{"slug":"magnesium","name":"Magnesium","csvName":"Magnesium","rank":2,"rankingBasis":"ConsumerLab 2025 survey #2 (59.5%); CRN 2024 23%","rankingSourceUrl":"https://www.consumerlab.com/news/biotin-supplements-grow-in-popularity/02-26-2025/","commonForms":["oxide","citrate","glycinate/bisglycinate","malate","threonate","chloride"],"forms":[{"slug":"glycinate","label":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","studyIds":["pmid-41599937","pmid-42567449","pmid-7815675","pmid-29630135"]},{"slug":"citrate","label":"Citrate","studyIds":["pmid-32162607","pmid-1988724","pmid-2407766","pmid-16548135","pmid-10539782"]},{"slug":"oxide","label":"Oxide","studyIds":["pmid-42091979","pmid-41599937","pmid-42567449","pmid-39770988","pmid-32162607","pmid-30018220","pmid-27412366","pmid-11794633","pmid-7815675","pmid-2407766","pmid-39759820","pmid-32623713","pmid-28123145","pmid-9151239","pmid-29630135","pmid-2262427","pmid-2401639","pmid-6674291"]},{"slug":"malate","label":"Malate","studyIds":["pmid-29425476"]},{"slug":"threonate","label":"L-threonate","studyIds":["pmid-42084749","pmid-38481468"]},{"slug":"chloride","label":"Chloride","studyIds":["pmid-29524192","pmid-30018220","pmid-11794633","pmid-1988724","pmid-16829399","pmid-808724","pmid-10539782","pmid-3423197","pmid-6473696","pmid-6498146","pmid-581960"]},{"slug":"taurate","label":"Taurate","studyIds":["pmid-42084749"]},{"slug":"sulfate","label":"Sulfate","studyIds":["pmid-42567449","pmid-29638147","pmid-16010453","pmid-3430654","pmid-7381600","pmid-40564302","pmid-14564461"]},{"slug":"lactate","label":"Lactate","studyIds":["pmid-29638147","pmid-11794633","pmid-16548135"]},{"slug":"aspartate","label":"Aspartate","studyIds":["pmid-11794633","pmid-1507928","pmid-16548135","pmid-581960"]},{"slug":"orotate","label":"Orotate","studyIds":["pmid-40642284"]},{"slug":"carbonate","label":"Carbonate","studyIds":["pmid-20579398","pmid-2407766","pmid-14564461","pmid-9202982","pmid-9151239","pmid-10539782","pmid-9785240"]},{"slug":"pidolate","label":"Pidolate","studyIds":["pmid-16548135"]}],"pairs":[{"anchor":"glycinate-vs-citrate","a":"glycinate","b":"citrate","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Citrate","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"citrate-vs-oxide","a":"citrate","b":"oxide","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Oxide","studyIds":["pmid-32162607","pmid-2407766"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"human","rationale":"1 human randomized/crossover and 2 human studies in total. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":2}}},{"anchor":"glycinate-vs-oxide","a":"glycinate","b":"oxide","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Oxide","studyIds":["pmid-41599937","pmid-42567449","pmid-7815675","pmid-29630135"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"1 human randomized/crossover and 3 human studies in total. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":3,"other_animal":1}}},{"anchor":"citrate-vs-chloride","a":"citrate","b":"chloride","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Chloride","studyIds":["pmid-1988724","pmid-10539782"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"1 human randomized/crossover and 1 human studies in total. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":1,"other_animal":1}}},{"anchor":"citrate-vs-lactate","a":"citrate","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Lactate","studyIds":["pmid-16548135"],"evidence":{"grade":"D","basis":"animal_only","rationale":"Rodent, other animal or in vitro data only. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"rodent":1}}},{"anchor":"oxide-vs-chloride","a":"oxide","b":"chloride","aLabel":"Oxide","bLabel":"Chloride","studyIds":["pmid-30018220","pmid-11794633"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"human","rationale":"0 human randomized/crossover and 2 human studies in total. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":2}}},{"anchor":"aspartate-vs-oxide","a":"aspartate","b":"oxide","aLabel":"Aspartate","bLabel":"Oxide","studyIds":["pmid-11794633"],"evidence":{"grade":"C","basis":"human","rationale":"Only one non-randomized human study. Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":1}}}],"studies":[{"id":"pmid-42091979","title":"Randomized, open-label study of the short-term pharmacokinetics of oral magnesium oxide in healthy volunteers.","year":"2026","journal":"Sci Rep","pmid":"42091979","pmcid":"PMC13338401","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-50427-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42091979/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42091979/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50427-z","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13338401/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"oxide","formTags":["oxide"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Serum magnesium concentrations were measured at baseline and multiple time points up to 12 h post-dose using a colorimetric assay.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Pharmacokinetic parameters related to systemic exposure and absorption, including Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-12, were calculated using non-compartmental analysis.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Parameters dependent on terminal elimination (t1/2, AUC0-∞, CL/F, MRT) were not estimated because a clear terminal log-linear phase was not identifiable within the 12-hour sampling window.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In summary, this study characterizes the short-term absorption pharmacokinetics of oral magnesium oxide, demonstratin","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Pharmacokinetic parameters related to systemic exposure and absorption, including Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-12, were calculated using non-compartmental analysis.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Pharmacokinetic parameters related to systemic exposure and absorption, including Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-12, were calculated using non-compartmental analysis.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax was significantly shorter in the 2000 mg group (p = 0.025).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Pharmacokinetic parameters related to systemic exposure and absorption, including Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-12, were calculated using non-compartmental analysis.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Parameters dependent on terminal elimination (t1/2, AUC0-∞, CL/F, MRT) were not estimated because a clear terminal log-linear phase was not identifiable within the 12-hour sampling window.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"er Group 1: Magnesium 750 mg (n = 12) Group 2: Magnesium 2000 mg (n = 12) p-value C0 (baseline) 0.826 ± 0.038 (CV 4.6%) 0.832 ± 0.069 (CV 8.2%) 0.797 Cmax 1.044 ± 0.095 (CV 9.1%) 0.986 ± 0.099 (CV 10.1%) 0.159 AUC0–12 11.069 ± 0.658 (CV 5.9%) 10.886 ± 0.893 (CV 8.2%) 0.573 Cavg0–12 (AUC/12) 0.922 ± 0.055 (CV 5.9%) 0.907 ± 0.074 (CV 8.2%) Not calculated Incremental Cmax (Cmax−C0) 0.218 ± 0.097 (CV","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"4.6%) 0.062 iAUC0–12 1.156 ± 0.644 (CV 55.8%) 0.902 ± 0.388 (CV 43.0%) 0.257 Incremental Cavg0–12 0.096 ± 0.054 (CV 55.8%) 0.075 ± 0.032 (CV 43.0%) — Tmax (h), median (IQR) \n6 (5–8)\n \n2 (2–5)\n \n0.025","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"0 mg (n = 12) p-value C0 (baseline) 0.826 ± 0.038 (CV 4.6%) 0.832 ± 0.069 (CV 8.2%) 0.797 Cmax 1.044 ± 0.095 (CV 9.1%) 0.986 ± 0.099 (CV 10.1%) 0.159 AUC0–12 11.069 ± 0.658 (CV 5.9%) 10.886 ± 0.893 (CV 8.2%) 0.573 Cavg0–12 (AUC/12) 0.922 ± 0.055 (CV 5.9%) 0.907 ± 0.074 (CV 8.2%) Not calculated Incremental Cmax (Cmax−C0) 0.218 ± 0.097 (CV 44.4%) 0.154 ± 0.053 (CV 34.6%) 0.062 iAUC0–12 1.156 ± 0.644","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"The 2000 mg group demonstrates significant increases in heart rate at multiple time points compared with baseline (p < 0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Safety and tolerability'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"This line graph shows the trend of mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure over 12 h following oral magnesium oxide administration (750 mg vs. 2000 mg).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Safety and tolerability'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-41599937","title":"A Comparison of Marine and Non-Marine Magnesium Sources for Bioavailability and Modulation of TRPM6/TRPM7 Gene Expression in a Caco-2 Epithelial Cell Model.","year":"2026","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"41599937","pmcid":"PMC12844945","doi":"10.3390/nu18020324","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41599937/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41599937/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020324","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12844945/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"bisglycinate/glycinate; oxide","formTags":["glycinate","oxide"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: in vitro absorption model only)","verification":"full text read; no PK numbers matched","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Magnesium (Mg2+) supplements can contain different types of Mg2+ salts, which influence their bioavailability.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"A highly bioavailable and bioaccessible Mg2+ source is essential to meet requirements for many physiological processes that are fundamental to human health.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of Mg2+ from different sources, with different composition and chemical structure, namely, Aquamin Mg Soluble (seawater), magnesium oxide, commercial magnesium bisglycinate 1, and analytical grade magnesium bisglycinate 2.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In addition, the","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"METHOD: The study involved analyzing bioavailability of the Mg2+ sources predigested with and without food using the Infogest model prior to application to a Caco-2 cell monolayer in transwells for assessing transport.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"RESULTS: Aquamin Mg Soluble showed significantly higher bioavailability compared to magnesium bisglycinate 2 (p = 0.016) when digested with food prior to application to the Caco-2 monolayer.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"In the digestion without food prior to the Caco-2 monolayer, there was no significant difference between Mg2+ bioavailability among the tested supplements.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42567449","title":"Hypomagnesemia from malabsorption and renal magnesium wasting treated with high-dose magnesium glycinate: A case report.","year":"2026","journal":"J Am Pharm Assoc (2003)","pmid":"42567449","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42567449/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42567449/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103496","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"bisglycinate/glycinate; oxide; sulfate","formTags":["glycinate","oxide","sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Despite high-dose intravenous magnesium sulfate administered via total parenteral nutrition and intravenous supplementation, as well as oral magnesium oxide, serum magnesium levels remained persistently low (1.1-1.9 mg/dL) with only transient correction.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Following this change, serum magnesium improved to 2.0-2.1 mg/dL without further need for intravenous supplementation, and episodes of severe hypomagnesemia decreased.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40955524","title":"Comparing the Bioavailability of Two Seawater-Derived Magnesium Preparations.","year":"2025","journal":"J Med Food","pmid":"40955524","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1177/1096620X251380191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1096620X251380191","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (hybrid)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; double-blind","n":"N = 20","formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Previously research has established that seawater contains magnesium in addition to 72 other trace and ultratrace minerals, resulting in better bioavailability than traditional magnesium sources.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"An incremental, 18-h urine magnesium excretion test was used to assess relative magnesium bioavailability.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The urine uptake was verified by short-term serum magnesium measurements (1- and 2-h postingestion).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We found that both seawater-derived magnesium preparations significantly increased magnesium absorption compared with placebo (>97% change) but did not differ from each other when standardiz","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-39770988","title":"Comparative Clinical Study on Magnesium Absorption and Side Effects After Oral Intake of Microencapsulated Magnesium (MAGSHAPETM Microcapsules) Versus Other Magnesium Sources.","year":"2024","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"39770988","pmcid":"PMC11677548","doi":"10.3390/nu16244367","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770988/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770988/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244367","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11677548/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; double-blind","n":"40 healthy women","formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":["oxide"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: Our results showed that the blood plasma levels of Mg increased significantly at all tested time-points after the oral intake of Mg-MS, while the blood plasma levels of Mg increased significantly only after 1 and 4 h of the oral intake of MgO and Mg-C, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Interestingly, the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology was observed to enable a sustained increase in plasma Mg levels over the duration of this study, i.e., 1, 4, and 6 h after oral intake.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"A direct comparison of the increase in plasma Mg levels over the 6 h period revealed that the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"METHODS: A total of 40 healthy women and men were put on a low-Mg diet for 7 days, and after 8 h of fasting, a blood sample was taken from a digital puncture before (0 h) and 1 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the oral intake of each product.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"In particular, we calculated the AUC for the whole study period (i.e., 6 h) and for the following time intervals: 0 h–1 h, 0 h–4 h, and 0 h–6 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3.1. Mg Levels in Blood Plasma upon Oral'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"After 8 h of fasting, blood samples were obtained by finger prick (0 h) and 1 h, 4 h, and 6 h after a single oral intake of the corresponding Mg product.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.3. Treatment'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"For this, we represented the average increase in Mg levels in plasma after 1 h, 4 h, and 6 h of oral intake compared to averaged corresponding basal levels (time 0 h, common baseline) for each Mg source.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3.1. Mg Levels in Blood Plasma upon Oral'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-39249590","title":"Evaluation of Aluminum and Magnesium Absorption Following the Oral Administration of an Antacid Suspension Containing Magaldrate in Healthy Women Under Fed Conditions.","year":"2024","journal":"Adv Ther","pmid":"39249590","pmcid":"PMC11480178","doi":"10.1007/s12325-024-02969-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39249590/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39249590/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-024-02969-9","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480178/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (hybrid)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized","n":"n = 8","formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The volunteers had a standard breakfast, and 30 min later, they were given a single-medication sachet containing 500 mg of sodium alginate, 267 mg of sodium bicarbonate, 800 mg of magaldrate, and 120 mg of simethicone (group A, n = 8) or no medication (group B, n = 2).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve from time zero to 12 h (AUC0–t) and to infinity (AUC0–inf) were calculated as primary outcome measures for both ions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Outcome Variables'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"For Cmax without basal correction, the average magnesium concentration in group A (24.13 ± 0.95 mg/L) was slightly lower than that in group B (25.07 ± 0.76 mg/L).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Results'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"On the other hand, with basal correction, estimates of group A pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax 3.68 ± 0.40 mg/L;","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Results'","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve from time zero to 12 h (AUC0–t) and to infinity (AUC0–inf) were calculated as primary outcome measures for both ions.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Outcome Variables'","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Additionally, the same trend was observed for AUC0–t, for which the average magnesium concentration in group A (253.31 ± 10.73 mg/L) was lower than that in group B (270.31 ± 10.05 mg/L).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Results'","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The parameter AUC0–inf was estimated only for group A (5966.04 ± 3218.53 mg/L) because of sample size limitations (Table 1).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Results'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32353962","title":"Circulating Ionized Magnesium as a Measure of Supplement Bioavailability: Results from a Pilot Study for Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2020","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"32353962","pmcid":"PMC7281967","doi":"10.3390/nu12051245","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32353962/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32353962/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051245","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7281967/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover","n":"17 healthy adults","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We conducted a pilot study to evaluate appropriate methods for assessing responses to the ingestion of oral magnesium supplements, including ionized magnesium in whole blood (iMg2+) concentration, serum total magnesium concentration, and total urinary magnesium content.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Blood and urine samples were obtained for the measurement of iMg2+, serum total magnesium, and total urine magnesium, during 24 h following the magnesium supplement or placebo dosing.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Following MgCl2 administration versus placebo administration, we observed significantly greater increases in iMg2+ concentrations (AUC = 1.51","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax = 1.38 ± 0.13 vs. 1.32 ± 0.07 mg/dL, respectively; both p < 0.05) but not in serum total magnesium (AUC = 27.00 [0, 172.93] vs. 14.55 [0, 91.18] mg/dL·24h;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax = 2.38 [1.97, 4.01] vs. 2.24 [1.98, 4.31] mg/dL) or in urinary magnesium (AUC = 201.74 ± 161.63 vs. 139.30 ± 92.84 mg·24h;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax = 26.12 [12.91, 88.63] vs. 24.38 [13.51, 81.51] mg/dL; p > 0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Following MgCl2 administration versus placebo administration, we observed significantly greater increases in iMg2+ concentrations (AUC = 1.51 ± 0.96 vs. 0.84 ± 0.82 mg/dL·24h;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Cmax = 1.38 ± 0.13 vs. 1.32 ± 0.07 mg/dL, respectively; both p < 0.05) but not in serum total magnesium (AUC = 27.00 [0, 172.93] vs. 14.55 [0, 91.18] mg/dL·24h;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Cmax = 2.38 [1.97, 4.01] vs. 2.24 [1.98, 4.31] mg/dL) or in urinary magnesium (AUC = 201.74 ± 161.63 vs. 139.30 ± 92.84 mg·24h;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"In a single-blinded crossover study, 17 healthy adults were randomly assigned to consume 300 mg of magnesium from MgCl2 (ReMag®, a picosized magnesium formulation) or placebo, while having a low-magnesium breakfast.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"nt. Parameter Placebo MgCl2 p Value iMg2+ (n = 14) \n \n \n Baseline (mg/dL) 1.25 ± 0.08 1.26 ± 0.01 0.242 AUC (mg/dL•24h) 0.84 ± 0.82 1.51 ± 0.96 0.029 Cmax (mg/dL) 1.32 ± 0.07 1.38 ± 0.13 0.034 Tmax (h) 9.54 ± 9.85 10.36 ± 9.30 0.396 Serum magnesium (n = 17) \n \n \n Baseline (mg/dL) 1.95 (1.78–3.30) 2.08 (1.76–3.19) 0.491 AUC (mg/dL•24h) 14.55 (0–91.18) 27.00 (0–172.93) 0.097 Cmax (mg/dL) 2.24 (1.98–","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"We also observed a greater increase in Cmax for iMg2+ between MgCl2 (1.38 ± 0.13 mg/dL) vs. placebo (1.32 ± 0.07 mg/dL) (p = 0.034).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3. Results'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"n = 14) \n \n \n Baseline (mg/dL) 1.25 ± 0.08 1.26 ± 0.01 0.242 AUC (mg/dL•24h) 0.84 ± 0.82 1.51 ± 0.96 0.029 Cmax (mg/dL) 1.32 ± 0.07 1.38 ± 0.13 0.034 Tmax (h) 9.54 ± 9.85 10.36 ± 9.30 0.396 Serum magnesium (n = 17) \n \n \n Baseline (mg/dL) 1.95 (1.78–3.30) 2.08 (1.76–3.19) 0.491 AUC (mg/dL•24h) 14.55 (0–91.18) 27.00 (0–172.93) 0.097 Cmax (mg/dL) 2.24 (1.98–4.31) 2.38 (1.97–4.01) 0.221 Tmax (h) 11.38","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"ium concentrations and urinary magnesium content. Parameter Placebo MgCl2 p Value iMg2+ (n = 14) \n \n \n Baseline (mg/dL) 1.25 ± 0.08 1.26 ± 0.01 0.242 AUC (mg/dL•24h) 0.84 ± 0.82 1.51 ± 0.96 0.029 Cmax (mg/dL) 1.32 ± 0.07 1.38 ± 0.13 0.034 Tmax (h) 9.54 ± 9.85 10.36 ± 9.30 0.396 Serum magnesium (n = 17) \n \n \n Baseline (mg/dL) 1.95 (1.78–3.30) 2.08 (1.76–3.19) 0.491 AUC (mg/dL•24h) 14.55 (0–91.18) 2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Following administration of MgCl2, we found a significant greater increase in the 24-h AUC of whole blood concentration of iMg2+ (1.51 ± 0.96 mg/dL•24h) compared to that increase after administration of placebo (0.84 ± 0.82 mg/dL•24h) (p = 0.029, Table 2).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3. Results'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Enrolled participants (Males = 7, Females = 10, Total N = 17) were randomly assigned to a single-dose treatment of MgCl2 (ReMag®; in a solution of lemon juice and water) or placebo (lemon juice and water only) with a low-magnesium (~50 mg Mg) breakfast after 8 h of fasting.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.2. Magnesium Dosing'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Blood samples were obtained beginning with a fasting sample (at 15 min before the dosing) and at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h following the dosing.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.3. Specimen Collection and Measurement'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"All CVs for each serum and urine magnesium measurement were below 4%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.3. Specimen Collection and Measurement'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Following administration of MgCl2, we found a significant greater increase in the 24-h AUC of whole blood concentration of iMg2+ (1.51 ± 0.96 mg/dL•24h) compared to that increase after administration of placebo (0.84 ± 0.82 mg/dL•24h) (p = 0.029, Table 2).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3. Results'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"We also observed a greater increase in Cmax for iMg2+ between MgCl2 (1.38 ± 0.13 mg/dL) vs. placebo (1.32 ± 0.07 mg/dL) (p = 0.034).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3. Results'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31230494","title":"Magnesium Bioavailability and Tolerability Do Not Differ between Two Supplements with Different Release Properties.","year":"2020","journal":"J Diet Suppl","pmid":"31230494","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/19390211.2019.1629146","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31230494/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31230494/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2019.1629146","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The aim of the study was to directly compare the bioavailability and tolerability of two 500 mg Mg2+ supplements in a crossover study with duplicate determination.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"There were no significant differences between the test products regarding 24-hour renal Mg2+ excretion and area under the curve of serum Mg2+ levels for 8 hours.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The Mg2+ bioavailability did not differ between the test products.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"There were no significant differences between the test products regarding 24-hour renal Mg2+ excretion and area under the curve of serum Mg2+ levels for 8 hours.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Due to possible gastrointestinal side effects, the European Food Safety Authority and the Institute of Medicine set the upper intake level for Mg2+ from supplements to 250 and 350 mg, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31606725","title":"Comparative study of the bioavailability of magnesium salts.","year":"2019","journal":"Drug Metab Pers Ther","pmid":"31606725","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2019-0004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31606725/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31606725/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2019-0004","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":"20 healthy volunteers","formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-31330811","title":"Predicting and Testing Bioavailability of Magnesium Supplements.","year":"2019","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"31330811","pmcid":"PMC6683096","doi":"10.3390/nu11071663","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31330811/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31330811/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071663","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6683096/","pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NwZ1EbbXg1iHsFyZ07aPEsUDSzw1gaR2/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":"30 subjects","formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Two magnesium formulations with contrasting bioavailability prediction from both in vitro tests (best vs. worst) were selected for in vivo testing in 30 subjects.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In vivo bioavailability was compared following one acute ingestion by monitoring blood magnesium concentrations up to 6 h following intake.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The in vitro tests showed a very wide variation in absorption and dissolution of the 15 magnesium products.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In the in vivo testing, a significant different serum magnesium absorption profile was found up to 4 h following supplement ingestion for the two supplements with opposing in vitro te","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Moreover, maximal serum magnesium increase and total area under the curve were significantly different for both supplements (+6.2% vs. +4.6% and 6.87 vs. 0.31 mM.min, respectively).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"When considering the timeframe from supplement intake till 360 min following ingestion, a significant main effect of condition was found for the total area under the curve (p = 0.021).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3.2.2. Phase B'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Fed conditions were simulated under stirring conditions during 2 h at 37 °C, with a sigmoidal decrease of the pH profile from 4.7 to 2.0.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.1.1. In Vitro SHIME Simulation'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Under fasted conditions, the pH was maintained stable at 2 for 45 min.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.1.1. In Vitro SHIME Simulation'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Samples were collected from the fed stomach at 45 and 120 min, from the fasted stomach at 45 min.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.1.1. In Vitro SHIME Simulation'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Furthermore, significant higher serum magnesium levels compared to pre-supplement levels (time point 0) were found following one tablet of supplement A at 120, 150, 180 min and four hours following ingestion, but not at any time point following one tablet of Supplement O (p < 0.005, significant differences vs. time point 0 are not depicted in Figure 6A).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3.2.2. Phase B'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"In accordance, significantly higher serum magnesium levels compared to pre-supplement levels (time point 0) were found following two tablets of Supplement A at 120, 150, 180 min and four and six hours following ingestion (p < 0.005, significant differences vs. time point 0 are not depicted in Figure 6B).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3.2.2. Phase B'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32162607","title":"Assessment of bioavailability of Mg from Mg citrate and Mg oxide by measuring urinary excretion in Mg-saturated subjects.","year":"2019","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"32162607","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1684/mrh.2019.0457","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32162607/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32162607/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2019.0457","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"citrate; oxide","formTags":["citrate","oxide"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Bioavailability of 400 mg Mg from Mg citrate (MgC) and Mg oxide (MgO) after single-dose administration was assessed by measuring renal Mg excretion in 24-h urine and blood plasma [Mg] at time points 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: Single-dose MgC supplementation led to a significant (P < 0.05) increase in 24 h urinary Mg excretion, but this was not significant following MgO.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Plasma [Mg] was also significantly higher for MgC than for MgO at 4 h (P < 0.05) and 8 h (P < 0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29638147","title":"The absolute bioavailability and the effect of food on a new magnesium lactate dihydrate extended-release caplet in healthy subjects.","year":"2018","journal":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm","pmid":"29638147","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/03639045.2018.1464020","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29638147/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29638147/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2018.1464020","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"sulfate; lactate","formTags":["sulfate","lactate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"OBJECTIVE: To assess the absolute bioavailability of 20 mEq magnesium lactate extended-release (ER) caplets and to assess the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of these ER caplets.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"A new ER caplet of 10 mEq strength of magnesium L-lactate dihydrate has been developed to increase the bioavailability of magnesium.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: Absolute bioavailabilities of the caplets under fasted and fed conditions, compared to IV magnesium sulfate, were 20.26% (fasted) and 12.49% (fed) in serum, based on the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of the baseline-adjusted AUC0-72, and 38.11% (fasted) and 40.99% (fed)","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"RESULTS: Absolute bioavailabilities of the caplets under fasted and fed conditions, compared to IV magnesium sulfate, were 20.26% (fasted) and 12.49% (fed) in serum, based on the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of the baseline-adjusted AUC0-72, and 38.11% (fasted) and 40.99% (fed) in urine, based on the GMR of the baseline-adjusted Ae0-72.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Relative bioavailability of the caplets comparing the fed and fasted states was 61.67% in serum, based on the GMR of the baseline-adjusted AUC0-72, and 107.57% in urine, based on the GMR of the baseline-adjusted Ae0-72.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Relative bioavailability of the caplets comparing the fed and fasted states was 61.67% in serum, based on the GMR of the baseline-adjusted AUC0-72, and 107.57% in urine, based on the GMR of the baseline-adjusted Ae0-72.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"OBJECTIVE: To assess the absolute bioavailability of 20 mEq magnesium lactate extended-release (ER) caplets and to assess the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of these ER caplets.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"METHODS: An open label, single-dose, randomized, three-period, cross-over study in healthy adults was conducted with three treatments: (a) single oral dose of 20 mEq magnesium L-lactate dehydrate under fasting conditions, (b) single intravenous (IV) infusion of 20 mEq magnesium sulfate, and (c) single oral dose of 20 mEq magnesium L-lactate dehydrate under fed conditions.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"RESULTS: Absolute bioavailabilities","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29524192","title":"An Advanced Formulation of a Magnesium Dietary Supplement Adapted for a Long-Term Use Supplementation Improves Magnesium Bioavailability: In Vitro and Clinical Comparative Studies.","year":"2018","journal":"Biol Trace Elem Res","pmid":"29524192","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12011-018-1277-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29524192/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29524192/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1277-2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; double-blind","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"chloride","formTags":["chloride"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The present study aimed to compare magnesium release profile and bioavailability between this patented low-dose continuous-release magnesium chloride tablet (100 mg magnesium element) and a reference tablet at the usually prescribed dose (300 mg magnesium element).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"A randomized double-blind crossover controlled trial of ChronoMag® versus reference tablet (3 × 100 mg magnesium element tablets) in 12 normo-magnesemic healthy volunteers was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of the patented magnesium chloride tablets (two 50 mg magnesium tablets, once-a-day intake).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Cumulative urinary","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-30018220","title":"Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of a Marine-Derived Multimineral, Aquamin-Magnesium.","year":"2018","journal":"Nutrients","pmid":"30018220","pmcid":"PMC6073474","doi":"10.3390/nu10070912","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30018220/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30018220/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070912","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073474/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"oxide; chloride","formTags":["oxide","chloride"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Method: Aquamin-Mg, magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) and magnesium oxide (MgO) were subjected to gastrointestinal digestion according to the harmonized INFOGEST in vitro digestion method and in vitro bioavailability tested using the Caco-2 cell model.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"MgO, 73.39 ± 10.20 μg/mL, n = 4; in unfiltered samples), which is characterised by low solubility (Figure 1, p < 0.05 Aquamin-Mg vs.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '3.1. Magnesium Recovery from Aquamin-Mg,'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29425476","title":"Scottsdale Magnesium Study: Absorption, Cellular Uptake, and Clinical Effectiveness of a Timed-Release Magnesium Supplement in a Standard Adult Clinical Population.","year":"2018","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","pmid":"29425476","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.2017.1398686","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29425476/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29425476/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2017.1398686","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":"91 adults","formsStudiedRaw":"malate","formTags":["malate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: in vitro absorption model only)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"This study evaluated the absorption, cellular uptake, and clinical effectiveness of a timed-release formulation containing dimagnesium malate with vitamins B6, B12, and folate (MagSRT™) in a standard clinical population.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Serum magnesium was measured 4 and 8 hours after participants ingested 2 supplemental tablets (250 mg magnesium) or 2 placebo tablets.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: More than 75% of trial participants presented with suboptimal serum and RBC magnesium status at baseline, while the magnesium status questionnaire predicted 100% of participants to have suboptimal magnesium status.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RBC magnesium","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-27412366","title":"Pharmacokinetic Profile of Oral Magnesium Hydroxide.","year":"2017","journal":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol","pmid":"27412366","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/bcpt.12642","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27412366/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27412366/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12642","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover","n":"N = 10","formsStudiedRaw":"hydroxide","formTags":["oxide"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Bioavailability was 14.9% (CI: 8.3; 26.8), blood clearance was 5.1 L/hr (CI: 2.1; 17.0), apparent volume of distribution was 60.2 L (CI: 35.6; 102.0), elimination constant was 0.08 per hour (CI: 0.05; 0.14), half-life was 8.3 hr (CI: 4.8; 14.1), Cmax was 0.11 mmol/L (CI: 0.07; 0.14), and AUC[0-24] was 92.3 mmol/L × min.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Urine Mg excretion augmented by 17.7% (CI: 8.9; 35.0) from baseline.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The bioavailability of Mg hydroxide was 15%, and it constitutes a clinically relevant option for oral Mg supplementation.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Bioavailability was 14.9% (CI: 8.3; 26.8), blood clearance was 5.1 L/hr (CI: 2.1; 17.0), apparent volume of distribution was 60.2 L (CI: 35.6; 102.0), elimination constant was 0.08 per hour (CI: 0.05; 0.14), half-life was 8.3 hr (CI: 4.8; 14.1), Cmax was 0.11 mmol/L (CI: 0.07; 0.14), and AUC[0-24] was 92.3 mmol/L × min.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Bioavailability was 14.9% (CI: 8.3; 26.8), blood clearance was 5.1 L/hr (CI: 2.1; 17.0), apparent volume of distribution was 60.2 L (CI: 35.6; 102.0), elimination constant was 0.08 per hour (CI: 0.05; 0.14), half-life was 8.3 hr (CI: 4.8; 14.1), Cmax was 0.11 mmol/L (CI: 0.07; 0.14), and AUC[0-24] was 92.3 mmol/L × min.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29056894","title":"Magnesium bioavailability from mineral waters with different mineralization levels in comparison to bread and a supplement.","year":"2017","journal":"Food Nutr Res","pmid":"29056894","pmcid":"PMC5642192","doi":"10.1080/16546628.2017.1384686","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29056894/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29056894/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1384686","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5642192/","pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Qm64y8Zv31ZhGsaXrzwi2og10fvh0NyF/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover","n":"22 healthy men","formsStudiedRaw":"mineral water","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"SO42-, HCO3-, calcium) with the magnesium bioavailability from bread and from a magnesium supplement.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The primary outcome variables were the 24 h urinary magnesium excretion, the 24 h urinary magnesium/creatinine ratio, and the area under the curve of serum magnesium levels for 10 h (AUC0-10h).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"No significant differences among groups were observed for either 24 h urinary magnesium excretion or 24 h urinary magnesium/creatinine ratio.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Likewise, statistical group comparisons of AUC0-10h for serum magnesium levels revealed no significant differences among the treatment groups.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Accordingly","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The primary outcome variables were the 24 h urinary magnesium excretion, the 24 h urinary magnesium/creatinine ratio, and the area under the curve of serum magnesium levels for 10 h (AUC0-10h).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Likewise, statistical group comparisons of AUC0-10h for serum magnesium levels revealed no significant differences among the treatment groups.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"A single-center, randomized, controlled trial with a crossover design with 22 healthy men and women was conducted at the Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Twenty-four hours of urinary magnesium excretion, 24 h urinary magnesium/creatinine ratio, and area under the curve (AUC0-10h) for serum magnesium levels for 10 h (mean ± SD).   24 h urinary Mg excretion [mmol] 24 h urinary Mg/creatinine ratio [mmol] AUC0-10h serum Mg MW 1 4.41 ± 1.50 n = 22 0.55 ± 0.79 n = 18 0.80 ± 0.35 n = 22 MW 2 4.47 ± 1.17 n = 20 0.43","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2.","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Likewise, statistical group comparisons of AUC0-10h for serum Mg levels revealed no significant differences among the treatment groups (Table 2).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Serum and urinary concentrations of magn'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-24500940","title":"Isotope concentrations from 24-h urine and 3-h serum samples can be used to measure intestinal magnesium absorption in postmenopausal women.","year":"2014","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"24500940","pmcid":"PMC3952625","doi":"10.3945/jn.113.186767","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500940/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500940/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.186767","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3952625/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"One barrier to more conclusive research on the potential relation is measuring intestinal magnesium absorption (MgA), which requires the use of stable isotopes and a ≥6-d stool or 3-d urine collection.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We measured magnesium isotope concentrations in 72-h urine, spot urine (36, 48, 60, and 72 h), and spot serum (1, 3, and 5 h) samples collected after isotope dosing.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The 72-h MgA correlated most highly with 0-24 h urine MgA value alone (ρ = 0.95, P < 0.001) or the mean of the 0-24 h urine and the 3-h (ρ = 0.93, P < 0.001) or 5-h (ρ = 0.96, P < 0.001) serum MgA values.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In cohort 2, Bland-Al","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Participants fasted from 1200 h to 0700 h and then consumed breakfast with ∼23 mg of oral ²⁶Mg and ∼11 mg of i.v. ²⁵Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23051182","title":"Modeling and simulation of the effect of proton pump inhibitors on magnesium homeostasis. 1. Oral absorption of magnesium.","year":"2012","journal":"Mol Pharm","pmid":"23051182","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1021/mp300323q","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23051182/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23051182/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp300323q","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Our simulations reveal that short-term PPI therapy may cause a very small reduction (5%) in the serum magnesium level, which is qualitatively consistent with the reported 1% reduction in magnesium absorption following 1 week of omeprazole in humans.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21473800","title":"Influence of the consumption pattern of magnesium from magnesium-rich mineral water on magnesium bioavailability.","year":"2011","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"21473800","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S0007114511001139","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21473800/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21473800/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511001139","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jv-qaWJ92A551SCRRg-rH5StYbP3KmAK/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover; stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"mineral water","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The objective of the present study was to determine if the mode of administration (bolus v. consumption throughout the day) could influence Mg bioavailability from Mg-rich natural mineral water comparing the same nutritional Mg amount (126 mg).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Higher Mg absorption (50·7 (SD 12·7) v. 32·4 (SD 8·1) %;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"P = 0·0007) and retention (47·5 (SD 12·9) v. 29·0 (SD 7·5) %;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"6Mg was calculated by subtracting ingested Mg dose. In an experiment carried out in infants, the total amounts of 25Mg and 26Mg excreted in urine and fractional absorption of Mg of the same Mg load (20 mg) faeces from the administered dose. was increased after distributed (64·0 (SD 3·9) %) v. bolus Demographics and baseline characteristics were displayed administration (54·3 (SD 5·9) %)(7). Thus,","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"he two Mg stable isotopes were used in order to discriminate consumed 1 litre Mg-rich mineral water per d (Héparw; Nestlé between the two regimens. Fasting volunteers drank either Waters, Vittel, France), corresponding to a supplementary Mg-rich mineral water labelled with 30 mg Mg as 25MgSO4 intake of 110 mg Mg/d. The aim was to homogenise Mg when consumed twice per d or with 30 mg 26MgSO4 when","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"¼ 0·0007) and retention (47·5 (SD 12·9) v. 29·0 (SD 7·5) %; P¼0·0008) from Mg-rich mineral water were observed when it was consumed in seven servings compared with larger servings. Thus, regular water consumption throughout the day is an effective way to increase Mg bioavailability from Mg-rich mineral water. Key words: Magnesium: Mineral water: Bioavailability Dietary reference intakes in the USA","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20862466","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium from different pharmaceutical formulations.","year":"2011","journal":"Urol Res","pmid":"20862466","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00240-010-0309-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20862466/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20862466/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-010-0309-y","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"With standardized conditions, urinary magnesium excretion increased by 40% after ingestion of the effervescent tablets, and by only 20% after intake of the capsules.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22117983","title":"Chronic dietary fiber supplementation with wheat dextrin does not inhibit calcium and magnesium absorption in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.","year":"2011","journal":"J Int Med Res","pmid":"22117983","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1177/147323001103900525","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22117983/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22117983/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/147323001103900525","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Forty premenopausal and post menopausal women (mean ± SD age 49.9 ± 9.8 years) consumed wheat dextrin or placebo (15 g/day) for 2 weeks prior to (45)calcium ((45)Ca) and (26)magnesium ((26)Mg) absorption testing.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The mean ± SD area under the curve from 0 to 9 h for (45)Ca specific activity was 0.81 ± 0.21 for wheat dextrin and 0.82 ± 0.22 for placebo, showing that wheat dextrin had no effect on calcium absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The mean ± SD percentage excess of (26)Mg/(24)Mg was 7.8% ± 2.1% for wheat dextrin and 7.9% ± 2.6% for placebo, showing that wheat dextrin had no effect on magnesium absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The mean ± SD area under the curve from 0 to 9 h for (45)Ca specific activity was 0.81 ± 0.21 for wheat dextrin and 0.82 ± 0.22 for placebo, showing that wheat dextrin had no effect on calcium absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21199787","title":"Magnesium supplementation improves indicators of low magnesium status and inflammatory stress in adults older than 51 years with poor quality sleep.","year":"2010","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"21199787","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1684/mrh.2010.0220","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2010.0220","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized","n":"100 adults","formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Thus, an experiment was performed with 100 adults (22 males and 78 females) aged 59 ± 8 years (range 51 to 85 years) with poor sleep quality revealed by a Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score higher than five.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Only 40 participants had plasma CRP concentrations higher than 3.0 mg/L (an indication of chronic inflammatory stress).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"When only the 37 participants with serum magnesium concentrations < 1.8 mg/dL (indication of deficient magnesium status) were analyzed, magnesium supplementation, but not the placebo, increased serum magnesium concentrations.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium supplementation vs pla","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Based on food diaries, 58% of the participants were consuming less than the US.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20579398","title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the short term effects of a spring water supplemented with magnesium bicarbonate on acid/base balance, bone metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women.","year":"2010","journal":"BMC Res Notes","pmid":"20579398","pmcid":"PMC2908636","doi":"10.1186/1756-0500-3-180","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20579398/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20579398/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-180","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2908636/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; double-blind","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"carbonate","formTags":["carbonate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full text read; no PK numbers matched","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Over this period biomarkers of bone turnover (serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin, urinary telopeptides and hydroxyproline), serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides), venous and urinary pH were measured together with measurements of standard biochemistry, haematology and urine examinations.Serum magnesium concentrations and urinary pH in subjects consuming the magnesium bicarbonate supplemented water increased significantly at Day 84 compared to subjects consuming the spring water control (magnesium - p = 0.03; pH -","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-19410973","title":"Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides improve magnesium absorption in adolescent girls with a low calcium intake.","year":"2009","journal":"Nutr Res","pmid":"19410973","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19410973/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19410973/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.005","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In a crossover design, true calcium and magnesium absorption was computed on the 8th and 36th day of each treatment period from isotope enrichment in urine.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Short-chain FOS increased magnesium absorption by 18% after 36 days (30.1% +/- 9.1% vs 35.4% +/- 12.8%).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium absorption did not change after the initial 8 days of long-term sc-FOS intake.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"It is concluded that consumption of sc-FOS for 36 days stimulated magnesium absorption in girls but did not affect calcium absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18301276","title":"Recent developments in intestinal magnesium absorption.","year":"2008","journal":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol","pmid":"18301276","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f37b59","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18301276/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18301276/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f37b59","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: in vitro absorption model only)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"TRPM6 channel function and intestinal magnesium absorption is altered by a variety of hormones and factors.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Some studies show that TRPM6 may function on its own whereas other research concludes that TRPM7 is required for effective trafficking of TRPM6 to the plasma membrane.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17484373","title":"Effect of lactulose on calcium and magnesium absorption: a study using stable isotopes in adult men.","year":"2007","journal":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)","pmid":"17484373","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.53.5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17484373/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17484373/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.53.5","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DVUGxRiFIVEGyjUMyK0lY9QF1bbPrcio/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; double-blind; stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"To evaluate the effect of lactulose on calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) absorption, we performed a clinical trial with a double-blind, randomized, crossover design in 24 healthy adult male volunteers.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The ratios of stable isotopes in urine (44Ca/40Ca and 25Mg/24Mg) were measured by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The urinary stable-isotopes ratios (44Ca/40Ca and 25Mg/24Mg) increased with lactulose dosage.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The test foods, containing lactulose at a dose of 0 g (placebo), 2 g (low-dose), or 4 g (high-dose) together with 300 mg of Ca containing 20 mg of 44Ca, and 150 mg of Mg containing 28 mg of 25Mg, were administered orally.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Urine samples were collected for 8 h after the ingestion of the test food.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"een the highest. This suggests that the Jones KL, Sun WM, Nordin BEC. 1995. Relationship enhancement of Ca and Mg absorptions by lactulose is between fractional calcium absorption and gastric emp- due mainly to organic acids produced by the cataboliza- tying. Eur J Clin Invest 25: 123–127. tion of lactulose in the large intestine. 15) Heaney RP, Recker RR. 1985. Estimation of true cal- The enhance","source":"fulltext","location":"p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"ase the Ca permeability of the intestinal Ileal pH and apparent absorption of magnesium in rats mucosa (27). Fermentative degradation of indigestible fed on diets containing either lactose or lactulose. Br J oligosaccharides such as lactulose by intestinal bacteria Nutr 70: 747–756. produces hydrogen gas, which is absorbed in the intes- 9) Igarashi C, Ezawa I. 1991. Effects of whey calcium and tin","source":"fulltext","location":"p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"ratios of Ratios of stable isotopes stable isotopes in the Combined-urine The least-square means of the urinary stable-isotopes The amount of Ca was compared with the ratio of ratios (44Ca/40Ca and 25Mg/24Mg) increased with stable Ca isotopes (44Ca/40Ca), and the amount of Mg increasing lactulose intake. Significant differences was compared with the ratio of stable Mg isotopes (p\u00010.01) were observ","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"inical trials have evaluated the absorptions of Ca and Mg based on urinary excre- tion (19, 20). In the present study, the amounts of min- erals were compared with the ratios of stable isotopes in the Combined urine (Fig. 5). The presence of positive correlations between these variables suggests that the urinary excretions of Ca and Mg reflect Ca and Mg absorption, as reported previously (17, 18).","source":"fulltext","location":"p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17536485","title":"Moderate magnesium deprivation results in calcium retention and altered potassium and phosphorus excretion by postmenopausal women.","year":"2007","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"17536485","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17536485/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17536485/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium deprivation increased calcium balance (+0.82 mmol or +35 mg/d versus -0.02 or -1 mg/d; p < or = 0.009); decreased the fecal excretion of phosphorus (28.9% versus 32.3% of intake; p < or =0.0001); increased the urinary excretion of phosphorus (73.4% versus 71.0%; p < 0.003); and decreased the urinary excretion of potassium (40.4 mmol or 1.58 g/d versus 41.9 mmol or 1.64 g/d; p < 0.04).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The women were fed the basal diet supplemented with 9.05 mmol (220 mg) magnesium/d for 18 d (equilibration) before being assigned to one of two groups in an experiment with a double blind, crossover design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"One group was fed the basal diet and supplemented with a lactose placebo while the other group continued consuming the basal diet supplemented with 9.05 mmol magnesium/d for 72 d, then each group switched to the other's diet, which they consumed for 72 d.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17298707","title":"Effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women.","year":"2007","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"17298707","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1017/S000711450733674X","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17298707/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17298707/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711450733674X","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SzKnUcCCA_m8Nm3-Grx5ENrvZ4n4K36w/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; double-blind; stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"SYN1) would increase the absorption of both Ca and Mg and alter markers of bone turnover.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Fractional absorption of Ca and Mg increased following SYN1 compared with placebo (P < 0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Bone resorption (by urinary deoxypyridinoline cross-links) was greater than baseline at 6 weeks of active treatment (P < 0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Bone formation (by serum osteocalcin) showed an upward trend at 3 weeks and an increase following 6 weeks of SYN1 (P < 0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Closer examination revealed a variation in response, with two-thirds of the subjects showing increased absorption with SYN1.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Post hoc analyses demonstra","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Fractional absorption of Ca and Mg increased following SYN1 compared with placebo (P < 0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"ent investigation. In contrast to the above studies, a study by Tahiri et al. (2003) reported that postmenopausal women treated with system increases fractional absorption at low intake levels non-digestible fructans for 5 weeks (5 g/d for the first 4 d, (Kayne & Lee, 1993). Some studies have indicated that post- 10 g/d for the remainder) showed no increase in Ca absorption. menopausal women with","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"tion in healthy postmenopausal blind manner. Participants were instructed to consume one women. We hypothesised that 6 weeks of treatment with packet with breakfast and one packet with dinner for 6 SYN1 would increase the efficiency of intestinal mineral weeks and to record the time of consumption. They were absorption, resulting in a reduction in bone resorption. advised that the packet contents","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"turnover Deoxypyridinoline cross-links, an index of bone resorption Biochemical analyses activity, showed an initial transient decrease at 3 weeks in Fasting serum and urine samples were stored at 2 708C until the SYN1 group (P¼0·08) but rebounded to levels greater analysed. All biochemical analyses were run on batched than baseline by 6 weeks of treatment (P, 0·05 v. baseline). specimens in a sin","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"p was measured treatment with SYN1 (Table 2). In addition, the change in using dual X-ray absorptiometry (QDR 4000; Hologic, absorption in the active compared with the placebo group Waltham, MA, USA). The long-term precision of these was greater for both Ca (þ5·1 (SE 2·1) % v. 2 3·3 (SE 2·2); measurements in our laboratory is 1·5 % at each site for this P, 0·05) and Mg (þ5·2 (SE 2·9) % v. 24·3 (SE","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16010453","title":"Small bowel absorption of magnesium and calcium sulphate from a natural mineral water in subjects with ileostomy.","year":"2006","journal":"Eur J Nutr","pmid":"16010453","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-005-0570-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16010453/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16010453/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-005-0570-y","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"sulfate; mineral water","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Apparent mineral absorption from 0.5 L of natural mineral water with either a high or a low mineral content consumed in the fasting state was compared.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: When compared with the control, the median absorbed amount of magnesium increased from 0.8 (0-1.34) mmol/d to 1.2 (0.8-1.9) mmol/d,which corresponded to a 30% increase (P = 0.028).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Median amount of calcium absorbed increased from 8.3 (6.7-13.6) mmol/d to 14.8 (8.3-20.4) mmol/d, i. e. a 45% increase (P = 0.027).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The sulphate absorption increased from 1.9 (1.3-2.2) mmol/d to 5.1 (4.2-6.8) mmol/d,which corresponded to 197 % increase","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"RESULTS: When compared with the control, the median absorbed amount of magnesium increased from 0.8 (0-1.34) mmol/d to 1.2 (0.8-1.9) mmol/d,which corresponded to a 30% increase (P = 0.028).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Median amount of calcium absorbed increased from 8.3 (6.7-13.6) mmol/d to 14.8 (8.3-20.4) mmol/d, i. e. a 45% increase (P = 0.027).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Apparent mineral absorption from 0.5 L of natural mineral water with either a high or a low mineral content consumed in the fasting state was compared.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16582545","title":"Magnesium absorption from mineral waters of different magnesium content in healthy subjects.","year":"2006","journal":"Forsch Komplementmed","pmid":"16582545","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1159/000090016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16582545/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16582545/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000090016","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"mineral water","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: Changes in serum Mg levels in the first 4 hours after intake differed significantly between the groups (p = 0.030;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"INTERVENTION: After a standardized breakfast, each participant received, in Latin square order, 500 ml of either of two Mg-rich mineral waters (281 or 120 mg/l).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16240679","title":"Stable isotopes in studies of intestinal absorption, exchangeable pools and mineral status: the example of magnesium.","year":"2005","journal":"J Trace Elem Med Biol","pmid":"16240679","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.07.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16240679/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16240679/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.07.002","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: in vitro absorption model only)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-14985216","title":"Phytic acid added to white-wheat bread inhibits fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans.","year":"2004","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"14985216","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/79.3.418","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985216/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985216/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.3.418","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; stable-isotope","n":"9 healthy adults","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: The addition of phytic acid lowered fractional apparent magnesium absorption from 32.5 +/- 6.9% (no added phytic acid) to 13.0 +/- 6.9% (1.49 mmol added phytic acid;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Test meals were based on 200 g phytic acid-free wheat bread; test meals with and without added phytic acid were served on days 1 and 3 according to a crossover design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Each test meal was labeled with 0.7 mmol (25)Mg or 1.1 mmol (26)Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The total magnesium content was standardized to 3.6 mmol in all test meals.