer; no primary PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"38944925","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin/glycoside bioavailability, absorption, metabolism and effects on glucolipid metabolism; no primary data extracted."},{"pmid":"39165908","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Synthesis and in vitro S:ACE2 inhibition of O-modified quercetin derivatives; pharmacokinetic properties only predicted in silico (SwissADME), no measured absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"39315891","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Quercetin-loaded polysaccharide nanomotors: materials characterization, photothermal and cell anti-inflammatory assays; bioavailability mentioned only qualitatively, no measured absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"39596162","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic (PRISMA-style) review of quercetin health benefits and bioavailability-enhancing delivery systems; secondary source, no primary data extracted."},{"pmid":"39798316","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Synthesis of phosphorylated quercetin nanoparticles (p-Que NPs) with in vitro osteoclast assays and an intraperitoneal OVX mouse efficacy study (micro-CT, histology). No plasma/tissue concentrations, PK, or absorption measurements. Only absorption-adjacent data: in vitro hydroxyapatite (HAp) binding, recorded in extraction_notes."},{"pmid":"39843312","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Corrigendum (published erratum) correcting an image in Fig. 10A of Wang et al., J Control Release 2016; 235:276-290. Contains no data."},{"pmid":"39844873","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review article on quercetin nanoparticles (Baiomy, BioTechnologia 2024; 105(4):377-393); secondary literature, no original data."},{"pmid":"39956225","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Quercetin-hordein-chitosan nanoparticle for topical wound healing/antibacterial activity in mice; no absorption or PK data (only encapsulation efficiency 79.8% and loading capacity 4.1%, Results 3.1). Bioavailability mentioned only as rationale."},{"pmid":"40037045","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of 31 human quercetin bioavailability intervention studies (Food Chemistry 2025); secondary data compiled from other papers, not a primary PK study. Primary studies it summarizes (e.g. Petersen 2016, Joseph 2022, Kapoor 2021, Riva 2019, Burak 2017, Guo 2013) should be extracted from their own papers."},{"pmid":"40072367","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Quercetin-capped selenium nanoparticles for osteogenesis/bone regeneration (MC3T3-E1 cells, mouse drill-hole defect). Only in vitro Qu release and cellular uptake time-courses, shown in figures (Fig. 2D, Fig. 3B); no absorption or PK data. Quercetin content 46.8% of total weight of Qu-SeNPs (Results)."},{"pmid":"40132458","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Short review on quercetin nanoformulations against human metapneumovirus; no primary absorption/PK data. Only an in silico ADMET statement of '88 %' oral bioavailability cited from another source (bioRxiv)."},{"pmid":"40211722","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Corrigendum (2025) to Hu et al. 2016 (Int J Mol Med 37:690-702) correcting Fig. 4 image panels; contains no absorption/PK data. The original 2016 paper (quercetin/temozolomide liposomes) is the source of any PK data."},{"pmid":"40213362","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review: anti-inflammatory potential of quercetin, from chemistry and mechanisms to nanoformulations (Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2025); secondary source, no primary PK data extracted. Page text not read in full per review rule (title/journal/pubtype from paper.py: Journal Article; Review)."},{"pmid":"40239742","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy/mechanism study of IP quercetin PEGylated liposomes in alloxan-diabetic rats (testicular outcomes). No quercetin plasma/tissue concentration or PK parameters reported; only in vitro liposome release (37%, 55%, 62% at 6, 24, 48 h, given in Results 3.1 and Fig. 1D) and entrapment efficiency."},{"pmid":"40306637","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic review and meta-analysis (8 preclinical studies) of quercetin neuroprotection in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (efficacy SMDs); no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"40331705","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin delivery systems; no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"40356955","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin in acute pancreatitis mechanisms; no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"40456340","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review of quercetin-polysaccharide hydrogels for wound healing; no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"40503074","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin for ocular diseases in older adults (senescence, oxidative stress, inflammation); not a primary absorption/PK study. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"40627938","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro spectroscopic/molecular docking study of quercetin and taxifolin binding to bovine hemoglobin with sodium taurodeoxycholate; also antioxidant and antibacterial assays. No absorption or PK data; quercetin solubility vs NaTDC is shown only in Fig. 5C (figure-only)."},{"pmid":"40635717","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of nano-quercetin formulations (International Journal of Nanomedicine 2025); not a primary absorption/PK study. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"40639238","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin as an anti-diabetic treatment and nano delivery systems (Phytomedicine 2025); not a primary absorption/PK study. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"40738454","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative/systematic review of isoquercitrin (Fitoterapia 2025) summarizing prior studies; not a primary PK study."},{"pmid":"40807271","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin as an antidiabetic agent (Pharmaceuticals/MDPI-style review, 2025); no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"40807647","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro preparation optimization (equilibrium dialysis), structural characterization (FTIR, SEM) and antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical) of beta-glucan-ferulic acid and beta-glucan-quercetin complexes from highland barley. No absorption, bioavailability, bioaccessibility or permeability measurement reported; full text read."},{"pmid":"40944361","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Phytotherapy Research) of quercetin mechanisms in aging-related diseases; no primary PK data."},{"pmid":"41195524","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Cancer Reports) of quercetin and MerTK signalling in cancer; mentions nanoparticle delivery but reports no primary absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"41300470","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Human crossover PK and Caco-2 study of a micellar chrysin-quercetin-rutin product, but the only analyte quantified (plasma and Caco-2 transport) was chrysin. Quercetin and rutin were co-formulated (quercetin 105/77.4 mg per dose in LMC/NMC) but their plasma concentrations or permeability were not reported in the main text. Chrysin PK/permeability values not extracted."},{"pmid":"41337643","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Corrigendum (published erratum) correcting Figure 5 (cytotoxicity of quercetin derivatives in SH-SY5Y and C6 cells) of an earlier paper; no absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"41443395","status":"off-target analyte","note":"Rat oral PK and dissolution study of sulfasalazine (SULF) co-amorphous systems using quercetin as a co-former; only SULF was quantified (HPLC dissolution, LC-MS plasma). Quercetin concentrations were not measured. SULF data not extracted."},{"pmid":"41610766","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Biocatalysis/enzyme-engineering paper on cascade synthesis of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ) from rutin and sucrose using co-immobilized dual-enzyme system; no absorption, bioavailability or PK measurements. Bioavailability is mentioned only in background/discussion citing other work."},{"pmid":"41642032","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Anticancer mechanism study of the synthetic quercetin derivative ANL3 (osteosarcoma cells, nude mouse xenografts, low-intensity ultrasound). No absorption, bioavailability or PK measurements of quercetin or ANL3; HPLC used only for compound purity. Cellular 'uptake' is inferred from IC50 shifts, not measured. Pharmacokinetics listed by authors as future work."},{"pmid":"41773219","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin and nano-formulations against skin cancer (preclinical literature); no original absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"41788687","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (type: Review) of quercetin mechanisms in cerebrovascular disease and delivery strategies; no original absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"41808541","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (miquelianin): extraction, biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, health benefits; secondary summary of other studies, no original PK data."},{"pmid":"41836015","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Mini Review of quercetin nanoformulations in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; no original absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"41939847","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review (type: Review) of quercetin's analgesic mechanisms and clinical translation; no original absorption/PK data."},{"pmid":"42046735","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin delivery systems, theranostics and microneedles (Int J Nanomedicine, REVIEW). No primary absorption/PK data; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"42051459","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review article (Frontiers in Endocrinology, TYPE Review) on quercetin in metabolic diseases. No primary absorption/PK data; data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"42196996","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Efficacy study (aging score, gut microbiota, intestinal gene expression) in aged mice fed EubioQuercetin (EQN, isoquercetin-derived formulation) vs conventional quercetin (CQN). Bioavailability is asserted from prior work; no quercetin concentration, PK or absorption values were measured or reported in this paper."},{"pmid":"42340050","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Published erratum (Correction) to Yamaguchi et al. 2025 J Food Sci 90(10):e70579 on EubioQuercetin (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside) vs quercetin; corrects methods text, a primer sequence, registration date, Figure 3 axis labels and Table 4 q-values (gut bacteria). No PK/absorption data."},{"pmid":"42341703","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Purely computational study (docking and 100 ns MD of quercetin and 5-fluorouracil against EGFR C797S mutant, PDB 7AEI). No absorption/PK data; bioavailability mentioned only qualitatively in discussion."