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15035687","title":"Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content.","year":"2004","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"15035687","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/BJN20031081","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15035687/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15035687/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20031081","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fthbgNxp6NW0jA1gtryybhccTHtKcOnj/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover; stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The results from the present study demonstrated that apparent Mg absorption was significantly lower from the meal served with spinach (26.7 (sd 10.4) %) than the meal served with kale (36.5 (sd 11.8) %) (P=0.01).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The test meals were based on 100 g phytate-free white bread, served with 300 g spinach (6.6 mmol oxalate; 0.7 mmol (25)Mg label added, 5.0 mmol total Mg) or 300 g kale (0.1 mmol oxalate; 1.2 mmol (26)Mg label added, 4.8 mmol total Mg).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The test meals were served on days 1 and 3, at breakfast and lunch, using a cross-over design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"2004 Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content Torsten Bohn, Lena Davidsson*, Thomas Walczyk and Richard F. Hurrell Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Authors 2004 Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content Torsten Bohn, Lena Davidsson*, Thomas Walczyk and Richard F. Hurrell Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Tech","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"parent Mg absorption can be assumed to be, at least partly, counterbalanced by the approximately Mean SD Mean SD 30 % higher Mg content of spinach as compared with Total Mg (mmol) 4·98 0·01 4·82 0·05 kale (Holland et al. 1994; Souci et al. 1994); native Mg Added Mg label content of spinach was 26 % higher than that of kale in 25 Mg (mmol) 0·66 0·01 – 26 Mg (mmol) – 1·19 0·02 the test meals evaluat","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"et al. 1994). It is not counterbalanced by the higher native Mg content of spi- clear to what extent insoluble oxalates dissolve in the gas- nach as compared with kale. tric juice and it could be speculated that soluble oxalates would have a more pronounced negative impact on mineral and trace element absorption due to their ability to form References complexes with minerals and trace elements in","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14748944","title":"Comparison of urinary monitoring, faecal monitoring and erythrocyte analysis of stable isotope labels to determine magnesium absorption in human subjects.","year":"2004","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"14748944","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn20031023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14748944/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14748944/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20031023","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sPF7dio6blA8OS9nW5jHVX92RP4WTJEt/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Complete collections of faeces were made until excretion of the second brilliant blue marker (given on day 7).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Absorption was determined based on: (1) 6 d urine pools;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"(5) faecal pools based on the first three consecutive stools after excretion of the first brilliant blue marker.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Differences in mean Mg absorption (42 44 %) were statistically insignificant between techniques, except when based on 6 d urine pools for which the value was significantly lower (33 (sd 7) %, P=0.0003, ANOVA).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The results indicate that Mg absorption can be determined from 24 h urine pools or erythrocytes obtai","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Urine was collected for 6 d after test meal intake.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"(2) 24 h urine pools (collected 22-46 h after test meal intake);","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The results indicate that Mg absorption can be determined from 24 h urine pools or erythrocytes obtained 14 d after test meal intake, an alternative method to the more time-consuming and labour-intense faecal monitoring.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"oudray et al. 1997). Isotopic analysis of erythrocytes, however, is more demanding. Isotopic enrichments in erythrocytes are significantly lower when compared with Fig. 1. Correlation between fractional excretion of the oral isotope faecal pools and require more precise isotope ratio label (25Mg) and the quantitative faecal marker (ytterbium) in three- stool pools (y ¼ 1·024x – 0·241; R 0·99, P,0·","source":"fulltext","location":"p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15309452","title":"Energy value of a low-digestible carbohydrate, NUTRIOSE FB, and its impact on magnesium, calcium and zinc apparent absorption and retention in healthy young men.","year":"2004","journal":"Eur J Nutr","pmid":"15309452","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-004-0477-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15309452/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15309452/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-004-0477-z","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In vitro enzymatic digestibility of the LDC was 15 (SD 1.5) %, and 9.2 (SD 8.3) % of the LDC was excreted in faeces (P<0.001).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Ingestion of the LDC significantly increased the relative apparent absorption of Mg, and Mg retention by 67% and 31 mg/d, respectively, tended to increase Ca apparent absorption (P=0.110) and Ca retention (P=0.059), but did not significantly alter Zn parameters.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Ingestion of the LDC significantly increased the relative apparent absorption of Mg, and Mg retention by 67% and 31 mg/d, respectively, tended to increase Ca apparent absorption (P=0.110) and Ca retention (P=0.059), but did not significantly alter Zn parameters.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"METHODS: Ten healthy young men were fed for 31 d periods a maintenance diet supplemented with either dextrose or the LDC at a level of 100 g DM/d, in six equal doses per d according to a cross-over design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"After a 20 d adaptation period, food intake was determined for 11 days using the duplicate meal method, and faeces and urine were collected for 10 d for further analyses.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15637230","title":"Absorption and effect of the magnesium content of a mineral water in the human body.","year":"2004","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","pmid":"15637230","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.2004.10719424","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15637230/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15637230/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719424","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"mineral water","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"OBJECTIVE: The kinetics of magnesium (Mg) absorption, after drinking Magnesia mineral water (204 mg Mg/L), was investigated in healthy humans aged (23-60 yrs).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Serum Mg levels increased in all cases, and returned to individual normal values after 48 hrs.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"For example, two subjects, who had the same initial serum Mg levels (79 m/M/L), responded to consumption of Magnesia mineral water similarly, with comparable rise of serum Mg but with different urinary Mg excretion, one rapidly excreting Mg, while the other lost less Mg over a longer period of time.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12936928","title":"Measurement of magnesium absorption and retention in type 2 diabetic patients with the use of stable isotopes.","year":"2003","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"12936928","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/78.3.448","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12936928/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12936928/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.448","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"OBJECTIVE: Magnesium absorption from a test meal and the excretion and retention of magnesium were compared between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy control subjects.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Apparent absorption was calculated as the difference between the oral dose of (26)Mg isotopic label and the total amount of the isotopic label excreted in the feces.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium retention was calculated from the apparent absorption and urinary excretion of (26)Mg isotopic label in the 6 d after administration.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) values for fractional magnesium absorption in the diabetic patients and the control s","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Apparent absorption was calculated as the difference between the oral dose of (26)Mg isotopic label and the total amount of the isotopic label excreted in the feces.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Magnesium retention was calculated from the apparent absorption and urinary excretion of (26)Mg isotopic label in the 6 d after administration.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"OBJECTIVE: Magnesium absorption from a test meal and the excretion and retention of magnesium were compared between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy control subjects.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12514273","title":"Two polyol, low digestible carbohydrates improve the apparent absorption of magnesium but not of calcium in healthy young men.","year":"2003","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"12514273","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/133.1.90","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12514273/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12514273/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.1.90","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The relative apparent absorptions of Ca and Mg from the control diet were (means +/- SEM) 33.3 +/- 4.6 and 39.8 +/- 2.7%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Ingestion of both low digestible carbohydrates significantly increased the relative apparent absorption of Mg by about 25%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The relative apparent absorptions of Ca and Mg from the control diet were (means +/- SEM) 33.3 +/- 4.6 and 39.8 +/- 2.7%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Ingestion of both low digestible carbohydrates significantly increased the relative apparent absorption of Mg by about 25%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14979636","title":"Urinary magnesium excretion in asthmatic children receiving magnesium supplementation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.","year":"2003","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"14979636","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14979636/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14979636/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; double-blind","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The aims of this study were to establish whether a magnesium (Mg) deficit indicated by a decreased urinary excretion exists and to determine whether 12-week oral Mg supplementation affects the Mg status and bronchodilator use in children with stable bronchial asthma.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Venous blood serum total and free Mg and urine Mg levels were determined at the beginning and end of the 12-week period.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"A urinary Mg loss (6.81 +/- 3.9 versus 2.79 +/- 1.39 mmol/day, p = 0.01) was observed in the placebo-treated persistent moderate asthmatics.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Bronchodilator use was significantly higher after 8 and 12 weeks","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-11756061","title":"Meal effect on magnesium bioavailability from mineral water in healthy women.","year":"2002","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"11756061","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/75.1.65","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11756061/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11756061/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.1.65","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover; stable-isotope","n":"10 healthy women","formsStudiedRaw":"mineral water","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"OBJECTIVE: The objectives were to determine magnesium bioavailability from magnesium-rich (110 mg/L) mineral water in healthy subjects when consumed alone and to evaluate the effect of simultaneous meal consumption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"DESIGN: Magnesium bioavailability was measured in 10 healthy women with the use of a crossover design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) magnesium absorption from mineral water consumed alone was 45.7 +/- 4.6% (range: 40.2-55.5%) and was significantly greater (P = 0.0001) when it was consumed with a meal (52.3 +/- 3.9%; 46.2-60.2%), a relative difference of 14.4%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium retention","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"CONCLUSIONS: In healthy young women, approximately 50% of the magnesium from magnesium-rich mineral water was absorbed when consumed alone.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) magnesium absorption from mineral water consumed alone was 45.7 +/- 4.6% (range: 40.2-55.5%) and was significantly greater (P = 0.0001) when it was consumed with a meal (52.3 +/- 3.9%; 46.2-60.2%), a relative difference of 14.4%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Magnesium retention also was significantly greater (P = 0.0004) when mineral water was consumed with a meal (41.5 +/- 4.2%; 35.2-50.6%) than when consumed alone (37.4 +/- 4.0%; 33.1-47.0%), a relative difference of 11.0%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11697813","title":"Five-week intake of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides increases intestinal absorption and status of magnesium in postmenopausal women.","year":"2001","journal":"J Bone Miner Res","pmid":"11697813","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.11.2152","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11697813/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11697813/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.11.2152","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (green)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; double-blind; stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the effect of moderate daily doses of sc-FOSs (10 g/day) on the intestinal absorption and status of Mg in postmenopausal women without hormone replacement therapy (HRT).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP/MS) was used for 25Mg stable isotope measurements in feces, urine, and blood.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The results show that the addition of 10 g sc-FOS to the diet increased Mg absorption by 12.3%, from 30.2 +/- 5.0% (placebo treatment) to 33.9 +/- 7.2% (sc-FOS treatment; mean +/- SD; p < 0.02).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"This increase in intestinal Mg absorption was accompanie","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-11794633","title":"Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations.","year":"2001","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"11794633","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11794633/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11794633/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"oxide; chloride; lactate; aspartate","formTags":["oxide","chloride","lactate","aspartate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Bioavailability was measured as the increment of urinary maginesium excretion in normal volunteers given approximately 21 mEq/day of the test preparations.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Results indicated relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide (fractional absorption 4 per cent) but significantly higher and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate and magnesium aspartate.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Results indicated relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide (fractional absorption 4 per cent) but significantly higher and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate and magnesium aspartate.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-11312063","title":"Magnesium absorption using stable isotope tracers in healthy children and children treated for leukemia.","year":"2001","journal":"Nutrition","pmid":"11312063","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00507-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11312063/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11312063/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00507-4","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Fractional and absolute absorption levels determined by SIFRT were not significantly different between children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (fractional absorption: 58.3 +/- 10.6% [mean +/- SEM], absolute absorption: 3.66 +/- 0.71 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), [0.15 +/- 0.03 mmol x kg(-1) x d(-1)]) and control children (fractional absorption: 61.4 +/- 7.5%, absolute absorption: 5.69 +/- 0.85 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), [0.23 +/- 0.03 mmol x kg(-1) x d(-1)]).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Average Mg absorption in young children (aged 3--8 y) was 60.2 +/- 5.8%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Fractional and absolute absorption levels determined by SIFRT were not significantly different between children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (fractional absorption: 58.3 +/- 10.6% [mean +/- SEM], absolute absorption: 3.66 +/- 0.71 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), [0.15 +/- 0.03 mmol x kg(-1) x d(-1)]) and control children (fractional absorption: 61.4 +/- 7.5%, absolute absorption: 5.69 +/- 0.85 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), [0.23 +/- 0.03 mmol x kg(-1) x d(-1)]).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10807894","title":"Absorption of calcium and magnesium in patients with intestinal resections treated with medium chain fatty acids.","year":"2000","journal":"Gut","pmid":"10807894","pmcid":"PMC1756436","doi":"10.1136/gut.46.6.819","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10807894/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10807894/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.46.6.819","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1756436/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Medium chain C8-C10 triglycerides (MCTs) improve fat absorption in patients with small bowel resections but the effects on intestinal absorption of divalent cations are not clear.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"On average, percentage calcium absorption was 8.6% with the LCT diet and 12.5% with the L/MCT diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mean percentage magnesium absorption was 5.4% with the LCT diet and 2.9% with the L/MCT diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10954032","title":"Effect of magnesium supplementation on the fractional intestinal absorption of 45CaCl2 in women with a low erythrocyte magnesium concentration.","year":"2000","journal":"Metabolism","pmid":"10954032","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1053/meta.2000.7711","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10954032/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10954032/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2000.7711","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We investigated the effect of magnesium supplementation on parameters of bone resorption and fractional 45Ca absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Urinary calcium, 45Ca, and deoxypyridinoline excretion, as well as serum intact PTH levels, showed no statistically significant changes as a result of magnesium supplementation.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"However, urinary magnesium excretion increased by 31.1% (P < .005) while fractional 45Ca absorption decreased by 23.5% (P < .001) as a result of magnesium supplementation.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"It is concluded that magnesium supplementation does not result in changes in bone resorption, while the fractional intestin","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-10067656","title":"Methodologies for using stable isotopes to assess magnesium absorption and secretion in children.","year":"1999","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","pmid":"10067656","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.1999.10718824","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10067656/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10067656/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718824","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: Our data demonstrate that, after oral and intravenous dosing of isotopes, a complete 72-hour urine collection will allow for determination of fractional magnesium absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In our study, urinary, but not endogenous fecal magnesium excretion, was closely correlated with magnesium intake (r = 0.47, p = 0.02 vs r = 0.08, p = 0.69).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Using high-precision analytical techniques, an intravenous dose of 25Mg of approximately 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg would be adequate for absorption measurements.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9474122","title":"The interrelationship of calcium and magnesium absorption in idiopathic hypercalciuria and renal calcium stone disease.","year":"1998","journal":"J Urol","pmid":"9474122","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1097/00005392-199803000-00009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9474122/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9474122/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-199803000-00009","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":"11 patients","formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured the fractional enteral absorption of 47calcium and 28magnesium in 11 patients with renal calcium stone disease, including 8 with and 3 without hypercalciuria.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: We noted no clear influence of either cation on the absorption of the other in the 3 patients without hypercalciuria.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"However, in the 8 hypercalciuric patients enteral calcium absorption decreased after the concurrent administration of magnesium and enteral magnesium absorption increased after the concurrent administration of calcium.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9062533","title":"Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations.","year":"1997","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"9062533","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The SB treatment, compared with the BB treatment, provided a 9.0-fold increase in dietary boron but yielded only a 1.5-fold increase in plasma boron concentrations.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Regardless of boron dietary treatment, fecal plus urinary excretion of boron accounted for nearly 100% of dietary boron intake with no evidence of boron accumulation over time.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"The SB treatment, compared with the BB treatment, provided a 9.0-fold increase in dietary boron but yielded only a 1.5-fold increase in plasma boron concentrations.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Eleven postmenopausal volunteers living on a metabolic ward for 167 d (one 23-d equilibration period and six 24-d treatment periods) were fed a conventional basal diet that supplied a daily average intake of 0.36 mg B, 109 mg Mg, and < 0.10 mg A1/8400 kJ.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9192195","title":"Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men.","year":"1997","journal":"Eur J Clin Nutr","pmid":"9192195","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600417","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9192195/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9192195/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600417","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn were measured in diets and in a 8 d urine and faecal composites to assess mineral absorption and balance.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The apparent absorption of minerals from the control diet was (%) Ca: 21.3 +/- 12.5;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The apparent absorption of minerals from the control diet was (%) Ca: 21.3 +/- 12.5;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"During the 20 d adaptation period to fibre ingestion, experimental fibres were incorporated into bread (60%) and liquid foods (40%) up to a maximum of 40 g/d.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"SPONSORSHIP: This project was supported by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Foods (programme Aliment #2002-Aliment Demain;","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8829129","title":"Zinc, copper and magnesium absorption from a fibre-rich diet.","year":"1996","journal":"J Trace Elem Med Biol","pmid":"8829129","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80014-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8829129/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8829129/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80014-9","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":"8 healthy subjects","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Zinc, copper and magnesium absorption and retention from a high-fibre and high-phytate diet of conventional foods were investigated in 8 healthy subjects.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In addition, apparent absorption, retention and endogenous losses were estimated for the respective minerals based on fecal and urinary excretion over the last 16 days of 21 days constant intake.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The absorption of zinc, copper and magnesium was 29 +/- 12% (x +/- SD) (48 +/- 20 mumol), 44 +/- 7% (8 +/- 1 mumol) and 46 +/- 6% (5 +/- 1 mmol), respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"In addition, apparent absorption, retention and endogenous losses were estimated for the respective minerals based on fecal and urinary excretion over the last 16 days of 21 days constant intake.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Zinc, copper and magnesium absorption and retention from a high-fibre and high-phytate diet of conventional foods were investigated in 8 healthy subjects.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8568113","title":"Hypochlorhydria from short-term omeprazole treatment does not inhibit intestinal absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium or zinc from food in humans.","year":"1995","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","pmid":"8568113","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.1995.10718522","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8568113/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8568113/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1995.10718522","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":"n = 5","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mineral absorption was measured twice in each subject, once with 120 mL of 0.1 mol/liter hydrochloric acid and a second time with 120 mL of distilled water alone.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Omeprazole treatment of normal volunteers resulted in a significant change in postprandial gastric pH (pH 6.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.5 in control subjects, p < 0.01) and baseline fasting pH (pH 5.8 +/- 0.5 vs. pH 1.8 +/- 0.3 in controls, p < 0.01) after an overnight fast.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7815675","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","year":"1994","journal":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr","pmid":"7815675","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1177/0148607194018005430","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7815675/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7815675/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607194018005430","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized; crossover; double-blind; stable-isotope","n":"12 patients","formsStudiedRaw":"bisglycinate/glycinate; oxide","formTags":["glycinate","oxide"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized crossover trial with 12 patients who had ileal resections in order to compare the bioavailability of a 100-mg dose of 26Mg-labeled chelate with MgO in this patient population.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: For the patient group as a whole, 26Mg absorption was low but was not different for the two supplements (23.5% vs 22.8% for magnesium chelate and MgO, respectively).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"However, 26Mg absorption was substantially greater from the chelate (23.5% vs 11.8%; p < .05) in the four patients who showed the greatest impairment of magnesium absorption with MgO and was bette","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Peak isotope enrichment also occurred significantly earlier after 26Mg chelate than after 26MgO ingestion (mean difference 3.2 +/- 1.3 hours; p < .05), and the area under the enrichment vs time curve was greater after chelate ingestion (p < .05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7836627","title":"Inhibitory effects of zinc on magnesium balance and magnesium absorption in man.","year":"1994","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","pmid":"7836627","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.1994.10718438","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836627/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836627/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1994.10718438","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"sulfate","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"OBJECTIVE: Both zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) are widely used as nutritional supplements and the possibility was considered that Zn may interfere with the absorption of Mg, similar to previously reported results [1,2] obtained with the same dose of supplemental Zn on the absorption of calcium (Ca).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"METHODS: Mg absorption studies and metabolic balances of Mg and of Zn were carried out in three groups of adult males in a metabolic research unit during the intake of supplemental doses of 142 mg Zn as Zn sulfate (ZnSO4) during Ca intakes of 230, 500 and 800 mg/day.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: The Zn intake of 142","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-7716929","title":"[Assessment of bioavailability of magnesium preparations].","year":"1994","journal":"Wiad Lek","pmid":"7716929","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7716929/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7716929/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-7836628","title":"Effect of magnesium on the intestinal absorption of calcium in man.","year":"1994","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","pmid":"7836628","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.1994.10718439","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836628/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836628/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1994.10718439","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"METHODS: The intestinal absorption of Ca, using 47CaCl2 as the tracer, and metabolic balances of Ca, phosphorus (P) and Mg were determined in five adult males under strictly controlled dietary conditions in control studies and during Mg supplementation.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The only change was the higher 1-hour 47Ca plasma level in the 47Ca absorption studies during the high Mg intake.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"There was also no change in Ca excretion or Ca balance during the high Mg intake at the normal Ca intake of 800 mg/day.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"CONCLUSION: The increased Mg intake of 826 mg did not affect intestinal Ca absorption determined with trac","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-8329360","title":"Urinary excretion of magnesium and calcium as an index of absorption is not affected by lactose intake in healthy adults.","year":"1993","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"8329360","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19930086","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329360/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329360/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930086","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PWoSC3lsK3Ux5Y9VHXmxX7xR9pstFh6Y/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"crossover; double-blind","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The effect of lactose on the urinary excretion of Mg and Ca, as an index of absorption, was studied in a double-blind, crossover study during three 1-week periods.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mg supplementation significantly increased urinary Mg excretion by 0.97 mmol/d (equivalent to an increase of 18%, P < 0.001), indicating that urinary Mg excretion is a valid indicator for intestinal Mg absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"y products that had to be consumed; the daily lactose intake from these products corresponded to 1 litre normal milk. The chocolate milk was consumed with breakfast (200 g/d) and lunch (200 g/d) and the vanilla custard with dinner (200 g/d). The calculated daily lactose intake was 135.6 mmol/d from the lactose-enriched products and 8.6 (products without added Mg) or 9.2 mmol/d (products with added","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"hat the lactose-enriched, lactase-treated, Mg- enriched products were consumed. This was associated with a negligible increase in lactose intake when compared with the lactose-enriched, lactase-treated period (control treatment). Otherwise, there were no significant differences in nutrient intake between the dietary periods. Urinary variables Urinary excretions of creatinine, urea, phosphate and N","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"bayashi et ul. 1975; Ziegler & Fomon, 1983; Wirth et al. 1990). Kobayashi et al. (1975) reported that lactase-treated lactose increased Mg absorption compared with untreated lactose. This is an unexpected finding. However, Mg intake was not reported and differences in Mg intake between experimental groups cannot be excluded. Wirth et al. (1990) reported that lactose increases Mg absorption, but la","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"is, Birlouez-Aragon (1988) showed that after milk consumption lactose-intolerant subjects absorb less Ca than lactose-tolerant subjects. Furthermore, compared with normal milk, lactase-treated milk enhanced Ca absorption in lactose-intolerant subjects but had no effect in lactose-tolerant subjects (Birlouez-Aragon, 1988). The present study supports the latter observation. In lactose- tolerant youn","source":"fulltext","location":"p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1507928","title":"Renal elimination of magnesium as a parameter of bioavailability of oral magnesium therapy.","year":"1992","journal":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol","pmid":"1507928","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1507928/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1507928/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"aspartate","formTags":["aspartate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Bioavailability of 5 mg magnesium-DL-hydrogen aspartate was 44.5% and for magnesium-L-hydrogen aspartate 41.7%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1988724","title":"Bioavailability of potassium and magnesium, and citraturic response from potassium-magnesium citrate.","year":"1991","journal":"J Urol","pmid":"1988724","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38330-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1988724/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1988724/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38330-1","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"citrate; chloride","formTags":["citrate","chloride"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The bioavailability of potassium and magnesium, and the citraturic response were determined for the new compound, potassium-magnesium citrate, in 14 normal volunteers.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Test loads included potassium-magnesium citrate (49 mEq. potassium, 24.5 mEq. magnesium and 73.5 mEq. citrate), potassium citrate (50 mEq.), potassium chloride (50 mEq.) and magnesium citrate (25 mEq.) Urinary potassium, magnesium and citrate were measured for each collection period.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"However, it gave the highest citraturic response, since the cumulative increment in urinary citrate post-load was 129 mg. daily for potassium-m","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-1864954","title":"Intestinal absorption of magnesium from food and supplements.","year":"1991","journal":"J Clin Invest","pmid":"1864954","pmcid":"PMC295344","doi":"10.1172/JCI115317","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1864954/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1864954/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115317","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC295344/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Net magnesium absorption was measured in normal subjects after they ingested a standard meal supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mEq of magnesium acetate.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Although absorption increased with each increment in intake, fractional magnesium absorption fell progressively (from 65% at the lowest to 11% at the highest intake) so that absorption as a function of intake was curvilinear.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Our results are statistically compatible with a magnesium absorption process that simultaneously uses a mechanism that reaches an absorptive maximum, plus a mechanism that endlessly absorbs a defined fraction (7","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Compared to previous studies of calcium absorption, much less magnesium that calcium was absorbed at intakes above 8 mEq/meal, apparently due to greater restriction of intestinal permeability to magnesium.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1658279","title":"Effect of oat bran muffins on calcium absorption and calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc balance in men.","year":"1991","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"1658279","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/121.12.1976","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1658279/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1658279/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.12.1976","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Metabolic balance studies were conducted in adult human males to investigate the effect of oat bran on the nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc balance, on the intestinal absorption of calcium and on the endogenous fecal calcium, using 47CaCl2 as the tracer.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The intake of the oat bran muffins led to a significant increase in urinary phosphorus and significant decreases in urinary calcium and 47Ca excretions.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The intestinal absorption of calcium, determined with 47Ca, did not change, whereas the endogenous fecal calcium increased slightly but significantly.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1652199","title":"Calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron balances in young women: effects of a low-phytate barley-fiber concentrate.","year":"1991","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"1652199","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/54.3.553","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1652199/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1652199/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.3.553","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The mean apparent iron absorption was 16.1, 5.4, and -23.2 mumol when these three diets, respectively, were consumed.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2407766","title":"Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide.","year":"1990","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","pmid":"2407766","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2407766/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2407766/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"citrate; oxide; carbonate","formTags":["citrate","oxide","carbonate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The increment in urinary magnesium following magnesium citrate load (25 mmol) was significantly higher than that obtained from magnesium oxide load (during 4 hours post-load, 0.22 vs 0.006 mg/mg creatinine, p less than 0.05; during second 2 hours post-load, 0.035 vs 0.008 mg/mg creatinine, p less than 0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2130825","title":"Bioavailability of oral magnesium supplementation in female students evaluated from elimination of magnesium in 24-hour urine.","year":"1990","journal":"Magnes Trace Elem","pmid":"2130825","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2130825/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2130825/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The bioavailability of Mg from different preparations after oral intake has been evaluated by measuring the Mg elimination in 24-hour urine during placebo and treatment periods in 18 normal female students receiving 15-20.6 mmol/day.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2132677","title":"Severe selective magnesium malabsorption: tests of tolerance of oral magnesium supplements.","year":"1990","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"2132677","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2132677/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2132677/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Since his birth, we have been monitoring a 12-year-old boy suffering from selective severe magnesium malabsorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"A recent test featuring GLP of Mg 40 g + cocoa butter 40 g + cocoa 10 g, brought about vomiting and diarrhoea, and was not adequately absorbed.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Such composition yields a caramel cream absorbed in five small portions, at a daily quantity of 375 g (80 g GLP Mg, 10 g Mg2+).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Vitamin B6, which promotes intestinal absorption of magnesium, must be given separately in tablet form at a dose of 1 g/d, since it causes nausea if it is included in the Mg preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"A recent test featuring GLP of Mg 40 g + cocoa butter 40 g + cocoa 10 g, brought about vomiting and diarrhoea, and was not adequately absorbed.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Such composition yields a caramel cream absorbed in five small portions, at a daily quantity of 375 g (80 g GLP Mg, 10 g Mg2+).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2923085","title":"Calcium supplements and milk: effects on acid-base balance and on retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.","year":"1989","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"2923085","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/49.3.527","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2923085/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2923085/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.3.527","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"clinical trial","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Supplementation of the diet with CaCl and to a lesser extent with milk significantly increased renal acid excretion whereas supplementation with CaCO3 depressed renal acid excretion.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2717266","title":"Absorption of calcium and magnesium from fortified human milk by very low birth weight infants.","year":"1989","journal":"Pediatr Res","pmid":"2717266","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1203/00006450-198905000-00015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2717266/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2717266/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198905000-00015","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Absorption of calcium and magnesium endogenous to human milk, as well as calcium and magnesium added as an exogenous supplement to human milk, was determined in 9 very low birth wt infants.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"These results demonstrate that the fractional absorptions of calcium in the human milk and the added mineral supplement are 80 and 82%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"A total of 89% magnesium endogenous to human milk and 86% of magnesium derived from the mineral supplement was absorbed by the VLBW infants.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"These results demonstrate that the fractional absorptions of calcium in the human milk and the added mineral supplement are 80 and 82%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"A total of 89% magnesium endogenous to human milk and 86% of magnesium derived from the mineral supplement was absorbed by the VLBW infants.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-3430654","title":"Absorption of magnesium from orally administered magnesium sulfate in man.","year":"1987","journal":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol","pmid":"3430654","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3109/15563658708992640","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3430654/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3430654/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15563658708992640","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":"6 healthy men","formsStudiedRaw":"sulfate","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Baseline 24-hour urinary excretion rates of magnesium and creatinine were determined over 3 consecutive days in 6 healthy men.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The oral administration of 13.9 g (56.5 mmoles) magnesium sulfate U.S.P., in 4 equal hourly increments, resulted in the urinary excretion (corrected for baseline excretion rate) of 4.0 +/- 2.9% (mean +/- SD) of the dose of magnesium during the first 24 hours and 6.9 +/- 7.0% of the dose during a 72-hour interval.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium sulfate administration had no effect on the 24-hour urinary excretion rate of creatinine.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The baseline excretion rate of magnesium was signifi","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-2823864","title":"Extrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product. 2. Effects on apparent absorption of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in humans.","year":"1986","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"2823864","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19860032","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2823864/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2823864/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860032","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/15L2pYt2kDJcHOEuqeRZDa8ky4X-GpNPN/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The effect of extrusion cooking, using mild conditions, of a high-fibre cereal product on apparent small bowel absorption of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was studied. 2.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The apparent absorption of Zn, Mg and P was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) during the period with extruded product compared with the period with bran-gluten-starch.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The apparent absorption of Zn, Mg and P was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) during the period with extruded product compared with the period with bran-gluten-starch.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"ponding extruded product (period B) as described previously (Sandberg et al. 1986). The subjects were weighed at the start and end of each period and fasting blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the study for Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, TIBC and Hb analyses. The volunteers collected all ileostomy contents during the two periods. They changed ileostomy bags every 2 h except for the bag used durin","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"on the day of consumption (Sandberg et al. 1981, 1983). Moreover, on a constant mineral intake, ileal excretion shows much less day-to-day variation compared with mineral faecal excretion in subjects with an intact colon (Isaksson & Sjogren, 1967). Therefore it is possible to obtain reliable results from short-term balance studies on subjects with an ileostomy (Sandberg et al. 1982). Our present s","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-3728361","title":"Glucose polymer increases jejunal calcium, magnesium, and zinc absorption in humans.","year":"1986","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"3728361","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/44.2.244","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3728361/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3728361/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/44.2.244","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"When 4 mM glucose polymer was perfused net calcium absorption increased by fourfold (95 vs 488 mumol/30 cm/h), and net jejunal uptake of magnesium (393 mumol/30 cm/h) was observed, as compared to net magnesium secretion in the absence of glucose polymer.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In addition, coadministration of glucose polymer doubled net zinc absorption (13 vs 29 mumol/30 cm/h).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The rate of water absorption increased from 49 to 111 ml/30 cm/h.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"No further change in jejunal water and mineral absorption was observed when glucose polymer in the perfusate was increased from 4 to 8 mM.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6711467","title":"Magnesium absorption in human subjects from leafy vegetables, intrinsically labeled with stable 26Mg.","year":"1984","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"6711467","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/39.4.571","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6711467/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6711467/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/39.4.571","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Exchangeability was 90% or higher from all meals tested.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Net absorption values ranged from 40 to 60%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Each test meal contained 30 microCi 28MgCl2 and 50 mg stable 26Mg, the latter either as the intrinsic label of a test vegetable or as 26MgCl2 in solution taken with the standard bran muffins.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6543590","title":"Magnesium and potassium deprivation and supplementation in animals and man: aspects in view of intestinal absorption.","year":"1984","journal":"Magnesium","pmid":"6543590","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6543590/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6543590/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-6689108","title":"Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and magnesium absorption in the healthy human jejunum and ileum.","year":"1983","journal":"Am J Med","pmid":"6689108","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0002-9343(83)90877-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6689108/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6689108/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(83)90877-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":"10 subjects","formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In calcium deficiency states such as chronic renal failure, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases calcium and magnesium absorption toward normal levels.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In the present study, the ability of exogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to increase calcium and magnesium absorption above normal rates in healthy subjects was investigated.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration increased from 25.8 +/- 2.5 pg/ml to 56.4 +/- 6.6 (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Jejunal magnesium absorption also was enhanced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"These studies demonstrate that in healthy persons, exogenous 1,2","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-16829399","title":"Absorption of magnesium chloride solution in small bowel disease.","year":"1983","journal":"Clin Nutr","pmid":"16829399","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/0261-5614(83)90013-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16829399/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16829399/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5614(83)90013-4","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"chloride","formTags":["chloride"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The mean net absorption of magnesium increased to 4.5, 4.9, 5.8 and 16.4 mmol magnesium per day, when a supply of 25 mmol magnesium was given.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6897741","title":"Oral magnesium load test for the assessment of intestinal magnesium absorption. Application in control subjects, absorptive hypercalciuria, primary hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.","year":"1982","journal":"Miner Electrolyte Metab","pmid":"6897741","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6897741/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6897741/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The intestinal absorption of magnesium (Mg) was estimated from the increment in urinary Mg following oral administration of 25 mmol of Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The results suggest that 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D stimulates Mg absorption, since Mg absorption was elevated in situations associated with stimulated 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D synthesis (primary hyperparathyroidism and low calcium diet) and reduced in a condition characterized by low 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D production (hypoparathyroidism).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Moreover, the data indicate that 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D may not be pathogenetically important in absorptive hypercalciuria, since","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-7240409","title":"Jejunal and ileal adaptation to alterations in dietary calcium: changes in calcium and magnesium absorption and pathogenetic role of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.","year":"1981","journal":"J Clin Invest","pmid":"7240409","pmcid":"PMC370733","doi":"10.1172/jci110194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7240409/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7240409/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1172/jci110194","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC370733/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Absorption was measured during constant perfusion of 30-cm segments of jejunum and ileum of normal subjects after 4 or 8 wk of a high (1,900 mg/d) or a low (20 mg/d) calcium diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were higher on the low than on the high calcium diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Our data are compatible with the concept that adaptation to dietary calcium intake is mediated by changes in the serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6246808","title":"Effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on jejunal absorption of magnesium in patients with chronic renal disease.","year":"1980","journal":"Am J Physiol","pmid":"6246808","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.1980.238.4.G349","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6246808/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6246808/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1980.238.4.G349","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"These studies were performed to see if jejunal malabsorption of magnesium in patients with chronic renal disease was influenced by therapy with 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3; 2 microgram/day by mouth for 7 days].","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"This treatment restored normal serum concentrations of the vitamin D metabolite from 0.9 +/- 0.2 to 4.2 +/- 0.6 ng/dl.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"These results demonstrate that magnesium absorption in the human jejunum is dependent on vitamin D, and they show that 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in patients with chronic renal failure is associated with an enhanced jejunal absorption o","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-7443103","title":"Absorption and retention of magnesium and some trace elements by man from typical Indian diets.","year":"1980","journal":"Nutr Metab","pmid":"7443103","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1159/000176347","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7443103/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7443103/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000176347","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Absorption of trace elements from the diets as a percentage of intake was: chromium 60, copper 18, magnesium 34, manganese 14 and zinc 16.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7381600","title":"Magnesium absorption from leafy vegetables intrinsically labeled with the stable isotope 26Mg.","year":"1980","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"7381600","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/110.7.1365","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7381600/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7381600/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/110.7.1365","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"They were fed to rats in a test meal together with the extrinsic tracer 28Mg: a) to determine to what extent the instrinsic tracer (26Mg) was exchangeable with extrinsic 28Mg during the digestion and absorption processes, and b) measure the relative Mg availability from the different vegetables.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mean relative Mg absorption from the various vegetables ranged from 108 to 118% of the Mg absorbed from a standard test meal containing MgSO4.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The usefulness of stable 26Mg as a tracer in Mg bioavailability tests is discussed.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Mean relative Mg absorption from the various vegetables ranged from 108 to 118% of the Mg absorbed from a standard test meal containing MgSO4.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"They were fed to rats in a test meal together with the extrinsic tracer 28Mg: a) to determine to what extent the instrinsic tracer (26Mg) was exchangeable with extrinsic 28Mg during the digestion and absorption processes, and b) measure the relative Mg availability from the different vegetables.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Mean relative Mg absorption from the various vegetables ranged from 108 to 118% of the Mg absorbed from a standard test meal containing MgSO4.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-477243","title":"Vitamin D and magnesium absorption in man.","year":"1979","journal":"Clin Sci (Lond)","pmid":"477243","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1042/cs0570121","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/477243/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/477243/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0570121","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The effects of vitamin D and its hydroxylated derivatives on calcium and magnesium absorption have been examined in 47 balance studies on patients with various disorders of calcium or bone metabolism. 2.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The mean net absorption of magnesium was also significantly increased although the rise was much less than that of calcium and the mean magnesium balance was unaffected. 3.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-662478","title":"Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on calcium and magnesium absorption.","year":"1978","journal":"Pediatrics","pmid":"662478","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/662478/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/662478/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the absorption of calcium and magnesium in premature infants was studied in 34 infants with birth weights lower than 2,000 gm.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium absorption was significantly increased in the 80% MCT group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The infants were divided into three groups and fed three formulas similar in nutrient content except for the type of fat, as follows: group 1 (control): corn oil, oleo, and coconut oil (39:41:20); group 2: MCT, corn oil, and coconut oil (40:40:20); group 3: MCT and corn oil (80:20).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-932189","title":"Magnesium absorption in the human small intestine. Results in normal subjects, patients with chronic renal disease, and patients with absorptive hypercalciuria.","year":"1976","journal":"J Clin Invest","pmid":"932189","pmcid":"PMC436799","doi":"10.1172/JCI108410","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/932189/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/932189/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI108410","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC436799/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium absorption was studied in the normal human jejunum and ileum by in vivo intestinal perfusion, using test solutions containing from 0 to 20 mM Mg (as MgCl2).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Patients with end-stage renal disease, who had a reduced rate of Ca absorption (presumably due to deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) were found to have a severe depression of Mg absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-808724","title":"[Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of magnesium (author's transl)].","year":"1975","journal":"MMW Munch Med Wochenschr","pmid":"808724","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/808724/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/808724/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"chloride","formTags":["chloride"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"After administration of magnesium asparate hydrochloride in enteric coated capsules, the plasma Mg rose, depending on the dose, with a maximum at 3.7 hours.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Raising the plasma Mg over 24 hours is possible with a total dose of 9 mg/kg Mg, divided into two or three doses daily.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1173736","title":"Effects of dietary lactose and lactase preparation on the intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in normal infants.","year":"1975","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"1173736","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/28.7.681","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1173736/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1173736/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/28.7.681","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Effects of dietary lactose and a lactase preparation on the intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium were studied in 3 groups under 8 months of age; infants on a proprietary milk, infants on a lactose-free milk, and infants on a proprietary milk to which a lactase preparation was added.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-4406086","title":"Intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in hepatobiliary disease in infancy.","year":"1974","journal":"Arch Dis Child","pmid":"4406086","pmcid":"PMC1648738","doi":"10.1136/adc.49.2.90","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4406086/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4406086/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.49.2.90","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1648738/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium was measured by metabolic balance studies in 6 normal infants, 13 infants with biliary atresia, 5 infants with successfully repaired biliary atresia, 7 infants with neonatal hepatitis, and 2 infants with choledochal cyst.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40564302","title":"Effect of Potassium-Magnesium Sulfate on Intestinal Dissociation and Absorption Rate, Immune Function, and Expression of NLRP3 Inflammasome, Aquaporins and Ion Channels in Weaned Piglets.","year":"2025","journal":"Animals (Basel)","pmid":"40564302","pmcid":"PMC12189249","doi":"10.3390/ani15121751","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40564302/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40564302/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15121751","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12189249/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"sulfate","formTags":["sulfate"],"food":true,"timing":true,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"This study investigated the effects of potassium magnesium sulfate (PMS) on intestinal dissociation and absorption rate, immune function, and expression of the NOD-like receptor thermal domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, aquaporins (AQPs), and potassium and magnesium ion channels in weaned piglets.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Experiment 1 involved the assessment of the dissociation rate of PMS in pig digestive fluid and the absorption rate of PMS in the small intestine using an Ussing chamber in vitro.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The in vitro Ussing chamber results indicated that the absorption of K+ and Mg2+ in the jejunum and i","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Piglets were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75% PMS.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.2.1. Animals, Diets, and Experimental '","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"On the morning of day 42, all piglets were weighed after fasting for 12 h, and one piglet with a similar body weight in each replicate was selected for blood sample collection from the anterior vena cava.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2.2.2. Sample Collection'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7669504","title":"Effects of dietary vitamin D on magnesium absorption and bone mineral contents in pigs on normal magnesium intakes.","year":"1995","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"7669504","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7669504/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7669504/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Apparent absorption and retention was measured in 10-day balance studies (prior to slaughter) in three groups of four 10-week old pigs.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium absorption increased linearly from 28-39 per cent intake with increasing dietary vitamin D.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations reflected vitamin D intakes, while plasma 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol was unchanged.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Apparent absorption and retention was measured in 10-day balance studies (prior to slaughter) in three groups of four 10-week old pigs.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The effects of three dietary levels of vitamin D (500, 1500 and 3000 IU/kg diet) on magnesium metabolism and on some bone parameters related to bone mineralization were studied in vitamin D-repleted pigs fed normal magnesium intakes (0.2 per cent) for two months.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Density, breaking strength and mineral contents of the bones were lower in the pigs fed 1500 or 3000 than in those fed 500 IU vitamin D/kg diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2996094","title":"Effect of wheat bran and pectin on the absorption and retention of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and zinc by the growing pig.","year":"1985","journal":"Reprod Nutr Dev (1980)","pmid":"2996094","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1051/rnd:19850510","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2996094/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2996094/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19850510","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-40467961","title":"Chronic Organic Magnesium Supplementation Enhances Tissue-Specific Bioavailability and Functional Capacity in Rats: A Focus on Brain, Muscle, and Vascular Health.","year":"2026","journal":"Biol Trace Elem Res","pmid":"40467961","pmcid":"PMC12847085","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04678-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40467961/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40467961/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04678-y","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12847085/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (hybrid)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full text read; no PK numbers matched","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-39759820","title":"Effects of Magnesium Forms on the Magnesium Balance and Jejunal Transporters in Healthy Rats.","year":"2024","journal":"Prev Nutr Food Sci","pmid":"39759820","pmcid":"PMC11699571","doi":"10.3746/pnf.2024.29.4.405","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39759820/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39759820/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2024.29.4.405","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11699571/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (hybrid)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":["oxide"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The serum and liver Mg levels, Mg absorptivity, and retentivity were augmented in the MgPic group compared with the MgO group (P<0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Compared to the MgO-fed rats, MgPic rats had higher expression of the genes encoding NCX1, NCX2, PMCA1b, and Calbindin-D9k in the jejunum by 1.43, 1.72, 1.54, and 1.69 fold, respectively (P<0.01).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Only MgPic supplementation elevated the expression of the genes encoding CLDN2, CLDN15, CNNM4, NCX1, PMCA1b, NCX2, and Calbindin-D9k in the jejunum by 1.59, 1.58, 1.70, 1.82, 2.02, 2.03, and 2.31 fold, respectively (P<0.05).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"Compared to the MgO-fed rats, MgPic rats had higher expression of the genes encoding NCX1, NCX2, PMCA1b, and Calbindin-D9k in the jejunum by 1.43, 1.72, 1.54, and 1.69 fold, respectively (P<0.01).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Three groups of 21 male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly allocated and fed a standard diet (control) or a 500 mg/kg Mg-supplemented (MgPic or MgO) diet for 8 weeks.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Compared to the MgO-fed rats, MgPic rats had higher expression of the genes encoding NCX1, NCX2, PMCA1b, and Calbindin-D9k in the jejunum by 1.43, 1.72, 1.54, and 1.69 fold, respectively (P<0.01).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Compared to the control group, only MgPic elevated the expression of the genes encoding CLDN2, CLDN15, and CNNM4 by 1.59, 1.58, and 1.70 folds, respectively (P<0.05).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'RESULTS'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Besides, compared to the MgO group, the MgPic group had higher expression of the genes encoding NCX1, NCX2, PMCA1b, and Calbindin-D9k by 1.43, 1.72, 1.54, and 1.69 folds, respectively (P<0.01).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'RESULTS'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32623713","title":"Magnesium bioavailability of dried and thinly shaved kombu in rats.","year":"2021","journal":"J Sci Food Agric","pmid":"32623713","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jsfa.10639","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32623713/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32623713/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10639","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":["oxide"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: The relative bioavailability of Mg in TSK compared with MgO was calculated as 92.3%, 111.4%, and 87.2% from apparent absorption, urinary excretion, and femoral concentration of Mg, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"However, the mRNA expression of TRPM6, an Mg channel responsible for Mg absorption, was higher in the cecum of rats given TSK than those given MgO.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"CONCLUSION: Enhancement of TRPM6 expression in the large intestine negates the low bioaccessibility of Mg in TSK, and thus TSK shows Mg bioavailability comparable with MgO. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"RESULTS: The relative bioavailability of Mg in TSK compared with MgO was calculated as 92.3%, 111.4%, and 87.2% from apparent absorption, urinary excretion, and femoral concentration of Mg, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"RESULTS: The relative bioavailability of Mg in TSK compared with MgO was calculated as 92.3%, 111.4%, and 87.2% from apparent absorption, urinary excretion, and femoral concentration of Mg, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Rats were fed diets containing TSK or magnesium oxide (MgO) to satisfy 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of their Mg requirements.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31056002","title":"Maltobionic acid enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats.","year":"2019","journal":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem","pmid":"31056002","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1080/09168451.2019.1611411","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056002/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056002/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2019.1611411","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In Experiment 1, the effects of calcium maltobionate (MBCa) on calcium and magnesium absorption were examined using male rats.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The cecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids was significantly higher in groups MBCa-50 and MBCa-100; however, pH of cecal contents did not significantly differ among the groups.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In Experiment 2, the efficiency of calcium absorption was compared using everted sacs of jejunum and ileum with CaCO3 and MBCa as calcium sources.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"More calcium from MBCa was absorbed as the concentration of calcium increased in comparison to CaCO3.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"It was concluded that MBCa is a","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"More calcium from MBCa was absorbed as the concentration of calcium increased in comparison to CaCO3.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-28123145","title":"[Pharmacokinetic Studies of Orally Administered Magnesium Oxide in Rats].","year":"2017","journal":"Yakugaku Zasshi","pmid":"28123145","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1248/yakushi.16-00020","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28123145/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28123145/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.16-00020","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wFUvqrECqbDu_htZ_BhophUpfcpI6-H3/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"oxide","formTags":["oxide"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Approximately 90% of the MgO tablets dissolved within 120 min in dissolution testing; it was believed to form an absorbable state for magnesium.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"With orally administered MgO, 15% is absorbed in the body and 85% is excreted via the feces without being detected in pharmacokinetic analysis.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium absorbed into the plasma demonstrated peak concentration 3 h after administration and was excreted via the urine within 48 h.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"With orally administered MgO, 15% is absorbed in the body and 85% is excreted via the feces without being detected in pharmacokinetic analysis.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Magnesium absorbed into the plasma demonstrated peak concentration 3 h after administration and was excreted via the urine within 48 h.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"gnesium Ob- tained under Each Condition 考 察 Pharmacokinetic MgO oral MgCl2 intravenous parameter administration administration 酸化マグネシウムは便秘の治療に用いられる一般 Cmax ( mg/mL) 15.07±2.90 ― 的な緩下剤である．日本薬局方初版より収載されて いる医薬品として認知されているが，近年高マグネ C0 ( mg/mL) ― 25.29±4.75 シウム血症を副作用とする症例により使用上の注意 tmax (h) 4.8±2.2 ― が改訂された．その背景には漫然と使用されている t 1 / 2 ( h) 27.3±21.7 1.1±0.4 現状があり，酸化マグネシウム服用後のマグネシウ Ka (h－1) 0.48±0.21 ― ムの体内への吸","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"on 酸化マグネシウムは便秘の治療に用いられる一般 Cmax ( mg/mL) 15.07±2.90 ― 的な緩下剤である．日本薬局方初版より収載されて いる医薬品として認知されているが，近年高マグネ C0 ( mg/mL) ― 25.29±4.75 シウム血症を副作用とする症例により使用上の注意 tmax (h) 4.8±2.2 ― が改訂された．その背景には漫然と使用されている t 1 / 2 ( h) 27.3±21.7 1.1±0.4 現状があり，酸化マグネシウム服用後のマグネシウ Ka (h－1) 0.48±0.21 ― ムの体内への吸収に関する注意はほとんど払われて Ke (h－1) 0.07±0.04 ― いない．酸化マグネシウムは水への溶解度が 0.62 AUC0→t ( mg･h/mL) 269.1±124.3 17.58±3.75 mg/100 g と極めて低いことが知","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"いる t 1 / 2 ( h) 27.3±21.7 1.1±0.4 現状があり，酸化マグネシウム服用後のマグネシウ Ka (h－1) 0.48±0.21 ― ムの体内への吸収に関する注意はほとんど払われて Ke (h－1) 0.07±0.04 ― いない．酸化マグネシウムは水への溶解度が 0.62 AUC0→t ( mg･h/mL) 269.1±124.3 17.58±3.75 mg/100 g と極めて低いことが知られており，9) その AUCall ( mg･h/mL) 322.1±97.3 22.49±4.95 ままの状態でマグネシウムが吸収されることはほと After oral administration of MgO (400 mg/kg) or intravenous adminis- tration of MgCl2 (45 mg/kg as MgCl2･6H2O) in","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-26849275","title":"Dietary mannitol increased the absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats.","year":"2016","journal":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)","pmid":"26849275","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/jpn.12435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26849275/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26849275/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12435","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In experiment 1, Ca absorption and retention and Mg absorption were significantly increased by mannitol feeding during days 8-12.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In experiment 2, during days 8-12 and days 22-26, Ca absorption and retention were significantly lowered by mannitol feeding in cecectomized rats; however, mannitol feeding decreased Mg absorption during days 8-12, but did not impact Mg retention.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Fourteen 8-week-old male Wistar rats in experiment 1 and same number and age cecectomized Wistar male rats in experiment 2 were divided into two subgroups of seven animals, respectively, fed diets containing 0 or 4% mannitol for 28 days.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-27866273","title":"Omeprazole suppressed plasma magnesium level and duodenal magnesium absorption in male Sprague-Dawley rats.","year":"2016","journal":"Pflugers Arch","pmid":"27866273","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00424-016-1905-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27866273/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27866273/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-016-1905-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The present study aimed to elucidate the direct effect of short-term and long-term PPIs administrations on whole body Mg2+ homeostasis and duodenal Mg2+ absorption in rats.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mg2+ homeostasis was studied by determining the serum Mg2+ level, urine and fecal Mg2+ excretions, and bone and muscle Mg2+ contents.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Duodenal Mg2+ absorption as well as paracellular charge selectivity were studied.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Omeprazole significantly suppressed plasma Mg2+ level, urinary Mg2+ excretion, and bone and muscle Mg2+ content.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"By using Ussing chamber techniques, it was shown that omeprazole markedly suppressed duode","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-25635418","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium from inorganic and organic compounds is similar in rats fed a high phytic acid diet.","year":"2014","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"25635418","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1684/mrh.2014.0374","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25635418/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25635418/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2014.0374","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"n=12","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12/diet group) were fed one of eight test diets supplemented with phytic acid (5 g/kg diet) and low levels of Mg (155 mg elemental Mg/kg diet) from Mg oxide, Mg sulphate, Mg chloride, Mg citrate, Mg gluconate, Mg orotate, Mg malate or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium Mg salt for five weeks.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Rats were also fed three control diets that did not contain added phytic acid but were supplemented with 500 (NMgO, normal), 155 (LMgO, low) or 80 (DMgO, deficient) mg of Mg per kg diet as Mg oxide.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Mg concentrations did not differ (P≥0.05) between rats fed the differ","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23254393","title":"Influence of Maillard products from bread crust on magnesium bioavailability in rats.","year":"2013","journal":"J Sci Food Agric","pmid":"23254393","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jsfa.6006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23254393/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23254393/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6006","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"RESULTS: During the final stage of the trial, magnesium digestibility improved by around 15% in rats fed diets containing bread crust or its derivatives compared with the control diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-23237654","title":"Mannitol improves absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium in growing rats.","year":"2013","journal":"Nutrition","pmid":"23237654","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2012.06.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23237654/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23237654/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2012.06.010","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"METHODS: In experiment 1, 4-wk-old growing male Wistar rats were given a control diet (C) or mannitol diets containing 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8% mannitol (2M, 4M, 6M, or 8M, respectively) for 28 d to measure the absorption and retention of Ca and Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In the last 7 d of the feeding trial, the non-absorbable marker chromium-mordant cellulose was added to the experimental diets to estimate Ca and Mg absorbability in the intestinal segments.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: Apparent Ca absorption and retention in bone were significantly increased by 6M and 8M.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Apparent Mg absorption was significantly increased by 4M, 6M, a","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"In experiment 2, 9-wk-old growing male Wistar rats were fed for 7 d with the experimental diets (C, 4M, or 8M) to observe cecal parameters.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22394255","title":"Prebiotics enhance magnesium absorption and inulin-based fibers exert chronic effects on calcium utilization in a postmenopausal rodent model.","year":"2012","journal":"J Food Sci","pmid":"22394255","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02612.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22394255/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22394255/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02612.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Rats receiving polydextrose had significantly higher net calcium absorption efficiency and retention than all control groups and a trend (P≤ 0.10) for higher calcium absorption when compared to inulin-based fibers after early exposure but the advantage did not persist over long-term exposure.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22260865","title":"Magnesium absorption from mineral water decreases with increasing quantities of magnesium per serving in rats.","year":"2012","journal":"Nutr Res","pmid":"22260865","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2011.11.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22260865/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22260865/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2011.11.001","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"7 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"mineral water","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"When the AMW containing 800 mg Mg/L was portioned into 4 servings, Mg absorption increased to the level of absorption in the group exposed to AMW containing 200 mg Mg/L served at the same frequency.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-20364677","title":"[Comparative study of magnesium salts bioavailability in rats fed a magnesium-deficient diet].","year":"2010","journal":"Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk","pmid":"20364677","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20364677/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20364677/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Twelve control rats were fed a basal diet (Mg content 500 mg/kg).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-19937042","title":"Promotive effects of resistant maltodextrin on apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in rats.","year":"2010","journal":"Eur J Nutr","pmid":"19937042","pmcid":"PMC2839484","doi":"10.1007/s00394-009-0062-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19937042/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19937042/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-009-0062-6","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2839484/","pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1irQlG3y9lPXFWCqrBPlM6aG9lrGJIra4/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (hybrid)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"40 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: In Exp. 1, ingestion of resistant maltodextrin and hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin dose-dependently enhanced apparent absorption rates of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, and increased cecal fermentation with cecal expansion.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In Exp. 2, the absorption rates of Ca and Mg were significantly enhanced by ingestion of hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin in Sham group but not in CX group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"RESULTS: In Exp. 1, ingestion of resistant maltodextrin and hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin dose-dependently enhanced apparent absorption rates of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, and increased cecal fermentation with cecal expansion.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"METHODS: In experiment 1 (Exp. 1), 40 rats were fed test diets based on AIN-93G with or without resistant maltodextrin or hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin for 2 weeks.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"In experiment 2 (Exp. 2), 32 rats were cecectomized (CX) or sham-operated (Sham) and fed diets with or without hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin for 1 week.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Effect of experimental diets on food intake and body weight gain in rats fed test diets for 14 days (Exp. 1)  Ctr 1.5% FS2 3.0% FS2 1.5% FS2H 3.0% FS2H \nP\n Food intake (g/14 days) 290 ± 9.45 251 ± 10.8 262 ± 9.82 268 ± 6.99 257 ± 8.75 0.195 Body weight gain (g/14 days) 115 ± 4.33 98.3 ± 6.73 102 ± 3.49 106 ± 4.29 108 ± 5.42","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Effect of test diet on apparent mineral absorptions in rats fed test diets for 7 days (1st period) and 14 days (2nd period) (Exp. 1)  Ctr 1.5% FS2 3.0% FS2 1.5% FS2H 3.0% FS2H \nP\n First period  Ca 68.2 ± 2.61 a 84.8 ± 1.85 b 89.0 ± 1.89 b 81.5 ± 1.90 b 86.2 ± 1.58 b  <0.001  Mg 70.3 ± 1.47 a 82.5 ± 1.94 b 86.5 ±","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Dried liver weight, and content and concentration of Fe in liver in rats fed test diets for 14 days (Exp. 1)  Ctr 1.5% FS2 3.0% FS2 1.5% FS2H 3.0% FS2H \nP\n Dried liver weight (g) 4.37 ± 0.29 3.90 ± 0.25 4.10 ± 0.19 3.99 ± 0.09 3.98 ± 0.21 0.58 Fe content (µmol/liver) 5.14 ± 0.40 a 6.00 ± 0.81 ab 10.1 ± 1.04 c 8.27 ± 1.08 abc","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Apparent absorption rates of Fe in the 3% FS2 and 3% FS2H groups were 122 and 117% greater compared to the Ctr group, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Experiment 1'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Dried liver weight was not different among five groups, while Fe content in the liver was dose-dependently increased by ingestion of FS2 and FS2H, and Fe content in the 3% FS2 and 3% FS2H groups were greater compared with those in the Ctr group (Table 4).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Experiment 1'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-17711087","title":"[Effects of resistant starch RS4 on magnesium and iron absorption in Wistar rats].","year":"2007","journal":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig","pmid":"17711087","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17711087/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17711087/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"n=12","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The effect of resistant starch RS4 on apparent absorption of magnesium and iron was studied in Wistar rats.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Our results confirmed that Mg apparent absorption in female rats fed diet with resistant starch S2 was significantly increased (+37%) compared with the control group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The effect of resistant starch RS4 on apparent absorption of magnesium and iron was studied in Wistar rats.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Our results confirmed that Mg apparent absorption in female rats fed diet with resistant starch S2 was significantly increased (+37%) compared with the control group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The rats (4 groups male n=12 and 4 groups female n=12) were fed for 4 weeks diets: control with wheat starch (K) and 3 diets with modified resistant starches (S1, S2, S3).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Our results confirmed that Mg apparent absorption in female rats fed diet with resistant starch S2 was significantly increased (+37%) compared with the control group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16768832","title":"Nutritional evaluation of protein, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium bioavailability from lupin (Lupinus albus var. multolupa)-based diets in growing rats: effect of alpha-galactoside oligosaccharide extraction and phytase supplementation.","year":"2006","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"16768832","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn20061771","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16768832/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16768832/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20061771","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BU1PTrCW7xuG7qg5Pd_OjskuDwCBvxCs/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Bioavailability of P, Ca, and Mg from the lupin diets tested was high, and supplementation of an exogenous microbial phytase (750 phytase units/kg) did not cause any further improvement.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"fed raw or a-galactoside-free lupin diets, compared done using the whole lupin seed, considerable losses in soluble with the casein–cystine control (2-fold higher in the casein – dietary fibre content were observed (48·6 %), which could be cystine control diet), can be attributed to the different nature due to the prolonged extraction time used. of the insoluble dietary fibre fraction of the diets","source":"fulltext","location":"p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"n, and the digestive and metabolic utilisation of this nutrient was high and comparable with that obtained from a casein – cystine control diet (pair-fed to the average daily food intake of the experimental groups fed the different lupin diets). Bioavailability of P, Ca, and Mg from the lupin diets tested was high, and supplementation of an exogenous microbial phytase (750 phytase units/kg) did no","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"1990). free lupin, and phytase-supplemented a-galactoside-free lupin (PHYTS)), were carried out. An additional casein–cystine control group was ‘pair fed’ with the average daily intake of rats given the three lupin diets. During the first 3 d of the Biological indices experiment, the rats were allowed to adapt to the diet and The following indices and parameters were determined for experimental co","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"47 % of the total Ca and net absorption of N or ADC, was observed in the group of ani- P contents respectively, were from casein; the remaining mals fed the casein –cystine control diet (P, 0·05), related to a amounts of Ca and P needed to meet the nutrient recommen- lower faecal excretion of N (P,0·05), with no significant dations were added using CaCO3 or CaHPO4. The total differences being foun","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"S (Mean values of ten Wistar rats and pooled standard errors of the version 8.02 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Differences mean) between means were compared with Tukey’s test. The level of significance was set at P,0·05. Faecal excretion of P, Diet CþC RLU GFLU PHYTS Pooled SEM Ca, and Mg was adjusted to a multiple linear regression Intake (g DM/d) 8·7 8·9 8·6 8·7 0·3 model with total faecal wei","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"subsequent decrease in the digestive utilisation of this mineral expressed as net Pooled Diet Cþ C RLU GFLU PHYTS SEM absorption or ADC (P,0·05) when compared with the other experimental diets tested (casein –cystine control; raw lupin; c b a a,b Faecal weight (g DM/d) 1·9 0·9 0·8 0·9 0·1 a-galactoside-free lupin). No significant differences in P bal- P ance were found among the experimental group","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"gelo et al. 1995; experimental groups fed the casein–cystine control or the Perez-Maldonado et al. 1999; El-Adawy et al. 2000; Porres PHYTS diet when compared with the raw lupin or a-galacto- et al. 2003b), and has the potential to play a major role in side-free lupin diets (P,0·05). Under our experimental con- the development of rancidity. Furthermore, a high proportion ditions, a higher accumula","source":"fulltext","location":"p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16785046","title":"The effect of aging on intestinal absorption and status of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in rats: a stable isotope study.","year":"2006","journal":"J Trace Elem Med Biol","pmid":"16785046","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.10.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16785046/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16785046/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.10.007","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"stable-isotope","n":"40 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Individual feces and urine were then collected during 4 consecutive days in order to measure stable isotopes by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) and blood and tissues were sampled for mineral status determination.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Intestinal absorption of (44)Ca and (67)Zn considerably decreased with age, whereas intestinal (25)Mg absorption decreased only moderately and intestinal (65)Cu absorption was unaffected.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"To do so, 40 rats of different ages: 9, 22, 44, and 88 weeks were fed with a semi-purified diet for a total of 30 days.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16548135","title":"Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach.","year":"2005","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"16548135","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16548135/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16548135/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"randomized; stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"citrate; lactate; gluconate; aspartate; pidolate","formTags":["citrate","lactate","aspartate","pidolate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The Mg absorption values obtained varied from 50% to 67%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Urinary 26Mg excretion varied from 0.20 mg to 0.33 mg, and feeding with the organic pidolate, citrate, gluconate and aspartate salts resulted in higher urinary 26Mg excretion than with inorganic salts.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Ultimately, 26Mg retention was higher in the rats receiving the organic salts such as gluconate, lactate and aspartate than in those receiving the inorganic salts.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Taken together, these results indicate that 26Mg is sufficiently bioavailable from the ten different Mg salts studied in the present experiment, although Mg gluconate exh","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Eighty male Wistar rats aged 6 weeks were fed a semi-purified Mg-depleted diet for three weeks.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-16253138","title":"Dietary inulin intake and age can significantly affect intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats: a stable isotope approach.","year":"2005","journal":"Nutr J","pmid":"16253138","pmcid":"PMC1283151","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-4-29","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16253138/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16253138/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-4-29","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1283151/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"randomized","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"RESULTS: absorption of Ca and Mg was significantly lower in the aged rats (10 and 20 mo) than in the young and adult rat groups.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The mean 44Ca absorption in the four rat control groups was 26.3% compared to 40.2% in the four inulin-fed groups, with an overall increase in 44Ca absorption of 53%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '1 – Effect of animal age and inulin inta'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Mean 25Mg absorption in the four rat control groups was 50.6%, compared to 78.0% in the four corresponding inulin-fed rat groups, with an overall increase in 25Mg absorption of 54%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2 – Effect of animal age and inulin inta'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Plasma Mg increased in the inulin-fed aged rats (+6.7%), whereas there was no increase in the young and adult rats (-0.3%).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Calcium and magnesium status (table 5)'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The mean 44Ca absorption in the four rat control groups was 26.3% compared to 40.2% in the four inulin-fed groups, with an overall increase in 44Ca absorption of 53%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '1 – Effect of animal age and inulin inta'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Mean 25Mg absorption in the four rat control groups was 50.6%, compared to 78.0% in the four corresponding inulin-fed rat groups, with an overall increase in 25Mg absorption of 54%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2 – Effect of animal age and inulin inta'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"The lower calorific value of the inulin diets (-4%) compared to the control diets may also be responsible for this reduced weight gain.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Food intake and growth rate'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"The mean 44Ca absorption in the four rat control groups was 26.3% compared to 40.2% in the four inulin-fed groups, with an overall increase in 44Ca absorption of 53%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '1 – Effect of animal age and inulin inta'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Mean 25Mg absorption in the four rat control groups was 50.6%, compared to 78.0% in the four corresponding inulin-fed rat groups, with an overall increase in 25Mg absorption of 54%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section '2 – Effect of animal age and inulin inta'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15340751","title":"Stimulatory effect of inulin on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats is modulated by dietary calcium intakes short- and long-term balance studies.","year":"2005","journal":"Eur J Nutr","pmid":"15340751","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-004-0526-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15340751/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15340751/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-004-0526-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"randomized","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Apparent intestinal absorptions of Ca and Mg were determined at D13 and D36 of the experiment.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Each group was divided into three sub-groups to receive one of the following dietary Ca levels 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% in their food.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The animals were fed fresh food and water ad libitum for 40 days.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-15325690","title":"Bioavailability of phytic acid-phosphorus and magnesium from lentils (Lens culinaris m.) in growing rats: influence of thermal treatment and vitamin-mineral supplementation.","year":"2004","journal":"Nutrition","pmid":"15325690","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15325690/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15325690/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.018","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-15255338","title":"Influence of salt form and concentration on the absorption of magnesium in rat small intestine.","year":"2004","journal":"Boll Chim Farm","pmid":"15255338","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15255338/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15255338/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"gluconate","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"At 1 and 5 mM concentrations absorption was most efficient from gluconate whereas at 10 mM absorption from fumrate was more efficient.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mg2+ absorption half-life (t50%) varied with salt and concentration.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The Mg2+ absorption half-life for magnesium gluconate at 10 mM concentration was 42 times as long as at 1 mM concentration.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The biggest area under the curve, which characterizes substance bioavailability, was observed for each of the investigated salts at 5 mM.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The biggest area under the curve, which characterizes substance bioavailability, was observed for each of the investigated salts at 5 mM.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14992446","title":"Indigestible disaccharides open tight junctions and enhance net calcium, magnesium, and zinc absorption in isolated rat small and large intestinal epithelium.","year":"2004","journal":"Dig Dis Sci","pmid":"14992446","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1023/b:ddas.0000011613.11671.c7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14992446/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14992446/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/b:ddas.0000011613.11671.c7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The addition of 1-100 mM melibiose, difructose anhydride (DFA) III, or DFA IV to the mucosal medium increased the net absorption of the three minerals and FD4 permeability, while decreasing TEER dose dependently in the four intestinal portions.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Positive linear relations were found between the net transport of the three minerals and FD4 passage in all portions of the intestine, whereas negative linear relations were observed between net absorption of the three minerals and TEER.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-14564461","title":"Effects of sulphate- and bicarbonate-rich mineral waters on net and fractional intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of magnesium in rats.","year":"2003","journal":"Eur J Nutr","pmid":"14564461","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-003-0423-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14564461/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14564461/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-003-0423-5","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"stable-isotope","n":"40 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"sulfate; carbonate; mineral water","formTags":["sulfate","carbonate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We assessed the effects of different Mg-rich mineral waters on overall intestinal Mg absorption and urinary Mg excretion in 40 rats split into four groups: one received distilled water, another a solution of MgCl(2) and the others two different mineral waters, sulphated water (Hépar) and carbonated water (Badoit) mixed with the diet and as drinking water, for four weeks.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mg-rich mineral waters significantly increased net intestinal absorption of Mg by more than 30%, but the proportions of both apparent and true intestinal absorption of Mg were similar in all four groups.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12638030","title":"Effects of inulin-type fructans of different chain length and type of branching on intestinal absorption and balance of calcium and magnesium in rats.","year":"2003","journal":"Eur J Nutr","pmid":"12638030","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s00394-003-0390-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12638030/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12638030/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-003-0390-x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"BACKGROUND: Inulin-type fructans or chains with mainly beta[2-1] linked fructose molecules escape the ingestion procedure in the small intestine and are fermented by the microflora, and are known to increase colonic absorption of minerals in animals.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The rats were distributed into 5 groups and fed for 28 days a fiber-free basal purified diet or diet containing 10 % oligofructose (OF) (DP(av) 4), or 10 % HP-inulin (DP(av) 25), a blend of 50 % OF and 50 % HP-inulin, or a branched-chain inulin.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12097690","title":"Fractional intestinal absorption of magnesium is directly proportional to dietary magnesium intake in rats.","year":"2002","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"12097690","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/132.7.2043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097690/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097690/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.7.2043","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"n = 30","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"As expected, plasma Mg levels were lower in the deficient groups than in the control by d 4 and differences were more marked at the end of the experiment.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"For this purpose, male Wistar rats (n = 30) were fed a basal semipurified diet containing 600 mg Mg/kg (MgO) for 7 d.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Three groups of 10 rats were then formed and fed the basal semipurified diet with 600, 300 or 150 mg Mg/kg, for 28 d.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Erythrocyte Mg levels were significantly lower at the end of the experiment in the group fed the diet containing 150 mg Mg/kg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10868351","title":"Absorption of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and zinc in growing male rats fed diets containing either phytate-free soybean protein or soybean protein isolate or casein.","year":"2000","journal":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)","pmid":"10868351","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.46.34","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10868351/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10868351/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.46.34","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/10jk0xlna2CfICIxj24tM44RLbIQ-72uM/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The rats were fed diets containing PFS, soybean protein isolate (SPI) or casein at a 20% level for 5 wk.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"J Nutr Sci Vitarinol, 46, 34-41, 2000 Absorption of Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Iron and Zinc in Growing Male Rats Fed Diets Containing either Phytate-free Soybean Protein or Soybean Protein Isolate or Casein Maya KAMAO,1 Naoko TSUGAWA,1Kimie NAKAGAWA,1Yuko KAWAMOTO,1Kensuke FUKUI,2 Kiyoharu TAKAMATSU,2Goro KUWATA,3Masatake IMAI3 and Toshio OKANOI,* 1 Department of","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"by centrifugation, acid cycle. The room air was ventilated through a HEPA fil precipitation, neutralization with NaOH-KOH (1:3) so ter, The rats were fed the casein diet shown in Table 1 lution, and spray-drying. PFS was prepared by extrac for a week before exchanging it for the test diets, and tion of defatted soybean flour with 2% NaCl solution, then divided into three groups (n=7), which were a","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"36 KAMAO M et al. Table 2. Body weight, tissue weight, food intake and food efficiency ratios of rats fed the diets for 5wk. Values are means•}SE (n=7). Values not sharing a common superscript letter in the same line are significantly different (p<0.05). urine for each group were collected. The animals were ash weighing. The bone ash thus obtained was d","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"long-term ingestion of the PFS diet. MaCance and Widdiwson (27) reported that a dephy tinized brown bread elevated Mg absorption in humans at 60mg/d compared to a non-dephytinized brown bread. Since brown bread contains a high level of Mg, it is probable that the positive effect of PFS on Mg absorp tion applies to diets over a wide range. Morris et al. (28) reported that, when dietary phytate inta","source":"fulltext","location":"p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10517285","title":"The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) and Hijiki (Hijikia fusiforme) and the effect of alginic acid on magnesium utilization of rats.","year":"1999","journal":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr","pmid":"10517285","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1023/a:1008082112178","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10517285/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10517285/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008082112178","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The ratio of apparent magnesium absorption (%) of the control, LMg, Wakame, Hijiki, AW and AH groups was 82.2, 72.7, 66.9, 50.8, 69.3 and 54.2 in the first experimental period, and was 75.3, 52.1, 57.7, 46.9, 62.6 and 60.5 in the second experimental period, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10069480","title":"Effect of dietary phytate on magnesium bioavailability and liver oxidant status in growing rats.","year":"1999","journal":"Food Chem Toxicol","pmid":"10069480","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0278-6915(98)00103-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10069480/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10069480/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(98)00103-3","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Impaired Mg bioavailability due to 15 g PA/kg diet was accompanied by an increase of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyls as well as by a moderate decline in liver reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Male albino rats (initial average weight 60 g) were fed semi-synthetic diets based on casein, corn starch and sunflower oil over 21 days.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10423705","title":"Influence of age and hormonal treatment on intestinal absorption of magnesium in ovariectomised rats.","year":"1999","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"10423705","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10423705/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10423705/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"10 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Three groups of fifteen 6- (mature), 12- (old), and 30-month-old female rats (senescent), fed a diet containing 1.5 g of Mg/kg were used in the present study.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Animals were pair fed 6 g/100 g bw/day and distilled water was available ad libitum.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Food intake, urine and feces from each individual rat were measured 1 day per week, during the last 5 weeks.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10498191","title":"Structure-related enhancing activity of escins Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb on magnesium absorption in mice.","year":"1999","journal":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett","pmid":"10498191","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00410-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10498191/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10498191/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00410-2","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We examined the effects of the saponin fraction and its principal saponins, escins Ia (1), Ib (2), IIa (3) and IIb (4), obtained from European horse chestnut, and their hydrolyzed products, desacylescins I (5) and II (6) on magnesium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in mice.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The saponin fraction (12.5-100 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the Mg2+ absorption 30, 60, 120 and 240 min after administration, with maximum enhancement by 48.3% at 50 mg/kg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Escins Ib (2) and IIb (4) (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) also enhanced the absorption, whereas escins Ia (1) and IIa (3) (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) and de","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Test samples were given orally to fasted mice before loading of 0.5 or 1.67 M MgSO4 (10 mL/kg, p.o.).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9481697","title":"The absorption of iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc in the jejunum-ileum of control and iron-deficient rats.","year":"1998","journal":"Lab Anim","pmid":"9481697","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1258/002367798780559374","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9481697/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9481697/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/002367798780559374","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-9129253","title":"Effect of source of iron on duodenal absorption of iron, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, copper and zinc in rats with ferropoenic anaemia.","year":"1997","journal":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res","pmid":"9129253","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9129253/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9129253/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In anaemic rats iron absorption was greater than in controls, except after perfusion with solution 2 (containing haemoglobin).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"After perfusion with solution 2 or 3, calcium, copper and zinc absorption were lower than after solution 1.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9202982","title":"The effect of calcium gluconate and other calcium supplements as a dietary calcium source on magnesium absorption in rats.","year":"1997","journal":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res","pmid":"9202982","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9202982/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9202982/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"carbonate; gluconate","formTags":["carbonate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The effects of commercially available calcium supplements (calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, oyster shell preparation and bovine bone preparation) and gluconic acid on the absorption of calcium and magnesium were evaluated for 30 days in male Wistar rats.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9151239","title":"In vivo absorption of calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide from the large intestine in rats.","year":"1997","journal":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)","pmid":"9151239","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.43.35","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9151239/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9151239/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.43.35","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eHI9c9dKOo2ATy5hpc0pAk0Cid-ahuME/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"oxide; carbonate","formTags":["oxide","carbonate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We concluded that both CaCO3 and MgO are absorbed in the large intestine, and we ascertained that the increasing effect of FOS on the absorption of Mg took place mainly in the large intestine.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"We concluded that both CaCO3 and MgO are absorbed in the large intestine, and we ascertained that the increasing effect of FOS on the absorption of Mg took place mainly in the large intestine.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Rats were fed Ca- and Mg-free diets with and without 5% FOS.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"lts, and also to determine whether fructooligo saccharides (FOS) stimulate the absorption of these minerals in rat large intestine in vivo. Rats were fed Ca and Mg-free diets with and without 5% FOS. An aqueous suspension of CaCO3 and MgO was infused into the stomach via a gastric tube or into the cecum via an implanted catheter. Coprophagy was prevented by using wire-mesh anal cups throughout the","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"from their salts with low solubility by comparing the apparent absorption of Ca and Mg following the cecal and gastric infusion of Ca and Mg in rats fed diets with and without FOS. In addition, since coprophagy is habitual in rats (18, 19), the experimental animals were fitted with wire-mesh anal cups (20) to prevent the re-ingestion of minerals from their feces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diets and an","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"_??_: concentration of oligosaccharides was greater than 95% of total mixture). *2Prepared according to AIN-76 formulation. the other two groups were fed a FOS-containing diet (50g/kg diet). In half of the rats from each diet group, 0.3ml of the suspension of CaCO3 and MgO, which contained 930ƒÊmol of Ca and 136ƒÊtmol of Mg, was infused into the cecum via the implanted tube. In the remaining rats","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8695604","title":"Prevention of coprophagy modifies magnesium absorption in rats fed with fructo-oligosaccharides.","year":"1996","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"8695604","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19960181","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8695604/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8695604/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960181","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SbrujWwpbkU9XynAEftnhuHRjkRla9aN/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Rats were fed on a FO-free diet or a diet containing 50 g FO/kg for 2 weeks with or without prevention of coprophagy.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"shed online by Cambridge University Press Table 5 . pH of caecal contents and faecal excretion (pmolld) of individual short-chain fatty acids of rats fed on a control diet (C) or a fructo-oligosaccharides-containingdiet (F)with ( ) or without ( -) coprophagy allowedr + (Mean values with their standard errors for five to ten rats in each group) Diet ... C F Statistical significance of effects of Co","source":"fulltext","location":"p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"m balance (Table 3) During the h s t period (4th-9th day) of the balance study the apparent absorptive ratio of Ca and the Ca-retention ratio in rats fed on FO-containing diets were higher than in rats fed on the control diet. In rats fed on the control diet these values were not altered by preventing coprophagy. However, in the FO groups the apparent absorptive ratio of Ca and the Ca-retention ra","source":"fulltext","location":"p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8785206","title":"Acidic fermentation in the caecum increases absorption of calcium and magnesium in the large intestine of the rat.","year":"1996","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"8785206","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19960132","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8785206/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8785206/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960132","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rccXWtlB6dmfknHORV1hPwFA3MIGP6dH/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The effect of fermentation on colonic absorption of Ca and Mg was investigated in 8-week-old rats adapted to diets containing either digestible wheat starch (DS diets) or including resistant starch, i.e. 350 g raw potato starch/kg (RS diets).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"As a result of the hypertrophy of the caecal wall and of an elevated concentration of soluble Ca, the caecal absorption of Ca was 5-6-fold higher in the RS groups than in the DS groups.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The difference between dietary intake and faecal excretion (DI-FE) of Ca was higher in rats fed on RS diets than in those fed on DS diets, when the dietary Ca level wa","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"As a result of the hypertrophy of the caecal wall and of an elevated concentration of soluble Ca, the caecal absorption of Ca was 5-6-fold higher in the RS groups than in the DS groups.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The difference between dietary intake and faecal excretion (DI-FE) of Ca was higher in rats fed on RS diets than in those fed on DS diets, when the dietary Ca level was 2.5 g/kg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"intake or the growth of the rats. The presence of 350 g raw potato starch/kg in the diet resulted in an enlargement of the caecum, corresponding to a 34-fold increase in the caecal contents together with hypertrophy of the caecal wall (Table 2). In rats fed on the RS diets the caecum was slightly heavier in animals fed at the low-Ca intake, compared with those fed at the high-Ca intake. Caecal blo","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"ities and the solubility of Pi in caecal contents. As for Ca, a decrease in Pi concentration was observed in rats fed on RS diets, in parallel with a 34-fold enlargement of the caecum; the accumulation of Pi was markedly higher with the high Ca level. Changes in soluble Pi concentrations were relatively parallel with those of Ca, the percentage of soluble Pi being higher in rats fed on the RS diet","source":"fulltext","location":"p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"red to be a site of Mg absorption, even in rats fed on the DS diets (Fig. 1). The enlargement of the caecum in rats fed on RS diets corresponded to a 34-fold higher caecal Mg absorption compared with control (DS) rats. A high Ca intake resulted in a lower Mg absorption by the caecum, consistent with the fall in soluble Mg described previously. As with caecal absorption, dietary Ca exerted a negati","source":"fulltext","location":"p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"microbial fermentations in the large intestine. MATERIALS A N D METHODS Animals and diets Forty male Wistar rats (IFA-CREDO, L'Arbresle, France) were fed on a commercial pelleted diet (UAR, Villemoisson s/Orge, France) until their body weights reached approximately 200 g (8 weeks). Groups of ten rats were fed for 21 d on a basal (fibre-free; DS) purified diet, or diets containing 350 g RS/kg (Tabl","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"he daily food intake was not significantly affected by the diet, but the weight gain was slightly lower in rats adapted to the RS diets than in those fed on the DS diets. In contrast, dietary Ca intake had practically no effect on food intake or the growth of the rats. The presence of 350 g raw potato starch/kg in the diet resulted in an enlargement of the caecum, corresponding to a 34-fold increa","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"* *** *** Ca NS NS NS * * *** NS Starch x Ca NS NS NS * NS *** NS DS, digestible starch. *P<O.O5, * * P < O O l , ***P<OOOI. t Mean values for groups fed on 2.5 g Ca/kg were significantly different from those of groups fed on 7.5 g Ca/kg: t P < 0.05. Mean values for groups fed on DS diets were significantly different from those fed on RS diets: 3 P < 005. 5 For details of composition, see Table 1","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"rat, collected over 4 d , were homogenized before mineral analysis. Intake of Ca via the drinking water was considered to be negligible (< 0.5 mg/l) compared with that from the diet and was not considered. Values are given as means with their standard errors and, where appropriate, significance","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"ether with hypertrophy of the caecal wall (Table 2). In rats fed on the RS diets the caecum was slightly heavier in animals fed at the low-Ca intake, compared with those fed at the high-Ca intake. Caecal blood flow was markedly higher in rats fed on RS diets (in the range of 3.2-3.5 ml/min v . about 0.9 ml/min with the DS diets); the dietary Ca level had no noticeable effect on caecal blood flow.","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"S only in rats adapted to the 7.5 g Ca/kg level. Ca solubility was also enhanced in rats fed on the RS-high-Ca diet; the soluble Ca reached 40 mmol/l compared with 12 mmol/l in rats fed on DS diets. Dietary RS also affected the quantities and the solubility of Pi in caecal contents. As for Ca, a decrease in Pi concentration was observed in rats fed on RS diets, in parallel with a 34-fold enlargeme","source":"fulltext","location":"p.8","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8926539","title":"The bioavailability of magnesium in spinach and the effect of oxalic acid on magnesium utilization examined in diets of magnesium-deficient rats.","year":"1995","journal":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)","pmid":"8926539","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.41.671","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8926539/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8926539/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.41.671","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UefbSACTFkG9IqYx2ogDSGhh0qoSbkwE/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The rate of magnesium absorbed by the rats receiving the control, R-sp, B-sp, F-sp, Ox-C, and +Mg diets was 88.9, 80.2, 88.4, 90.4, 88.1, and 87.7%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The rate of apparent absorption of calcium from the control, Mg-deficient, R-sp, B-sp, F-sp, Ox-C and +Mg diet was 87.0, 84.1, 57.3, 66.4, 66.2, 53.3 and 83.5%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The rate of magnesium absorbed by the rats receiving the control, R-sp, B-sp, F-sp, Ox-C, and +Mg diets was 88.9, 80.2, 88.4, 90.4, 88.1, and 87.7%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The rate of apparent absorption of calcium from the control, Mg-deficient, R-sp, B-sp, F-sp, Ox-C and +Mg diet was 87.0, 84.1, 57.3, 66.4, 66.2, 53.3 and 83.5%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"They were pair-fed for 8 days on the magnesium-deficient diet, magnesium-deficient diet supplemented with raw powdered spinach (R-sp), boiled powdered spinach (B-sp), or fried powdered spinach (F-sp), control diet supplemented with oxalic acid (Ox-C), and control diet (+Mg).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"On the 10th day, there was no significant difference in the food intake of the rats between the control group and magnesium-deficient group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"effect of magnesium in each of the additional diets. On the other hand, the calcium content of the kidneys of the rats fed on the Ox-C diet was about 2.5 times higher than that of the+Mg rats. Cook (25) and Hautman et al.(26) have reported that the majority of the stones in the kidney and urinary tract were formed by calcium-oxalate. An especially large amount of calcium accumulation in the kidney","source":"fulltext","location":"p.12","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"672 S.KIKUNAGA et al. amount of calcium was accumulated in the kidneys of the rats fed on the R-sp, B-sp, F-sp and Ox-C diets. However, the kidney calcium of each of the spinach-added groups markedly decreased in comparison with kidney calcium of the magnesium-deficient rats on the 10th day, when the magnesium-deficient rats were sepa","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"y in stainless-steel wire cages in a temperature-controlled room (21-23•‹C) with a 12-h light-dark cycle (lights on 6: 00-18: 00). The rats were pair-fed on either the control diet or the magnesium- Vol.41,No.6,1995","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"e divided on the 10th day into 6 dietary groups consisting of 11rats for the magnesium-deficient group and 6rats for the other groups. They were pair-fed for 8 days on: 1) magnesium-deficient diet, 2) magnesium-deficient diet supplemented with raw powdered spinach (R-sp), 3) magnesium-deficient diet supplemented with boiled powdered spinach (B-sp), 4) magnesium-deficient diet supplemented with fri","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"not significantly different among any of the groups except for both the R-sp and Ox-C groups, and decreased significantly in the R-sp and Ox-C groups compared with those of the other groups. A highly positive correlation between bone calcium and bone strength was not observed in this study; the breaking force of the left femurs of the B-sp and F-sp rats increased significantly in comparison with t","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"higher in the control rats than that of each of the additional groups except the+Mg group, and increased significantly in the R-sp, Ox-C and+Mg rats compared with that of both the B-sp and F-sp rats. The apparent absorption of magnesium in the control, R-sp, B-sp, F-sp, Ox-C and+Mg diets was 88.9, 80.2, 88.4, 90.4, 88.1 and 87.7%, respectively; although, the apparent absorption of magnesium was th","source":"fulltext","location":"p.10","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"ontrol rats. From these results, it is suggested that the high content of phosphorus in the kidneys of the spinach- additional groups and Ox-C groups compared with that of the control and+Mg groups is associated with the accumulation of calcium in the kidneys of the spinach-added groups and Ox-C group. On the 10th day at the time of separation of the magnesium-deficient rats, serum magnesium decre","source":"fulltext","location":"p.12","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7931725","title":"Effects of fructooligosaccharides on the absorption of magnesium in the magnesium-deficient rat model.","year":"1994","journal":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)","pmid":"7931725","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.40.171","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7931725/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7931725/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.40.171","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/19NAX59iaWw4AkqJYtZCudvfuxSXy-7yl/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In the rats fed FO-containing (1 or 5%) diet, apparent absorption of Mg was significantly increased as compared with that of the control (FO 0%) group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"In the rats fed FO-containing (1 or 5%) diet, apparent absorption of Mg was significantly increased as compared with that of the control (FO 0%) group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"And all rats fed the low-Mg (0.25 mg/g diet), high-Ca (10.4 mg/g diet), and high-P (12.0 mg/g diet) diet exhibited auricular and facial peripheral-hyperemia and hemorrhage.