},{"pmid":"42354127","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative/systematic literature review of flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, epicatechin) in inflammatory diseases; not a primary absorption study. Data sections skipped."},{"pmid":"42450324","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of quercetin in BeWo cells and human placental villous explants (in vitro/ex vivo) plus docking; no PK or absorption measurements. In silico ADMET prediction mentioned qualitatively only (good predicted gastrointestinal absorption, radar plots Fig. 7E,F; full values in Supplementary File S2)."},{"pmid":"42558578","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical quercetin cardioprotection in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury; not a primary absorption study."},{"pmid":"42609458","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin and derivatives in insulin resistance; not primary."},{"pmid":"42612930","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Niosomal quercetin formulation characterization (entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, stability) and a rainbow trout dietary study of growth, immune, antioxidant and disease-resistance outcomes. No quercetin concentration in blood or tissue, and no absorption or PK parameter, was measured; bioavailability is only mentioned as the rationale."},{"pmid":"42653890","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin mechanisms, metabolic syndrome evidence and food preservation; not primary."},{"pmid":"42653995","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin as a multifunctional flavonol; not primary."},{"pmid":"42671646","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant comparison of quercetin, quercetin-3'-α-glucoside and quercetin-3-β-glucoside in LPS-stimulated C6 astroglial cells (viability, ROS, apoptosis, iNOS/cytokine expression). No absorption, uptake or PK measurement; the earlier PK of the α-glucoside is only cited from a previous study."},{"pmid":"42749965","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Review of quercetin-based nanotherapeutics in Alzheimer's disease; not primary."},{"pmid":"42800387","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Anti-fibrotic efficacy study of quercetin and quercetin-loaded exosomes (Que-Exo) in endometrial stromal cells and a mouse intrauterine-adhesion model. No absorption or PK measured; authors state PK parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, half-life) and tissue drug concentrations are lacking (Discussion). Only formulation encapsulation efficiencies (15.39% ultrasonication, 30.11% freeze-thaw, Results 3.5/Fig. 5A) are reported, not extracted."},{"pmid":"42827146","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Systematic review (PRISMA 2020) of quercetin effects on CYP450, phase II enzymes, transporters and drug interactions; no original PK data. Secondary source."},{"pmid":"42906472","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Literature review (29 studies included) on quercetin food sources, bioavailability limits and nanoencapsulation; secondary source, no original PK data extracted."},{"pmid":"42914624","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review of quercetin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (immunometabolic reprogramming, cancer stem cells, biomarker-guided strategies); secondary source, no original PK data."},{"pmid":"42954627","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro biophysical/cell study of quercetin dissolved in ethaline (deep eutectic solvent) vs DMSO on alpha-synuclein amyloid fibrillation and cytotoxicity. No absorption, PK or measured solubility values; solubility is only discussed as a proposed mechanism."},{"pmid":"4695326","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Analytical chemistry paper (Analyst 1973): quercetin is used only as a spectrophotometric reagent for determining tin in food, compared with atomic-absorption. No supplement absorption or PK content; 'absorption' here means light/atomic absorption."}],"indirect":[{"anchor":"indirect-aglycone-vs-rutin","a":"aglycone","b":"rutin","aLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","bLabel":"Rutin","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":null,"grade_basis":"only Tmax (timing) ranges separate; Tmax is shown but not graded","head_to_head_grade":"B","note":"Head-to-head evidence exists and takes precedence over this indirect comparison.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fed","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"not reported","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":3,"total_n":6,"range":[2.3,4.7],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"23094941","value":"4.7","units":"h","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"active compound","n":"6","arm":"","location":"Table 6","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"23094941","value":"2.3","units":"h","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"active compound","n":"6","arm":"","location":"Table 6","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"23094941","value":"3.3","units":"h","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"active compound","n":"6","arm":"","location":"Table 6","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":12,"range":[6.98,6.98],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"11361045","value":"6.98","units":"h","dose":"200 mg quercetin equivalent","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"12","arm":"","location":"Table I","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"aglycone","separated":true,"pmids":["11361045","23094941"]}],"pmids":["11361045","23094941"]}],"indirectUnavailable":[{"a":"aglycone","b":"isoquercetin","aLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","bLabel":"Isoquercetin / EMIQ (quercetin-3-glucoside)","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on units"},{"a":"aglycone","b":"phytosome","aLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","bLabel":"Quercetin phytosome","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on fed state"},{"a":"aglycone","b":"micellar","aLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","bLabel":"Micellar (LipoMicel)","reason":"matched only within the same study"},{"a":"isoquercetin","b":"rutin","aLabel":"Isoquercetin / EMIQ (quercetin-3-glucoside)","bLabel":"Rutin","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on fed state"},{"a":"isoquercetin","b":"phytosome","aLabel":"Isoquercetin / EMIQ (quercetin-3-glucoside)","bLabel":"Quercetin phytosome","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"isoquercetin","b":"micellar","aLabel":"Isoquercetin / EMIQ (quercetin-3-glucoside)","bLabel":"Micellar (LipoMicel)","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on units"},{"a":"rutin","b":"phytosome","aLabel":"Rutin","bLabel":"Quercetin phytosome","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"rutin","b":"micellar","aLabel":"Rutin","bLabel":"Micellar (LipoMicel)","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on fed state"},{"a":"phytosome","b":"micellar","aLabel":"Quercetin phytosome","bLabel":"Micellar (LipoMicel)","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"}],"indirectMethod":"Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms.\nValues are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated,\nAUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form\nranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is\n'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C.\nRun after merge_bundle.py.","formGrades":{"aglycone":{"label":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","grade":"B","basis":"8 human studies, total n=71, 5 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":8,"total_n":71,"randomized":5,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["11151743","18241083","18716159","22935338","23094941","25280405","26482244","37600550"]},"isoquercetin":{"label":"Isoquercetin / EMIQ (quercetin-3-glucoside)","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=14, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":14,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["10801919","20638359"]},"rutin":{"label":"Rutin","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=12, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":12,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["11151743","11361045"]},"phytosome":{"label":"Quercetin phytosome","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=12, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":12,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["30328058"]},"micellar":{"label":"Micellar (LipoMicel)","grade":"C","basis":"2 human studies, total n=26, 2 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":2,"total_n":26,"randomized":2,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["36570285","37600550"]}},"headlineGrade":"B","rubric":"Rubric v2 (draft, pending reviewer): single-form human studies count.\n(1) Per-form 'absorption evidence' grade from human PK/absorption values of single-form arms:\n    studies, total n, design (randomized/crossover share), consistency = CV of per-study medians within\n    matched condition sets (same parameter, analyte, matrix [serum=plasma], fed, dosing, AUC interval, units; >=2 studies).\n    A: >=5 studies, total n >=100, >=2 randomized/crossover, and no evidence of inconsistency\n       (median CV <=100% across matched sets, or not evaluable because no matched set has >=2 studies; this is reported).\n    B: >=3 studies (or 2 studies with consistent matched values). C: 1-2 studies. D: animal/in vitro only.\n    Median CV <=50% = consistent; 50-100% = heterogeneous (reported, not penalized: dose, iron status and\n    population differ between studies); >100% = inconsistent, grade lowered one step.\n(2) Per pair: combine head-to-head (H2H) grade with matched single-form (indirect) evidence.\n    Indirect direction = form favored in matched sets whose ranges do not overlap (Tmax excluded).\n    Strong indirect: separated set(s) with >=3 studies per form (A-capable) or >=2 (B-capable), no contradicting set.\n    A: strong indirect (>=3/form) agreeing with H2H or no H2H, or H2H A not contradicted.\n    Conflict between H2H and indirect direction: one step below the better of the two (min D).\n    Comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C.\nValues are never computed into new estimates: CV is used only as a consistency check and is shown with its inputs.","headlineBasis":"best grade across this page's form absorption grades and form-comparison grades (rubric v2, draft)"},"indirect_comparisons":[{"anchor":"indirect-aglycone-vs-rutin","a":"aglycone","b":"rutin","aLabel":"Quercetin aglycone / dihydrate","bLabel":"Rutin","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":null,"grade_basis":"only Tmax (timing) ranges separate; Tmax is shown but not graded","head_to_head_grade":"B","note":"Head-to-head evidence exists and takes precedence over this indirect comparison.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total quercetin","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fed","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"not reported","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":3,"total_n":6,"range":[2.3,4.7],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"23094941","value":"4.7","units":"h","dose":"500 mg","dose_basis":"active 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information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.","last_reviewed":null,"page_url":"https://supplementabsorption.com/quercetin?utm_source=chatgpt"}