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"In the rats fed FO-containing (1 or 5%) diet, apparent absorption of Mg was significantly increased as compared with that of the control (FO 0%) group.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"In the rats fed a 5% FO-containing diet and sufficient Mg (0.50 mg/g), auricular and facial peripheral hyperemia and hemorrhage were significantly reduced.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"ceived October 1, 1993) Summary Magnesium (Mg) is an essential dietary element that plays important roles, acting as a cofactor of many enzymes. Rats fed a Mg-deficient diet have been reported to exhibit auricular and facial peripheral hyperemia and hemorrhage. Moreover, increased intake of calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) has been reported to impair apparent absorption of Mg. We tried to induce suc","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"et al. Mg-deficient rats is caused by increased secretion of histamine from mast cells (6, 7). These symptoms of Mg-deficiency were observed in rats fed a diet containing almost no Mg. Meanwhile, the level of Mg-deficiency responsible for such inflammation is unknown. Increased intake of calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) has been reported to impair apparent absorption of Mg (8, 9). Mg is absorbed fro","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"at p<0.05. RESULTS Exp. 1 The body weight and food consumption are shown in Table 2. The final body Table 2. Body weights and food intake of the rats fed experimental diets for 14 days (Exp. 1). M•}SD (n=6), ns=not significant; values with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05). 1See legend to Table 1. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"FO) on absorption of Mg and skin inflammation. In the rats fed FO-containing (1 or 5%) diet, apparent absorption of Mg was significantly increased as compared with that of the control (FO 0%) group. In the rats fed a 5% FO-containing diet and sufficient Mg (0.50mg/g), auricular and facial peripheral hyperemia and hemorrhage were significantly reduced. We concluded that FO increased the Mg absorpti","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7960493","title":"Effects of type of dietary fat and cholecalciferol on magnesium absorption in rats with intestinal resection.","year":"1994","journal":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res","pmid":"7960493","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7960493/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7960493/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We studied the effect of type of dietary fat and supplementation with cholecalciferol on magnesium absorption in the duodenum, jejunum and proximal colon in rats with resection of 50% of the distal small intestine.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium transport against the concentration gradient was found to occur in all three intestinal segments, although transport increased significantly only in the proximal colon of intestinally resected rats fed a diet supplemented with cholecalciferol at a rate of 0.425 mg/kg diet and mixture of equal parts of medium chain triglycerides, sunflower oil and olive oil as the source","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Magnesium transport against the concentration gradient was found to occur in all three intestinal segments, although transport increased significantly only in the proximal colon of intestinally resected rats fed a diet supplemented with cholecalciferol at a rate of 0.425 mg/kg diet and mixture of equal parts of medium chain triglycerides, sunflower oil and olive oil as the source of dietary fat (diet B), in comparison with magnesium absorption in control rats subjected to intestinal transection and fed diet B, and in resected rats fed a diet without cholecalciferol supplementation and in which","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8237851","title":"Magnesium bioavailability from human milk, cow milk, and infant formula in suckling rat pups.","year":"1993","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"8237851","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/58.3.392","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8237851/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8237851/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/58.3.392","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Whole-body retention of 28Mg-labeled diets in suckling rat pups 4 h after oral intubation ranged from 51% to 92%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8297913","title":"Ileal pH and apparent absorption of magnesium in rats fed on diets containing either lactose or lactulose.","year":"1993","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"8297913","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19930170","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8297913/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8297913/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930170","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pjbIXwSIZVOJXe1jRzQSGaoOJZ8tLm8g/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Replacement of glucose by lactose (100 g/kg) significantly stimulated apparent absorption of Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Replacement of glucose by lactose (100 g/kg) significantly stimulated apparent absorption of Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"et and supernatant fraction were determined. The pH of the supernatant fraction was measured directly (Russell combination pH electrode, Type RS-53 ; Auchtermuchty, Fife, UK). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was added to the supernatant fraction to a final concentration of 54 g/1 and the TCA-soluble fraction obtained by centrifugation (2 min, 10000 g). Pellet and TCA-soluble fractions were analysed for","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"ol was approved by the Animal Experiment Committee of the Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Utrecht State University. On arrival the rats were fed ad lib. on a commercial, pelleted diet (RMH-B; Hope Farms, Woerden, The Netherlands) and tap water. They were housed in wire-topped polycarbonate cages (375 x 225 x 150 mm) with a layer of sawdust as bedding. At 4 d after arrival all rats were fe","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"uated with Tukey's test. The level of significance was preset at P < 0.05. RESULTS Growth and organ weights Final body weight and feed intake of rats fed on the lactulose diet were significantly lower than those of the control group (Table 2). Relative kidney and liver weights were similar","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"* For details of diets and procedures, see Table 1 and pp. 748-750. for all groups. Weight of caecum with contents was significantly elevated in rats fed on lactose or lactulose. Lactulose produced a more than twofold higher caecum weight than did lactose. Excreta production Faeces production of rats fed on the lactulose diets was significantly higher than that of rats fed on the control diet cont","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"Ca in the liquid phase in the ileal lumen was significantly elevated in the lactulose group and tended to be elevated in the rats fed on lactose when compared with the control group. Group mean amounts of Mg in the liquid and solid phases in rats fed on the lactulose","source":"fulltext","location":"p.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1390610","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium and calcium from cow's milk and soya-bean beverage in rats.","year":"1992","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"1390610","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19920084","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1390610/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1390610/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920084","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_CVzG8CYxfByQUQKNvsg9NKX8_jV8q3B/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Feeding soya-bean beverage v. cow's milk consistently lowered body-weight gain, enhanced bone turnover, as measured by increased plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and decreased Mg and Ca concentrations in the femur.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"d that the constituents do not exhibit the anticipated effects when present in the matrix of the intact products. In order to test this suggestion we fed cow's milk and a soya- bean beverage to young growing rats and determined mineral bioavailability. The effect of lactose in intact milk was ascertained by comparing intact and lactase-treated milk. The soya-bean beverage used was deficient in met","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"S M I L K A N D S O Y A - B E A N B E V E R A G E 273 treated milk and soya-bean beverage. The milk, lactase-treated milk and soya-bean beverage were fed in the form of diets shown in Tables 2 and 3. Basically, either a protein- free mixture without minerals or a protein-rich mixture with minerals was added to make a porridge. The experimental diets were freshly prepared twice weekly. Feed consump","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"* For details of procedures, see pp. 272-275. t On a dry weight basis. on cow's milk (Table 4). There were no significant differences between groups fed on the diets containing the protein-mineral-rich mixture. Replacement of the protein-mineral-free mixture by the protein-mineral-rich mixture in the diet with soya-bean beverage significantly increased body-weight gain. Such replacement did not in","source":"fulltext","location":"p.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"ance Intake, absolute absorption, and urinary and faecal excretion of Mg were significantly higher in rats fed on non-supplemented soya-bean beverage compared with milk (Table 6). Percentage Mg absorption was decreased in rats fed on soya-bean beverage. Sup- plementation of soya-bean beverage with methionine alone did not affect Mg balance. Adding P plus Ca to the soya-bean beverage diet caused a","source":"fulltext","location":"p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"ary hydroxyproline excretion and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased in rats fed on non-supplemented soya-bean beverage compared with cow's milk (Table 7). The addition of methionine to the soya-bean-beverage diet did not affect these variables, but addition of either P plus Ca or the combination of P, Ca and inethionine decreased both variables significantly. In rats","source":"fulltext","location":"p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1317206","title":"Magnesium and calcium absorption in Fischer-344 rats influenced by changes in dietary fibre (wheat bran), fat and calcium.","year":"1992","journal":"Magnes Res","pmid":"1317206","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1317206/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1317206/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"344 rats","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium and calcium absorption were affected by changes in dietary wheat bran fibre and calcium, but not fat, in Fischer-344 rats when studied in a full factorial study which was a portion of a larger study of diet and colon carcinogenesis.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"For four weeks, nine-week-old rats were fed experimental purified diets to which had been added: wheat bran 0, 2.5 10, or 20%; fat 1, 5 or 10%; and calcium 0.18, 0.52, or 1.04% of diet weight.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"From day 26 to 29 all faeces were collected in metabolic cages, and food consumption noted.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1512642","title":"Inhibitory effect of soybean protein vs. casein on apparent absorption of magnesium in rats is due to greater excretion of endogenous magnesium.","year":"1992","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"1512642","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/122.9.1910","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1512642/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1512642/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/122.9.1910","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (green)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"True magnesium absorption was measured with the use of oral and intraperitoneal administration of tracer doses of 28Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-1880615","title":"Inhibitory effect of dietary soybean protein vs. casein on magnesium absorption in rats.","year":"1991","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"1880615","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/121.9.1374","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1880615/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1880615/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.9.1374","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (green)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The magnesium content of femur was significantly lower in rats fed soybean protein, but this effect was seen only when the diet contained 0.82 mmol magnesium/100 g diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6844718","title":"Effect of microflora and lactose on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the hindgut of the rat.","year":"1983","journal":"Reprod Nutr Dev (1980)","pmid":"6844718","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1051/rnd:19830210","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6844718/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6844718/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19830210","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The patterns of TiO2 and 45Ca excretion were similar, indicating that TiO2 was a good marker of unabsorbed calcium transit.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The apparent absorption coefficient of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was determined in the ileum, caecum, large intestine and faeces by the mineral/TiO2 ratio.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The patterns of TiO2 and 45Ca excretion were similar, indicating that TiO2 was a good marker of unabsorbed calcium transit.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The apparent absorption coefficient of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was determined in the ileum, caecum, large intestine and faeces by the mineral/TiO2 ratio.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-136204","title":"Effects of diabetes on intestinal magnesium absorption in the rat.","year":"1976","journal":"Am J Physiol","pmid":"136204","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.4.1039","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/136204/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/136204/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.4.1039","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"At 12 days, mucosal growth is 50% greater in diabetics, and at 32 days, 100% greater.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The difference was significant only for duodenum of diabetics at 32 days, when magnesium absorption declined to half that of controls.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"These findings for magnesium contrast with effects of diabetes on calcium transport: specific absorption and segment absorptive capacity are depressed in diabetics at both 5 and 11 days.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-42084749","title":"Enhanced Neurophysiological Benefits of Magnesium-Acetyl-Taurate Over Magnesium-L-Threonate: A Comparative pre-clinical Study on Bioavailability, Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Functions.","year":"2026","journal":"Neuromolecular Med","pmid":"42084749","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12017-026-08929-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42084749/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42084749/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-026-08929-6","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"L-threonate; taurate","formTags":["threonate","taurate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"This research aimed to compare the brain effectiveness of MLT (115 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg) and MAT (150 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) in raising magnesium levels in biological samples like blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), muscles and brain tissues.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Levels of Threonate, Taurine, and Mg2+ were also significantly higher in the MAT, MLT, and combined treatment groups.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-38481468","title":"Safety of magnesium l-threonate as a novel food pursuant to regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC.","year":"2024","journal":"EFSA J","pmid":"38481468","pmcid":"PMC10934248","doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8656","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38481468/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38481468/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8656","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10934248/","pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Z__uGh50igaMeoVQrIijQOi5HvW028dW/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"L-threonate","formTags":["threonate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of magnesium l-threonate as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and to address the bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of magnesium l-threonate as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and to address the bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The NF, produced by chemical synthesis, is intended to be used as new source for magnesium in food supplements at a maximum intake level of 3000 mg per day by adults, except for pregnant and lactating women.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The latter group, which received 2025 mg Ca l‐threonate within 30 min after breakfast, had a higher area under the curve (AUC0‐t) and C\nmax, which were about 33% and 21% higher than the group that received 2025 mg Ca l‐threonate given after overnight fasting.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Human data'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"In a single‐ and multiple‐dose study, 12 generally healthy adult men between 19 and 40 years of age were randomly assigned to receive either a single dose of 675, 2025 or 4050 mg Ca l‐threonate after overnight fasting or a single dose of 2025 mg taken within 30 min after breakfast (Wang et al., 2011).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Human data'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"While the mean plasma t\nmax in all single‐dose groups with fasted subjects was 2 h, those who received Ca l‐threonate shortly after breakfast had a t\nmax of about 3 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Human data'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The latter group, which received 2025 mg Ca l‐threonate within 30 min after breakfast, had a higher area under the curve (AUC0‐t) and C\nmax, which were about 33% and 21% higher than the group that received 2025 mg Ca l‐threonate given after overnight fasting.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Human data'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"The relative absorption of magnesium from Mg l‐threonate (about 60%) was reported to be statistically significantly higher as compared to the relative absorption from magnesium chloride, magnesium gluconate and magnesium citrate (which was about 40%–45%).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Animal data'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"At Day 24, this increase was statistically significant by about 7% and 16% as compared to baseline and the control group, respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Animal data'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"EFSA NDA Panel, 2013), the Panel considers that an intake of 2730 mg l‐threonate per day at the proposed maximum intake of the NF, would result in a higher systemic exposure to l‐threonate as compared to l‐threonate arising from vitamin C metabolism.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Human data'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35385223","title":"Fibroblast growth factor-23 and parathyroid hormone suppress small intestinal magnesium absorption.","year":"2022","journal":"Physiol Rep","pmid":"35385223","pmcid":"PMC8985197","doi":"10.14814/phy2.15247","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35385223/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35385223/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15247","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8985197/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In the present study, we examined the systemic and direct effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) on duodenal, jejunal, and ileal Mg2+ absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Direct FGF-23-, PTH-, or FGF-23 plus PTH exposure also suppressed transcellular Mg2+ absorption in the duodenum and jejunum.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"There was no additional inhibitory effect of PTH and FGF-23 on intestinal Mg2+ absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In the present study, we propose a novel magnesiotropic action of PTH and FGF-23 by modulating small intestinal Mg2+ absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"In vehicle‐injected rats, after 2 h of 0.5 g/kg oral Mg2+ supplementation plasma Mg2+ level significantly increased when compared with control rats (Figure 5a), indicating in vivo intestinal absorption after oral Mg2+ supplementation.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Oral Mg2+ supplement modulates intestina'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"As demonstrated in Figure 5d, after 2 h of 1 g/kg oral Mg2+ supplementation, plasma Mg2+ levels in the control rats significantly increased compared with non‐gavaged rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Oral Mg2+ supplement modulates intestina'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29630135","title":"Magnesium bioavailability after administration of sucrosomial® magnesium: results of an ex-vivo study and a comparative, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy subjects.","year":"2018","journal":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci","pmid":"29630135","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.26355/eurrev_201803_14605","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29630135/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29630135/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201803_14605","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"crossover; double-blind","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"bisglycinate/glycinate; oxide","formTags":["glycinate","oxide"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We compared the absorption of magnesium oxide and Sucrosomial® magnesium at two different concentrations: 32.9 mg/ml and 329 mg/ml.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In particular, the increase in magnesium concentration from baseline to 24 h was statistically higher in blood and in urine for Sucrosomial® magnesium compared to magnesium oxide, while in red blood cells Sucrosomial® magnesium had a statistically significant advantage compared to magnesium bisglycinate.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-22351498","title":"The in vitro digestibility and absorption of magnesium in some edible seaweeds.","year":"2012","journal":"J Sci Food Agric","pmid":"22351498","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/jsfa.5626","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22351498/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22351498/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5626","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-18096949","title":"Quantitative prediction of magnesium absorption in dairy cows.","year":"2008","journal":"J Dairy Sci","pmid":"18096949","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3168/jds.2007-0304","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18096949/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18096949/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0304","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"On average, Mg absorption (% of intake) was 26.2% and ranged from 9.9 to 73.7%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium absorption (% of intake) was significantly decreased by 0.31 percentage units/g of K in the DM.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"To counteract the depressant effect of dietary K on Mg absorption, Mg intake must be increased by 4 g/d when the dietary K concentration increases by 10 g/kg of DM so that the amount of absorbed Mg is maintained.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"To counteract the depressant effect of dietary K on Mg absorption, Mg intake must be increased by 4 g/d when the dietary K concentration increases by 10 g/kg of DM so that the amount of absorbed Mg is maintained.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-18218762","title":"Magnesium absorption by lactating dairy cows on a grass silage-based diet supplied with different potassium and magnesium levels.","year":"2008","journal":"J Dairy Sci","pmid":"18218762","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3168/jds.2007-0309","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18218762/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18218762/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0309","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-14762081","title":"Apparent magnesium absorption in dry cows fed at 3 levels of potassium and 2 levels of magnesium intake.","year":"2004","journal":"J Dairy Sci","pmid":"14762081","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73177-X","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14762081/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14762081/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73177-X","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: in vitro absorption model only)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"To test our hypothesis, 6 ruminally fistulated, nonpregnant dry cows were fed 6 experimental diets in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-12199373","title":"Dietary magnesium increases calcium absorption of ovine small intestine in vivo and in vitro.","year":"2002","journal":"Reprod Nutr Dev","pmid":"12199373","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1051/rnd:2002003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12199373/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12199373/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2002003","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In an in vivo experiment, an increase in the infused MgCl2 level (0.0, 25.0 and 75.0 mg Mg x kg BW(-1) x day(-1) with 75.0 mg Ca x kg BW(-1) x day(-1) as CaCl2) into the rumen for ten days significantly decreased fecal excretion but increased urinary excretion (P < 0.05) of Ca in five castrated male sheep.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Apparent Ca absorption tended to increase (P = 0.067) whilst the retention and plasma concentration of Ca were not changed.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In an in vitro experiment with isolated segments from the rumen, upper jejunum, cecum and upper colon under the presence of an electrochemical gradient, the mucosal","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-11686774","title":"Dietary lactulose decreases apparent nitrogen absorption and increases apparent calcium and magnesium absorption in healthy dogs.","year":"2001","journal":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)","pmid":"11686774","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0396.2001.00301.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11686774/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11686774/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2001.00301.x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"To study the effect of lactulose on the route of nitrogen excretion, we fed six healthy, adult dogs on diets containing either 0, 1 or 3 g lactulose/MJ metabolizable energy according to a 3 x 3 Latin square design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"To study the effect of lactulose on the route of nitrogen excretion, we fed six healthy, adult dogs on diets containing either 0, 1 or 3 g lactulose/MJ metabolizable energy according to a 3 x 3 Latin square design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-10539782","title":"Dietary potassium bicarbonate and potassium citrate have a greater inhibitory effect than does potassium chloride on magnesium absorption in wethers.","year":"1999","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"10539782","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/129.11.2043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10539782/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10539782/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.11.2043","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"n = 8","formsStudiedRaw":"citrate; chloride; carbonate","formTags":["citrate","chloride","carbonate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"We addressed the question whether the type of anion in potassium salts affects magnesium absorption and the transmural potential difference by using wethers (n = 8) fed a control diet and diets supplemented with equimolar amounts of KHCO(3), KCl or K-citrate according to a Latin-square design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Compared with the control diet, KHCO(3) and K-citrate significantly reduced apparent Mg absorption by 9.5 and 6.5%, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Supplemental KCl tended to reduce (P = 0.070) group mean magnesium absorption by 5.5%.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The individual values for the four diets tended to show a negative correlation (r","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"We addressed the question whether the type of anion in potassium salts affects magnesium absorption and the transmural potential difference by using wethers (n = 8) fed a control diet and diets supplemented with equimolar amounts of KHCO(3), KCl or K-citrate according to a Latin-square design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9742463","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium contained in roasted and ground soybean (kinako) as evaluated by serum and bone magnesium contents, kidney calcification, and magnesium absorption.","year":"1998","journal":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)","pmid":"9742463","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3177/jnsv.44.437","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742463/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742463/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.44.437","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1f1WWKzdQ5WoDbFs2mum8A4KOuwMTWB0D/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The bioavailability of roasted and ground soybean (kinako) magnesium (Mg) in Fischer 344 strain male rats with respect to serum Mg level, bone Mg contents, kidney calcification, and Mg absorption was evaluated.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"After a 4-week experimental period, rats were decapitated and blood serum, right femur, and right kidney were collected, and Mg, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) concentration in those tissues were determined.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The serum Mg concentration in the 1/3 Mg20SC group was half the level in the 20SC group, and the serum Ca concentration was higher than in the 20SC group, indicating apparent","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"erum levels of Mg, Ca, and P Serum levels of Mg, Ca, and P are shown in Table 2. Serum Mg levels were significantly decreased in the 1/3 Mg20SC group compared with that in the control group (20SC). There was no significant difference observed among the 20SCK, 20SCDK, and 20SC groups. Serum Ca level was increased in the 1/3 Mg20SC group compared with the other groups, indicating hypercalcemia. Decr","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9785240","title":"Magnesium absorption by wethers fed potassium bicarbonate in combination with different dietary magnesium concentrations.","year":"1998","journal":"J Dairy Sci","pmid":"9785240","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)70140-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9785240/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9785240/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)70140-7","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"carbonate","formTags":["carbonate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"For wethers fed the low K diets, absolute Mg absorption rose by 0.32 g/d for each 1 g/d of Mg intake that was in excess of requirements.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The high K diets reduced absolute Mg absorption by a mean of 0.36 g/d; this reduction was independent of Mg intake.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"To test the hypothesis, six rumen-fistulated wethers were fed diets at two concentrations of K and three concentrations of Mg in a 6 x 6 Latin square design.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"For wethers fed the low K diets, absolute Mg absorption rose by 0.32 g/d for each 1 g/d of Mg intake that was in excess of requirements.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Rumen pH was elevated by a mean of 0.45 units when the high K diets were fed.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-9497447","title":"A model of magnesium metabolism in young sheep. Magnesium absorption and excretion.","year":"1997","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"9497447","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19970213","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9497447/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9497447/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970213","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KlkFCmtBJuN7zWMQfAIQDT1_EYKHysGO/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"full text read; no PK numbers matched","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-7661125","title":"High- versus low-meat diets: effects on zinc absorption, iron status, and calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc balance in postmenopausal women.","year":"1995","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","pmid":"7661125","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/62.3.621","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7661125/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7661125/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/62.3.621","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"randomized","n":"14 women","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The effects of three diets--high meat (HM), low meat (LM), or low meat with mineral supplements (LS)--on zinc absorption, elemental balance, and related clinical indexes were investigated in a metabolic study of 14 women aged 51-70 y.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"These results indicate that 0.8 g protein/kg body wt meets protein requirements in older women, and that high meat consumption increases zinc retention without compromising calcium status and may reduce indexes of iron status, in contrast with iron absorption results from studies with radiolabeled test meals.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"These results indicate that 0.8 g protein/kg body wt meets protein requirements in older women, and that high meat consumption increases zinc retention without compromising calcium status and may reduce indexes of iron status, in contrast with iron absorption results from studies with radiolabeled test meals.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-8067256","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium ions from solid dosage forms.","year":"1993","journal":"Acta Pol Pharm","pmid":"8067256","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8067256/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8067256/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[]},{"id":"pmid-2262427","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium in beef cattle fed magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide.","year":"1990","journal":"J Anim Sci","pmid":"2262427","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2527/1990.68113765x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2262427/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2262427/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/1990.68113765x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"oxide; hydroxide","formTags":["oxide"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Two experiments were conducted to compare Mg bioavailability from Mg oxide (MgO) vs Mg hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) fed in either a completely mixed diet or a mineral supplement.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mg supplementation increased (P less than .01) fecal and urinary Mg excretions, whereas apparent Mg absorption (%) and retention were similar (P greater than .10) for all treatments.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Plasma Mg concentrations were similar (P less than .10) for calves supplemented with MgO and Mg(OH)2 but were higher (P less than .05) for Mg supplemented than for control calves on d 7.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Plasma Mg concentrations were not different (P greater","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Two experiments were conducted to compare Mg bioavailability from Mg oxide (MgO) vs Mg hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) fed in either a completely mixed diet or a mineral supplement.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Each calf was fed 5 kg/d of the respective diet during 10-d adjustment and 7-d collection periods.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-2240216","title":"Comparison of calcium and magnesium absorption: in vivo and in vitro studies.","year":"1990","journal":"Am J Physiol","pmid":"2240216","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.5.G720","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2240216/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2240216/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.5.G720","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":"n = 6","formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Transport characteristics of Ca and Mg were compared at three different levels of the absorptive process in male (120-170 g) Wistar rats.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Everted duodenal sacs demonstrated the presence of active Ca absorption with serosal-to-mucosal (S/M) ratio of 2.65 +/- 0.20 (n = 6), which was greater than unity (P less than 0.001).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Mucosal duodenal Ca uptake exhibited a large saturable (Michaelis constant of 4.80 +/- 0.34 mM, maximal velocity of 4.71 +/- 0.13 nmol.min-1.mg-1) and a small nonsaturable component (0.12 +/- 0.01 nmol.min-1.mg-1) in 5-wk-old rats (120 g).","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In 72-wk-old rats (600 g) the di","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-2401639","title":"Site and extent of apparent magnesium absorption by lambs fed different sources of magnesium.","year":"1990","journal":"J Anim Sci","pmid":"2401639","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2527/1990.6882181x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2401639/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2401639/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/1990.6882181x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":["oxide"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Ten abomasally cannulated crossbred wether lambs (avg wt, 33 kg) were used in a replicated 5 x 5 latin square design to determine the site and extent of apparent absorption of Mg when fed different sources of Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Apparent absorption of Mg was .17, .55, .85, .78 and .82 g/d for lambs fed the control, MgO, MgC, Mg-Mica and MgOH diets, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Apparent absorption of Mg (g/d) was similar (P greater than .05) in the lambs fed the supplemented diets and greater (P less than .05) than in those fed the control diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Preintestinal absorption of Mg was .21, .57, 1.08, .14 and .92 g/d when th","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Ten abomasally cannulated crossbred wether lambs (avg wt, 33 kg) were used in a replicated 5 x 5 latin square design to determine the site and extent of apparent absorption of Mg when fed different sources of Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Apparent absorption of Mg was .17, .55, .85, .78 and .82 g/d for lambs fed the control, MgO, MgC, Mg-Mica and MgOH diets, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Apparent absorption of Mg (g/d) was similar (P greater than .05) in the lambs fed the supplemented diets and greater (P less than .05) than in those fed the control diet.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Lambs fed the control and Mg-Mica diets absorbed similar (P greater than .","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Ten abomasally cannulated crossbred wether lambs (avg wt, 33 kg) were used in a replicated 5 x 5 latin square design to determine the site and extent of apparent absorption of Mg when fed different sources of Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Lambs were fed twice daily 220 g of chopped mixed grass hay and 180 g of a corn-based supplement (control; .13% mg, DM basis), or the control diet supplemented with Mg (.26% Mg, DM basis) from MgO, magnesium citrate (MgC), smectite-vermiculite (Mg-Mica) or MgOH.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Apparent absorption of Mg was .17, .55, .85, .78 and .82 g/d for lambs fed the control, MgO, MgC, Mg-Mica and MgOH diets","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-3345310","title":"Studies in sheep on the absorption of magnesium from a low molecular weight fraction of the reticulo-rumen contents.","year":"1988","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"3345310","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19880014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3345310/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3345310/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880014","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EX--E7x5Yr3QRtz9J0AqFh0Zfuyh76g5/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The net absorption of Mg from the temporarily isolated and washed reticulo-rumen was studied using either 100,000 g supernatant fractions of rumen contents from sheep fed on one or other of the two diets, or inorganic buffers containing the same concentration of Mg and other macroelements. 5.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The Mg was readily absorbed from the 100,000 g supernatant fraction placed in the rumen with the rate of absorption being 7.3 mumol/l per min (505 mg/d) from the supernatant fraction obtained from sheep fed on frozen grass and 11.3 mumol/l per min (781 mg/d) from the supernatant fraction from sheep fed","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"The Mg was readily absorbed from the 100,000 g supernatant fraction placed in the rumen with the rate of absorption being 7.3 mumol/l per min (505 mg/d) from the supernatant fraction obtained from sheep fed on frozen grass and 11.3 mumol/l per min (781 mg/d) from the supernatant fraction from sheep fed on grass-maize pellets.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Six sheep, three animals per diet, were prepared with rumen fistulas and fed on frozen grass or grass-maize pellets to give magnesium intakes of 1.79 and 2.23 g/d respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The mean apparent availabilities of Mg in sheep fed on frozen grass and grass-maize pellets were 0.31 and 0.36 respectively. 2.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The net absorption of Mg from the temporarily isolated and washed reticulo-rumen was studied using either 100,000 g supernatant fractions of rumen contents from sheep fed on one or other of the two diets, or inorganic buffers containing the same concentration of Mg and other macroelements.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19880014 Published online by Cambridge University Press 106 N. D. G R A C E A N D OTHERS Table 4. Absorption of 24Mgand \"Mg, expressed as a percentage of the initial amount of Mg added, by the temporarily-isolated and washed rumen from 100000 g supernatant fractions and buflers containing diflerent potassium concentrations (Mean values with their standard error","source":"fulltext","location":"p.14","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Leeds, Leeds L S 2 9JT (Received 13 April 1987 - Accepted 28 August 1987) 1. Six sheep, three animals per diet, were prepared with rumen fistulas and fed on frozen grass or grass-maize pellets to give magnesium intakes of 1.79 and 2.23 g/d respectively. The mean apparent availabilities of Mg in sheep fed on frozen grass and grass--maizepellets were 0.31 and 0.36 respectively. 2. The rumen contents","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"' and returned to the rumen. To increase the supply of the lOOOOOg supernatant fraction, rumen contents were also collected from two extra sheep, one fed on frozen grass and the other grass-maize pellets. A 9 d balance study commenced at day 17 of the control period. Blood samples were taken at days 24 and 25 and continued for a further 7 d. At the end of the control period the K intake was increa","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"nts comparing the absorption of Mg from supernatant fractions with that from inorganic buffers. The order of experimental solutions used in the sheep fed on frozen grass was as follows: E,, low-K high-Na buffer (Table 1); E,, high-K low-Na buffer (Table 1); E,, 100000 g supernatant fraction from rumen contents of sheep 16 h after feeding frozen grass; E,, inorganic buffer with similar Mg, Ca, Na a","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"ical validity of the technique. The rate of Mg absorption from E, was always less than that from El as K inhibits Mg absorption. Results from E, were compared with E, and similarly E, with E, in an attempt to compare the absorption of Mg in either the presence or absence of potential Mg-binding compounds capable of reducing the absorption rate of Mg. Three sheep were used for experiments where the","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"l. 1978). The use of \"Mg in 1OOOOOg supernatant fractions and inorganic buffers in the isolated, washed rumen enabled the one-way efflux of Z8Mgto be compared with net 24Mgabsorption. In all three sheep studied, the net rates of efflux of 24Mgand \"Mg from supernatant fractions and buffers were decreased when the K concentration was increased, and the decreases were similar for both isotopes (Table","source":"fulltext","location":"p.15","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-3423197","title":"The effect of diet, intraruminal pH and osmolarity on sodium, chloride and magnesium absorption from the temporarily isolated and washed reticulo-rumen of sheep.","year":"1987","journal":"Q J Exp Physiol","pmid":"3423197","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1113/expphysiol.1987.sp003092","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3423197/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3423197/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1987.sp003092","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"chloride","formTags":["chloride"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Hypertonicity (422 mosmol l-1) of the artificial rumen fluid caused net influx of water into the rumen but did not influence net absorption of the electrolytes irrespective of the feeding regimen.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"When only hay was fed after the period of feeding 90% concentrate diets the surface area of the papillae, the absorptive capacity of the rumen epithelium and the resistance against low pH returned to control levels.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"When only hay was fed after the period of feeding 90% concentrate diets the surface area of the papillae, the absorptive capacity of the rumen epithelium and the resistance against low pH returned to control levels.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-4077768","title":"Absorption of magnesium and other macrominerals in sheep infused with potassium in different parts of the digestive tract.","year":"1985","journal":"J Anim Sci","pmid":"4077768","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2527/jas1985.6151219x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4077768/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4077768/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1985.6151219x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Two metabolism trials were conducted with 12 crossbred wether lambs, each surgically equipped with a ruminal catheter and abomasal and ileal cannulae, to study the effect of K infusion in different sites of the digestive tract on site of absorption and flow of minerals.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Each trial consisted of a minimum 5-d preliminary period, five 3-d collection periods to determine mineral balance and a 6-d sampling period to determine mineral flow and site of absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Absorption of Mg in the entire tract was decreased (P less than .05) 43% when K was infused into the rumen.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The infusion of K into t","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true}]},{"id":"pmid-6473696","title":"Magnesium absorption from the digestive tract of sheep.","year":"1984","journal":"Q J Exp Physiol","pmid":"6473696","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002844","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6473696/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6473696/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002844","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"chloride","formTags":["chloride"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption measured; dosing/subjects unclear)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The addition of ammonium chloride (30 mmol/l) to the rumen contents also led to a reduction in net Mg absorption but to no significant change in potential difference.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6498146","title":"Magnesium absorption in mature ewes infused intrarumenally with magnesium chloride.","year":"1984","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"6498146","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19840120","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6498146/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6498146/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19840120","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eg1s5UNE18Z5icJX6iLWGPJj9d46Ldr-/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"chloride","formTags":["chloride"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"AUC","text":".00 hours over the last 6 d of each period. The volume of urine was recorded and 100-ml * Present address: The West of Scotland Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr. t For reprints.","source":"fulltext","location":"p.1","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6674291","title":"Effect of supplemented magnesium from magnesium oxide or dolomitic limestone upon digestion and absorption of minerals in sheep.","year":"1983","journal":"J Anim Sci","pmid":"6674291","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2527/jas1983.5761545x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6674291/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6674291/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1983.5761545x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"oxide","formTags":["oxide"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium supplementation resulted in an increase (P less than .05) in preintestinal Mg absorption, with magnesium oxide having the highest value.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Supplementation had no effect (P greater than .05) on secretion or absorption of Mg from the small and large intestines or total retention of Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Serum minerals were unchanged (P greater than .05) due to treatment, but the levels of Mg, K and inorganic P tended to be higher in lambs supplemented with either of the Mg sources.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Magnesium intake was 1.09 g/d for the lambs fed the control diet and 2.21 and 2.10 g for those fed the dolomitic limestone and magnesium oxide supplemented diets, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-6619018","title":"Site of magnesium and other macromineral absorption in steers fed high levels of potassium.","year":"1983","journal":"J Anim Sci","pmid":"6619018","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2527/jas1983.572503x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6619018/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6619018/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1983.572503x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium absorption decreased linearly (P less than .05) with increasing level of dietary K.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Preintestinal Mg absorption was decreased 39% when 4.8% K was fed.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"When .6% K was fed, the primary site of K absorption was the small intestine, but with the high levels of K, the preintestinal region was also an important site of absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Preintestinal Mg absorption was decreased 39% when 4.8% K was fed.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"When .6% K was fed, the primary site of K absorption was the small intestine, but with the high levels of K, the preintestinal region was also an important site of absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7463166","title":"Use of nonabsorbable markers for gastrointestinal contents in in vivo measurement of magnesium bioavailability.","year":"1981","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"7463166","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/111.2.219","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7463166/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7463166/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/111.2.219","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"stable-isotope","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium absorption from five leafy vegetables was measured in rats using 28Mg as an extrinsic label and polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chromium-mordanted vegetable fibers (cr-mordants) as unabsorbable markers of soluble and particulate gut and fecal contents, respectively.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"The test meals used in this investigation were identical to those used in a previous test in which we found: a) that stable 26Mg biologically incorporated into the vegetables was freely exchangeable with an extrinsic 28Mg tracer; b) PEG consistently preceded Cr-mordants in transit through the gut; and c) fecal Mg isotope","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":true},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"As before, Cr-modants lagged behind PEG and unabsorbed 28Mg, and thus do not seem suitable to monitoring intestinal transit of Mg.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The test meals used in this investigation were identical to those used in a previous test in which we found: a) that stable 26Mg biologically incorporated into the vegetables was freely exchangeable with an extrinsic 28Mg tracer; b) PEG consistently preceded Cr-mordants in transit through the gut; and c) fecal Mg isotope excretion 12 hours after the test meal was inadequate for measurement of Mg absorption.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Accordingly, in the present investigation, all measurements in feces and gut contents were made 24 hours after the test meal.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7189208","title":"Effect of isolated soybean protein on magnesium bioavailability.","year":"1980","journal":"J Nutr","pmid":"7189208","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1093/jn/110.4.829","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7189208/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7189208/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/110.4.829","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Low magnesium basal diets were supplemented with graded levels of magnesium from magnesium carbonate and fed to weanling Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-7410271","title":"Effect of lactose supplement on digestion of lucerne hay by sheep. II. Absorption of magnesium and calcium in the stomach.","year":"1980","journal":"J Anim Sci","pmid":"7410271","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.2527/jas1980.511186x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7410271/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7410271/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1980.511186x","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"With lactose, absorption of Mg before the duodenum was significantly increased (41 vs 19%), and the increased Mg absorption from the stomach was associated with a net secretion of Mg into the small intestine.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"When hay was fed with lactose, more Ca was absorbed before the duodenum (30%) than when hay was fed alone (2%) and secretion of Ca into the small intestine was increased.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"When hay was fed with lactose, more Ca was absorbed before the duodenum (30%) than when hay was fed alone (2%) and secretion of Ca into the small intestine was increased.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"When hay was fed with lactose, more Ca was absorbed before the duodenum (30%) than when hay was fed alone (2%) and secretion of Ca into the small intestine was increased.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-718831","title":"Studies on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc by sheep fed on roughage-cereal diets.","year":"1978","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"718831","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19780151","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/718831/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/718831/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19780151","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/10oMZlcR4tlTKg60Nqc6B-TJR8tp-ys7m/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Two groups of four 18-month-old ewes fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum were fed on one of two diets based on varying proportions of dried-grass meal, ground straw and barley. 2.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"rements of the animal by the inclusion of mineral supplements but an injection of retinol, cholecalciferol and a-tocopherol was given. The diets were fed to the animals at a level slightly above maintenance. This was achieved by feeding 653 g dry matter (DM)/d of diet I and 535 g DM/d of diet 2. Sufficient quantities of both diets were weighed into individual bags at the start of each preliminary","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"ected to IOO yorecovery of the Cr203given (MacRae & Armstrong, 1969). The mean recovery of Cr203fed was 0.80 (SE k 0.1I 5). The intake of Ca by sheep fed on diet I was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that for sheep fed on diet 2. A significant difference was also found in the amounts entering the proximal duodenum and excreted in the faeces. Although the amounts of Ca entering the proximal du","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"he adjusted mean amounts of Cu and Zn consumed, entering the proximal duodenum and excreted in the faeces and urine and apparently retained for sheep fed on diets I and 2. There were no significant differences between diets for Cu and Zn with respect to all measurements made. However, there were considerable increases in the amounts of both Cu and Zn entering the proximal duodenum relative to that","source":"fulltext","location":"p.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-581960","title":"Experimental studies on the intestinal uptake of organic and inorganic magnesium and potassium compounds given alone or simultaneously.","year":"1978","journal":"Arzneimittelforschung","pmid":"581960","pmcid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/581960/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/581960/","doiUrl":null,"pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"unknown","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"chloride; aspartate","formTags":["chloride","aspartate"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Magnesium or potassium given as chlorides are significantly better absorbed than the corresponding aspartates. 2.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"In the presence of aspartate in higher concentrations the absorption of both magnesium and potassium is inhibited to a certain degree. 3.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Increasing amounts of chloride cannot abolish the inhibitory effect of aspartate on potassium absorption, in contrast magnesium, which, in the presence of aspartate is better taken up when chloride is provided. 4.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"High concentrations of magnesium may perhaps impede the uptake of potassium to a small degree but not vice versa. 5.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Magnesium or potassium given as chlorides are significantly better absorbed than the corresponding aspartates. 2.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31168","title":"Absorption of magnesium by the young steer.","year":"1978","journal":"Br J Nutr","pmid":"31168","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1079/bjn19780149","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31168/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31168/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19780149","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1khqIq9wl8jeH4kE5G1L5qCunhM97_8PK/view?usp=drivesdk","openAccess":"open access (bronze)","textUsed":"abstract (PubMed); full-text PDF saved","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"dietary/food source","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":true,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Results indicated, but not unequivocably, that negligible amounts of Mg were absorbed in the first few hours. 3.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Relative recoveries of Mg and markers at the duodenum indicated that proportions of Mg intake absorbed (net) varied from approximately zero for pasture to 0.2--0.5 for flaked maize.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Significant correlations between absorption efficiency and sodium:potassium in rumen contents (positive) and rumen pH (negative) were observed. 4.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Little net change in Mg relative to an unabsorbed marker was found between these sites even for a diet containing an Mg supplement of 8 g/kg dry matter.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Results indicated, but not unequivocably, that negligible amounts of Mg were absorbed in the first few hours. 3.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Relative recoveries of Mg and markers at the duodenum indicated that proportions of Mg intake absorbed (net) varied from approximately zero for pasture to 0.2--0.5 for flaked maize.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Fractional absorption","text":"Little net change in Mg relative to an unabsorbed marker was found between these sites even for a diet containing an Mg supplement of 8 g/kg dry matter.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"ter adding these substances to the rumen. It was necessary to correct for Mg entering the digesta from other sources ('background Mg'). For the stall-fed calves this interference was minimized by withdrawing the Mg supplement from the diet for 4 d before starting the experiment (preliminary observations showed that the effects of a supplement on rumen Mg concentration disappeared in less than 3 d)","source":"fulltext","location":"p.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"an experiment was carried out. On the day before an experiment 200 g PEG were added to the evening feed. On the day of an experiment the calves were fed at 09.00 hours. At 12.30 hours approximately IOO g digesta were collected from the duodenal cannula and then 5 ml of a solution containing 20 g phenol red (sodium salt)/l and 9 g NaCl/l were injected at this site. A further IOO g sample of duodena","source":"fulltext","location":"p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"and other relations reported. The lack of significance was probably due to the small numbers of observations and when all experiments with the stall- fed calves were considered together (there were no significant differences in the trends shown with time between diets or calves) and paired comparisons made between I and 8 h samples (16 df) it was shown that the latter were significantly ( P < 0.02","source":"fulltext","location":"p.5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Form comparison","text":"om the control approached significance ( P < 0.1)) but estimated Mg absorption up to the duodenum was markedly and significantly increased ( P < 0.01)compared to the control (Table 3). Net exchange of M g in the small intestine Results are given in Table 5 for Mg : PEG in samples of duodenal and related ileal contents from steers given diet C . Comparisons of Mg : PEG indicated that, on average, t","source":"fulltext","location":"p.9","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40642284","title":"Safety of magnesium orotate dihydrate as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC.","year":"2025","journal":"EFSA J","pmid":"40642284","pmcid":"PMC12242050","doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9528","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40642284/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40642284/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9528","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12242050/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access (gold)","textUsed":"full text (Europe PMC XML) + abstract","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"unclear (EFSA opinion)","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"orotate","formTags":["orotate"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"full-text auto-extracted verbatim snippets with location; needs human check","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of magnesium orotate dihydrate as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and to address the bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of magnesium orotate dihydrate as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and to address the bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"The NF is produced by chemical synthesis and is proposed to be used in food supplements at a maximum intake level of 6100 mg per day by adults.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"(2019), several commercially available magnesium formulations including magnesium orotate dihydrate (‘Magnerot®’; 32.8 mg Mg/tablet) were examined for ‘relative bioavailability’.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Absorption, distribution, metabolism and'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"(1993) reported this tumour‐promoting effect in a 20‐week rat study when the animals were fed with a diet containing 1% orotic acid (500 mg/kg bw per day), but not when exposed to a 0.1% orotic acid in the diet.","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Information on existing evaluations and '","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"Under acidic (stomach) conditions, magnesium orotate dihydrate exhibited limited solubility (32% in fasted and 46% in fed states).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Absorption, distribution, metabolism and'","truncated":false},{"metric":"Food effect","text":"However, its small‐intestinal absorption efficiency (expressed as % of the initial dose absorbed) was the highest among the tested products (90% under fasted and 85% under fed conditions).","source":"fulltext","location":"Section 'Absorption, distribution, metabolism and'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29679349","title":"Timeline (Bioavailability) of Magnesium Compounds in Hours: Which Magnesium Compound Works Best?","year":"2019","journal":"Biol Trace Elem Res","pmid":"29679349","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12011-018-1351-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29679349/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29679349/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1351-9","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"unclear (check)","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Following a single dose 400 mg/70 kg magnesium administration to Sprague Dawley rats, bioavailability was evaluated by examining time-dependent absorption, tissue penetration, and the effects on the behavior of the animals.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30761462","title":"Dose-Dependent Absorption Profile of Different Magnesium Compounds.","year":"2019","journal":"Biol Trace Elem Res","pmid":"30761462","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1007/s12011-019-01663-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30761462/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30761462/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01663-0","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"closed/paywalled","textUsed":"abstract only (PubMed)","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"unclear (check)","design":"","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"unspecified salt/supplement","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"relevant (pass2: absorption/PK/levels measured after dosing)","verification":"abstract-only auto-extract; unverified","quotes":[{"metric":"Key findings","text":"Brain, muscle tissues, and serum magnesium levels measured in all experimental groups and control 24 h later.","source":"abstract","location":"abstract","truncated":false}]}],"sections":{"forms":{"studyIds":["pmid-42091979","pmid-41599937","pmid-42567449","pmid-39770988","pmid-32162607","pmid-29638147","pmid-29524192","pmid-30018220","pmid-29425476","pmid-27412366","pmid-20579398","pmid-16010453","pmid-11794633","pmid-7815675","pmid-1507928","pmid-1988724","pmid-2407766","pmid-3430654","pmid-16829399","pmid-7381600","pmid-808724","pmid-40564302","pmid-39759820","pmid-32623713","pmid-28123145","pmid-16548135","pmid-14564461","pmid-9202982","pmid-9151239","pmid-42084749","pmid-38481468","pmid-29630135","pmid-10539782","pmid-9785240","pmid-2262427","pmid-2401639","pmid-3423197","pmid-6473696","pmid-6498146","pmid-6674291","pmid-581960","pmid-40642284"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"11 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":21,"pig":1,"rodent":7,"other_animal":12,"unclear":1}}},"with-food":{"studyIds":["pmid-41599937","pmid-39770988","pmid-39249590","pmid-32353962","pmid-31230494","pmid-31330811","pmid-29638147","pmid-29056894","pmid-24500940","pmid-21473800","pmid-21199787","pmid-17484373","pmid-17536485","pmid-17298707","pmid-16010453","pmid-16582545","pmid-14985216","pmid-15035687","pmid-14748944","pmid-15309452","pmid-12936928","pmid-11756061","pmid-9062533","pmid-9192195","pmid-8829129","pmid-8568113","pmid-8329360","pmid-1864954","pmid-2823864","pmid-6711467","pmid-7381600","pmid-662478","pmid-40564302","pmid-7669504","pmid-39759820","pmid-32623713","pmid-26849275","pmid-25635418","pmid-23254393","pmid-23237654","pmid-20364677","pmid-19937042","pmid-17711087","pmid-16768832","pmid-16785046","pmid-16548135","pmid-16253138","pmid-15340751","pmid-12638030","pmid-12097690","pmid-10868351","pmid-10069480","pmid-10423705","pmid-10498191","pmid-9151239","pmid-8695604","pmid-8785206","pmid-8926539","pmid-7931725","pmid-7960493","pmid-8297913","pmid-1390610","pmid-1317206","pmid-1880615","pmid-38481468","pmid-14762081","pmid-11686774","pmid-10539782","pmid-9785240","pmid-7661125","pmid-2262427","pmid-2401639","pmid-3345310","pmid-3423197","pmid-6674291","pmid-6619018","pmid-7463166","pmid-7189208","pmid-7410271","pmid-718831","pmid-31168","pmid-40642284"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"19 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). 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Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":85,"pig":3,"rodent":48,"other_animal":32,"unclear":3}}}},"builtAt":"2026-10-31","anchors":[{"id":"summary","name":"Summary"},{"id":"forms","name":"Forms compared"},{"id":"glycinate-vs-citrate","name":"Glycinate / bisglycinate vs Citrate"},{"id":"citrate-vs-oxide","name":"Citrate vs Oxide"},{"id":"glycinate-vs-oxide","name":"Glycinate / bisglycinate vs Oxide"},{"id":"citrate-vs-chloride","name":"Citrate vs Chloride"},{"id":"citrate-vs-lactate","name":"Citrate vs Lactate"},{"id":"oxide-vs-chloride","name":"Oxide vs Chloride"},{"id":"aspartate-vs-oxide","name":"Aspartate vs Oxide"},{"id":"with-food","name":"With or without food"},{"id":"best-time","name":"Best time to take"},{"id":"calculator","name":"Cost per mg absorbed calculator"},{"id":"faq","name":"FAQ"},{"id":"evidence","name":"Evidence grades"},{"id":"studies","name":"Studies"},{"id":"review","name":"Review"}],"faq":[{"q":"Is Magnesium glycinate / bisglycinate better absorbed than citrate?","anchor":"glycinate-vs-citrate","a":"Citrate measured higher than glycinate / bisglycinate in 1 human head-to-head study we have (grade B, draft)."},{"q":"Is Magnesium citrate better absorbed than oxide?","anchor":"citrate-vs-oxide","a":"Citrate and oxide showed no significant difference in 1 human head-to-head study we have (grade B, draft)."},{"q":"Is Magnesium glycinate / bisglycinate better absorbed than oxide?","anchor":"glycinate-vs-oxide","a":"Oxide measured higher than glycinate / bisglycinate in 1 of 3 human head-to-head studies we have (grade C, draft)."},{"q":"Is Magnesium citrate better absorbed than chloride?","anchor":"citrate-vs-chloride","a":"We have 2 relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Is Magnesium citrate better absorbed than lactate?","anchor":"citrate-vs-lactate","a":"We have 1 relevant study in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Is Magnesium oxide better absorbed than chloride?","anchor":"oxide-vs-chloride","a":"We have 2 relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Is Magnesium aspartate better absorbed than oxide?","anchor":"aspartate-vs-oxide","a":"We have 1 relevant study in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Should Magnesium be taken with food?","anchor":"with-food","a":"We have 82 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting."},{"q":"When is the best time to take Magnesium?","anchor":"best-time","a":"We have 2 relevant studies in our database that mention timing."},{"q":"Is this dosing advice?","anchor":"calculator","a":"No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. Talk to a clinician about what's right for you."}],"evidence_grade":"B","evidence_grade_status":"draft — pending reviewer (rubric v2)","form_grades":{"glycinate":{"label":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=12, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":12,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["7815675"]},"citrate":{"label":"Citrate","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=14, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":14,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["1988724"]},"oxide":{"label":"Oxide","grade":"C","basis":"9 human studies, total n=103, 5 randomized/crossover; median CV 115.7% across 1 matched set(s) (inconsistent)","studies":9,"total_n":103,"randomized":5,"median_cv":115.7,"cv_sets":[{"set":"relative_bioavailability / total element / urine / fed / single /  / %","studies":["20862466","40955524"],"cv":115.7}],"pmids":["20862466","27412366","31230494","31330811","39249590","40955524","42091979","7815675","8829129"]},"malate":{"label":"Malate","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"threonate":{"label":"L-threonate","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"chloride":{"label":"Chloride","grade":"C","basis":"3 human studies, total n=39, 2 randomized/crossover; 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consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":22,"randomized":0,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["29056894"]},"pidolate":{"label":"Pidolate","grade":"D","basis":"animal/in vitro data only","studies":0}},"measured_pk":{"slug":"magnesium","name":"Magnesium","source":"PDF full-text extraction bundle (918 papers), merged 2026-10-29","gradeStatus":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","counts":{"papers":83,"withData":81,"rejected":2,"species":{"human":37,"rodent":29,"other_animal":12,"pig":1,"in_vitro":1,"unclear":1},"pkValues":869},"forms":[{"slug":"glycinate","label":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","n_studies":1,"species":{"human":1},"n_values":18,"pmids":["7815675"]},{"slug":"citrate","label":"Citrate","n_studies":4,"species":{"human":2,"rodent":1,"other_animal":1},"n_values":15,"pmids":["10539782","10954032","16548135","1988724"]},{"slug":"oxide","label":"Oxide","n_studies":19,"species":{"human":7,"rodent":6,"other_animal":6},"n_values":138,"pmids":["10067656","10539782","12097690","14762081","15325690","16548135","16785046","18218762","20862466","22351498","2240216","2262427","27412366","31230494","40955524","6674291","7815675","8829129","9785240"]},{"slug":"malate","label":"Malate","n_studies":1,"species":{"human":1},"n_values":2,"pmids":["10954032"]},{"slug":"threonate","label":"L-threonate","n_studies":0,"species":{},"n_values":0,"pmids":[]},{"slug":"chloride","label":"Chloride","n_studies":5,"species":{"human":3,"rodent":2},"n_values":36,"pmids":["16548135","16785046","16829399","1988724","9474122"]},{"slug":"taurate","label":"Taurate","n_studies":0,"species":{},"n_values":0,"pmids":[]},{"slug":"sulfate","label":"Sulfate","n_studies":7,"species":{"rodent":4,"human":3},"n_values":83,"pmids":["10069480","11756061","14564461","16010453","16548135","1880615","29638147"]},{"slug":"lactate","label":"Lactate","n_studies":2,"species":{"human":1,"rodent":1},"n_values":28,"pmids":["16548135","29638147"]},{"slug":"aspartate","label":"Aspartate","n_studies":1,"species":{"rodent":1},"n_values":4,"pmids":["16548135"]},{"slug":"orotate","label":"Orotate","n_studies":0,"species":{},"n_values":0,"pmids":[]},{"slug":"carbonate","label":"Carbonate","n_studies":6,"species":{"other_animal":3,"rodent":2,"human":1},"n_values":110,"pmids":["14564461","16548135","20862466","4077768","6619018","6674291"]},{"slug":"pidolate","label":"Pidolate","n_studies":1,"species":{"rodent":1},"n_values":4,"pmids":["16548135"]}],"pairs":[{"grade":"B","basis":"1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: second form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)","majority":"B_better","tally":{"B_better":1},"pmids":["29630135"],"anchor":"glycinate-vs-citrate","a":"glycinate","b":"citrate","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Citrate","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"glycinate-vs-citrate","pmid":"29630135","species":"human","design":"other (specify): single-day double-blinded repeated crossover; randomization not stated","n":"10","title":"Magnesium bioavailability after administration of sucrosomial® magnesium: results of an ex-vivo study and a comparative, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy subjects.","journal":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","year":"2018","comparison":"Sucrosomial, citrate, oxide vs bisglycinate","parameter":"% change RBC Mg at 24 h","direction_text":"each > bisglycinate","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Table II","quote":""}],"old_grade":"B","grade_v2":"B","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: second form higher (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":"B","basis":"1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: no significant difference (1 agree, 0 contradict)","majority":"no_difference","tally":{"no_difference":1},"pmids":["40955524"],"anchor":"citrate-vs-oxide","a":"citrate","b":"oxide","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Oxide","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"citrate-vs-oxide","pmid":"40955524","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled (3 conditions)","n":"20 completed (22 enrolled)","title":"Comparing the Bioavailability of Two Seawater-Derived Magnesium Preparations.","journal":"Journal of medicinal food","year":"2025","comparison":"MgCit vs MgOH","parameter":"relative bioavailability","direction_text":"citrate numerically greater, NS","significant":"no","p_value":"NR","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"p.1272-1273; Fig. 1-2 legends","quote":"While relative bioavailability was numerically greater with magnesium citrate, this difference did not reach statistical significance."}],"old_grade":"B","grade_v2":"B","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: B (1 human studies (1 randomized/crossover); majority: no significant difference (1 agree, 0 contradict)); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":"C","basis":"3 human studies (2 randomized/crossover); majority: second form higher (1 agree, 1 contradict)","majority":"B_better","tally":{"B_better":1,"unclear":1,"no_difference":1},"pmids":["29630135","42567449","7815675"],"anchor":"glycinate-vs-oxide","a":"glycinate","b":"oxide","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Oxide","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"7815675","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"12 (one additional subject studied but excluded)","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1994","comparison":"B (diglycinate) vs A (MgO), all subjects","parameter":"fractional 26Mg absorption","direction_text":"no difference (23.5% vs 22.6%)","significant":"no","p_value":"NR","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.432","quote":"magnesium absorption from magnesium chelate (23.5% ± 1.8%) was not different from the value observed for MgO (22.6% ± 2.8%)"},{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"7815675","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"12 (one additional subject studied but excluded)","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1994","comparison":"B vs A, 4 patients with lowest MgO absorption","parameter":"fractional 26Mg absorption","direction_text":"chelate > oxide (23.5% vs 11.8%)","significant":"yes","p_value":"< .05","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Results p.432","quote":"absorption increased dramatically with the chelate from a mean of 11.8% to 23.5% (p < .05)"},{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"7815675","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"12 (one additional subject studied but excluded)","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1994","comparison":"B vs A, remaining 8 subjects","parameter":"fractional 26Mg absorption","direction_text":"tended lower with chelate","significant":"no","p_value":"NR","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.432","quote":"absorption tended to be lower with the chelate, but the difference between the supplements was not significant"},{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"7815675","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"12 (one additional subject studied but excluded)","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1994","comparison":"B vs A","parameter":"time to peak plasma isotope enrichment","direction_text":"chelate earlier (mean difference 3.2 ± 1.3 h)","significant":"yes","p_value":"< .05","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Results p.433","quote":"peak isotope enrichment occurred significantly earlier after 26Mg chelate than after 26MgO ingestion"},{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"7815675","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"12 (one additional subject studied but excluded)","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1994","comparison":"B vs A","parameter":"peak plasma isotope enrichment","direction_text":"no difference (8.3% vs 6.6%)","significant":"no","p_value":"NR","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.433","quote":"The magnitude of peak plasma isotope enrichment was not significantly different between treatments"},{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"7815675","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"12 (one additional subject studied but excluded)","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1994","comparison":"B vs A","parameter":"AUC plasma enrichment 0-24 h","direction_text":"chelate > oxide","significant":"yes","p_value":"< .05","direction_DERIVED":"A_better","location":"Results p.433; Fig. 1","quote":"The area under the enrichment vs time curve was also significantly greater after chelate ingestion (p < .05)"},{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"7815675","species":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"12 (one additional subject studied but excluded)","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1994","comparison":"B vs A","parameter":"5-day urinary 26Mg excretion and retention","direction_text":"no difference","significant":"no","p_value":"NR","direction_DERIVED":"no_difference","location":"Results p.433","quote":"Five-day urinary excretion and retention of 26Mg were not different for the two supplements"},{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"29630135","species":"human","design":"other (specify): single-day double-blinded repeated crossover; randomization not stated","n":"10","title":"Magnesium bioavailability after administration of sucrosomial® magnesium: results of an ex-vivo study and a comparative, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy subjects.","journal":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","year":"2018","comparison":"Sucrosomial, citrate, oxide vs bisglycinate","parameter":"% change RBC Mg at 24 h","direction_text":"each > bisglycinate","significant":"yes","p_value":"<0.05","direction_DERIVED":"B_better","location":"Table II","quote":""},{"pair":"glycinate-vs-oxide","pmid":"42567449","species":"human","design":"other (specify): case report","n":"1","title":"Hypomagnesemia from malabsorption and renal magnesium wasting treated with high-dose magnesium glycinate: A case report.","journal":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","year":"2026","comparison":"MgG vs MgO","parameter":"serum Mg control","direction_text":"magnesium glycinate better (qualitative)","significant":"NR","p_value":"NR","direction_DERIVED":"unclear","location":"Case Summary p.3","quote":"overall magnesium control was markedly better with magnesium glycinate compared with prior formulations."}],"old_grade":"C","grade_v2":"C","grade_v2_basis":"head-to-head only; no matched single-form separation. H2H: C (3 human studies (2 randomized/crossover); majority: second form higher (1 agree, 1 contradict)); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"citrate-vs-chloride","a":"citrate","b":"chloride","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Chloride","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"citrate-vs-lactate","a":"citrate","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Lactate","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"oxide-vs-chloride","a":"oxide","b":"chloride","aLabel":"Oxide","bLabel":"Chloride","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"aspartate-vs-oxide","a":"aspartate","b":"oxide","aLabel":"Aspartate","bLabel":"Oxide","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null}],"pk":[{"pmid":"10067656","species":"human","arm":"Children 9-14 y, dual stable isotope","form":"Oral 26Mg (95.8% pure, from oxide) in milk or intrinsically labeled green beans; IV 25Mg (95.6% pure)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg body weight 26Mg (oral, total); 25Mg IV approximately 1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"25","analyte":"Mg (26Mg oral vs 25Mg IV)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Mean fractional Mg absorption at 120 h (dual tracer, urinary recovery ratio)","value":"0.44","variance":"","units":"fraction (44%)","location":"Results p.4; Fig. 1 legend","quote":"The mean absorption fraction for the 25 subjects at 120 hours was 0.44 (44%).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Previously reported in ref 7"},{"pmid":"10067656","species":"human","arm":"Children 9-14 y, dual stable isotope","form":"Oral 26Mg (95.8% pure, from oxide) in milk or intrinsically labeled green beans; IV 25Mg (95.6% pure)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg body weight 26Mg (oral, total); 25Mg IV approximately 1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"25","analyte":"Mg (26Mg oral vs 25Mg IV)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Cumulative fraction of final (120-h) absorption reached at 24 h","value":"0.8","variance":"","units":"fraction of 120-h absorption","location":"Results p.4","quote":"the fraction is 0.8 (i.e., absorption is 80% complete) at 24 hours and 0.95 at 72 hours","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"10067656","species":"human","arm":"Children 9-14 y, dual stable isotope","form":"Oral 26Mg (95.8% pure, from oxide) in milk or intrinsically labeled green beans; IV 25Mg (95.6% pure)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg body weight 26Mg (oral, total); 25Mg IV approximately 1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"25","analyte":"Mg (26Mg oral vs 25Mg IV)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Cumulative fraction of final (120-h) absorption reached at 72 h","value":"0.95","variance":"","units":"fraction of 120-h absorption","location":"Results p.4; Fig. 1 legend","quote":"Absorption was 95% complete after 72 hours.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10067656","species":"human","arm":"Children 9-14 y, dual stable isotope","form":"Oral 26Mg (95.8% pure, from oxide) in milk or intrinsically labeled green beans; IV 25Mg (95.6% pure)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg body weight 26Mg (oral, total); 25Mg IV approximately 1.0 mg/kg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"25","analyte":"Mg (26Mg oral vs 25Mg IV)","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Cumulative fraction of final absorption at 8 h after completion of 26Mg dosing","value":"64","variance":"","units":"% of the 120-h absorption (44%)","location":"Fig. 1 legend","quote":"at 8 hours after completion of 26Mg dosing, the mean fractional absorption was 64% of this 44%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Other timepoints (8-h intervals to 120 h, mean ± SD) figure-only"},{"pmid":"10954032","species":"human","arm":"Control period (PSCM)","form":"Potassium sodium citrate malate sachets (2.30 g KHCO3, 1.94 g NaHCO3, 2.06 g citric acid, 1.41 g malic acid)","forms":["citrate","malate"],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"empty stomach, evening","n":"20","analyte":"45Ca","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"45CaCl2 AUC (f × time, min), 0-420 min after oral 5 µCi 45CaCl2 load","value":"408.64","variance":"± 66.12 (SD)","units":"f × time, min","location":"Table 2","quote":"45CaCl2 AUC (f × time, min) 408.64 ± 66.12 312.46 ± 72.32 <.001, 2-tailed t test","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calcium absorption outcome (effect of Mg supplementation on Ca absorption)"},{"pmid":"10954032","species":"human","arm":"Magnesium period (MCM)","form":"Magnesium citrate malate sachets (125 mg elemental Mg each, complexed with 2.06 g citric acid and 1.41 g malic acid)","forms":["citrate","malate"],"dose":"250 mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"empty stomach, evening","n":"20","analyte":"45Ca","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"45CaCl2 AUC (f × time, min), 0-420 min after oral 5 µCi 45CaCl2 load","value":"312.46","variance":"± 72.32 (SD)","units":"f × time, min","location":"Table 2","quote":"45CaCl2 AUC (f × time, min) 408.64 ± 66.12 312.46 ± 72.32 <.001, 2-tailed t test","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Calcium absorption outcome"},{"pmid":"10954032","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"45Ca","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% decrease in fractional 45Ca absorption (mean AUC), MCM vs PSCM","value":"23.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.1094; Abstract","quote":"fractional 45Ca absorption, expressed as the mean AUC, was 23.5% lower (P < .001)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11312063","species":"human","arm":"Children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia","form":"25MgO or 26MgO dissolved in HCl, extrinsically labeled milk (250-300 mL)","forms":[],"dose":"approximately 2 mg/kg body weight (0.080 mmol/kg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"4","analyte":"Mg tracer (25Mg or 26Mg)","matrix":"stool","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Fractional Mg absorption by SIFRT","value":"58.3","variance":"± 10.6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table II; Abstract","quote":"Fractional Mg absorption (%)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"11312063","species":"human","arm":"Healthy control children","form":"25MgO or 26MgO dissolved in HCl, extrinsically labeled milk (250-300 mL)","forms":[],"dose":"approximately 2 mg/kg body weight (0.080 mmol/kg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"6","analyte":"Mg tracer (25Mg or 26Mg)","matrix":"stool","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Fractional Mg absorption by SIFRT","value":"61.4","variance":"± 7.5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table II; Abstract","quote":"control children (fractional absorption: 61.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11312063","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg tracer (25Mg or 26Mg)","matrix":"stool","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Average fractional Mg absorption, all children aged 3-8 y","value":"60.2","variance":"± 5.8 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Abstract; Results p.3","quote":"For all children (n = 10, age 3 to 8 y), average fractional absorption was 60.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11697813","species":"human","arm":"Placebo (sucrose)","form":"sucrose powder sachets (5 g)","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"11","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"relative intestinal Mg absorption (%), fecal 25Mg monitoring corrected for fecal marker","value":"30.2","variance":"± 5.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.2156","quote":"The intestinal Mg absorption averaged 30.2 ⫾ 5.0% during placebo treatment and increased to 33.9 ⫾ 7.2% when volunteers consumed sc-FOS.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11697813","species":"human","arm":"sc-FOS (Actilight)","form":"short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides: 37% 1-kestose, 53% nystose, 10% fructosyl-nystose","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/day","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"11","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"relative intestinal Mg absorption (%), fecal 25Mg monitoring corrected for fecal marker","value":"33.9","variance":"± 7.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.2156","quote":"The intestinal Mg absorption averaged 30.2 ⫾ 5.0% during placebo treatment and increased to 33.9 ⫾ 7.2% when volunteers consumed sc-FOS.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11756061","species":"human","arm":"Mineral water alone (test drink)","form":"500 mL Hépar mineral water labeled with 15 mg Mg as 25MgSO4","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"70 mg total Mg intake (as stated in Discussion)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"10","analyte":"25Mg (stable isotope)","matrix":"feces (fecal monitoring)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of isotope dose, 10-d fecal collection","value":"45.7","variance":"± 4.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3; Abstract","quote":"The mean (± SD) magnesium absorption from mineral water consumed alone was 45.7 ± 4.6% (range: 40.2–55.5%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"11756061","species":"human","arm":"Mineral water with meal (test meal)","form":"500 mL Hépar mineral water labeled with 15 mg Mg as 26MgSO4, with breakfast","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"87 mg total Mg intake (as stated in Discussion)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (light breakfast)","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg (stable isotope)","matrix":"feces (fecal monitoring)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of isotope dose, 10-d fecal collection","value":"52.3","variance":"± 3.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3; Abstract","quote":"was significantly greater (P = 0.0001) when it was consumed with a meal (52.3 ± 3.9%; 46.2–60.2%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12514273","species":"human","arm":"Dextrose (control diet)","form":"Control diet with dextrose","forms":[],"dose":"322 mg/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Absolute apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal excretion)","value":"133","variance":"± 23 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; means in a row without a common letter differ, P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"12514273","species":"human","arm":"Lycasin HBC (maltitol syrup: 50% maltitol + 50% hydrogenated polysaccharide fraction)","form":"Polyol syrup in water, 6 doses/d","forms":[],"dose":"100 g dry matter/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Absolute apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal excretion)","value":"159","variance":"± 19 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab; means in a row without a common letter differ, P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"12514273","species":"human","arm":"Hydrogenated polysaccharide fraction of Lycasin HBC","form":"Polyol in water, 6 doses/d","forms":[],"dose":"100 g dry matter/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Absolute apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal excretion)","value":"189","variance":"± 24 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; means in a row without a common letter differ, P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"12514273","species":"human","arm":"Dextrose (control diet)","form":"Control diet with dextrose","forms":[],"dose":"322 mg/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Relative apparent Mg absorption (%)","value":"39.8","variance":"± 2.7 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2; Abstract","quote":"The relative apparent absorptions of Ca and Mg from the control diet were (means ± SEM) 33.3 ± 4.6 and 39.8 ± 2.7%, respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"superscript b; means in a row without a common letter differ, P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"12514273","species":"human","arm":"Lycasin HBC (maltitol syrup: 50% maltitol + 50% hydrogenated polysaccharide fraction)","form":"Polyol syrup in water, 6 doses/d","forms":[],"dose":"100 g dry matter/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Relative apparent Mg absorption (%)","value":"48.5","variance":"± 3.0 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; means in a row without a common letter differ, P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"12514273","species":"human","arm":"Hydrogenated polysaccharide fraction of Lycasin HBC","form":"Polyol in water, 6 doses/d","forms":[],"dose":"100 g dry matter/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Relative apparent Mg absorption (%)","value":"50.5","variance":"± 2.7 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; means in a row without a common letter differ, P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"12514273","species":"human","arm":"Dextrose (control diet)","form":"Control diet with dextrose","forms":[],"dose":"322 mg/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Relative apparent Ca absorption (%), control diet","value":"33.3","variance":"± 4.6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"The relative apparent absorptions of Ca and Mg from the control diet were (means ± SEM) 33.3 ± 4.6 and 39.8 ± 2.7%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Ca values per diet not tabulated; Results text: relative apparent Ca absorption between 32 and 37%"},{"pmid":"12514273","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Relative apparent Ca absorption range across the three diets","value":"between 32 and 37","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.3","quote":"The relative apparent absorption of Ca was between 32 and 37%.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"12936928","species":"human","arm":"Type 2 diabetic patients","form":"26MgCl2 (from 26MgO, 96.8% enriched) in 300 g ultrapure water with wheat-bread roll","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg 26Mg isotopic label","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with test meal after overnight fast","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg isotopic label","matrix":"stool","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent magnesium absorption (% of administered dose), 6-d fecal pool","value":"59.3","variance":"± 7.0 (SD)","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table 3; Abstract","quote":"Mean (± SD) values for fractional magnesium absorption in the diabetic patients and the control subjects were 59.3 ± 7.0% and 57.6 ± 8.5%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 n = 12 for this row (footnote 2); Abstract calls it fractional absorption"},{"pmid":"12936928","species":"human","arm":"Healthy nondiabetic control subjects","form":"26MgCl2 (from 26MgO, 96.8% enriched) in 300 g ultrapure water with wheat-bread roll","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg 26Mg isotopic label","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with test meal after overnight fast","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg isotopic label","matrix":"stool","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent magnesium absorption (% of administered dose), 6-d fecal pool","value":"57.6","variance":"± 8.5 (SD)","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table 3; Abstract","quote":"57.6 ± 8.5%, respectively (NS)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"14985216","species":"human","arm":"Study 1 meal B: no added phytic acid","form":"200 g phytic acid-free white-wheat bread, Mg standardized with MgCl2, no added phytic acid","forms":[],"dose":"3.64 ± 0.05 mmol total Mg per test meal (Table 1, mean ± SD); label 26Mg 1.12 ± 0.01 mmol","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meal (bread + 600 mL water) after overnight fast","n":"9","analyte":"magnesium (25Mg/26Mg label)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% dose absorbed (stable isotope, fecal monitoring)","value":"32.5","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"lowered fractional apparent magnesium absorption from 32.5 ± 6.9% (no added phytic acid) to 13.0 ± 6.9% (1.49 mmol added phytic acid; P < 0.0005)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract assigns 32.5% to no-added-phytic-acid meal; Results text labels it 'test meal A' (which Table 1/Methods define as the phytic-acid meal)"},{"pmid":"14985216","species":"human","arm":"Study 1 meal A: + 1.49 mmol phytic acid","form":"200 g phytic acid-free white-wheat bread, Mg standardized with MgCl2, plus 1.49 mmol phytic acid (dodecasodium phytate)","forms":[],"dose":"3.63 ± 0.04 mmol total Mg per test meal (Table 1, mean ± SD); label 25Mg 0.65 ± 0.02 mmol","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meal (bread + 600 mL water) after overnight fast","n":"9","analyte":"magnesium (25Mg/26Mg label)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% dose absorbed (stable isotope, fecal monitoring)","value":"13.0","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"lowered fractional apparent magnesium absorption from 32.5 ± 6.9% (no added phytic acid) to 13.0 ± 6.9% (1.49 mmol added phytic acid; P < 0.0005)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract assigns 13.0% to 1.49 mmol phytic acid meal; Results text labels it 'test meal B'"},{"pmid":"14985216","species":"human","arm":"Study 2 meal B: no added phytic acid","form":"200 g phytic acid-free white-wheat bread, Mg standardized with MgCl2, no added phytic acid","forms":[],"dose":"3.65 ± 0.03 mmol total Mg per test meal (Table 1, mean ± SD); label 26Mg 1.12 ± 0.01 mmol","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meal (bread + 600 mL water) after overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"magnesium (25Mg/26Mg label)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% dose absorbed (stable isotope, fecal monitoring)","value":"32.2","variance":"± 12.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"and from 32.2 ± 12.0% (no added phytic acid) to 24.0 ± 12.9% (0.75 mmol added phytic acid; P < 0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract assigns 32.2% to no-added-phytic-acid meal; Results text labels it 'test meal A'"},{"pmid":"14985216","species":"human","arm":"Study 2 meal A: + 0.75 mmol phytic acid","form":"200 g phytic acid-free white-wheat bread, Mg standardized with MgCl2, plus 0.75 mmol phytic acid (dodecasodium phytate)","forms":[],"dose":"3.63 ± 0.04 mmol total Mg per test meal (Table 1, mean ± SD); label 25Mg 0.65 ± 0.02 mmol","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meal (bread + 600 mL water) after overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"magnesium (25Mg/26Mg label)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% dose absorbed (stable isotope, fecal monitoring)","value":"24.0","variance":"± 12.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"and from 32.2 ± 12.0% (no added phytic acid) to 24.0 ± 12.9% (0.75 mmol added phytic acid; P < 0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract assigns 24.0% to 0.75 mmol phytic acid meal; Results text labels it 'test meal B'"},{"pmid":"14985216","species":"human","arm":"Study 1 meal A: + 1.49 mmol phytic acid","form":"200 g phytic acid-free white-wheat bread, Mg standardized with MgCl2, plus 1.49 mmol phytic acid (dodecasodium phytate)","forms":[],"dose":"3.63 ± 0.04 mmol total Mg per test meal (Table 1, mean ± SD); label 25Mg 0.65 ± 0.02 mmol","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meal (bread + 600 mL water) after overnight fast","n":"9","analyte":"magnesium (25Mg/26Mg label)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% dose absorbed (stable isotope, fecal monitoring) - as labelled in Results","value":"32.5","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.421 'Magnesium absorption'","quote":"32.5 ± 6.9% (test meal A) compared with 13.0 ± 6.9% (test meal B) (P < 0.0005, Figure 1)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Abstract (32.5% = no added phytic acid) and Table 1/Methods (meal A = phytic acid meal); Results labels appear swapped"},{"pmid":"14985216","species":"human","arm":"Study 1 meal B: no added phytic acid","form":"200 g phytic acid-free white-wheat bread, Mg standardized with MgCl2, no added phytic acid","forms":[],"dose":"3.64 ± 0.05 mmol total Mg per test meal (Table 1, mean ± SD); label 26Mg 1.12 ± 0.01 mmol","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meal (bread + 600 mL water) after overnight fast","n":"9","analyte":"magnesium (25Mg/26Mg label)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% dose absorbed (stable isotope, fecal monitoring) - as labelled in Results","value":"13.0","variance":"± 6.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.421 'Magnesium absorption'","quote":"32.5 ± 6.9% (test meal A) compared with 13.0 ± 6.9% (test meal B) (P < 0.0005, Figure 1)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Abstract (13.0% = 1.49 mmol phytic acid meal)"},{"pmid":"14985216","species":"human","arm":"Study 2 meal A: + 0.75 mmol phytic acid","form":"200 g phytic acid-free white-wheat bread, Mg standardized with MgCl2, plus 0.75 mmol phytic acid (dodecasodium phytate)","forms":[],"dose":"3.63 ± 0.04 mmol total Mg per test meal (Table 1, mean ± SD); label 25Mg 0.65 ± 0.02 mmol","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meal (bread + 600 mL water) after overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"magnesium (25Mg/26Mg label)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% dose absorbed (stable isotope, fecal monitoring) - as labelled in Results","value":"32.2","variance":"± 12.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.421 'Magnesium absorption'","quote":"32.2 ± 12.0% (test meal A) compared with 24.0 ± 12.9% (test meal B) (P < 0.01; Figure 2)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Abstract (32.2% = no added phytic acid)"},{"pmid":"14985216","species":"human","arm":"Study 2 meal B: no added phytic acid","form":"200 g phytic acid-free white-wheat bread, Mg standardized with MgCl2, no added phytic acid","forms":[],"dose":"3.65 ± 0.03 mmol total Mg per test meal (Table 1, mean ± SD); label 26Mg 1.12 ± 0.01 mmol","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meal (bread + 600 mL water) after overnight fast","n":"8","analyte":"magnesium (25Mg/26Mg label)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% dose absorbed (stable isotope, fecal monitoring) - as labelled in Results","value":"24.0","variance":"± 12.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.421 'Magnesium absorption'","quote":"32.2 ± 12.0% (test meal A) compared with 24.0 ± 12.9% (test meal B) (P < 0.01; Figure 2)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Abstract (24.0% = 0.75 mmol phytic acid meal)"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet D (dextrose)","form":"Crystalline anhydrous dextrose added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"104.7 (0.6) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Mg absorption, mg/d (absolute)","value":"65","variance":"± 12 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet N (NUTRIOSE FB)","form":"NUTRIOSE FB low-digestible dextrin (soluble fibre) added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"99.8 (SD 0.7) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Mg absorption, mg/d (absolute)","value":"117","variance":"± 4 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet D (dextrose)","form":"Crystalline anhydrous dextrose added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"104.7 (0.6) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Mg absorption, % (relative)","value":"30.4","variance":"± 5.7 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet N (NUTRIOSE FB)","form":"NUTRIOSE FB low-digestible dextrin (soluble fibre) added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"99.8 (SD 0.7) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Mg absorption, % (relative)","value":"50.9","variance":"± 3.6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet D (dextrose)","form":"Crystalline anhydrous dextrose added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"104.7 (0.6) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Calcium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Ca absorption, mg/d (absolute)","value":"187","variance":"± 39 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet N (NUTRIOSE FB)","form":"NUTRIOSE FB low-digestible dextrin (soluble fibre) added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"99.8 (SD 0.7) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Calcium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Ca absorption, mg/d (absolute)","value":"269","variance":"± 29 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet D (dextrose)","form":"Crystalline anhydrous dextrose added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"104.7 (0.6) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Calcium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Ca absorption, % (relative)","value":"28.8","variance":"± 6.6 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet N (NUTRIOSE FB)","form":"NUTRIOSE FB low-digestible dextrin (soluble fibre) added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"99.8 (SD 0.7) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Calcium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Ca absorption, % (relative)","value":"37.4","variance":"± 4.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet D (dextrose)","form":"Crystalline anhydrous dextrose added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"104.7 (0.6) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Zinc","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Zn absorption, mg/d (absolute)","value":"2.45","variance":"± 0.50 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'; table row label printed as 'Apparent Mg absorption, mg/d' under the Zinc section (apparent typo in paper)"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet N (NUTRIOSE FB)","form":"NUTRIOSE FB low-digestible dextrin (soluble fibre) added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"99.8 (SD 0.7) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Zinc","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Zn absorption, mg/d (absolute)","value":"2.34","variance":"± 0.45 (SEM)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'; table row label printed as 'Apparent Mg absorption, mg/d' under the Zinc section (apparent typo in paper)"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet D (dextrose)","form":"Crystalline anhydrous dextrose added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"104.7 (0.6) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Zinc","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Zn absorption, % (relative)","value":"26.5","variance":"± 5.5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"Diet N (NUTRIOSE FB)","form":"NUTRIOSE FB low-digestible dextrin (soluble fibre) added to basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"99.8 (SD 0.7) g DM/d (actual mean intake)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"with/between meals of controlled diet","n":"10","analyte":"Zinc","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent Zn absorption, % (relative)","value":"25.2","variance":"± 5.0 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 4 reports LSMeans and 'SE of LSM'"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Relative apparent Mg absorption increase with LDC vs dextrose","value":"67","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"Ingestion of the LDC significantly increased the relative apparent absorption of Mg, and Mg retention by 67 % and 31 mg/d, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"authors' summary; basis of 67% not stated"},{"pmid":"15309452","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Improvement in Mg absorption and retention (as stated in Conclusion)","value":"+ 52","variance":"","units":"mg/d","location":"Conclusion p.351","quote":"significantly improved magnesium absorption and retention (+ 52 mg/d)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Abstract (Mg retention +31 mg/d); Conclusion value not clearly assigned to absorption vs retention"},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Control low-mineral water","form":"0.5 L Valvert (0.1 mmol Mg, 0.8 mmol Ca, 0.1 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.1 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"amount of Mg absorbed per day (small bowel)","value":"0.8","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.108; Abstract; Fig. 1","quote":"The amount of magnesium absorbed increased from 0.8 (0–1.34) mmol/d to 1.2 (0.8–1.9) mmol/d with the mineral-rich water","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 1 gives control-period Mg balance median 0.8 (0–1.3)"},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Mineral-rich water (intervention)","form":"0.5 L Hépar (2.3 mmol Mg, 6.9 mmol Ca, 7.7 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.3 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"amount of Mg absorbed per day (small bowel)","value":"1.2","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.108; Abstract; Fig. 1","quote":"which corresponded to a median increase of 30 % (Fig. 1, P = 0.028)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Control low-mineral water","form":"0.5 L Valvert (0.1 mmol Mg, 0.8 mmol Ca, 0.1 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.1 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption (small bowel), % of intake","value":"9.9","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.108","quote":"The fractional magnesium absorption was 9.9 % (–0.2–16.7 %) during the control period","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Mineral-rich water (intervention)","form":"0.5 L Hépar (2.3 mmol Mg, 6.9 mmol Ca, 7.7 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.3 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption (small bowel), % of intake","value":"11.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.108","quote":"increased to 11.8 % (7.9–18.1 %) during the intervention period with the addition of the mineral-rich water (P = 0.20)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Control low-mineral water","form":"0.5 L Valvert (0.1 mmol Mg, 0.8 mmol Ca, 0.1 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.1 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"amount of Ca absorbed per day","value":"8.3","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.108; Abstract","quote":"Median apparent calcium absorption increased from 8.3 (6.7–13.6) mmol/d to 14.8 (8.3–20.4) mmol/d","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Mineral-rich water (intervention)","form":"0.5 L Hépar (2.3 mmol Mg, 6.9 mmol Ca, 7.7 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.3 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"amount of Ca absorbed per day","value":"14.8","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.108; Abstract","quote":"which corresponded to a median increase of 45 % (Fig. 2, P = 0.027)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Control low-mineral water","form":"0.5 L Valvert (0.1 mmol Mg, 0.8 mmol Ca, 0.1 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.1 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Ca absorption","value":"23.7","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.108","quote":"The fractional calcium absorption corresponded to 23.7 % (19.3–39.1 %) during the control period","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Mineral-rich water (intervention)","form":"0.5 L Hépar (2.3 mmol Mg, 6.9 mmol Ca, 7.7 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.3 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Ca absorption","value":"35.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.108","quote":"increased to 35.2 % (19.8–48.9 %) during the intervention period (P = 0.13)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Control low-mineral water","form":"0.5 L Valvert (0.1 mmol Mg, 0.8 mmol Ca, 0.1 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.1 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"total sulphate","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"daily apparent absorption of total sulphate","value":"1.9","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.109; Abstract","quote":"creased from 1.9 (1.3–2.2) mmol/d during the control period to 5.1 (4.2–6.8) mmol/d during the intervention","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Mineral-rich water (intervention)","form":"0.5 L Hépar (2.3 mmol Mg, 6.9 mmol Ca, 7.7 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.3 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"total sulphate","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"daily apparent absorption of total sulphate","value":"5.1","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.109; Abstract","quote":"which corresponded to a 197 % increase (P = 0.028)","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Control low-mineral water","form":"0.5 L Valvert (0.1 mmol Mg, 0.8 mmol Ca, 0.1 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.1 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"total sulphate","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional sulphate absorption","value":"56.4","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.109","quote":"The fractional absorption was 56.4 % (39.3–67.6 %) with the control water and 58 % (50.9–68.8 %) with the mineral rich water (P = 0.48)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Mineral-rich water (intervention)","form":"0.5 L Hépar (2.3 mmol Mg, 6.9 mmol Ca, 7.7 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.3 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"total sulphate","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional sulphate absorption","value":"58","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.109","quote":"58 % (50.9–68.8 %) with the mineral rich water (P = 0.48)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Control low-mineral water","form":"0.5 L Valvert (0.1 mmol Mg, 0.8 mmol Ca, 0.1 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.1 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"free sulphate","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"daily apparent absorption of free sulphate","value":"2.5","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.109","quote":"during the control period the absorption was 2.5 (2.4–2.8) mmol/d free sulphate compared to 8.9 (7.3–10.8) mmol/d","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Mineral-rich water (intervention)","form":"0.5 L Hépar (2.3 mmol Mg, 6.9 mmol Ca, 7.7 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.3 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"free sulphate","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"daily apparent absorption of free sulphate","value":"8.9","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.109","quote":"compared to 8.9 (7.3–10.8) mmol/d during the intervention period (P = 0.028)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Control low-mineral water","form":"0.5 L Valvert (0.1 mmol Mg, 0.8 mmol Ca, 0.1 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.1 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"esterified sulphate","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"daily amount of esterified sulphate absorbed","value":"0.6","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.109","quote":"For esterified sulphate, the mean amount absorbed during the control period was 0.6 (0.4–1.1) mmol/d","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"text says 'mean' although methods state medians are presented"},{"pmid":"16010453","species":"human","arm":"Mineral-rich water (intervention)","form":"0.5 L Hépar (2.3 mmol Mg, 6.9 mmol Ca, 7.7 mmol sulphate per 0.5 L)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.3 mmol Mg per 0.5 L","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"6","analyte":"esterified sulphate","matrix":"ileostomy effluent (intake minus ileal excretion)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"daily amount of esterified sulphate absorbed","value":"0.8","variance":"","units":"mmol/d","location":"Results p.109","quote":"not significantly different from the amount of 0.8 (0.2–1.1) mmol/d during the intervention period","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 1, no Mg supplement (diet only), fat intake 100 g, 8-day period","form":"diet only","forms":[],"dose":"0 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"- 1.9","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 1 period 8 days, fat 100 g: intake 8.0, faecal 9.9, net absorption - 1.9, urinary 0.1, balance - 2.0","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 1, MgCl2 25 mmol/day, fat intake 100 g, 8-day period","form":"magnesium chloride solution 0.5 mmol/ml with liquorice extract","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"25 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"+14.5","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 1 period 8 days, fat 100 g: intake 33.0, faecal 18.5, net absorption +14.5, urinary 0.2, balance +14.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 1, MgCl2 25 mmol/day, fat intake 40 g, 8-day period","form":"magnesium chloride solution 0.5 mmol/ml with liquorice extract","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"25 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"+18.6","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 1 period 8 days, fat 40 g: intake 35.0, faecal 16.4, net absorption +18.6, urinary 0.7, balance +17.9","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 2, no Mg supplement (diet only), fat intake 100 g, 12-day period","form":"diet only","forms":[],"dose":"0 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"+ 3.2","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 2 period 12 days, fat 100 g: intake 9.3, faecal 6.1, net absorption + 3.2, urinary 1.5, balance + 1.7","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 2, MgCl2 25 mmol/day, fat intake 100 g, 20-day period","form":"magnesium chloride solution 0.5 mmol/ml with liquorice extract","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"25 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"+ 7.7","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 2 period 20 days, fat 100 g: intake 32.5, faecal 24.8, net absorption + 7.7, urinary 3.4, balance + 4.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 2, MgCl2 25 mmol/day, fat intake 40 g, 20-day period","form":"magnesium chloride solution 0.5 mmol/ml with liquorice extract","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"25 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"+ 8.6","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 2 period 20 days, fat 40 g: intake 35.2, faecal 26.6, net absorption + 8.6, urinary 5.1, balance + 3.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 3, no Mg supplement (diet only), fat intake 91 g, 8-day period","form":"diet only","forms":[],"dose":"0 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"- 0.2","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 3 period 8 days, fat 91 g: intake 8.4, faecal 8.6, net absorption - 0.2, urinary 1.1, balance - 1.3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 3, MgCl2 25 mmol/day, fat intake 91 g, 8-day period","form":"magnesium chloride solution 0.5 mmol/ml with liquorice extract","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"25 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"+ 6.6","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 3 period 8 days, fat 91 g: intake 34.6, faecal 29.0, net absorption + 6.6, urinary 2.5, balance + 3.1","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 4, no Mg supplement (diet only), fat intake 76 g, 8-day period","form":"diet only","forms":[],"dose":"0 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"+ 0.6","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 4 period 8 days, fat 76 g: intake 7.8, faecal 7.2, net absorption + 0.6, urinary 1.8, balance - 1.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"16829399","species":"human","arm":"Case 4, MgCl2 25 mmol/day, fat intake 76 g, 8-day period","form":"magnesium chloride solution 0.5 mmol/ml with liquorice extract","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"25 mmol Mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (with meals)","n":"1","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg net absorption (intake minus faecal)","value":"+ 5.5","variance":"","units":"mmol","location":"Table I","quote":"Case 4 period 8 days, fat 76 g: intake 32.7, faecal 27.2, net absorption + 5.5, urinary 3.1, balance + 2.4","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table I header gives units as mmol without stating per day"},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"Placebo (maltodextrin)","form":"maltodextrin (C Dry MD 01955, Cerestar) powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption (%), dual stable isotope, day 8","value":"34.9","variance":"± 13.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Mg absorption (%) 10 34.9 13.6 12 32.0 7.8 .56","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"sc-FOS","form":"short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (ACTILIGHT, Beghin Meiji), DP 2-4, powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption (%), dual stable isotope, day 8","value":"32.0","variance":"± 7.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Mg absorption (%) 10 34.9 13.6 12 32.0 7.8 .56","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"Placebo (maltodextrin)","form":"maltodextrin (C Dry MD 01955, Cerestar) powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption (%), dual stable isotope, day 36","value":"30.1","variance":"± 9.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Mg absorption (%) 12 30.1a 9.1 10 35.4b 12.8 .04","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"sc-FOS","form":"short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (ACTILIGHT, Beghin Meiji), DP 2-4, powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption (%), dual stable isotope, day 36","value":"35.4","variance":"± 12.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Mg absorption (%) 12 30.1a 9.1 10 35.4b 12.8 .04","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"Placebo (maltodextrin)","form":"maltodextrin (C Dry MD 01955, Cerestar) powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption, day 36 (abstract)","value":"30.1%","variance":"± 9.1% (SD)","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"Short-chain FOS increased magnesium absorption by 18% after 36 days (30.1% ± 9.1% vs 35.4% ± 12.8%).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"sc-FOS","form":"short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (ACTILIGHT, Beghin Meiji), DP 2-4, powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption, day 36 (abstract)","value":"35.4%","variance":"± 12.8% (SD)","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"Short-chain FOS increased magnesium absorption by 18% after 36 days (30.1% ± 9.1% vs 35.4% ± 12.8%).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"Placebo (maltodextrin)","form":"maltodextrin (C Dry MD 01955, Cerestar) powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption (%), dual stable isotope, day 8","value":"47.6","variance":"± 16.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Ca absorption (%) 11 47.6 16.8 13 45.4 8.8 .84","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"sc-FOS","form":"short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (ACTILIGHT, Beghin Meiji), DP 2-4, powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption (%), dual stable isotope, day 8","value":"45.4","variance":"± 8.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Ca absorption (%) 11 47.6 16.8 13 45.4 8.8 .84","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"Placebo (maltodextrin)","form":"maltodextrin (C Dry MD 01955, Cerestar) powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption (%), dual stable isotope, day 36","value":"45.5","variance":"± 17.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Ca absorption (%) 12 45.5 17.0 12 44.8 16.8 .26","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"19410973","species":"human","arm":"sc-FOS","form":"short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (ACTILIGHT, Beghin Meiji), DP 2-4, powder sachets","forms":[],"dose":"10 g/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"14","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption (%), dual stable isotope, day 36","value":"44.8","variance":"± 16.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Ca absorption (%) 12 45.5 17.0 12 44.8 16.8 .26","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"1988724","species":"human","arm":"Potassium-magnesium citrate","form":"potassium-magnesium citrate tablets (7 mEq K, 3.5 mEq Mg, 10.5 mEq citrate each), 7 tablets","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"24.5 mEq. magnesium (with 49 mEq. potassium, 73.5 mEq. citrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with breakfast at 8 a.m.","n":"14","analyte":"Potassium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Peak time of urinary potassium excretion","value":"4.0","variance":"± 0.1 (SEM)","units":"hr.","location":"Table (p.333)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table values printed as mean ± SEM ('All values are expressed plus or minus standard error of mean'); table read from page image"},{"pmid":"1988724","species":"human","arm":"Tripotassium citrate","form":"tripotassium citrate tablets (Urocit-K; 5 mEq K and citrate each), 10 tablets","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"50 mEq. potassium and citrate","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with breakfast","n":"14","analyte":"Potassium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Peak time of urinary potassium excretion","value":"4.1","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"hr.","location":"Table (p.333)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table values printed as mean ± SEM ('All values are expressed plus or minus standard error of mean'); table read from page image"},{"pmid":"1988724","species":"human","arm":"Potassium chloride","form":"potassium chloride tablets (7 mEq each), 7 tablets","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"49 mEq. potassium and chloride (Methods); abstract states 50 mEq.","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with breakfast","n":"14","analyte":"Potassium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Peak time of urinary potassium excretion","value":"3.7","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"hr.","location":"Table (p.333)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table values printed as mean ± SEM ('All values are expressed plus or minus standard error of mean'); table read from page image"},{"pmid":"1988724","species":"human","arm":"Potassium-magnesium citrate","form":"potassium-magnesium citrate tablets (7 mEq K, 3.5 mEq Mg, 10.5 mEq citrate each), 7 tablets","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"24.5 mEq. magnesium (with 49 mEq. potassium, 73.5 mEq. citrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with breakfast at 8 a.m.","n":"14","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Peak time of urinary magnesium excretion","value":"3.3","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"hr.","location":"Table (p.333)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table values printed as mean ± SEM ('All values are expressed plus or minus standard error of mean'); table read from page image"},{"pmid":"1988724","species":"human","arm":"Trimagnesium dicitrate (magnesium citrate)","form":"trimagnesium dicitrate tablets (10 mEq Mg and citrate each), 2.5 tablets","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"25 mEq. magnesium and citrate","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with breakfast","n":"14","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Peak time of urinary magnesium excretion","value":"3.4","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"hr.","location":"Table (p.333)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table values printed as mean ± SEM ('All values are expressed plus or minus standard error of mean'); table read from page image"},{"pmid":"1988724","species":"human","arm":"Potassium-magnesium citrate","form":"potassium-magnesium citrate tablets (7 mEq K, 3.5 mEq Mg, 10.5 mEq citrate each), 7 tablets","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"24.5 mEq. magnesium (with 49 mEq. potassium, 73.5 mEq. citrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with breakfast at 8 a.m.","n":"14","analyte":"Citrate","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Peak time of urinary citrate excretion","value":"3.1","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"hr.","location":"Table (p.333)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table values printed as mean ± SEM ('All values are expressed plus or minus standard error of mean'); table read from page image"},{"pmid":"1988724","species":"human","arm":"Tripotassium citrate","form":"tripotassium citrate tablets (Urocit-K; 5 mEq K and citrate each), 10 tablets","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"50 mEq. potassium and citrate","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with breakfast","n":"14","analyte":"Citrate","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Peak time of urinary citrate excretion","value":"2.9","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"hr.","location":"Table (p.333)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table values printed as mean ± SEM ('All values are expressed plus or minus standard error of mean'); table read from page image"},{"pmid":"1988724","species":"human","arm":"Trimagnesium dicitrate (magnesium citrate)","form":"trimagnesium dicitrate tablets (10 mEq Mg and citrate each), 2.5 tablets","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"25 mEq. magnesium and citrate","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with breakfast","n":"14","analyte":"Citrate","matrix":"urine","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Peak time of urinary citrate excretion","value":"3.1","variance":"± 0.3 (SEM)","units":"hr.","location":"Table (p.333)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table values printed as mean ± SEM ('All values are expressed plus or minus standard error of mean'); table read from page image"},{"pmid":"20862466","species":"human","arm":"MgO capsules (test day)","form":"magnesium oxide capsules","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"450 mg magnesium","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"standardized diet","n":"13","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Bioavailability referred to 450 mg Mg intake (urinary increment based)","value":"4.7","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.126","quote":"When referred to the magnesium intake of 450 mg with each preparation, bioavailability of magnesium was 4.7% from the capsules and 9.5% from the effervescent tablets.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"authors' calculation from urinary excretion; method not detailed"},{"pmid":"20862466","species":"human","arm":"MgO effervescent tablets (test day)","form":"magnesium oxide effervescent tablets (with sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid), dissolved in water","forms":["oxide","carbonate"],"dose":"450 mg magnesium","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"standardized diet","n":"13","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Bioavailability referred to 450 mg Mg intake (urinary increment based)","value":"9.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.126","quote":"When referred to the magnesium intake of 450 mg with each preparation, bioavailability of magnesium was 4.7% from the capsules and 9.5% from the effervescent tablets.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"authors' calculation from urinary excretion; method not detailed"},{"pmid":"2130825","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"24-h urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"minimum % of dose absorbed inferred from urinary recovery","value":"5–8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.276","quote":"The mean increase in urine Mg was 0.9-1.3 mmol/24 h, showing that at least 5-8% of the Mg from the preparations was actually absorbed.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"Author approximation; range not attributed to individual preparations"},{"pmid":"22117983","species":"human","arm":"Wheat dextrin 15 g/day for 2 weeks","form":"cookies with 5 g wheat dextrin, three times daily; test load 29.2 mg 26Mg (as 26MgCl2) + 300 mg Ca in fortified orange juice","forms":[],"dose":"29.2 mg 26Mg (tracer test load)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (light breakfast)","n":"40","analyte":"45Ca","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC9 (0-9 h) of serum 45Ca specific activity (radiochemical; gross absorption)","value":"0.81","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Results p.1828; Abstract","quote":"The mean ± SD AUC9 for 45Ca specific activity was 0.81 ± 0.21 after the wheat dextrin intervention","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22117983","species":"human","arm":"Placebo cookies for 2 weeks","form":"identical cookies without wheat dextrin; same 26Mg/45Ca test load","forms":[],"dose":"29.2 mg 26Mg (tracer test load)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (light breakfast)","n":"40","analyte":"45Ca","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC9 (0-9 h) of serum 45Ca specific activity (radiochemical; gross absorption)","value":"0.82","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Results p.1828; Abstract","quote":"and 0.82 ± 0.22 after the placebo intervention; this difference was not statistically significant","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22117983","species":"human","arm":"Wheat dextrin 15 g/day for 2 weeks","form":"cookies with 5 g wheat dextrin, three times daily; test load 29.2 mg 26Mg (as 26MgCl2) + 300 mg Ca in fortified orange juice","forms":[],"dose":"29.2 mg 26Mg (tracer test load)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (light breakfast)","n":"40","analyte":"total Ca","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC9 of serum Ca increment above baseline (pharmacokinetic; net absorption)","value":"1.57","variance":"± 1.29 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Results p.1829","quote":"The mean ± SD AUC9 for serum calcium increment was 1.57 ± 1.29 after the wheat dextrin intervention and 1.61 ± 1.25","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22117983","species":"human","arm":"Placebo cookies for 2 weeks","form":"identical cookies without wheat dextrin; same 26Mg/45Ca test load","forms":[],"dose":"29.2 mg 26Mg (tracer test load)","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (light breakfast)","n":"40","analyte":"total Ca","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC9 of serum Ca increment above baseline (pharmacokinetic; net absorption)","value":"1.61","variance":"± 1.25 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Results p.1829","quote":"1.61 ± 1.25 after the placebo intervention; the difference was not statistically significant","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"True fractional absorption of tracer ((DOSE - sum fecal tracer)/DOSE)","value":"86","variance":"± 5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4; Abstract; Discussion","quote":"86% (range 75-91%) of the extrinsic tracer was absorbed","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 column has no unit printed; text/abstract express as %"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"True fractional absorption of tracer ((DOSE - sum fecal tracer)/DOSE)","value":"89","variance":"± 5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4; Abstract; Discussion","quote":"89% (range 78-93%) of the intrinsic tracer was absorbed","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 column has no unit printed; text/abstract express as %"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Ca (extrinsic 44Ca tracer)","form":"44CaCO3 added to milk","forms":[],"dose":"19 mg Ca/kg (total Ca in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"as above","n":"9","analyte":"44Ca (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"True fractional absorption of tracer ((DOSE - sum fecal tracer)/DOSE)","value":"82","variance":"± 9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4; Abstract; Discussion","quote":"82% (range 62-93%) of the extrinsic tracer of calcium was absorbed by the VLBW infants","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 column has no unit printed; text/abstract express as %"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Ca endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 42Ca tracer)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"19 mg Ca/kg (total Ca in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"as above","n":"9","analyte":"42Ca (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"True fractional absorption of tracer ((DOSE - sum fecal tracer)/DOSE)","value":"80","variance":"± 9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4; Abstract; Discussion","quote":"Results in Table 4 show that 80% of the intrinsically labeled calcium tracer was absorbed.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 column has no unit printed; text/abstract express as %"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 1","value":"90","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 2","value":"89","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 3","value":"88","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 4","value":"86","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 5","value":"83","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 6","value":"91","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 7","value":"89","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"single orogastric feeding of 20 mL/kg; Enfamil Premature Formula 150 mL/kg/d throughout balance","n":"9","analyte":"26Mg (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 8","value":"75","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Mg (extrinsic 26Mg tracer added to milk, representing fortifier Mg)","form":"26MgO dissolved in HCl, dried, added to milk; human milk + Enfamil Human Milk 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not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 2","value":"92","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 3","value":"90","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 4","value":"90","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 5","value":"87","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 6","value":"93","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 7","value":"91","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 8","value":"78","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Mg endogenous to human milk (intrinsic 25Mg tracer, given IV to lactating donor)","form":"Intrinsically labeled human milk","forms":[],"dose":"2.3 mg Mg/kg (total Mg in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"same feeding as Mg-ext","n":"9","analyte":"25Mg (intrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 9","value":"86","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Ca (extrinsic 44Ca tracer)","form":"44CaCO3 added to milk","forms":[],"dose":"19 mg Ca/kg (total Ca in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"as above","n":"9","analyte":"44Ca (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 1","value":"85","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Ca (extrinsic 44Ca tracer)","form":"44CaCO3 added to milk","forms":[],"dose":"19 mg Ca/kg (total Ca in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"as above","n":"9","analyte":"44Ca (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 2","value":"87","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in table"},{"pmid":"2717266","species":"human","arm":"Supplemental Ca (extrinsic 44Ca tracer)","form":"44CaCO3 added to milk","forms":[],"dose":"19 mg Ca/kg (total Ca in feeding, estimated)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"as above","n":"9","analyte":"44Ca (extrinsic tracer)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"Infant No. 3","value":"80","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"unit not printed in 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magnesium","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0–72, baseline-adjusted, LS geometric mean","value":"8.34","variance":"","units":"h·µg/ml","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"29638147","species":"human","arm":"Treatment C: oral Mg lactate ER, fed","form":"Magnesium L-lactate dihydrate extended-release caplets (MLD10), 2 x 10 mEq","forms":["lactate"],"dose":"20 mEq magnesium","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (high-fat, high-calorie, low-magnesium breakfast)","n":"31","analyte":"serum magnesium","matrix":"serum","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"AUC0–72 LS geometric mean ratio (%) fed/fasted (C/A), baseline-adjusted serum","value":"61.67","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4; Abstract","quote":"Relative bioavailability of the caplets comparing the fed and fasted states was 61.67% in serum","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"29638147","species":"human","arm":"Treatment C: oral Mg lactate ER, fed","form":"Magnesium L-lactate dihydrate extended-release caplets (MLD10), 2 x 10 mEq","forms":["lactate"],"dose":"20 mEq magnesium","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (high-fat, high-calorie, low-magnesium breakfast)","n":"31","analyte":"urinary magnesium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"Ae0–72 LS geometric mean ratio (%) fed/fasted (C/A), baseline-adjusted urine","value":"107.57","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4; Abstract","quote":"and 107.57% in urine, based on the GMR of the baseline-adjusted Ae0–72","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"31230494","species":"human","arm":"Two-phase (delayed release of second half) Mg oxide","form":"tablet, 250 mg Mg2+ rapid-release + 250 mg Mg2+ sustained-release (HPMC) as oxide; 1.42 g tablet; MgO 58.45%","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"500 mg Mg2+","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted, breakfast immediately after","n":"20","analyte":"Mg2+","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h serum Mg2+, baseline-corrected (area below baseline ignored), examination 1 (2P [1])","value":"0.83","variance":"± 0.23 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC units not printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"31230494","species":"human","arm":"Two-phase (delayed release of second half) Mg oxide","form":"tablet, 250 mg Mg2+ rapid-release + 250 mg Mg2+ sustained-release (HPMC) as oxide; 1.42 g tablet; MgO 58.45%","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"500 mg Mg2+","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted, breakfast immediately after","n":"20","analyte":"Mg2+","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h serum Mg2+, baseline-corrected (area below baseline ignored), examination 2 (2P [2])","value":"0.85","variance":"± 0.21 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC units not printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"31230494","species":"human","arm":"Two-phase (delayed release of second half) Mg oxide","form":"tablet, 250 mg Mg2+ rapid-release + 250 mg Mg2+ sustained-release (HPMC) as oxide; 1.42 g tablet; MgO 58.45%","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"500 mg Mg2+","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted, breakfast immediately after","n":"20","analyte":"Mg2+","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h serum Mg2+, baseline-corrected (area below baseline ignored), mean of duplicate determinations (2P [1+2])","value":"0.84","variance":"± 0.16 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC units not printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"31230494","species":"human","arm":"One-phase (direct release) Mg oxide","form":"tablet, 500 mg Mg2+ as oxide; 1.36 g tablet; MgO 61.10%","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"500 mg Mg2+","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted, breakfast immediately after","n":"20","analyte":"Mg2+","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h serum Mg2+, baseline-corrected (area below baseline ignored), examination 1 (1P [1])","value":"0.75","variance":"± 0.22 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC units not printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"31230494","species":"human","arm":"One-phase (direct release) Mg oxide","form":"tablet, 500 mg Mg2+ as oxide; 1.36 g tablet; MgO 61.10%","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"500 mg Mg2+","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted, breakfast immediately after","n":"20","analyte":"Mg2+","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h serum Mg2+, baseline-corrected (area below baseline ignored), examination 2 (1P [2])","value":"0.85","variance":"± 0.23 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC units not printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"31230494","species":"human","arm":"One-phase (direct release) Mg oxide","form":"tablet, 500 mg Mg2+ as oxide; 1.36 g tablet; MgO 61.10%","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"500 mg Mg2+","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted, breakfast immediately after","n":"20","analyte":"Mg2+","matrix":"serum","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-8h serum Mg2+, baseline-corrected (area below baseline ignored), mean of duplicate determinations (1P [1+2])","value":"0.80","variance":"± 0.16 (SD)","units":"NR","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"AUC units not printed in Table 3"},{"pmid":"40955524","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"% absorbance / relative bioavailability from 18-h urine Mg excretion (method per Methods)","value":"59","variance":"± 10 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 legends","quote":"When calculating bioavailability, this resulted in similar, not statistically different, bioavailability between seawater-derived (59 ± 10%) magnesium hydroxide (47 ± 9%).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Caption omits the form name ('seawater-derived (59 ± 10%)'); Discussion says relative bioavailability numerically greater with magnesium citrate, so likely the citrate arm - not stated explicitly"},{"pmid":"40955524","species":"human","arm":"Seawater-derived magnesium hydroxide","form":"Aquamin-MgTg (min 33% elemental Mg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"Men 454 ± 10 mg; Women 354 ± 10 mg (total dose men 1,210 ± 25 mg; women 939 ± 30 mg) mg elemental Mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with low-Mg breakfast after overnight fast","n":"20","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"urine","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"% absorbance / relative bioavailability from 18-h urine Mg excretion","value":"47","variance":"± 9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 legends","quote":"When calculating bioavailability, this resulted in similar, not statistically different, bioavailability between seawater-derived (59 ± 10%) magnesium hydroxide (47 ± 9%).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"662478","species":"human","arm":"Control formula","form":"Cow's milk-based formula, fat = corn oil, oleo, coconut oil (39:41:20)","forms":[],"dose":"6.04 mg Mg/100 ml formula","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"13","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/diet (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% of Mg intake absorbed (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"56.1","variance":"± 4.2 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table VI","quote":"Magnesium 56.1 ± 4.2 59.2 ± 5.5 80.8 ± 2.7","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same values also stated in Results text p.539"},{"pmid":"662478","species":"human","arm":"40% MCT formula","form":"Formula with MCT, corn oil, coconut oil (40:40:20)","forms":[],"dose":"5.78 mg Mg/100 ml formula","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/diet (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% of Mg intake absorbed (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"59.2","variance":"± 5.5 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table VI","quote":"Magnesium 56.1 ± 4.2 59.2 ± 5.5 80.8 ± 2.7","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same values also stated in Results text p.539"},{"pmid":"662478","species":"human","arm":"80% MCT formula","form":"Formula with MCT and corn oil (80:20)","forms":[],"dose":"5.54 mg Mg/100 ml formula","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"11","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/diet (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% of Mg intake absorbed (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"80.8","variance":"± 2.7 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table VI","quote":"Magnesium 56.1 ± 4.2 59.2 ± 5.5 80.8 ± 2.7","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Same values also stated in Results text p.539"},{"pmid":"662478","species":"human","arm":"Control formula","form":"Cow's milk-based formula, fat = corn oil, oleo, coconut oil (39:41:20)","forms":[],"dose":"6.04 mg Mg/100 ml formula","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"13","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/diet (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% of Ca intake absorbed","value":"29.5","variance":"± 3.7 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table VI; Results p.539","quote":"Calcium 29.5 ± 3.7 52.1 ± 4.9 69.7 ± 3.3 39.1 ± 4.1 57.1 ± 4.0 77.5 ± 3.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Co-analyte (calcium)"},{"pmid":"662478","species":"human","arm":"40% MCT formula","form":"Formula with MCT, corn oil, coconut oil (40:40:20)","forms":[],"dose":"5.78 mg Mg/100 ml formula","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/diet (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% of Ca intake absorbed","value":"52.1","variance":"± 4.9 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table VI; Results p.539","quote":"Calcium 29.5 ± 3.7 52.1 ± 4.9 69.7 ± 3.3 39.1 ± 4.1 57.1 ± 4.0 77.5 ± 3.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Co-analyte (calcium)"},{"pmid":"662478","species":"human","arm":"80% MCT formula","form":"Formula with MCT and corn oil (80:20)","forms":[],"dose":"5.54 mg Mg/100 ml formula","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"11","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/diet (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% of Ca intake absorbed","value":"69.7","variance":"± 3.3 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table VI; Results p.539","quote":"Calcium 29.5 ± 3.7 52.1 ± 4.9 69.7 ± 3.3 39.1 ± 4.1 57.1 ± 4.0 77.5 ± 3.6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Co-analyte (calcium)"},{"pmid":"662478","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/diet (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% more Mg absorbed by 80% MCT vs control and 40% MCT groups","value":"45","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.542","quote":"The 80% MCT group absorbed about 45% more magnesium than did the control and the 40% MCT groups during both the early and the late periods.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Author approximation"},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of administered 26Mg dose absorbed, Dy-corrected fecal balance, 5-day","value":"22.6","variance":"± 2.8 (SEM)","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II; Results p.432","quote":"magnesium absorption from magnesium chelate (23.5% ± 1.8%) was not different from the value observed for MgO (22.6% ± 2.8%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of administered 26Mg dose absorbed (abstract)","value":"22.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"26Mg absorption was low but was not different for the two supplements (23.5% vs 22.8%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table II and Results text (22.6)"},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"% of administered 26Mg dose absorbed, Dy-corrected fecal balance, 5-day","value":"23.5","variance":"± 1.8 (SEM)","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II; Results p.432; Abstract","quote":"magnesium absorption from magnesium chelate (23.5% ± 1.8%) was not different","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 1","value":"22.8","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 1","value":"16.0","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 2","value":"15.9","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 2","value":"25.2","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 3","value":"13.3","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 3","value":"33.2","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 4","value":"21.2","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 4","value":"30.6","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 5","value":"20.4","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 5","value":"16.8","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 6","value":"13.7","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 6","value":"23.4","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 7","value":"29.4","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate 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(chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 8","value":"25.1","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 9","value":"30.5","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 10","value":"28.7","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 11","value":"35.2","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 11","value":"25.3","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 12","value":"4.3","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subject 12","value":"12.0","variance":"","units":"% of administered dose","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subgroup: 4 patients with lowest absorption from MgO","value":"11.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.432; Abstract","quote":"absorption increased dramatically with the chelate from a mean of 11.8% to 23.5% (p < .05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subgroup: 4 patients with lowest absorption from MgO","value":"23.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.432; Abstract","quote":"absorption increased dramatically with the chelate from a mean of 11.8% to 23.5% (p < .05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time to peak plasma isotope enrichment, mean paired difference (chelate earlier than MgO)","value":"3.2","variance":"± 1.3 (SEM)","units":"hours","location":"Results p.433; Abstract","quote":"peak isotope enrichment occurred significantly earlier after 26Mg chelate than after 26MgO ingestion (mean difference 3.2 ± 1.3 hours; p < .05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subjects 10-12 (low Dy recovery), Dy-corrected","value":"22.0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.434","quote":"the mean corrected and uncorrected estimates of 26Mg absorption were 22.0% vs 44.1% and 25.3% vs 60.6% for the magnesium chelate and MgO treatments","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subjects 10-12 (low Dy recovery), not Dy-corrected","value":"44.1","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.434","quote":"the mean corrected and uncorrected estimates of 26Mg absorption were 22.0% vs 44.1% and 25.3% vs 60.6%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subjects 10-12 (low Dy recovery), Dy-corrected","value":"25.3","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.434","quote":"the mean corrected and uncorrected estimates of 26Mg absorption were 22.0% vs 44.1% and 25.3% vs 60.6% for the magnesium chelate and MgO treatments","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subjects 10-12 (low Dy recovery), not Dy-corrected","value":"60.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.434","quote":"the mean corrected and uncorrected estimates of 26Mg absorption were 22.0% vs 44.1% and 25.3% vs 60.6%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subjects 1-9, Dy-corrected","value":"24.0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.434","quote":"corrected and uncorrected 26Mg absorption values for subjects 1 through 9 were 24.0% vs 30.4% and 21.8% vs 24.8%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"Mg diglycinate (chelate)","form":"magnesium diglycinate (Chelazome), 50 mg 26Mg-labeled + 50 mg unlabeled, gelatin capsules","forms":["glycinate"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subjects 1-9, not Dy-corrected","value":"30.4","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.434","quote":"corrected and uncorrected 26Mg absorption values for subjects 1 through 9 were 24.0% vs 30.4% and 21.8% vs 24.8%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subjects 1-9, Dy-corrected","value":"21.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.434","quote":"corrected and uncorrected 26Mg absorption values for subjects 1 through 9 were 24.0% vs 30.4% and 21.8% vs 24.8%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"MgO","form":"magnesium oxide (50 mg 26Mg as 26MgO + 50 mg unlabeled MgO), gelatin capsules, plus 3 placebo capsules (microcrystalline cellulose)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"100 mg","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"12","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"subjects 1-9, not Dy-corrected","value":"24.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.434","quote":"corrected and uncorrected 26Mg absorption values for subjects 1 through 9 were 24.0% vs 30.4% and 21.8% vs 24.8%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"mean of MgO and chelate periods; subjects with fasting urinary Mg/creatinine <0.025 (excluding subject 12)","value":"20.8","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.433","quote":"Magnesium absorption averaged 20.8% in the low-ratio subjects vs 25.4% in the remaining subjects","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"7815675","species":"human","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces (fecal isotope balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"mean of MgO and chelate periods; remaining subjects (Mg/creatinine >=0.025)","value":"25.4","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.433","quote":"Magnesium absorption averaged 20.8% in the low-ratio subjects vs 25.4% in the remaining subjects","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption (%), fecal monitoring of 25Mg added to day-8 diet","value":"46","variance":"± 6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"Mean±SD 29±12 44±7 46±6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Mg isotope given to subjects C-H only (Table 4); n=6 per Table 6 footnote"},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption, subject C","value":"49","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"C ... Magnesium % 49","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption, subject D","value":"41","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"D ... Magnesium % 41","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption, subject E","value":"42","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"E ... Magnesium % 42","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption, subject F","value":"45","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"F ... Magnesium % 45","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption, subject G","value":"43","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"G ... Magnesium % 43","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption, subject H","value":"56","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"H ... Magnesium % 56","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg (25Mg stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Mg absorption (Abstract)","value":"46","variance":"± 6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"The absorption of zinc, copper and magnesium was 29±12 % (x±SD) (48±20 µmol), 44±7 % (8±1 µmol) and 46±6 % (5±1 mmol), respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal excretion)","value":"2.4","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"mmol/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"Apparent absorption 6.4±19.7 -4.8±3.5 2.4±1.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption as % of dietary intake","value":"22","variance":"","units":"% of intake","location":"Results p.73","quote":"Apparent magnesium absorption was on the average positive (approximately 22 % of the dietary intake) but all subjects had a negative magnesium balance.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Zn (67Zn/70Zn stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Zn absorption (%), fecal monitoring","value":"29","variance":"± 12 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"Mean±SD 29±12 44±7 46±6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Cu (65Cu stable isotope)","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional Cu absorption (%), fecal monitoring","value":"44","variance":"± 7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"Mean±SD 29±12 44±7 46±6","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Cu isotope added approx. two times dietary Cu content"},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Zn apparent absorption","value":"6.4","variance":"± 19.7 (SD)","units":"µmol/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"Zn apparent absorption: 6.4±19.7","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"8829129","species":"human","arm":"Fibre-rich, phytate-rich conventional diet with 25Mg label","form":"25Mg as MgO (94.50 % 25Mg) dissolved in nitric acid, added to yogurt, raw paste and stew","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"50 mg/10 MJ (25Mg added)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"8","analyte":"Cu","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Cu apparent absorption","value":"-4.8","variance":"± 3.5 (SD)","units":"µmol/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"Cu apparent absorption: -4.8±3.5","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Control diet","form":"Mixed control diet (18 g dietary fibre/d)","forms":[],"dose":"311 mg/d total Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparently absorbed quantity (intake - faeces)","value":"144","variance":"± 37.9 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"the mineral amounts apparently absorbed from the control diet (intake-faeces) were as follows 179 ± 115; 144 ± 38","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Results text prints 144 ± 38"},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Inulin diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g inulin/d (chicory, soluble fibre)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g inulin/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparently absorbed quantity (intake - faeces)","value":"156","variance":"± 46.5 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Beet fibre diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g sugar beet fibre/d (partly soluble; phytic acid 15.9 mg/g)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g sugar beet fibre/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparently absorbed quantity (intake - faeces)","value":"169","variance":"± 42.6 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Control diet","form":"Mixed control diet (18 g dietary fibre/d)","forms":[],"dose":"311 mg/d total Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"46.3","variance":"± 10.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2; Abstract; Results p.3","quote":"The apparent absorption of minerals from the control diet was (%) Ca: 21.3 ± 12.5; Mg: 46.3 ± 10.9","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Inulin diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g inulin/d (chicory, soluble fibre)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g inulin/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"51.1","variance":"± 12.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Beet fibre diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g sugar beet fibre/d (partly soluble; phytic acid 15.9 mg/g)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g sugar beet fibre/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"45.0","variance":"± 7.60 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Control diet","form":"Mixed control diet (18 g dietary fibre/d)","forms":[],"dose":"311 mg/d total Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparently absorbed quantity (control diet) as printed in Results text","value":"144","variance":"± 38 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Results p.3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 2 prints 144 ± 37.9"},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Control diet","form":"Mixed control diet (18 g dietary fibre/d)","forms":[],"dose":"311 mg/d total Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"21.3","variance":"± 12.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Inulin diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g inulin/d (chicory, soluble fibre)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g inulin/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"33.7","variance":"± 12.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significantly different from control and sugar beet diets (P < 0.01)"},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Beet fibre diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g sugar beet fibre/d (partly soluble; phytic acid 15.9 mg/g)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g sugar beet fibre/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"24.7","variance":"± 9.40 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Control diet","form":"Mixed control diet (18 g dietary fibre/d)","forms":[],"dose":"311 mg/d total Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Fe","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"21.8","variance":"± 12.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Inulin diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g inulin/d (chicory, soluble fibre)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g inulin/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Fe","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"14.0","variance":"± 24.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Beet fibre diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g sugar beet fibre/d (partly soluble; phytic acid 15.9 mg/g)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g sugar beet fibre/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Fe","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"18.1","variance":"± 7.20 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Control diet","form":"Mixed control diet (18 g dietary fibre/d)","forms":[],"dose":"311 mg/d total Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"14.0","variance":"± 14.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Inulin diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g inulin/d (chicory, soluble fibre)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g inulin/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"20.8","variance":"± 20.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Beet fibre diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g sugar beet fibre/d (partly soluble; phytic acid 15.9 mg/g)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g sugar beet fibre/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparent absorption ((intake-faeces)/intake x 100)","value":"14.1","variance":"± 7.80 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Control diet","form":"Mixed control diet (18 g dietary fibre/d)","forms":[],"dose":"311 mg/d total Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparently absorbed quantity (intake - faeces)","value":"179","variance":"± 115 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Inulin diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g inulin/d (chicory, soluble fibre)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g inulin/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparently absorbed quantity (intake - faeces)","value":"278","variance":"± 101 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significantly different from control diet (P < 0.05)"},{"pmid":"9192195","species":"human","arm":"Beet fibre diet","form":"Control diet + 40 g sugar beet fibre/d (partly soluble; phytic acid 15.9 mg/g)","forms":[],"dose":"40 g sugar beet fibre/d","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"with meals","n":"9","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Apparently absorbed quantity (intake - faeces)","value":"294","variance":"± 92.4 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Significantly different from control diet (P < 0.05)"},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 1 (hypercalciuric), Mg alone (test 2)","form":"28Mg mixed with 2.2 mM Mg (443 mg magnesium chloride to 6 parts water in 300 ml distilled water)","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"2.2 mM (443 mg magnesium chloride hexahydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"8","analyte":"magnesium (28Mg)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption, % of dose, cumulative 3 h","value":"11.6","variance":"± 3.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 para 1","quote":"mean absorption of magnesium alone and in the presence of calcium 11.6 ± 3.8 versus 27.5 ± 12.9%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 1 (hypercalciuric), Mg with Ca (test 3)","form":"28Mg + 47Ca with 2.2 mM Mg and 5 mM Ca (443 mg MgCl2·6H2O and 730 mg CaCl2·2H2O in 300 ml distilled water)","forms":[],"dose":"2.2 mM Mg (+5 mM Ca)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"8","analyte":"magnesium (28Mg)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption in presence of Ca, % of dose, cumulative 3 h","value":"27.5","variance":"± 12.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 para 1","quote":"mean absorption of magnesium alone and in the presence of calcium 11.6 ± 3.8 versus 27.5 ± 12.9%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 2 (normocalciuric), Mg alone (test 2)","form":"28Mg with 2.2 mM Mg (443 mg magnesium chloride)","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"2.2 mM","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"magnesium (28Mg)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption, % of dose, cumulative 3 h","value":"16.0","variance":"± 10.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 para 1","quote":"mean absorption of magnesium alone and in the presence of calcium 16.0 ± 10.8 versus 9.7 ± 6.2%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 2 (normocalciuric), Mg with Ca (test 3)","form":"28Mg + 47Ca with 2.2 mM Mg and 5 mM Ca","forms":[],"dose":"2.2 mM Mg (+5 mM Ca)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"magnesium (28Mg)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption in presence of Ca, % of dose, cumulative 3 h","value":"9.7","variance":"± 6.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 para 1","quote":"In group 2 no such changes were observed (mean absorption of magnesium alone and in the presence of calcium 16.0 ± 10.8 versus 9.7 ± 6.2%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 1 (hypercalciuric), Mg alone (test 2)","form":"28Mg mixed with 2.2 mM Mg (443 mg magnesium chloride to 6 parts water in 300 ml distilled water)","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"2.2 mM (443 mg magnesium chloride hexahydrate)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"8","analyte":"magnesium (28Mg)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption, % of dose, cumulative 5 h","value":"19.4","variance":"± 6.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 right column","quote":"mean magnesium absorption increased 67% from 11.6 ± 3.8 to 19.4 ± 6.8% (p <0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"3 h vs 5 h comparison; n at 5 h not separately stated (hypercalciuric patients)"},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 1 (hypercalciuric), Mg with Ca (test 3)","form":"28Mg + 47Ca with 2.2 mM Mg and 5 mM Ca (443 mg MgCl2·6H2O and 730 mg CaCl2·2H2O in 300 ml distilled water)","forms":[],"dose":"2.2 mM Mg (+5 mM Ca)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"8","analyte":"magnesium (28Mg)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption in presence of Ca, cumulative 5 h","value":"40.5","variance":"± 13.2 (SD)","units":"NR (no unit printed; % implied by context)","location":"Results p.670 right column","quote":"magnesium absorption in the presence of calcium increased 47% from 27.5 ± 12.9 to 40.5 ± 13.2 (p <0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No % sign printed for these values"},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 1 (hypercalciuric), Ca alone (test 1)","form":"47Ca mixed with 5.0 mM Ca (730 mg calcium chloride to 2 parts water in 300 ml distilled water)","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"5.0 mM Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"8","analyte":"calcium (47Ca)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption, % of dose, cumulative 3 h","value":"50.7","variance":"± 9.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 para 1","quote":"mean calcium and magnesium absorption plus or minus standard deviation 50.7 ± 9.1 versus 40.3 ± 8.8%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says 'mean calcium and magnesium absorption' but values are Ca alone vs Ca with Mg"},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 1 (hypercalciuric), Ca with Mg (test 3)","form":"47Ca + 28Mg with 5 mM Ca and 2.2 mM Mg","forms":[],"dose":"5 mM Ca (+2.2 mM Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"8","analyte":"calcium (47Ca)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption in presence of Mg, % of dose, cumulative 3 h","value":"40.3","variance":"± 8.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 para 1","quote":"mean calcium and magnesium absorption plus or minus standard deviation 50.7 ± 9.1 versus 40.3 ± 8.8%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 2 (normocalciuric), Ca alone (test 1)","form":"47Ca with 5.0 mM Ca","forms":[],"dose":"5.0 mM Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"calcium (47Ca)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption, % of dose, cumulative 3 h","value":"33.6","variance":"± 13.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 para 1","quote":"absorption of calcium alone and in the presence of magnesium (mean 33.6 ± 13.9 versus 35.6 ± 13.4%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 2 (normocalciuric), Ca with Mg (test 3)","form":"47Ca + 28Mg with 5 mM Ca and 2.2 mM Mg","forms":[],"dose":"5 mM Ca (+2.2 mM Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"3","analyte":"calcium (47Ca)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption in presence of Mg, % of dose, cumulative 3 h","value":"35.6","variance":"± 13.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 para 1","quote":"there was no statistical difference between the absorption of calcium alone and in the presence of magnesium (mean 33.6 ± 13.9 versus 35.6 ± 13.4%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 1 (hypercalciuric), Ca alone (test 1)","form":"47Ca mixed with 5.0 mM Ca (730 mg calcium chloride to 2 parts water in 300 ml distilled water)","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"5.0 mM Ca","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"8","analyte":"calcium (47Ca)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption, cumulative 5 h","value":"60.9","variance":"± 11.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 right column","quote":"mean calcium absorption increased by 20% from 50.7 ± 9.1 to 60.9 ± 11.4% (p <0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"9474122","species":"human","arm":"Group 1 (hypercalciuric), Ca with Mg (test 3)","form":"47Ca + 28Mg with 5 mM Ca and 2.2 mM Mg","forms":[],"dose":"5 mM Ca (+2.2 mM Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fasted","n":"8","analyte":"calcium (47Ca)","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Ca absorption in presence of Mg, cumulative 5 h","value":"44.1","variance":"± 8.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Results p.670 right column","quote":"mean calcium absorption in the presence of magnesium increased by only 9% from 40.3 ± 8.8 to 44.1 ± 8.4% (p <0.01)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. I control diet (corn-soybean, no mineral supplement except Na and Ca)","form":"basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"1.78 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (mineral in diet)","n":"4","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"27.5","variance":"± 3.4 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. 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I control diet (corn-soybean, no mineral supplement except Na and Ca)","form":"basal diet","forms":[],"dose":"1.78 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (mineral in diet)","n":"4","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"< 0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (value printed as '< 0', no number given)"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. I diet with 20% coarse wheat bran","form":"wheat bran (intrinsic minerals)","forms":[],"dose":"2.85 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"39.7","variance":"± 2.3 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. I diet with 20% coarse wheat bran","form":"wheat bran (intrinsic minerals)","forms":[],"dose":"2.85 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"30.0","variance":"± 1.0 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. I diet with 20% coarse wheat bran","form":"wheat bran (intrinsic minerals)","forms":[],"dose":"2.85 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"33.2","variance":"± 1.7 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. I diet with 20% coarse wheat bran","form":"wheat bran (intrinsic minerals)","forms":[],"dose":"2.85 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"< 0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (value printed as '< 0', no number given)"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II control diet with mineral mixture II","form":"basal diet + mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"1.68 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"36.0","variance":"± 2.1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II control diet with mineral mixture II","form":"basal diet + mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"1.68 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"36.8","variance":"± 1.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II control diet with mineral mixture II","form":"basal diet + mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"1.68 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"31.7","variance":"± 1.3 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II control diet with mineral mixture II","form":"basal diet + mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"1.68 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"7.4","variance":"± 4.7 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II diet + 2.5% high-methoxylated apple pectin","form":"HM apple pectin (72.5% esterified)","forms":[],"dose":"1.14 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"43.6","variance":"± 2.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II diet + 2.5% high-methoxylated apple pectin","form":"HM apple pectin (72.5% esterified)","forms":[],"dose":"1.14 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"28.1","variance":"± 3.8 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II diet + 2.5% high-methoxylated apple pectin","form":"HM apple pectin (72.5% esterified)","forms":[],"dose":"1.14 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"17.8","variance":"± 2.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II diet + 2.5% high-methoxylated apple pectin","form":"HM apple pectin (72.5% esterified)","forms":[],"dose":"1.14 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"12.3","variance":"± 5.9 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II diet + 2.5% low-methoxylated apple pectin","form":"LM apple pectin (39.9% esterified)","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"24.8","variance":"± 5.7 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II diet + 2.5% low-methoxylated apple pectin","form":"LM apple pectin (39.9% esterified)","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"0.42","variance":"± 7.5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b*"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II diet + 2.5% low-methoxylated apple pectin","form":"LM apple pectin (39.9% esterified)","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"< 0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b* (value printed as '< 0', no number given)"},{"pmid":"2996094","species":"pig","arm":"Exp. II diet + 2.5% low-methoxylated apple pectin","form":"LM apple pectin (39.9% esterified)","forms":[],"dose":"1.08 g/d Mg intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"4","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption (AA %)","value":"< 0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 5 p.710 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b (value printed as '< 0', no number given)"},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"Control, 0 g PA/kg diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"44.8","variance":"± 2.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"Magnesium (%) 44.8 ± 2.9a 37.2 ± 2.6ab 33.4 ± 3.8b","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"superscript a (different letters = P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"7.5 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"37.2","variance":"± 2.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab (different letters = P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"15 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"33.4","variance":"± 3.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b (different letters = P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"Control, 0 g PA/kg diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"39.8","variance":"± 0.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"value printed as '39.8 ± 0.8?' (question mark in original table)"},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"7.5 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"38.1","variance":"± 2.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"15 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"38.8","variance":"± 2.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no 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quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"15 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Fe","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"11.4","variance":"± 2.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"Control, 0 g PA/kg diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"10.4","variance":"± 3.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"7.5 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"10.2","variance":"± 4.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"15 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Zn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"12.4","variance":"± 4.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"Control, 0 g PA/kg diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"9.2","variance":"± 3.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"7.5 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"8.3","variance":"± 2.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"15 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mn","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"9.5","variance":"± 5.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"Control, 0 g PA/kg diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Cu","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"28.4","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"7.5 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Cu","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"30.8","variance":"± 5.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10069480","species":"rodent","arm":"15 g PA/kg diet (sodium phytate)","form":"MgSO4·7H2O in semisynthetic diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Cu","matrix":"diet/faeces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"% apparent absorption, (I-F)/I x 100, faeces collected days 7-14","value":"30.5","variance":"± 4.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"AIN-76-based control diet, Mg from mineral premix","forms":[],"dose":"538 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption [(Intake-Fecal)/Intake x100]","value":"82.2","variance":"± 3.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"AIN-76-based control diet, Mg from mineral premix","forms":[],"dose":"538 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"72.3","variance":"± 2.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"LMg","form":"Low Mg diet (1/20 of Mg in mineral mixture)","forms":[],"dose":"32 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption [(Intake-Fecal)/Intake x100]","value":"72.5","variance":"± 4.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05; Abstract reports 72.7 for LMg first period (inconsistent with Table 5 72.5)"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"LMg","form":"Low Mg diet (1/20 of Mg in mineral mixture)","forms":[],"dose":"32 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"55.7","variance":"± 2.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"Wakame","form":"Diet with 60 g/kg powdered Wakame as Mg source (mineral premix without Mg)","forms":[],"dose":"543 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption [(Intake-Fecal)/Intake x100]","value":"66.9","variance":"± 4.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"Wakame","form":"Diet with 60 g/kg powdered Wakame as Mg source (mineral premix without Mg)","forms":[],"dose":"543 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"57.1","variance":"± 3.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"Hijiki","form":"Diet with 107 g/kg powdered Hijiki as Mg source (mineral premix without Mg)","forms":[],"dose":"526 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption [(Intake-Fecal)/Intake x100]","value":"50.8","variance":"± 4.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"Hijiki","form":"Diet with 107 g/kg powdered Hijiki as Mg source (mineral premix without Mg)","forms":[],"dose":"526 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"48.5","variance":"± 4.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"AW","form":"Control-Mg diet + 31 g/kg sodium alginate (= alginate of Wakame diet)","forms":[],"dose":"524 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption [(Intake-Fecal)/Intake x100]","value":"69.3","variance":"± 4.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"AW","form":"Control-Mg diet + 31 g/kg sodium alginate (= alginate of Wakame diet)","forms":[],"dose":"524 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"59.0","variance":"± 3.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"AH","form":"Control-Mg diet + 63 g/kg sodium alginate (= alginate of Hijiki diet)","forms":[],"dose":"515 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption [(Intake-Fecal)/Intake x100]","value":"54.2","variance":"± 6.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"AH","form":"Control-Mg diet + 63 g/kg sodium alginate (= alginate of Hijiki diet)","forms":[],"dose":"515 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"54.0","variance":"± 3.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript bc; values in same column not sharing a superscript differ at p<0.05"},{"pmid":"10517285","species":"rodent","arm":"LMg","form":"Low Mg diet (1/20 of Mg in mineral mixture)","forms":[],"dose":"32 mg Mg/kg diet (analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (ad libitum)","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, first period","value":"72.7","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"The ratio of apparent magnesium absorption (%) of the control, LMg, Wakame, Hijiki, AW and AH groups was 82.2, 72.7, 66.9, 50.8, 69.3 and 54.2","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract value; inconsistent with Table 5 (72.5 ± 4.0)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"600 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 1.00 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"600 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"4.52","variance":"± 1.15 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 0.50 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"2.45","variance":"± 0.92 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"150 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 0.25 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"150 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"1.22","variance":"± 0.47 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"600 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 1.00 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"600 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, %","value":"37.1","variance":"± 9.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 0.50 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, %","value":"43.0","variance":"± 14.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"150 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 0.25 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"150 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, %","value":"37.6","variance":"± 14.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"600 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 1.00 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"600 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces (25Mg)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true absorption, % (25Mg fecal monitoring)","value":"65.9","variance":"± 3.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"True absorption, % 65.9 ± 3.9a 69.1 ± 7.2a 69.8 ± 8.4a","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"superscript a (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"300 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 0.50 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"300 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces (25Mg)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true absorption, % (25Mg fecal monitoring)","value":"69.1","variance":"± 7.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12097690","species":"rodent","arm":"150 mg Mg/kg diet","form":"MgO added to Mg-deficient semipurified (modified AIN-76) diet (MgO 0.25 g/kg)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"150 mg Mg/kg diet (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces (25Mg)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true absorption, % (25Mg fecal monitoring)","value":"69.8","variance":"± 8.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (values in a row with different letters differ, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"fructan-free basal purified diet","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal)","value":"4.62","variance":"± 0.65 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript c (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Oligofructose","form":"oligofructose (DP 2-8, DPav 4)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal)","value":"7.45","variance":"± 0.53 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab*, ** (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"HP-inulin","form":"high-performance inulin (DP 10-65, DPav 25)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal)","value":"7.25","variance":"± 0.65 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab*, ** (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Synergy1","form":"Synergy1, 1/1 mixture of OF and HP-inulin","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal)","value":"7.83","variance":"± 0.73 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a** (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"BC-inulin","form":"branched-chain inulin (DPav 15)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal)","value":"6.83","variance":"± 0.50 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript b* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"fructan-free basal purified diet","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"48.8","variance":"± 5.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript c (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Oligofructose","form":"oligofructose (DP 2-8, DPav 4)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"71.3","variance":"± 4.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab*, ** (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"HP-inulin","form":"high-performance inulin (DP 10-65, DPav 25)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"76.4","variance":"± 7.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a** (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Synergy1","form":"Synergy1, 1/1 mixture of OF and HP-inulin","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"76.7","variance":"± 6.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a** (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"BC-inulin","form":"branched-chain inulin (DPav 15)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"69.6","variance":"± 3.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript b* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"fructan-free basal purified diet","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"48.0","variance":"± 6.5 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript b (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Oligofructose","form":"oligofructose (DP 2-8, DPav 4)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"56.0","variance":"± 6.3 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"HP-inulin","form":"high-performance inulin (DP 10-65, DPav 25)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"53.3","variance":"± 5.2 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Synergy1","form":"Synergy1, 1/1 mixture of OF and HP-inulin","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"60.3","variance":"± 8.5 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"BC-inulin","form":"branched-chain inulin (DPav 15)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption","value":"54.0","variance":"± 7.0 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"fructan-free basal purified diet","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption, % of intake","value":"47.9","variance":"± 5.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript b (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Oligofructose","form":"oligofructose (DP 2-8, DPav 4)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption, % of intake","value":"52.7","variance":"± 6.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"HP-inulin","form":"high-performance inulin (DP 10-65, DPav 25)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption, % of intake","value":"54.1","variance":"± 5.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"Synergy1","form":"Synergy1, 1/1 mixture of OF and HP-inulin","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption, % of intake","value":"58.1","variance":"± 7.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"BC-inulin","form":"branched-chain inulin (DPav 15)","forms":[],"dose":"2.5 % wk 1; 5 % wk 2; 10 % wk 3-4 % (w/w) of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"10","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption, % of intake","value":"51.9","variance":"± 6.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are mean ± SD, n = 10. Means sharing the same letter do not differ significantly.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript ab* (letters: vs all groups; asterisks: among fructan groups)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"amount of Mg absorbed, range control to Synergy1 (Results text)","value":"5 ... to 8.1 mg/day","variance":"","units":"mg/day","location":"Results p.96 para 1","quote":"The amount of Mg absorbed varied from 5 (control group) to 8.1 mg/day (Synergy1 group).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"inconsistent with Table 2 (control 4.62, Synergy1 7.83 mg/day)"},{"pmid":"12638030","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"amount of Ca absorbed, range control to Synergy1 (Results text)","value":"47.5 ... to 60 mg/day","variance":"","units":"mg/day","location":"Results p.95","quote":"it varied from 47.5 (control group) to 60 mg/day (Synergy1 group).","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"inconsistent with Table 2 (control 48.0, Synergy1 60.3 mg/day)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"distilled water mixed in diet (1:1) and as drinking water","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal Mg)","value":"3.95","variance":"± 0.76 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"MgCl2","form":"MgCl2 solution (109.1 mg Mg/L) mixed in diet (1:1) and as drinking water","forms":[],"dose":"109.1 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal Mg)","value":"4.68","variance":"± 0.61 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript b (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Sulphated water","form":"Hépar mineral water (Mg 111.2 mg/L; sulphate 1479 mg/L; Ca 555 mg/L) mixed in diet and as drinking water","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"111.2 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal Mg)","value":"5.16","variance":"± 0.84 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript b (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Carbonated water","form":"Badoit mineral water (Mg 112.6 mg/L; bicarbonate 1300 mg/L; Ca 190 mg/L) mixed in diet and as drinking water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"112.6 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal Mg)","value":"5.43","variance":"± 1.32 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript b (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"distilled water mixed in diet (1:1) and as drinking water","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"fractional apparent Mg absorption","value":"37.0","variance":"± 6.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"MgCl2","form":"MgCl2 solution (109.1 mg Mg/L) mixed in diet (1:1) and as drinking water","forms":[],"dose":"109.1 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"fractional apparent Mg absorption","value":"37.4","variance":"± 3.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Sulphated water","form":"Hépar mineral water (Mg 111.2 mg/L; sulphate 1479 mg/L; Ca 555 mg/L) mixed in diet and as drinking water","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"111.2 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"fractional apparent Mg absorption","value":"38.1","variance":"± 7.4 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Carbonated water","form":"Badoit mineral water (Mg 112.6 mg/L; bicarbonate 1300 mg/L; Ca 190 mg/L) mixed in diet and as drinking water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"112.6 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces (4-day balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"fractional apparent Mg absorption","value":"40.1","variance":"± 8.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"distilled water mixed in diet (1:1) and as drinking water","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorption (true absorption, faecal monitoring)","value":"1.48","variance":"± 0.17 (SD)","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"MgCl2","form":"MgCl2 solution (109.1 mg Mg/L) mixed in diet (1:1) and as drinking water","forms":[],"dose":"109.1 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorption (true absorption, faecal monitoring)","value":"1.72","variance":"± 0.18 (SD)","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Sulphated water","form":"Hépar mineral water (Mg 111.2 mg/L; sulphate 1479 mg/L; Ca 555 mg/L) mixed in diet and as drinking water","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"111.2 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorption (true absorption, faecal monitoring)","value":"1.46","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Carbonated water","form":"Badoit mineral water (Mg 112.6 mg/L; bicarbonate 1300 mg/L; Ca 190 mg/L) mixed in diet and as drinking water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"112.6 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorption (true absorption, faecal monitoring)","value":"1.60","variance":"± 0.26 (SD)","units":"mg","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05)"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"distilled water mixed in diet (1:1) and as drinking water","forms":[],"dose":"0 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional true Mg absorption, % dose absorbed (26Mg faecal monitoring)","value":"51.9","variance":"± 5.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05); Discussion p.285 states 'true' Mg absorption values 'ranged between 58 % and 68 %' - inconsistent with these values"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"MgCl2","form":"MgCl2 solution (109.1 mg Mg/L) mixed in diet (1:1) and as drinking water","forms":[],"dose":"109.1 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional true Mg absorption, % dose absorbed (26Mg faecal monitoring)","value":"59.7","variance":"± 5.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05); Discussion p.285 states 'true' Mg absorption values 'ranged between 58 % and 68 %' - inconsistent with these values"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Sulphated water","form":"Hépar mineral water (Mg 111.2 mg/L; sulphate 1479 mg/L; Ca 555 mg/L) mixed in diet and as drinking water","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"111.2 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional true Mg absorption, % dose absorbed (26Mg faecal monitoring)","value":"50.1","variance":"± 10.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05); Discussion p.285 states 'true' Mg absorption values 'ranged between 58 % and 68 %' - inconsistent with these values"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"Carbonated water","form":"Badoit mineral water (Mg 112.6 mg/L; bicarbonate 1300 mg/L; Ca 190 mg/L) mixed in diet and as drinking water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"112.6 mg Mg/L water","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed; water mixed into semi-liquid diet and as drinking water","n":"10","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional true Mg absorption, % dose absorbed (26Mg faecal monitoring)","value":"55.4","variance":"± 8.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"Each value is the mean ± SD, n = 10. Values in a row with different superscript letters differ, p < 0.05","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"superscript a (different letters differ, p<0.05); Discussion p.285 states 'true' Mg absorption values 'ranged between 58 % and 68 %' - inconsistent with these values"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"26Mg/25Mg","matrix":"urine","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption, double labelling, urine collected 12 h after isotope administration (range across groups/time points)","value":"62 % and 78 %","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.285 para 2","quote":"The values obtained from urine collected 12 h after isotope administration seem to be correct and ranged between 62 % and 78 %","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"range as printed"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"'true' Mg absorption (faecal monitoring) range stated in discussion","value":"58 % and 68 %","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.285 para 1","quote":"The 'true' Mg absorption values obtained ranged between 58 % and 68 %","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"inconsistent with Table 3 (50.1-59.7 %) and Results ('ranged between 50 and 60 %')"},{"pmid":"14564461","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"fractional intestinal absorption of 26Mg isotope range (Results)","value":"50 and 60 %","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.282","quote":"Fractional intestinal absorption of 26Mg isotope ranged between 50 and 60 %.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"1512642","species":"rodent","arm":"Control (casein, dextrose)","form":"casein protein, dextrose; Mg as MgCl2·6H2O 3.95 g/kg; analyzed Mg 18.1 mmol/kg","forms":[],"dose":"18.1 mmol Mg/kg diet (analyzed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"tracer meal after 16 h food deprivation","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"207","variance":"± 11 (SEM)","units":"µmol/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"1512642","species":"rodent","arm":"Control (casein, dextrose)","form":"casein protein, dextrose; Mg as MgCl2·6H2O 3.95 g/kg; analyzed Mg 18.1 mmol/kg","forms":[],"dose":"18.1 mmol Mg/kg diet (analyzed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"tracer meal after 16 h food deprivation","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of dose (as labelled in Table 2)","value":"52","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"1512642","species":"rodent","arm":"Control (casein, dextrose)","form":"casein protein, dextrose; Mg as MgCl2·6H2O 3.95 g/kg; analyzed Mg 18.1 mmol/kg","forms":[],"dose":"18.1 mmol Mg/kg diet (analyzed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"tracer meal after 16 h food deprivation","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"whole body (28Mg)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption, % of dose (28Mg oral vs i.p. retention intercepts)","value":"54","variance":"± 3 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"True absorption, % of dose 54 ± 3","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"1512642","species":"rodent","arm":"Soybean protein","form":"soybean protein isolate replacing casein; MgCl2·6H2O 3.27 g/kg; analyzed Mg 17.7 mmol/kg; phytate 3.78 mmol/kg","forms":[],"dose":"17.7 mmol Mg/kg diet (analyzed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"tracer meal after 16 h food deprivation","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"161","variance":"± 10 (SEM)","units":"µmol/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript A: significant vs control (Bonferroni, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"1512642","species":"rodent","arm":"Soybean protein","form":"soybean protein isolate replacing casein; MgCl2·6H2O 3.27 g/kg; analyzed Mg 17.7 mmol/kg; phytate 3.78 mmol/kg","forms":[],"dose":"17.7 mmol Mg/kg diet (analyzed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"tracer meal after 16 h food deprivation","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of dose (as labelled in Table 2)","value":"46","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript A: significant vs control (Bonferroni, P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"1512642","species":"rodent","arm":"Soybean protein","form":"soybean protein isolate replacing casein; MgCl2·6H2O 3.27 g/kg; analyzed Mg 17.7 mmol/kg; phytate 3.78 mmol/kg","forms":[],"dose":"17.7 mmol Mg/kg diet (analyzed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"tracer meal after 16 h food deprivation","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"whole body (28Mg)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"true Mg absorption, % of dose (28Mg oral vs i.p. retention intercepts)","value":"55","variance":"± 5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"1512642","species":"rodent","arm":"Phytate","form":"control + sodium phytate 4.2 g/kg; 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"},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg lactate diet (group 9)","form":"Mg lactate in semi-purified diet","forms":["lactate"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed (stable isotope)","value":"1.10","variance":"± 0.13 (SD)","units":"mg","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg aspartate diet (group 10)","form":"Mg aspartate in semi-purified diet","forms":["aspartate"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed (stable isotope)","value":"1.09","variance":"± 0.14 (SD)","units":"mg","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg oxide diet (group 1)","form":"Mg oxide in semi-purified diet","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"57.0","variance":"± 7.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg chloride diet (group 2)","form":"Mg chloride in semi-purified diet","forms":["chloride"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"54.8","variance":"± 7.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg sulphate diet (group 3)","form":"Mg sulphate in semi-purified diet","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"51.0","variance":"± 7.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg carbonate diet (group 4)","form":"Mg carbonate in semi-purified diet","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"52.0","variance":"± 4.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg acetate diet (group 5)","form":"Mg acetate in semi-purified diet","forms":[],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"55.1","variance":"± 4.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg pidolate diet (group 6)","form":"Mg pidolate in semi-purified diet","forms":["pidolate"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"59.7","variance":"± 7.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg citrate diet (group 7)","form":"Mg citrate in semi-purified diet","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"57.6","variance":"± 7.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg gluconate diet (group 8)","form":"Mg gluconate in semi-purified diet","forms":[],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"66.5","variance":"± 7.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg lactate diet (group 9)","form":"Mg lactate in semi-purified diet","forms":["lactate"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"59.0","variance":"± 6.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg aspartate diet (group 10)","form":"Mg aspartate in semi-purified diet","forms":["aspartate"],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"26Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorbed, % dose (stable isotope)","value":"60.4","variance":"± 7.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 p.220 (page image checked)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab. "},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"Mg gluconate diet (group 8)","form":"Mg gluconate in semi-purified diet","forms":[],"dose":"600 (target; 550 mg Mg/kg in Abstract) mg Mg/kg diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet)","n":"8","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, % (classical approach), text","value":"56","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.218","quote":"This last salt exhibited the best bioavailability with an intestinal Mg absorption of 56%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 3 prints 56.8"},{"pmid":"16548135","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"26Mg absorption range across salts (abstract)","value":"50% to 67%","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"The Mg absorption values obtained varied from 50% to 67%.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table 4 range 51.0 to 66.5"},{"pmid":"16785046","species":"rodent","arm":"Rats aged 13 weeks (table label; 9 wk at study start)","form":"25Mg stable isotope (enriched MgO dissolved in HCl as chloride solution) by gavage; background diet Mg 500 mg/kg (target)","forms":["oxide","chloride"],"dose":"about 2.50 mg 25Mg/rat","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum semi-liquid semi-purified diet","n":"10","analyte":"25Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"intestinal 25Mg absorption (administered - fecal), amount","value":"1415","variance":"± 187 (SD)","units":"µg","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c; ANOVA p=0.0094"},{"pmid":"16785046","species":"rodent","arm":"Rats aged 26 weeks (table label; 22 wk at study start)","form":"25Mg stable isotope (enriched MgO dissolved in HCl as chloride solution) by gavage; background diet Mg 500 mg/kg (target)","forms":["oxide","chloride"],"dose":"about 2.50 mg 25Mg/rat","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum semi-liquid semi-purified diet","n":"10","analyte":"25Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"intestinal 25Mg absorption (administered - fecal), amount","value":"1354","variance":"± 225 (SD)","units":"µg","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript bc; ANOVA p=0.0094"},{"pmid":"16785046","species":"rodent","arm":"Rats aged 48 weeks (table label; 44 wk at study start)","form":"25Mg stable isotope (enriched MgO dissolved in HCl as chloride solution) by gavage; background diet Mg 500 mg/kg (target)","forms":["oxide","chloride"],"dose":"about 2.50 mg 25Mg/rat","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum semi-liquid semi-purified diet","n":"10","analyte":"25Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"intestinal 25Mg absorption (administered - fecal), amount","value":"1188","variance":"± 199 (SD)","units":"µg","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab; ANOVA p=0.0094"},{"pmid":"16785046","species":"rodent","arm":"Rats aged 92 weeks (table label; 88 wk at study start)","form":"25Mg stable isotope (enriched MgO dissolved in HCl as chloride solution) by gavage; background diet Mg 500 mg/kg (target)","forms":["oxide","chloride"],"dose":"about 2.50 mg 25Mg/rat","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum semi-liquid semi-purified diet","n":"10","analyte":"25Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"intestinal 25Mg absorption (administered - fecal), amount","value":"1137","variance":"± 175 (SD)","units":"µg","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; ANOVA p=0.0094"},{"pmid":"16785046","species":"rodent","arm":"Rats aged 13 weeks (table label; 9 wk at study start)","form":"25Mg stable isotope (enriched MgO dissolved in HCl as chloride solution) by gavage; 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p=NS"},{"pmid":"16785046","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"25Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"intestinal 25Mg absorption, % (Discussion summary)","value":"56","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.79","quote":"25Mg absorption ranged from 56% in the young and adult rats to 45% in the old and very old rats (p = 0.02)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author approximation; Table 2 shows 55.5 (13 wk) and 54.0 (26 wk)"},{"pmid":"16785046","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"25Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"intestinal 25Mg absorption, % (Discussion summary)","value":"45","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Discussion p.79","quote":"25Mg absorption ranged from 56% in the young and adult rats to 45% in the old and very old rats (p = 0.02)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"author approximation; Table 2 shows 47.5 (48 wk) and 45.4 (92 wk)"},{"pmid":"16785046","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"25Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"correlation of 25Mg absorption % with age","value":"0.460","variance":"","units":"R","location":"Fig. 1","quote":"R=0.460, p = 0.0032","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"correlation coefficient printed in Fig. 1 panel; text says absorption 'only tended to correlate negatively with age'"},{"pmid":"17711087","species":"rodent","arm":"K male rats: control AIN-93M with wheat starch","form":"none; dietary Mg from AIN-93M mineral mix","forms":[],"dose":"NR g resistant starch/kg diet","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (in diet)","n":"3","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/intake","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (% of intake)","value":"47,6","variance":"± 2,4 (SD)","units":"% pobrania (% of intake)","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"17711087","species":"rodent","arm":"K male rats: control AIN-93M with wheat starch","form":"none; dietary Mg from AIN-93M mineral mix","forms":[],"dose":"NR g resistant starch/kg diet","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (in diet)","n":"3","analyte":"Fe","matrix":"feces/intake","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Fe absorption (% of intake)","value":"45,5","variance":"± 5,1 (SD)","units":"% pobrania (% of intake)","location":"Table II","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"iron, secondary analyte"},{"pmid":"17711087","species":"rodent","arm":"S1 male rats: monostarch phosphate from potato starch, 42% resistance (120 g/kg diet)","form":"RS4 S1; dietary Mg from AIN-93M mineral mix","forms":[],"dose":"50 g resistant starch/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (in diet)","n":"3","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/intake","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (% of 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(page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; ANOVA significant effects: Mg, P, Mg x P (Table 3: lower case = casein groups Tukey P<0.05; upper case = soybean groups; * = differs from casein at same Mg, t test P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"1880615","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1: Casein, total Mg 2.46 mmol/100 g diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O added to purified diet (plus Mg from protein preparation)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"2.46 mmol Mg/100 g diet (calculated total; table header)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as slurry during last 4 d)","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, amount (intake - fecal)","value":"332","variance":"± 11 (SEM)","units":"µmol/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c; ANOVA significant effects: Mg, P, Mg x P (Table 3: lower case = casein groups Tukey P<0.05; upper case = soybean groups; * = differs from casein 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rotated page)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a,*;  (Table 4: letters compare diets within same Mg level, Tukey P<0.01; lower case 0.82, upper case 1.64; * = differs from corresponding 1.64 group, t test P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"1880615","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2: Soybean protein isolate, total Mg 1.64 mmol/100 g diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O added to purified diet (plus Mg from protein preparation)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1.64 mmol Mg/100 g diet (calculated total; table header)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as slurry during last 4 d)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"65","variance":"± 1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image, rotated page)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript A;  (Table 4: letters compare diets within same Mg level, Tukey P<0.01; lower case 0.82, upper case 1.64; * = differs from corresponding 1.64 group, t test P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"1880615","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2: Casein + sodium phytate (0.42 g/100 g; analysed phytate 0.38 mmol/100 g), total Mg 0.82 mmol/100 g diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O added to purified diet (plus Mg from protein preparation)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.82 mmol Mg/100 g diet (calculated total; table header)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as slurry during last 4 d)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"69","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image, rotated page)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a;  (Table 4: letters compare diets within same Mg level, Tukey P<0.01; lower case 0.82, upper case 1.64; * = differs from corresponding 1.64 group, t test P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"1880615","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2: Casein + sodium phytate (0.42 g/100 g; analysed phytate 0.38 mmol/100 g), total Mg 1.64 mmol/100 g diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O added to purified diet (plus Mg from protein preparation)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1.64 mmol Mg/100 g diet (calculated total; table header)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as slurry during last 4 d)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"67","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image, rotated page)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript A;  (Table 4: letters compare diets within same Mg level, Tukey P<0.01; lower case 0.82, upper case 1.64; * = differs from corresponding 1.64 group, t test P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"1880615","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2: Casein + lactose (10 g/100 g), total Mg 0.82 mmol/100 g diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O added to purified diet (plus Mg from protein preparation)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"0.82 mmol Mg/100 g diet (calculated total; table header)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as slurry during last 4 d)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"83","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image, rotated page)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c;  (Table 4: letters compare diets within same Mg level, Tukey P<0.01; lower case 0.82, upper case 1.64; * = differs from corresponding 1.64 group, t test P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"1880615","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2: Casein + lactose (10 g/100 g), total Mg 1.64 mmol/100 g diet","form":"MgSO4·7H2O added to purified diet (plus Mg from protein preparation)","forms":["sulfate"],"dose":"1.64 mmol Mg/100 g diet (calculated total; table header)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as slurry during last 4 d)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"85","variance":"± 1 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4 (page image, rotated page)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript C;  (Table 4: letters compare diets within same Mg level, Tukey P<0.01; lower case 0.82, upper case 1.64; * = differs from corresponding 1.64 group, t test P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"22260865","species":"rodent","arm":"200 x 4W (experiment 1)","form":"AMW containing 200 mg Mg/L, 1 mL at 3, 5, 7 and 9 h, 25Mg-labeled","forms":[],"dose":"0.8 mg Mg from AMW (total)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding period","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"6.13","variance":"± 0.48 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 1","quote":"Apparent absorption (mg/d) 6.13 ± 0.48 6.04 ± 0.42 5.98 ± 0.24 .80","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"22260865","species":"rodent","arm":"400 x 2W (experiment 1)","form":"AMW containing 400 mg Mg/L, 1 mL at 5 and 7 h, 25Mg-labeled","forms":[],"dose":"0.8 mg Mg from AMW (total)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding period","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"6.04","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22260865","species":"rodent","arm":"800 x 1W (experiment 1)","form":"AMW containing 800 mg Mg/L, 1 mL at 7 h, 25Mg-labeled","forms":[],"dose":"0.8 mg Mg from AMW (total)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding period","n":"6","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"5.98","variance":"± 0.24 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22260865","species":"rodent","arm":"200 x 4W (experiment 2)","form":"AMW containing 200 mg Mg/L, 1 mL at 3, 5, 7 and 9 h, 25Mg-labeled","forms":[],"dose":"0.8 mg 25Mg (administered tracer)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding period","n":"6","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"5.53","variance":"± 0.42 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22260865","species":"rodent","arm":"800 x 4W (experiment 2)","form":"AMW containing 800 mg Mg/L, 0.25 mL at 3, 5, 7 and 9 h, 25Mg-labeled","forms":[],"dose":"0.8 mg 25Mg (administered tracer)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding period","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"5.62","variance":"± 0.69 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22260865","species":"rodent","arm":"800 x 1W (experiment 2)","form":"AMW containing 800 mg Mg/L, 1 mL at 7 h, 25Mg-labeled","forms":[],"dose":"0.8 mg 25Mg (administered tracer)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding period","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"5.71","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22260865","species":"rodent","arm":"DMg (experiment 2)","form":"25Mg-labeled AIN-93G-based diet, 1.6 g over 3 h","forms":[],"dose":"0.7 ± 0.1 mg 25Mg (administered tracer)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"after 12-hour starvation","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"5.55","variance":"± 0.45 (SD)","units":"mg/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22351498","species":"rodent","arm":"Control diet (AIN-93G; Mg mainly from MgO)","form":"AIN-93G diet with MgO (0.9 g/kg); 95.9% of Mg from MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"534 mg/kg diet (total Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"AA, apparent absorption of Mg","value":"7.66","variance":"± 0.61 (SD)","units":"mg d−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tukey superscripts in Table 3: means with different letters differ at P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"22351498","species":"rodent","arm":"Aosa diet (Ulvaceae pertusa, green alga)","form":"Ground Aosa replacing cellulose; 94.8% of Mg from seaweed","forms":[],"dose":"552 mg/kg diet (total Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"AA, apparent absorption of Mg","value":"4.91","variance":"± 0.50 (SD)","units":"mg d−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tukey superscripts in Table 3: means with different letters differ at P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"22351498","species":"rodent","arm":"Kombu diet (Laminaria japonica, brown alga)","form":"Ground Kombu replacing cellulose; 61.2% of Mg from seaweed, 34.7% from MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"535 mg/kg diet (total Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"AA, apparent absorption of Mg","value":"6.94","variance":"± 0.34 (SD)","units":"mg d−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tukey superscripts in Table 3: means with different letters differ at P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"22351498","species":"rodent","arm":"Funori diet (Gloiopeltis furcata, red alga)","form":"Ground Funori replacing cellulose; 74.6% of Mg from seaweed, 21.3% from MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"548 mg/kg diet (total Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"AA, apparent absorption of Mg","value":"5.22","variance":"± 0.82 (SD)","units":"mg d−1","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tukey superscripts in Table 3: means with different letters differ at P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"22351498","species":"rodent","arm":"Control diet (AIN-93G; Mg mainly from MgO)","form":"AIN-93G diet with MgO (0.9 g/kg); 95.9% of Mg from MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"534 mg/kg diet (total Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"FAA, fractional apparent absorption of dietary Mg","value":"68.3","variance":"± 5.0 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"FAA (%) 68.3 ± 5.0a 42.9 ± 3.7b 64.7 ± 3.7a 46.3 ± 5.6b 0.01","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Tukey superscripts in Table 3: means with different letters differ at P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"22351498","species":"rodent","arm":"Aosa diet (Ulvaceae pertusa, green alga)","form":"Ground Aosa replacing cellulose; 94.8% of Mg from seaweed","forms":[],"dose":"552 mg/kg diet (total Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"FAA, fractional apparent absorption of dietary Mg","value":"42.9","variance":"± 3.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tukey superscripts in Table 3: means with different letters differ at P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"22351498","species":"rodent","arm":"Kombu diet (Laminaria japonica, brown alga)","form":"Ground Kombu replacing cellulose; 61.2% of Mg from seaweed, 34.7% from MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"535 mg/kg diet (total Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"FAA, fractional apparent absorption of dietary Mg","value":"64.7","variance":"± 3.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tukey superscripts in Table 3: means with different letters differ at P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"22351498","species":"rodent","arm":"Funori diet (Gloiopeltis furcata, red alga)","form":"Ground Funori replacing cellulose; 74.6% of Mg from seaweed, 21.3% from MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"548 mg/kg diet (total Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"ad libitum","n":"7","analyte":"total Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"FAA, fractional apparent absorption of dietary Mg","value":"46.3","variance":"± 5.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tukey superscripts in Table 3: means with different letters differ at P < 0.05"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"Sham-Control","form":"AIN-93M control diet (cellulose fiber), sham-operated","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance, (dietary Mg - fecal Mg)/dietary Mg)","value":"0.481","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"Sham-Control","form":"AIN-93M control diet (cellulose fiber), sham-operated","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.446","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Control","form":"AIN-93M control diet, ovariectomized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance, (dietary Mg - fecal Mg)/dietary Mg)","value":"0.436","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Control","form":"AIN-93M control diet, ovariectomized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.460","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Estrogen","form":"AIN-93M control diet + biweekly s.c. estradiol 25 μg/kg BW, ovariectomized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance, (dietary Mg - fecal Mg)/dietary Mg)","value":"0.458","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Estrogen","form":"AIN-93M control diet + biweekly s.c. estradiol 25 μg/kg BW, ovariectomized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.469","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Synergy","form":"AIN-93M + Synergy1 (inulin/oligofructose ~50:50) at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance, (dietary Mg - fecal Mg)/dietary Mg)","value":"0.592","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"different (P<0.05) from sham, OVX-CON and OVX-Polydextrose"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Synergy","form":"AIN-93M + Synergy1 (inulin/oligofructose ~50:50) at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.523","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"different (P<0.05) from sham and OVX-CON"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Polydextrose","form":"AIN-93M + polydextrose at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance, (dietary Mg - fecal Mg)/dietary Mg)","value":"0.685","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"different (P<0.05) from sham and OVX-CON"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Polydextrose","form":"AIN-93M + polydextrose at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.573","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"different (P<0.05) from sham and OVX-CON"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Fruitafit","form":"AIN-93M + Fruitafit HD (~98% inulin, 2% oligosaccharides) at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance, (dietary Mg - fecal Mg)/dietary Mg)","value":"0.568","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"different (P<0.05) from sham, OVX-CON and OVX-Polydextrose"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Fruitafit","form":"AIN-93M + Fruitafit HD (~98% inulin, 2% oligosaccharides) at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic net fractional magnesium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.526","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 2","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"different (P<0.05) from sham and OVX-CON"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"Sham-Control","form":"AIN-93M control diet (cellulose fiber), sham-operated","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional calcium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.172","variance":"± 0.14 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"SE values for acute Ca absorption printed as 0.14-0.16, larger than many means; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"Sham-Control","form":"AIN-93M control diet (cellulose fiber), sham-operated","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"45Ca tracer (serum, urine, feces)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic calcium absorption efficiency (45Ca oral/i.v. kinetics, compartmental modeling)","value":"0.390","variance":"± 0.04 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Control","form":"AIN-93M control diet, ovariectomized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional calcium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.131","variance":"± 0.16 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"SE values for acute Ca absorption printed as 0.14-0.16, larger than many means; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Control","form":"AIN-93M control diet, ovariectomized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"45Ca tracer (serum, urine, feces)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic calcium absorption efficiency (45Ca oral/i.v. kinetics, compartmental modeling)","value":"0.329","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Estrogen","form":"AIN-93M control diet + biweekly s.c. estradiol 25 μg/kg BW, ovariectomized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional calcium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.138","variance":"± 0.15 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"SE values for acute Ca absorption printed as 0.14-0.16, larger than many means; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Estrogen","form":"AIN-93M control diet + biweekly s.c. estradiol 25 μg/kg BW, ovariectomized","forms":[],"dose":"NR NR","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"45Ca tracer (serum, urine, feces)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic calcium absorption efficiency (45Ca oral/i.v. kinetics, compartmental modeling)","value":"0.335","variance":"± 0.03 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Synergy","form":"AIN-93M + Synergy1 (inulin/oligofructose ~50:50) at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional calcium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.208","variance":"± 0.15 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"SE values for acute Ca absorption printed as 0.14-0.16, larger than many means; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Synergy","form":"AIN-93M + Synergy1 (inulin/oligofructose ~50:50) at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"45Ca tracer (serum, urine, feces)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic calcium absorption efficiency (45Ca oral/i.v. kinetics, compartmental modeling)","value":"0.466","variance":"± 0.05 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"different (P<0.05) from OVX-CON; "},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Polydextrose","form":"AIN-93M + polydextrose at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional calcium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.332","variance":"± 0.15 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"different (P<0.05) from sham and OVX-CON; SE values for acute Ca absorption printed as 0.14-0.16, larger than many means; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Polydextrose","form":"AIN-93M + polydextrose at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"45Ca tracer (serum, urine, feces)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic calcium absorption efficiency (45Ca oral/i.v. kinetics, compartmental modeling)","value":"0.357","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Fruitafit","form":"AIN-93M + Fruitafit HD (~98% inulin, 2% oligosaccharides) at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces/urine (balance)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"acute net fractional calcium absorption (metabolic balance)","value":"0.200","variance":"± 0.15 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"SE values for acute Ca absorption printed as 0.14-0.16, larger than many means; recorded as printed"},{"pmid":"22394255","species":"rodent","arm":"OVX-Fruitafit","form":"AIN-93M + Fruitafit HD (~98% inulin, 2% oligosaccharides) at 5% of diet replacing cellulose","forms":[],"dose":"5 % wt. of diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed (diet ad libitum)","n":"16 to 18 (Table 2); 10 to 12 (Table 3)","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"45Ca tracer (serum, urine, feces)","parameter":"fractional_absorption","detail":"chronic calcium absorption efficiency (45Ca oral/i.v. kinetics, compartmental modeling)","value":"0.400","variance":"± 0.02 (SEM)","units":"NR (fraction)","location":"Table 3","quote":"Values are represented as mean ± SE.","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":""},{"pmid":"2240216","species":"rodent","arm":"normal-Ca, normal-Mg diet (nCa-nMg / nMg-nCa)","form":"AIN-76A semipurified diet (basal Mg)","forms":[],"dose":"0.05 % Mg of diet (Ca 0.5%, P 0.5%)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5 (tables); 8 randomized per Methods","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net fractional Mg absorption, (intake - fecal)/intake x 100","value":"88","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"2240216","species":"rodent","arm":"high-Mg, normal-Ca diet (hMg-nCa)","form":"MgO added to AIN-76A diet","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"0.4 % Mg of diet (by dry wt)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net fractional Mg absorption, (intake - fecal)/intake x 100","value":"67","variance":"± 41 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"printed '67±41*' (SE as printed); * significant vs nMg-nCa (P<0.05)"},{"pmid":"2240216","species":"rodent","arm":"normal-Ca, normal-Mg diet (nCa-nMg / nMg-nCa)","form":"AIN-76A semipurified diet (basal Mg)","forms":[],"dose":"0.05 % Mg of diet (Ca 0.5%, P 0.5%)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5 (tables); 8 randomized per Methods","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net fractional Ca absorption","value":"85","variance":"± 2 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"nCa-nMg diet"},{"pmid":"2240216","species":"rodent","arm":"high-Ca, normal-Mg diet (hCa-nMg)","form":"CaHPO4 added (Ca 2.5%, P 2.3%)","forms":[],"dose":"0.05 % Mg of diet","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net fractional Ca absorption","value":"24","variance":"± 4 (SEM)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"* = significantly less than nCa-nMg"},{"pmid":"23254393","species":"rodent","arm":"Control","form":"AIN-93G control diet","forms":[],"dose":"0.49 g Mg/kg diet (mean of all diets)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"12","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (ingested Mg - faecal Mg)","value":"3.7","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"mg day−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a; Table footnote: means ± SE"},{"pmid":"23254393","species":"rodent","arm":"BC","form":"AIN-93G + 10% bread crust","forms":[],"dose":"0.49 g Mg/kg diet (mean of all diets)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"12","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (ingested Mg - faecal Mg)","value":"4.2","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"mg day−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab; Table footnote: means ± SE"},{"pmid":"23254393","species":"rodent","arm":"LMW","form":"AIN-93G + low molecular weight (<5 kDa) soluble bread crust fraction, in proportion present in 10% BC","forms":[],"dose":"0.49 g Mg/kg diet (mean of all diets)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"12","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (ingested Mg - faecal Mg)","value":"4.4","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"mg day−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; Table footnote: means ± SE"},{"pmid":"23254393","species":"rodent","arm":"HMW","form":"AIN-93G + high molecular weight (>5 kDa) soluble bread crust fraction","forms":[],"dose":"0.49 g Mg/kg diet (mean of all diets)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"12","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (ingested Mg - faecal Mg)","value":"4.4","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"mg day−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b; Table footnote: means ± SE"},{"pmid":"23254393","species":"rodent","arm":"Insoluble","form":"AIN-93G + insoluble bread crust fraction (after pronase E digestion)","forms":[],"dose":"0.49 g Mg/kg diet (mean of all diets)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed ad libitum","n":"12","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (ingested Mg - faecal Mg)","value":"3.9","variance":"± 0.2 (SEM)","units":"mg day−1","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript ab; Table footnote: means ± SE"},{"pmid":"23254393","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"faeces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"improvement in Mg digestibility, BC and derivatives vs control (final stage)","value":"15","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Abstract","quote":"magnesium digestibility improved by around 15% in rats fed diets containing bread crust or its derivatives compared with the control diet.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1 intact, control diet","form":"AIN-93G control diet (100 g/kg sucrose)","forms":[],"dose":"0 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake - faecal), absolute (Ca)","value":"40.3","variance":"± 3.0 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1 intact, 4% mannitol diet","form":"AIN-93G with 40 g/kg D-mannitol replacing sucrose","forms":[],"dose":"40 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake - faecal), absolute (Ca)","value":"43.7","variance":"± 2.7 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Student's t-test vs control: p<0.05"},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1 intact, control diet","form":"AIN-93G control diet (100 g/kg sucrose)","forms":[],"dose":"0 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake - faecal), absolute (Mg)","value":"3.79","variance":"± 0.07 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1 intact, 4% mannitol diet","form":"AIN-93G with 40 g/kg D-mannitol replacing sucrose","forms":[],"dose":"40 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake - faecal), absolute (Mg)","value":"3.95","variance":"± 0.31 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Student's t-test vs control: p<0.05"},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1 intact, control diet","form":"AIN-93G control diet (100 g/kg sucrose)","forms":[],"dose":"0 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption % = (intake - faecal)/intake x 100 (Ca)","value":"77.0","variance":"± 1.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1 intact, 4% mannitol diet","form":"AIN-93G with 40 g/kg D-mannitol replacing sucrose","forms":[],"dose":"40 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption % = (intake - faecal)/intake x 100 (Ca)","value":"82.6","variance":"± 3.2 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Student's t-test vs control: p<0.01"},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1 intact, control diet","form":"AIN-93G control diet (100 g/kg sucrose)","forms":[],"dose":"0 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption % = (intake - faecal)/intake x 100 (Mg)","value":"60.6","variance":"± 0.9 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 1 intact, 4% mannitol diet","form":"AIN-93G with 40 g/kg D-mannitol replacing sucrose","forms":[],"dose":"40 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption % = (intake - faecal)/intake x 100 (Mg)","value":"65.9","variance":"± 4.6 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Student's t-test vs control: p<0.05"},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2 cecectomized, control diet","form":"AIN-93G control diet","forms":[],"dose":"0 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake - faecal), absolute (Ca)","value":"39.3","variance":"± 2.3 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2 cecectomized, 4% mannitol diet","form":"AIN-93G with 40 g/kg D-mannitol replacing sucrose","forms":[],"dose":"40 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake - faecal), absolute (Ca)","value":"31.1","variance":"± 2.9 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Student's t-test vs control: p<0.001"},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2 cecectomized, control diet","form":"AIN-93G control diet","forms":[],"dose":"0 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake - faecal), absolute (Mg)","value":"3.08","variance":"± 0.38 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2 cecectomized, 4% mannitol diet","form":"AIN-93G with 40 g/kg D-mannitol replacing sucrose","forms":[],"dose":"40 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption (intake - faecal), absolute (Mg)","value":"2.63","variance":"± 0.53 (SD)","units":"mg/day","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Student's t-test vs control: p<0.05"},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2 cecectomized, control diet","form":"AIN-93G control diet","forms":[],"dose":"0 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption % = (intake - faecal)/intake x 100 (Ca)","value":"73.0","variance":"± 4.3 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2 cecectomized, 4% mannitol diet","form":"AIN-93G with 40 g/kg D-mannitol replacing sucrose","forms":[],"dose":"40 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption % = (intake - faecal)/intake x 100 (Ca)","value":"58.7","variance":"± 5.7 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Student's t-test vs control: p<0.001"},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2 cecectomized, control diet","form":"AIN-93G control diet","forms":[],"dose":"0 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption % = (intake - faecal)/intake x 100 (Mg)","value":"49.2","variance":"± 6.1 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"26849275","species":"rodent","arm":"Exp 2 cecectomized, 4% mannitol diet","form":"AIN-93G with 40 g/kg D-mannitol replacing sucrose","forms":[],"dose":"40 g mannitol/kg diet","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"7","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet/faeces/urine","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption % = (intake - faecal)/intake x 100 (Mg)","value":"43.7","variance":"± 8.5 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Student's t-test vs control: p<0.05"},{"pmid":"32623713","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/intake","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBV of TSK vs MgO by slope-ratio assay, feces/intake: apparent absorption","value":"92.3","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2 (page image); Abstract","quote":"relative bioavailability of Mg in TSK compared with MgO was calculated as 92.3%, 111.4%, and 87.2%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Fieller's method CI; NCON excluded from regression"},{"pmid":"32623713","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"urine","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBV of TSK vs MgO by slope-ratio assay, urine: urinary Mg excretion","value":"111.4","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2 (page image); Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fieller's method CI; NCON excluded from regression"},{"pmid":"32623713","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"femur","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"RBV of TSK vs MgO by slope-ratio assay, femur: femoral Mg concentration","value":"87.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Table 2 (page image); Abstract","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Fieller's method CI; NCON excluded from regression"},{"pmid":"32623713","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"multiple biomarkers","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"mean RBV of TSK vs MgO across 3 biomarkers","value":"97.0","variance":"± 12.8 (SD)","units":"%","location":"Table 2 (page image); Results p.275","quote":"the relative bioavailability of Mg in TSK compared to MgO was 97% on average","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"text states 97%"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"conventional rats, lactose-free diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (no lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"ileal contents (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-ileum (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"26.1","variance":"± 7.5 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 5 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls)"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"conventional rats, 10% lactose diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (10% lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"ileal contents (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-ileum (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"45.0","variance":"± 14.0 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 5 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls)"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"germfree rats, lactose-free diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (no lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"ileal contents (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-ileum (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"27.1","variance":"± 2.1 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 5 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls)"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"germfree rats, 10% lactose diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (10% lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"ileal contents (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-ileum (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"41.1","variance":"± 7.6 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 5 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls)"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"conventional rats, lactose-free diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (no lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"caecal contents (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-caecum (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"42.5","variance":"± 6.6 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 5 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls)"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"conventional rats, 10% lactose diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (10% lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"caecal contents (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-caecum (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"54.7","variance":"± 8.4 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 5 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls)"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"germfree rats, lactose-free diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (no lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"caecal contents (mineral/TiO2 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(Newman-Keuls)"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"conventional rats, lactose-free diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (no lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"colonic contents (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-colon (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"45.6","variance":"± 8.4 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 5 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls)"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"conventional rats, 10% lactose diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (10% lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% 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absorption Intake-faeces (total apparent absorption) (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"47.6","variance":"± 3.4 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls); secondary analyte"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"conventional rats, 10% lactose diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (10% lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"P","matrix":"faeces (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-faeces (total apparent absorption) (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"53.0","variance":"± 2.5 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls); secondary analyte"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"germfree rats, lactose-free diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (no lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"P","matrix":"faeces (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-faeces (total apparent absorption) (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"53.0","variance":"± 3.5 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls); secondary analyte"},{"pmid":"6844718","species":"rodent","arm":"germfree rats, 10% lactose diet","form":"semi-synthetic irradiated diet (10% lactose) with 0.2% TiO2 marker; dietary Mg from mineral mixture","forms":[],"dose":"0.64 mg Mg/g dry matter (diet)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed (diet as paste, 60% water)","n":"16","analyte":"P","matrix":"faeces (mineral/TiO2 ratio)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption Intake-faeces (total apparent absorption) (% of intake), TiO2 marker method, 24-h mean","value":"61.2","variance":"± 1.8 (SD)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"significance letters in table (Newman-Keuls); secondary analyte"},{"pmid":"10539782","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control (low K)","form":"basal diet; Mg from constant components incl. 5.46 g MgO per 762.6 g concentrate; analyzed Mg 4.31 g/kg DM; K 10.9 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"1.73","variance":"± 0.068 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; ANOVA P for treatment 0.002; superscript a"},{"pmid":"10539782","species":"other_animal","arm":"KHCO3","form":"basal + 81 g KHCO3/animal/d; analyzed Mg 4.31 g/kg DM; K 41.7 g/kg DM","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"1.29","variance":"± 0.068 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; ANOVA P for treatment 0.002; superscript b"},{"pmid":"10539782","species":"other_animal","arm":"KCl","form":"basal + 60.5 g KCl/animal/d; analyzed Mg 4.30 g/kg DM; K 41.8 g/kg DM","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"1.47","variance":"± 0.068 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; ANOVA P for treatment 0.002; superscript ab"},{"pmid":"10539782","species":"other_animal","arm":"K-citrate","form":"basal + 85.8 g K-citrate/animal/d; analyzed Mg 4.35 g/kg DM; K 40.4 g/kg DM","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake minus fecal Mg)","value":"1.45","variance":"± 0.068 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; ANOVA P for treatment 0.002; superscript b"},{"pmid":"10539782","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control (low K)","form":"basal diet; Mg from constant components incl. 5.46 g MgO per 762.6 g concentrate; analyzed Mg 4.31 g/kg DM; K 10.9 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"37.2","variance":"± 1.463 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; ANOVA P for treatment 0.002; superscript a"},{"pmid":"10539782","species":"other_animal","arm":"KHCO3","form":"basal + 81 g KHCO3/animal/d; analyzed Mg 4.31 g/kg DM; K 41.7 g/kg DM","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"27.7","variance":"± 1.463 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; ANOVA P for treatment 0.002; superscript b"},{"pmid":"10539782","species":"other_animal","arm":"KCl","form":"basal + 60.5 g KCl/animal/d; analyzed Mg 4.30 g/kg DM; K 41.8 g/kg DM","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"31.7","variance":"± 1.463 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; ANOVA P for treatment 0.002; superscript ab"},{"pmid":"10539782","species":"other_animal","arm":"K-citrate","form":"basal + 85.8 g K-citrate/animal/d; analyzed Mg 4.35 g/kg DM; K 40.4 g/kg DM","forms":["citrate"],"dose":"","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"8","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"30.7","variance":"± 1.463 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; ANOVA P for treatment 0.002; superscript b"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control diet (0 g lactulose/MJ)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"0 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Calcium","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"11.5","variance":"± 0.56 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low lactulose (1 g/MJ ME)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"1 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Calcium","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"18.7","variance":"± 0.56 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"High lactulose (3 g/MJ ME)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"3 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Calcium","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"21.1","variance":"± 0.56 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control diet (0 g lactulose/MJ)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"0 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"23.3","variance":"± 0.66 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low lactulose (1 g/MJ ME)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"1 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"29.7","variance":"± 0.66 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"High lactulose (3 g/MJ ME)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"3 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Magnesium","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"35.5","variance":"± 0.66 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control diet (0 g lactulose/MJ)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"0 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Phosphorus","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"38.9","variance":"± 0.88 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low lactulose (1 g/MJ ME)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"1 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Phosphorus","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"43.4","variance":"± 0.88 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"11686774","species":"other_animal","arm":"High lactulose (3 g/MJ ME)","form":"Commercial moist diet (Rodi compleet) + lactulose crystalline (Solvay Duphar), galactose/fructose balanced","forms":[],"dose":"3 g lactulose/MJ ME","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Phosphorus","matrix":"diet/faeces (Cr2O3 indicator, no recovery correction)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent absorption, % of intake","value":"43.4","variance":"± 0.88 (SE)","units":"% of intake","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SE; p-values apply across the 3 diets"},{"pmid":"12199373","species":"other_animal","arm":"0.0 mg Mg/kg BW/day infused","form":"MgCl2 ruminal bolus (none) + CaCl2 75.0 mg Ca/kg BW/day","forms":[],"dose":"0.0 mg Mg·kg BW–1·day–1","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding","n":"5","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"balance (intake - feces)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption = intake - fecal excretion","value":"–18.6","variance":"± 8.5 (SEM)","units":"mg.kg–1 BW.day–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"ANOVA P across 3 levels (Table footnote: P<0.001 shown as 0.001)"},{"pmid":"12199373","species":"other_animal","arm":"25.0 mg Mg/kg BW/day infused (Table headers print 20.0)","form":"MgCl2 ruminal bolus + CaCl2","forms":[],"dose":"25.0 mg Mg·kg BW–1·day–1","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding","n":"5","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"balance (intake - feces)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption = intake - fecal excretion","value":"–4.4","variance":"± 4.1 (SEM)","units":"mg.kg–1 BW.day–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"ANOVA P across 3 levels (Table footnote: P<0.001 shown as 0.001)"},{"pmid":"12199373","species":"other_animal","arm":"75.0 mg Mg/kg BW/day infused","form":"MgCl2 ruminal bolus + CaCl2","forms":[],"dose":"75.0 mg Mg·kg BW–1·day–1","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding","n":"5","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"balance (intake - feces)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption = intake - fecal excretion","value":"3.0","variance":"± 4.0 (SEM)","units":"mg.kg–1 BW.day–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"ANOVA P across 3 levels (Table footnote: P<0.001 shown as 0.001)"},{"pmid":"12199373","species":"other_animal","arm":"0.0 mg Mg/kg BW/day infused","form":"MgCl2 ruminal bolus (none) + CaCl2 75.0 mg Ca/kg BW/day","forms":[],"dose":"0.0 mg Mg·kg BW–1·day–1","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"balance (intake - feces)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption = intake - fecal excretion","value":"13.6","variance":"± 2.4 (SEM)","units":"mg.kg–1 BW.day–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"ANOVA P across 3 levels (Table footnote: P<0.001 shown as 0.001)"},{"pmid":"12199373","species":"other_animal","arm":"25.0 mg Mg/kg BW/day infused (Table headers print 20.0)","form":"MgCl2 ruminal bolus + CaCl2","forms":[],"dose":"25.0 mg Mg·kg BW–1·day–1","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"balance (intake - feces)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption = intake - fecal excretion","value":"21.6","variance":"± 2.7 (SEM)","units":"mg.kg–1 BW.day–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"ANOVA P across 3 levels (Table footnote: P<0.001 shown as 0.001)"},{"pmid":"12199373","species":"other_animal","arm":"75.0 mg Mg/kg BW/day infused","form":"MgCl2 ruminal bolus + CaCl2","forms":[],"dose":"75.0 mg Mg·kg BW–1·day–1","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"balance (intake - feces)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption = intake - fecal excretion","value":"37.9","variance":"± 5.7 (SEM)","units":"mg.kg–1 BW.day–1","location":"Table I","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"ANOVA P across 3 levels (Table footnote: P<0.001 shown as 0.001)"},{"pmid":"12199373","species":"other_animal","arm":"75.0 mg Mg/kg BW/day infused","form":"MgCl2 ruminal bolus + CaCl2","forms":[],"dose":"75.0 mg Mg·kg BW–1·day–1","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"during feeding","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"balance (intake - feces)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"37.9","variance":"± 5.7 (SEM)","units":"mg.kg–1 BW.day–1","location":"Results 3.1 p.4","quote":"The apparent Mg absorption was also significantly raised from 13.6 ± 2.4 to 21.6 ± 2.7 and 37.9 ± 5.7 mg·kg–1 BW·day–1 (P < 0.05, Duncan test)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text states all increases significant (P<0.05, Duncan) but Table I letters show 0.0 and 20.0 levels share 'a' (not different); duplicate of Table I value"},{"pmid":"14762081","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg / Low K","form":"MgO 11.4 g + KHCO3 none per concentrate formulation (Table 1)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"41.1 g Mg/d total intake (Table 3)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal), absolute","value":"5.2","variance":"± 0.541 (pooled SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c (Tukey); P-values from factorial ANOVA as printed"},{"pmid":"14762081","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg / Medium K","form":"MgO 11.4 g + KHCO3 120.0 g per concentrate formulation (Table 1)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"41.0 g Mg/d total intake (Table 3)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal), absolute","value":"5.3","variance":"± 0.541 (pooled SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c (Tukey); P-values from factorial ANOVA as printed"},{"pmid":"14762081","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg / High K","form":"MgO 11.4 g + KHCO3 258.0 g per concentrate formulation (Table 1)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"40.0 g Mg/d total intake (Table 3)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal), absolute","value":"0.8","variance":"± 0.541 (pooled SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript d (Tukey); P-values from factorial ANOVA as printed"},{"pmid":"14762081","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg / Low K","form":"MgO 23.6 g + KHCO3 none per concentrate formulation (Table 1)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"68.9 g Mg/d total intake (Table 3)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal), absolute","value":"12.8","variance":"± 0.541 (pooled SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (Tukey); P-values from factorial ANOVA as printed"},{"pmid":"14762081","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg / Medium K","form":"MgO 23.6 g + KHCO3 120.0 g per concentrate formulation (Table 1)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"69.6 g Mg/d total intake (Table 3)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal), absolute","value":"8.9","variance":"± 0.541 (pooled SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b (Tukey); P-values from factorial ANOVA as printed"},{"pmid":"14762081","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg / High K","form":"MgO 23.6 g + KHCO3 258.0 g per concentrate formulation (Table 1)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"68.7 g Mg/d total intake (Table 3)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (intake - fecal), absolute","value":"4.8","variance":"± 0.541 (pooled SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c (Tukey); P-values from factorial ANOVA as printed"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg, Low K (diet 1.9 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet, no MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0; KHCO3 0 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparently absorbed Mg (g/d)","value":"7.1","variance":"± 2.64 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg, Medium K (diet 1.9 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet, no MgO + KHCO3","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0; KHCO3 0.377 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparently absorbed Mg (g/d)","value":"3.8","variance":"± 2.64 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg, High K (diet 1.9 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet, no MgO + KHCO3","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0; KHCO3 0.788 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparently absorbed Mg (g/d)","value":"5.6","variance":"± 2.64 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg, Low K (diet 4.3 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet supplemented with MgO (<250 µm)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0.065; KHCO3 0 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparently absorbed Mg (g/d)","value":"17.2","variance":"± 2.64 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg, Medium K (diet 4.3 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet supplemented with MgO (<250 µm) + KHCO3","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0.064; KHCO3 0.384 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparently absorbed Mg (g/d)","value":"16.8","variance":"± 2.64 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg, High K (diet 4.3 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet supplemented with MgO (<250 µm) + KHCO3","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0.060; KHCO3 0.716 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparently absorbed Mg (g/d)","value":"15.1","variance":"± 2.64 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg, Low K (diet 1.9 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet, no MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0; KHCO3 0 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent total-tract Mg digestibility (acid insoluble ash marker)","value":"22.5","variance":"± 5.80 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg, Medium K (diet 1.9 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet, no MgO + KHCO3","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0; KHCO3 0.377 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent total-tract Mg digestibility (acid insoluble ash marker)","value":"12.5","variance":"± 5.80 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low Mg, High K (diet 1.9 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet, no MgO + KHCO3","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0; KHCO3 0.788 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent total-tract Mg digestibility (acid insoluble ash marker)","value":"18.0","variance":"± 5.80 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg, Low K (diet 4.3 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet supplemented with MgO (<250 µm)","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0.065; KHCO3 0 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent total-tract Mg digestibility (acid insoluble ash marker)","value":"23.8","variance":"± 5.80 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg, Medium K (diet 4.3 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet supplemented with MgO (<250 µm) + KHCO3","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0.064; KHCO3 0.384 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent total-tract Mg digestibility (acid insoluble ash marker)","value":"24.5","variance":"± 5.80 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"High Mg, High K (diet 4.3 g Mg/kg DM)","form":"Grass silage + concentrate diet supplemented with MgO (<250 µm) + KHCO3","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"MgO 0.060; KHCO3 0.716 g of DM/d (as printed in Table 2)","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"with feed (MgO mixed into silage)","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent total-tract Mg digestibility (acid insoluble ash marker)","value":"23.7","variance":"± 5.80 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SEM is pooled across treatments"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg digestibility, range across treatments (abstract)","value":"0.12 to 0.24","variance":"","units":"fraction","location":"Abstract","quote":"The apparent digestibility ranged from 0.12 to 0.24 with no effect of mineral supplementation.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Results text gives range as 12.5 to 24.5% (Table 4)"},{"pmid":"18218762","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"","forms":[],"dose":"","doseBasis":"","fed":"","n":"","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"total tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg digestibility, range across treatments (Results)","value":"12.5 to 24.5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.745-746","quote":"The Mg digestibility ranged from 12.5 to 24.5% (Table 4).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"2262427","species":"other_animal","arm":"Exp 1 control diet","form":"completely mixed diet (30% cottonseed hulls, 70% concentrate)","forms":[],"dose":".19 % Mg in diet (DM basis, analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, g/d","value":"3.6","variance":"± .8 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"a: Control vs MgO, Mg(OH)2 differ (P < .01); SEM is pooled"},{"pmid":"2262427","species":"other_animal","arm":"Exp 1 control + .20% Mg as MgO","form":"MgO powder (55% Mg) in completely mixed diet","forms":["oxide"],"dose":".20 % added Mg (diet analysed .40% Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, g/d","value":"6.4","variance":"± .8 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"a: Control vs MgO, Mg(OH)2 differ (P < .01); SEM is pooled"},{"pmid":"2262427","species":"other_animal","arm":"Exp 1 control + .20% Mg as Mg(OH)2","form":"Mg(OH)2 powder (39.6% Mg) in completely mixed diet","forms":[],"dose":".20 % added Mg (diet analysed .39% Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, g/d","value":"6.3","variance":"± .8 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"a: Control vs MgO, Mg(OH)2 differ (P < .01); SEM is pooled"},{"pmid":"2262427","species":"other_animal","arm":"Exp 1 control diet","form":"completely mixed diet (30% cottonseed hulls, 70% concentrate)","forms":[],"dose":".19 % Mg in diet (DM basis, analysed)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"38.2","variance":"± 4.5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"not different (P > .10); SEM is pooled"},{"pmid":"2262427","species":"other_animal","arm":"Exp 1 control + .20% Mg as MgO","form":"MgO powder (55% Mg) in completely mixed diet","forms":["oxide"],"dose":".20 % added Mg (diet analysed .40% Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"32.2","variance":"± 4.5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"not different (P > .10); SEM is pooled"},{"pmid":"2262427","species":"other_animal","arm":"Exp 1 control + .20% Mg as Mg(OH)2","form":"Mg(OH)2 powder (39.6% Mg) in completely mixed diet","forms":[],"dose":".20 % added Mg (diet analysed .39% Mg)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"5","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine balance","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"32.5","variance":"± 4.5 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"not different (P > .10); SEM is pooled"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":".70","variance":"± .02 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":".49b","variance":"± .02 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":".64","variance":"± .02 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":".66","variance":"± .02 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, preintestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".62","variance":"± .06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, preintestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".52","variance":"± .06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, preintestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".62","variance":"± .06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, preintestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".70","variance":"± .06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, small intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".15","variance":"± .05 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, small intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".12","variance":"± .05 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, small intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".11","variance":"± .05 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, small intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".05","variance":"± .05 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, large intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"−.20","variance":"± .05 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, large intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"−.54b","variance":"± .05 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, large intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"−.28","variance":"± .05 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, large intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"−.20","variance":"± .05 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".58","variance":"± .11 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".12b","variance":"± .11 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".45","variance":"± .11 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Mg absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".56","variance":"± .11 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"1.38","variance":"± .08 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"1.11","variance":"± .08 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"1.15","variance":"± .08 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"1.20","variance":"± .08 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, preintestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"-.84","variance":"± .24 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, preintestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".02","variance":"± .24 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, preintestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"-.58","variance":"± .24 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, preintestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"-.36","variance":"± .24 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, small intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"1.89","variance":"± .34 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, small intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".71","variance":"± .34 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, small intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"1.34","variance":"± .34 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, small intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".88","variance":"± .34 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, large intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"-.20","variance":"± .20 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, large intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"-.33","variance":"± .20 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, large intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"-.55","variance":"± .20 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, large intestine, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"-.08","variance":"± .20 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".84","variance":"± .36 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".40","variance":"± .36 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".21","variance":"± .36 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".44","variance":"± .36 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Na absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"1.24","variance":"± .07 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Na absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"1.47b","variance":"± .07 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Na absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"1.27","variance":"± .07 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Na absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"1.21","variance":"± .07 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Na absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"1.02","variance":"± .15 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Na absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".80","variance":"± .15 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Na absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"1.22","variance":"± .15 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Na absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"1.18","variance":"± .15 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"P absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":".76","variance":"± .07 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"P absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":".80","variance":"± .07 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"P absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":".60","variance":"± .07 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"P absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":".74","variance":"± .07 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"P absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".44","variance":"± .27 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"P absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".46","variance":"± .27 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"P absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".15","variance":"± .27 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"P absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":".42","variance":"± .27 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"K absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"4.02","variance":"± 1.06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"K absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"38.28b","variance":"± 1.06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"K absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"16.24b","variance":"± 1.06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"feces/urine (total collection)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"K absorption, Balance data (15 d)","value":"15.12b","variance":"± 1.06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: deionized water 460 ml/d infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with deionized water infusion","forms":[],"dose":"KHCO3 0 g/d; K 0 g/d; infusion solution 460 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"K absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"3.64","variance":"± .56 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled)"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into rumen","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 85.93 g/d; K 33.60 g/d; infusion solution 390 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"K absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"41.17b","variance":"± .56 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into abomasum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 404 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"K absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"15.64b","variance":"± .56 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"4077768","species":"other_animal","arm":"K infused into ileum","form":"Basal diet 800 g/d (0.18% Mg, dry basis) with infusion of potassium bicarbonate in deionized water","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"KHCO3 30.59 g/d; K 11.96 g/d; infusion solution 395 ml/d g/d","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"digesta/feces/urine (Cr2O3 marker for flow)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"K absorption, total, Sampling period (6 d)","value":"14.94b","variance":"± .56 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE calculated from harmonic mean of number of observations per treatment group (pooled); superscript b = differs (P<.05) from control"},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption g/d, 7-d collection (total collection)","value":"1.25","variance":"± .39 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption g/d, 7-d collection (total collection)","value":".89","variance":"± .39 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption g/d, 7-d collection (total collection)","value":".33","variance":"± .39 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, preintestinal","value":"1.67","variance":"± .76 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, preintestinal","value":"2.01","variance":"± .76 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, preintestinal","value":"1.20","variance":"± .76 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, small intestine","value":"-.16","variance":"± .78 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Negative = net secretion."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, small intestine","value":"-.87","variance":"± .78 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Negative = net secretion."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, small intestine","value":"-.39","variance":"± .78 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Negative = net secretion."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, large intestine","value":".13","variance":"± .47 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Negative = net secretion."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, large intestine","value":"-.16","variance":"± .47 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Negative = net secretion."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, large intestine","value":".06","variance":"± .47 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Negative = net secretion."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, total tract","value":"1.64","variance":"± .51 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, total tract","value":".98","variance":"± .51 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Mg absorption, total tract","value":".88","variance":"± .51 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption % of intake, 7-d collection","value":"28.7","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.505 para 1","quote":"apparent Mg absorption decreased (P<.05) from 1.25 g/d (28.7%) to .89 (20.9%) and .33 (7.87%) g/d","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption % of intake, 7-d collection","value":"20.9","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.505 para 1","quote":"apparent Mg absorption decreased (P<.05) from 1.25 g/d (28.7%) to .89 (20.9%) and .33 (7.87%) g/d","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption % of intake, 7-d collection","value":"7.87","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.505 para 1","quote":"apparent Mg absorption decreased (P<.05) from 1.25 g/d (28.7%) to .89 (20.9%) and .33 (7.87%) g/d","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption g, 6-d sampling period","value":"1.64","variance":"","units":"g","location":"Results p.505 para 2","quote":"During the 6 d sampling period, apparent Mg absorption was 1.64 g (36.2%) when .6% K was fed.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption % of intake, 6-d sampling period","value":"36.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.505 para 2","quote":"During the 6 d sampling period, apparent Mg absorption was 1.64 g (36.2%) when .6% K was fed.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent K absorption, 7-d collection","value":"11.32","variance":"± 9.34 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent K absorption, 7-d collection","value":"71.33","variance":"± 9.34 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent K absorption, 7-d collection","value":"164.07","variance":"± 9.34 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net K absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"14.66","variance":"± 12.89 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net K absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"77.95","variance":"± 12.89 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"K","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net K absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"165.61","variance":"± 12.89 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption, 7-d collection","value":"4.38","variance":"± 1.20 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption, 7-d collection","value":"4.07","variance":"± 1.20 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption, 7-d collection","value":"3.30","variance":"± 1.20 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Ca absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"3.74","variance":"± 1.43 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Ca absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"3.04","variance":"± 1.43 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Ca absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"2.65","variance":"± 1.43 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Na absorption, 7-d collection","value":"11.21","variance":"± .90 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Na absorption, 7-d collection","value":"11.83","variance":"± .90 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Na absorption, 7-d collection","value":"12.65","variance":"± .90 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. Linear effect of K (P<.05)."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Na absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"8.46","variance":"± 1.24 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"2.4% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 196.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Na absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"8.94","variance":"± 1.24 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":"4.8% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 244.9 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.14 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Na","matrix":"digesta (chromic oxide marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"net Na absorption total tract, 6-d sampling","value":"8.96","variance":"± 1.24 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison."},{"pmid":"6619018","species":"other_animal","arm":".6% dietary K (dry basis)","form":"basal diet + potassium bicarbonate 16.4 g/d","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"4.27 g/d Mg intake (7-d collection)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"P","matrix":"whole body (balance)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent P absorption, 7-d collection","value":"2.65","variance":"± 1.06 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"SE column is a single pooled SE for the K-level comparison. 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scanned PDF (page image)"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet-feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (total tract)","value":".51","variance":"± .07 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (Duncan, P<.05); scanned PDF (page image)"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet-feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption (total tract)","value":".89","variance":"± .07 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b (Duncan, P<.05); scanned PDF (page image)"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: basal + 0.55% calcium carbonate","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"1.09 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: preintestinal (stomach region), g/d","value":".36","variance":"± .10 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript a (Duncan, P<.05); scanned PDF (page image)"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: preintestinal (stomach region), g/d","value":".76","variance":"± .10 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript b (Duncan, P<.05); scanned PDF (page image)"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: preintestinal (stomach region), g/d","value":"1.25","variance":"± .10 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"superscript c (Duncan, P<.05); scanned PDF (page image)"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: basal + 0.55% calcium carbonate","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"1.09 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: small intestine, g/d (negative = secretion)","value":"−.42","variance":"± .07 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts (no significant difference indicated); scanned PDF (page image); minus sign as printed"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: small intestine, g/d (negative = secretion)","value":"−.27","variance":"± .07 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts (no significant difference indicated); scanned PDF (page image); minus sign as printed"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: small intestine, g/d (negative = secretion)","value":"−.36","variance":"± .07 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts (no significant difference indicated); scanned PDF (page image); minus sign as printed"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: basal + 0.55% calcium carbonate","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"1.09 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: large intestine, g/d","value":".28","variance":"± .09 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts (no significant difference indicated); scanned PDF (page image)"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: large intestine, g/d","value":".05","variance":"± .09 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts (no significant difference indicated); scanned PDF (page image)"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract (Cr2O3 marker)","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"site of absorption: large intestine, g/d","value":"−.01","variance":"± .09 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 2 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts (no significant difference indicated); scanned PDF (page image); minus sign as printed"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: basal + 0.55% calcium carbonate","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"1.09 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet-feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption (total tract)","value":".88","variance":"± .09 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet-feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption (total tract)","value":".96","variance":"± .09 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"diet-feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Ca absorption (total tract)","value":"1.28","variance":"± .09 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: basal + 0.55% calcium carbonate","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"1.09 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: preintestinal","value":".26","variance":"± .25 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: preintestinal","value":"1.13","variance":"± .25 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: preintestinal","value":"1.46","variance":"± .25 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: basal + 0.55% calcium carbonate","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"1.09 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: small intestine","value":"−.44","variance":"± .30 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: small intestine","value":"−.67","variance":"± .30 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: small intestine","value":"−.72","variance":"± .30 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: basal + 0.55% calcium carbonate","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"1.09 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: large intestine","value":".24","variance":"± .30 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: large intestine","value":".49","variance":"± .30 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Ca","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"Ca site of absorption: large intestine","value":".49","variance":"± .30 (SE)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3 (page image)","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"no superscripts; text layer garbled for retention ('-68a','978ab'); value read from page image"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet-feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"42.3","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Magnesium absorption was greater (percentage of intake) for magnesium oxide than the dotomitic limestone supplemented diet (42.3 vs 23.0%).","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"no p-value or SE given for %"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"diet-feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"23.0","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"(42.3 vs 23.0%)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Magnesium oxide 0.17% + 0.55% CaCO3","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3 + .17% MgO","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.10 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"preintestinal Mg absorption, % (basis as stated in text)","value":"59.2","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Preintestinal absorption of Mg was 59.2 vs 32.9 and 34.6% for the lambs fed the magnesium oxide vs the control and dolomitic limestone diets","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"P<.05 for MgO stated in text ('this greater (P<.05) preintestinal absorption')"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Control: basal + 0.55% calcium carbonate","form":"basal diet + .55% CaCO3","forms":["carbonate"],"dose":"1.09 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"preintestinal Mg absorption, % (basis as stated in text)","value":"32.9","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Preintestinal absorption of Mg was 59.2 vs 32.9 and 34.6% for the lambs fed the magnesium oxide vs the control and dolomitic limestone diets","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"P<.05 for MgO stated in text ('this greater (P<.05) preintestinal absorption')"},{"pmid":"6674291","species":"other_animal","arm":"Dolomitic limestone 1.0%","form":"basal diet + 1.0% dolomitic limestone","forms":[],"dose":"2.21 g Mg/d total intake","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"NR","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"GI tract","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"preintestinal Mg absorption, % (basis as stated in text)","value":"34.6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.4","quote":"Preintestinal absorption of Mg was 59.2 vs 32.9 and 34.6% for the lambs fed the magnesium oxide vs the control and dolomitic limestone diets","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"P<.05 for MgO stated in text ('this greater (P<.05) preintestinal absorption')"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low K, low Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO none per concentrate batch) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 1.35 g/kg DM, K 9.83 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"1.3 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"0.58","variance":"± 0.034 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript d; P K=<0.001, Mg=<0.001, KxMg=0.297"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low K, medium Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO 2.9 g per concentrate batch) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 2.58 g/kg DM, K 10.01 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.5 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"1.17","variance":"± 0.034 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript b; P K=<0.001, Mg=<0.001, KxMg=0.297"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low K, high Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO 5.9 g per concentrate batch) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 3.81 g/kg DM, K 9.84 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"3.7 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"1.56","variance":"± 0.034 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript a; P K=<0.001, Mg=<0.001, KxMg=0.297"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"High K, low Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO none per concentrate batch; + 91.1 g KHCO3) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 1.27 g/kg DM, K 36.49 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"1.3 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"0.27","variance":"± 0.034 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript e; P K=<0.001, Mg=<0.001, KxMg=0.297"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"High K, medium Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO 2.9 g per concentrate batch; + 91.1 g KHCO3) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 2.45 g/kg DM, K 35.79 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.5 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"0.81","variance":"± 0.034 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript c; P K=<0.001, Mg=<0.001, KxMg=0.297"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"High K, high Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO 5.9 g per concentrate batch; + 91.1 g KHCO3) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 3.66 g/kg DM, K 36.43 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"3.7 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption","value":"1.14","variance":"± 0.034 (SEM)","units":"g/d","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript b; P K=<0.001, Mg=<0.001, KxMg=0.297"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low K, low Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO none per concentrate batch) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 1.35 g/kg DM, K 9.83 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"1.3 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"35.32","variance":"± 1.322 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript a; P K=<0.001, Mg=0.002, KxMg=0.006"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low K, medium Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO 2.9 g per concentrate batch) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 2.58 g/kg DM, K 10.01 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.5 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"37.37","variance":"± 1.322 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript a; P K=<0.001, Mg=0.002, KxMg=0.006"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"Low K, high Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO 5.9 g per concentrate batch) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 3.81 g/kg DM, K 9.84 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"3.7 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"33.36","variance":"± 1.322 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript a; P K=<0.001, Mg=0.002, KxMg=0.006"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"High K, low Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO none per concentrate batch; + 91.1 g KHCO3) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 1.27 g/kg DM, K 36.49 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"1.3 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"16.54","variance":"± 1.322 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript c; P K=<0.001, Mg=0.002, KxMg=0.006"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"High K, medium Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO 2.9 g per concentrate batch; + 91.1 g KHCO3) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 2.45 g/kg DM, K 35.79 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"2.5 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"25.46","variance":"± 1.322 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript b; P K=<0.001, Mg=0.002, KxMg=0.006"},{"pmid":"9785240","species":"other_animal","arm":"High K, high Mg","form":"Concentrate (+ MgO 5.9 g per concentrate batch; + 91.1 g KHCO3) plus 500 g pelleted straw; analyzed Mg 3.66 g/kg DM, K 36.43 g/kg DM","forms":["oxide"],"dose":"3.7 g Mg/kg DM (target)","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"fed","n":"6","analyte":"Mg","matrix":"feces","parameter":"apparent_absorption","detail":"apparent Mg absorption, % of intake","value":"24.00","variance":"± 1.322 (SEM)","units":"%","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"pooled SEM; superscript b; P K=<0.001, Mg=0.002, KxMg=0.006"},{"pmid":"23051182","species":"unclear","arm":"Simulated 237 mg/day tid with PPI (Vmax reduced 3.5-fold)","form":"oral Mg (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"237 mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"simulated reduction in bioavailability with PPI","value":"5","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.3500","quote":"Bioavailability and AUC0−24 were correspondingly reduced by 5% and 6%, respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model-derived/fitted value (in silico), not a measured clinical result. Percent reduction vs no PPI."},{"pmid":"23051182","species":"unclear","arm":"Simulated 237 mg/day tid with PPI (Vmax reduced 3.5-fold)","form":"oral Mg (simulated)","forms":[],"dose":"237 mg/day","doseBasis":"elemental","fed":"NR","n":"","analyte":"magnesium","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"simulated reduction in AUC0-24 with PPI","value":"6","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Results p.3500","quote":"Bioavailability and AUC0−24 were correspondingly reduced by 5% and 6%, respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Model-derived/fitted value (in silico), not a measured clinical result. Percent reduction vs no PPI."}],"studies":{"136204":{"pmid":"136204","title":"Effects of diabetes on intestinal magnesium absorption in the rat.","authors":"Miller DL, Schedl HP","journal":"The American journal of physiology","year":"1976","volume":"231","issue":"4","pages":"1039-42","doi":"10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.4.1039","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/136204/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (diabetic vs control), in situ intestinal perfusion","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Animal (rat) in situ intestinal perfusion study of Mg absorption in streptozotocin diabetes vs controls.","conclusion":"Thus, although transport of magnesium and calcium usually tend to change in parallel in diabetes, transport of magnesium is depressed later and to a lesser degree than calcium, and segment transport capacity is maintained. The findings suggest differences in mechanism of regulation of magnesium and calcium transport.","limitations":"animal model (rat), in situ perfusion, not oral supplement; small n per group; 32-day group a separate population studied at different time of year; absorption expressed as net transfer rates, not fractional absorption"},"662478":{"pmid":"662478","title":"Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on calcium and magnesium absorption.","authors":"Tantibhedhyangkul P, Hashim SA","journal":"Pediatrics","year":"1978","volume":"61","issue":"4","pages":"537-45","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/662478/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"parallel (3 formula groups; allocation method NR)","n":"34","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mg absorption from infant formulas differing only in fat type (MCT vs LCT); Mg is dietary (formula), not a supplement. Balance (intake minus fecal) method.","conclusion":"This study demonstrates that calcium and magnesium absorption can be improved in premature infants fed MCT-containing formulas. The improvement in calcium and magnesium absorption correlated well with fat absorption. Thus, MCT-containing formulas may be useful for feeding premature infants early in life in an attempt to improve both calorie and divalent cation absorption.","limitations":"Mg from formula, not a supplement; apparent absorption (balance) not corrected for endogenous fecal losses; allocation/randomization not described; small n; different infants analysed early vs late; urine not 24-h; retention not estimable; Mg intake differed slightly (control > 80% MCT, late period)"},"1512642":{"pmid":"1512642","title":"Inhibitory effect of soybean protein vs. casein on apparent absorption of magnesium in rats is due to greater excretion of endogenous magnesium.","authors":"Brink EJ, Van den Berg GJ, Van der Meer R, Wolterbeek HT, Dekker PR, Beynen AC","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"1992","volume":"122","issue":"9","pages":"1910-6","doi":"10.1093/jn/122.9.1910","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1512642/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 diet groups); within-animal crossover of tracer route (oral vs i.p.)","n":"40","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of dietary modifiers (soy protein, phytate, lactose, phosphate) on apparent and true (28Mg) Mg absorption","conclusion":"We conclude that the earlier observed reduction of apparent magnesium absorption and lowered urinary magnesium excretion in rats fed diets containing soybean protein and/or sodium phytate (Brink et al. 1991) is not associated with impairment of true magnesium absorption. This may be caused by enhanced loss of endogenous magnesium in fèces as induced by dietary soybean protein and phytate.","limitations":"animal study (rats); small n (8 per group); 4 rats per route per day; data pooled across tracer days; true absorption method assumes equal handling of oral and i.p. tracer"},"1880615":{"pmid":"1880615","title":"Inhibitory effect of dietary soybean protein vs. casein on magnesium absorption in rats.","authors":"Brink EJ, Dekker PR, Van Beresteijn EC, Beynen AC","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"1991","volume":"121","issue":"9","pages":"1374-81","doi":"10.1093/jn/121.9.1374","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1880615/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel, randomized (2 experiments; factorial protein x Mg)","n":"42 (Exp 1); 48 (Exp 2)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat balance study: dietary protein source (casein vs soy), phytate and lactose effects on apparent absorption of MgSO4-supplemented diets.","conclusion":"These results indicate that soybean protein, when compared with casein, decreases magnesium absorption through its phytate component.","limitations":"rat study; apparent absorption (balance) only; small n per group; added sodium phytate may differ from native phytate"},"1988724":{"pmid":"1988724","title":"Bioavailability of potassium and magnesium, and citraturic response from potassium-magnesium citrate.","authors":"Koenig K, Padalino P, Alexandrides G, Pak CY","journal":"The Journal of urology","year":"1991","volume":"145","issue":"2","pages":"330-4","doi":"10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38330-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1988724/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (4 phases in random order)","n":"14","status":"complete","statusNote":"Urinary-excretion bioavailability (single load) of K, Mg and citrate; values from the single table plus abstract; time-courses figure-only.","conclusion":"Thus, potassium-magnesium citrate gave an optimum citraturic response in addition to providing absorbable potassium and magnesium.","limitations":"small n (14); bioavailability inferred from urinary excretion increments only (no serum PK); blinding NR; Mg time-course figure-only; dose given with breakfast"},"2130825":{"pmid":"2130825","title":"Bioavailability of oral magnesium supplementation in female students evaluated from elimination of magnesium in 24-hour urine.","authors":"Bøhmer T, Røseth A, Holm H, Weberg-Teigen S, Wahl L","journal":"Magnesium and trace elements","year":"1990","volume":"9","issue":"5","pages":"272-8","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2130825/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (4 active 24-h periods + 2 placebo 24-h periods per subject, Tuesdays and Thursdays over 3 weeks)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Randomized within-subject comparison of 4 oral Mg preparations vs placebo using 24-h urinary Mg; image-only PDF read from page images.","conclusion":"From this study it appears that all the Mg salts are equally suitable for supplementation of healthy individuals. It remains to be seen whether elderly patients with reduced absorption will absorb the Mg salts equally well.","limitations":"single 24-h period per preparation; urinary excretion as surrogate of absorption (assumes Mg balance); small n (18), healthy young women only; blinding NR; C given at higher dose (20.6 mmol) than others (15 mmol); partially industry-affiliated authors"},"2240216":{"pmid":"2240216","title":"Comparison of calcium and magnesium absorption: in vivo and in vitro studies.","authors":"Hardwick LL, Jones MR, Buddington RK, Clemens RA, Lee DB","journal":"The American journal of physiology","year":"1990","volume":"259","issue":"5 Pt 1","pages":"G720-6","doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.5.G720","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2240216/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel randomized balance study + in vitro experiments","n":"24 randomized in balance study (3 groups of 8); tables report 5 rats","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat balance study (dietary MgO) plus in vitro everted sac and apical uptake studies of Mg vs Ca absorption.","conclusion":"Both in vitro luminal Mg uptake and transepithelial Mg transport, as well as Mg balance studies in intact animal, suggest that this mineral is absorbed predominantly by a concentration-dependent mechanism.","limitations":"rat study; n=5 in tables vs 8 randomized per group (no explanation); apparent (net) absorption; in vitro duodenum only"},"2262427":{"pmid":"2262427","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium in beef cattle fed magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide.","authors":"Davenport GM, Boling JA, Gay N","journal":"Journal of animal science","year":"1990","volume":"68","issue":"11","pages":"3765-72","doi":"10.2527/1990.68113765x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2262427/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (cattle)","design":"parallel (completely randomized; two experiments)","n":"Exp 1: 15; Exp 2: 30","status":"complete","statusNote":"Cattle study comparing Mg bioavailability from MgO vs Mg(OH)2 (metabolism balance study in steers and grazing study in cows)","conclusion":"In conclusion, Mg bioavailability was similar when MgO and Mg(OH)2 were included in completely mixed diets or mineral supplements; both sources of Mg were efficacious in preventing hypomagnesemic tetany.","limitations":"cattle (ruminant) model; small n (5 per group in Exp 1); apparent absorption not corrected for endogenous fecal Mg; Exp 2 free-choice intake; no balance data; pooled SEM only"},"2717266":{"pmid":"2717266","title":"Absorption of calcium and magnesium from fortified human milk by very low birth weight infants.","authors":"Liu YM, Neal P, Ernst J, Weaver C, Rickard K, Smith DL, Lemons J","journal":"Pediatric research","year":"1989","volume":"25","issue":"5","pages":"496-502","doi":"10.1203/00006450-198905000-00015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2717266/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (within-subject dual-tracer comparison)","n":"9 analysed (10 enrolled)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"These results demonstrate that the fractional absorptions of calcium in the human milk and the added mineral supplement are 80 and 82%, respectively. A total of 89% magnesium endogenous to human milk and 86% of magnesium derived from the mineral supplement was absorbed by the VLBW infants.","limitations":"small n (9); single feeding; fecal recovery method; re-secretion correction (~2%) neglected; VLBW infants only, most on theophylline; partly industry funded (Mead-Johnson); Table 4 units not printed"},"2996094":{"pmid":"2996094","title":"Effect of wheat bran and pectin on the absorption and retention of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and zinc by the growing pig.","authors":"Bagheri S, Guéguen L","journal":"Reproduction, nutrition, developpement","year":"1985","volume":"25","issue":"4A","pages":"705-16","doi":"10.1051/rnd:19850510","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2996094/","species":"pig","speciesRaw":"pig","design":"parallel (two separate experiments)","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"Pig balance study of dietary fibre (wheat bran, pectins) effects on mineral apparent absorption; Mg is an intrinsic/dietary mineral, not a supplement form comparison.","conclusion":"In conclusion, wheat bran is a source of available P and Mg for the pig but it might have an unfavorable effect on the utilization of Ca and Zn. LM pectin produces a deleterious influence on mineral balances.","limitations":"small n (4 per group); intakes not equalized in Exp. I; apparent absorption only (no endogenous correction); animal model; absolute absorbed amounts figure-only"},"3423197":{"pmid":"3423197","title":"The effect of diet, intraruminal pH and osmolarity on sodium, chloride and magnesium absorption from the temporarily isolated and washed reticulo-rumen of sheep.","authors":"Gaebel G, Martens H, Suendermann M, Galfi P","journal":"Quarterly journal of experimental physiology (Cambridge, England)","year":"1987","volume":"72","issue":"4","pages":"501-11","doi":"10.1113/expphysiol.1987.sp003092","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3423197/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep)","design":"other (sequential within-animal feeding periods; temporarily isolated washed reticulo-rumen technique)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Sheep washed-rumen study of Mg (and Na, Cl) net absorption under different diets, pH and osmolarity; Mg as MgCl2 in artificial rumen fluid.","conclusion":"In conclusion, high-concentrate diets lead to changes in rumen fermentation which induce adaptive processes of the rumen epithelium. Proliferation of the epithelium increases the surface area and the absorptive capacity of the rumen wall.","limitations":"sheep rumen model, not supplement form; sequential diet periods (order not randomized); n=6 animals; net absorption only"},"4077768":{"pmid":"4077768","title":"Absorption of magnesium and other macrominerals in sheep infused with potassium in different parts of the digestive tract.","authors":"Wylie MJ, Fontenot JP, Greene LW","journal":"Journal of animal science","year":"1985","volume":"61","issue":"5","pages":"1219-29","doi":"10.2527/jas1985.6151219x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4077768/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep, crossbred wether lambs)","design":"other (two metabolism trials, randomized block, 4 treatments; lambs re-allotted for trial 2 so no lamb received same treatment twice)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Sheep metabolism trials: effect of K infusion site on apparent Mg (and Ca, Na, P, K) absorption by segment; Mg supplied by basal diet.","conclusion":"From the data presented herein it appears that ruminal infusion of K depresses Mg absorption, but infusion at other sites has no effect.","limitations":"animal model (cannulated sheep); n per treatment not printed; Mg not supplemented; dietary Mg only; flow estimates depend on chromic oxide marker; authors note infusion may have altered marker passage; pooled SE from harmonic mean"},"6246808":{"pmid":"6246808","title":"Effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on jejunal absorption of magnesium in patients with chronic renal disease.","authors":"Schmulen AC, Lerman M, Pak CY, Zerwekh J, Morawski S, Fordtran JS, Vergne-Marini P","journal":"The American journal of physiology","year":"1980","volume":"238","issue":"4","pages":"G349-52","doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.1980.238.4.G349","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6246808/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm before/after (paired); order of perfusion of two test solutions randomized","n":"7","status":"complete","statusNote":"Jejunal perfusion study of Mg (and Ca) absorption before vs after 1,25-(OH)2D3 in hemodialysis patients; not an oral supplement PK study.","conclusion":"These results demonstrate that magnesium absorption in the human jejunum is dependent on vitamin D, and they show that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in patients with chronic renal failure is associated with an enhanced jejunal absorption of magnesium.","limitations":"small n (7); no concurrent control group; normal values are historical; jejunal segment only, distal small bowel not studied; perfused MgCl2 solution, not oral supplement; 1-week treatment only; individual values figure-only"},"6473696":{"pmid":"6473696","title":"Magnesium absorption from the digestive tract of sheep.","authors":"Care AD, Brown RC, Farrar AR, Pickard DW","journal":"Quarterly journal of experimental physiology (Cambridge, England)","year":"1984","volume":"69","issue":"3","pages":"577-87","doi":"10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002844","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6473696/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep)","design":"other (in vivo isolated rumen pouch / washed reticulo-rumen experiments, within-animal conditions)","n":"NR (2-7 sheep per experiment)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Sheep rumen pouch and washed-rumen studies of Mg (MgCl2) net absorption and its modulation by K/Na, Ca, NH4 and osmolarity.","conclusion":"It was concluded that the efflux of Mg across the rumen wall depends at least in part on a functional system for Na transport.","limitations":"sheep rumen models; not supplement form; very small numbers of animals per experiment; many values figure-only; variance type for some ± values not stated"},"6619018":{"pmid":"6619018","title":"Site of magnesium and other macromineral absorption in steers fed high levels of potassium.","authors":"Greene LW, Fontenot JP, Webb KE","journal":"Journal of animal science","year":"1983","volume":"57","issue":"2","pages":"503-10","doi":"10.2527/jas1983.572503x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6619018/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (steers, Angus x Simmental cattle)","design":"other (specify): three metabolism trials; steers blocked by weight and randomly allotted to 3 K levels, re-randomized between trials (no animal same level in successive trials)","n":"6 steers (five additional steers cannulated for trials 2 and 3 after 5 ileal cannulae became inoperative)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Dietary Mg (basal diet, ~.1% Mg) absorption in cannulated steers under 3 dietary K levels; Mg not given as a supplement form. Other macrominerals (K, Ca, Na, P) total absorption also recorded.","conclusion":"The effect of high K level on Mg absorption in steers was similar to that observed previously in sheep.","limitations":"small n (6 steers; animals replaced between trials); n per treatment not stated; only pooled SE reported; dietary Mg, not a supplement form; Mg absorption is apparent (net) absorption; author % depression statements (67.0, 82.0%) do not obviously match table values"},"6674291":{"pmid":"6674291","title":"Effect of supplemented magnesium from magnesium oxide or dolomitic limestone upon digestion and absorption of minerals in sheep.","authors":"Rahnema SH, Fontenot JP","journal":"Journal of animal science","year":"1983","volume":"57","issue":"6","pages":"1545-52","doi":"10.2527/jas1983.5761545x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6674291/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep)","design":"randomized crossover (3 metabolism trials; random allotment within blocks, no animal received same treatment more than once)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Scanned PDF with OCR text layer; tables verified from page images.","conclusion":"It appears that the greater utilization of Mg from magnesium oxide vs dolomitic limestone is due to greater absorption of Mg from the forestomach region.","limitations":"small n (6 lambs); n per treatment not stated; apparent absorption; partial absorption via Cr2O3 marker; SE only (pooled); scanned PDF/OCR"},"6689108":{"pmid":"6689108","title":"Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and magnesium absorption in the healthy human jejunum and ileum.","authors":"Krejs GJ, Nicar MJ, Zerwekh JE, Norman DA, Kane MG, Pak CY","journal":"The American journal of medicine","year":"1983","volume":"75","issue":"6","pages":"973-6","doi":"10.1016/0002-9343(83)90877-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6689108/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm before/after (paired); two test solutions in random order","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Intestinal perfusion study of Ca and Mg absorption in jejunum and ileum before vs after 1,25-(OH)2D3 in healthy subjects; not an oral supplement PK study.","conclusion":"These studies demonstrate that in healthy persons, exogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases calcium absorption in both the jejunum and the ileum, and increases magnesium absorption in the jejunum.","limitations":"small n (10); no control group (before/after only); perfused MgCl2 solution, not oral supplement; 1-week treatment only"},"6844718":{"pmid":"6844718","title":"Effect of microflora and lactose on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the hindgut of the rat.","authors":"Andrieux C, Sacquet E","journal":"Reproduction, nutrition, developpement","year":"1983","volume":"23","issue":"2a","pages":"259-71","doi":"10.1051/rnd:19830210","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6844718/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel 2x2 (microflora status x lactose) plus marker-validation experiments","n":"64 (Experiment 4)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The effects of microflora and lactose varied with the mineral and the digestive tract level studied. In the small intestine, microflora had no effect on the apparent absorption of calcium and magnesium but did have an unfavorable influence on phosphorus absorption. Lactose increased calcium and magnesium absorption, and this increase was similar in GF and CV rats.","limitations":"animal study; apparent absorption only (marker ratio), not true absorption; single dietary Mg level; OCR text layer missing tables; values read from page images"},"7815675":{"pmid":"7815675","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","authors":"Schuette SA, Lashner BA, Janghorbani M","journal":"JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","year":"1994","volume":"18","issue":"5","pages":"430-5","doi":"10.1177/0148607194018005430","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7815675/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"12 (one additional subject studied but excluded)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In most patients, magnesium diglycinate and MgO were found to be of similar bioavailability. However, the magnesium diglycinate was better tolerated by the group as a whole and better absorbed in those patients with the greatest impairment of magnesium absorption. Data from this in vivo study also support the suggestion that some portion of magnesium diglycinate (chelate) is absorbed intact, probably via a dipeptide transport pathway.","limitations":"small n (12); patient population with ileal resection (not healthy); single 100 mg dose; stool undercollection concerns (Dy correction applied; low Dy recovery in 3 subjects); subgroup analysis (lowest 4 absorbers) post hoc; chelate labeled by manufacturer (Albion); plasma AUC values figure-only"},"8829129":{"pmid":"8829129","title":"Zinc, copper and magnesium absorption from a fibre-rich diet.","authors":"Knudsen E, Sandström B, Solgaard P","journal":"Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)","year":"1996","volume":"10","issue":"2","pages":"68-76","doi":"10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80014-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8829129/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm 21-d metabolic balance study with stable isotope fecal monitoring","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"Fractional Mg (and Zn, Cu) absorption from a whole fibre-rich diet by fecal monitoring of stable isotopes plus 16-d chemical balance; dietary Mg, not a supplement. Scanned PDF: values read from page images.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the fractional absorption of zinc, copper and magnesium from the fibre-rich diet was not sufficient to cover intestinal and urinary losses of these elements, resulting in negative balances.","limitations":"small n (8; Mg isotope in only 6); single diet, no comparator arm; dietary Mg rather than supplement; balance period short (authors note at least 4 weeks may be needed); scanned PDF with poor OCR; values read from page images; one subject's fecal sample loss corrected by assumption"},"9062533":{"pmid":"9062533","title":"Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations.","authors":"Hunt CD, Herbel JL, Nielsen FH","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1997","volume":"65","issue":"3","pages":"803-13","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (metabolic ward; Latin-square for Mg x Al during low-boron periods 1–4; boron added in periods 5–6; factorial B x Al within Mg level)","n":"11 completers (15 started)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Metabolic-ward mineral balance study; absorption expressed as urinary and fecal excretion as % of intake (apparent absorption not computed numerically).","conclusion":"Lack of boron accumulation and relatively small changes in blood boron values during a substantial increase in dietary boron support the concept of boron homeostasis. In subjects fed BMg, SB decreased the percentage of dietary calcium lost in the urine but increased that percentage in volunteers fed SMg, a relation that may be important in understanding mineral disorders that perturb calcium balance. Reduced calcium absorption during SAl suggests that aluminum supplementation should be limited or at least monitored in postmenopausal women prone to excessive calcium loss.","limitations":"small n (11; 4–6 per cell); boron not randomized (always last two periods) and not blinded; time confounding possible; per-group variance not given in Tables 4–5 (only RMSE); energy intake adjusted for weight changes, so intakes varied; apparent Mg absorption not reported as a numeric value; no direct statistical test of Mg supplement vs no Mg supplement"},"9192195":{"pmid":"9192195","title":"Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men.","authors":"Coudray C, Bellanger J, Castiglia-Delavaud C, Rémésy C, Vermorel M, Rayssignuier Y","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":"1997","volume":"51","issue":"6","pages":"375-80","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600417","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9192195/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (3 x 3 Latin square with three repetitions)","n":"9","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mg absorption from mixed diets with/without added fibre (inulin or sugar beet fibre); chemical balance study","conclusion":"Addition of the two experimental fibres (inulin or sugar beet fibre) to normal mixed diets can improve Ca balance without adverse effects on other mineral retention.","limitations":"small n (9); apparent absorption by chemical balance (no isotope; endogenous losses not separated); intervention is fibre, not a Mg supplement; Mg intake differed between diets; internal inconsistencies (control Mg intake SD; plasma Mg magnitude; period length 28 vs 26 d)"},"9474122":{"pmid":"9474122","title":"The interrelationship of calcium and magnesium absorption in idiopathic hypercalciuria and renal calcium stone disease.","authors":"de Swart PM, Sokole EB, Wilmink JM","journal":"The Journal of urology","year":"1998","volume":"159","issue":"3","pages":"669-72","doi":"10.1097/00005392-199803000-00009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9474122/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): sequential within-subject tests (test 1 Ca alone, test 2 Mg alone, test 3 Ca+Mg combined), 2-4 week intervals","n":"11","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The results of this study indicate that the oral supplementation of magnesium in patients with hyperabsorptive hypercalciuria and renal calcium stone disease is favorable because it decreases calcium absorption and increases magnesium absorption. Both factors may reduce risk factors for renal calcium stone formation.","limitations":"small n (8 hypercalciuric, 3 normocalciuric); no healthy control group; test order fixed (sequential), not randomized; mean IV disappearance rates from 7 patients applied to all; low calcium diet during study; 3-h window does not capture complete Mg absorption"},"9481697":{"pmid":"9481697","title":"The absorption of iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc in the jejunum-ileum of control and iron-deficient rats.","authors":"Gómez-Ayala AE, Lisbona F, López-Aliaga I, Pallarés I, Barrionuevo M, Hartiti S, Rodríguez-Matas MC, Campos MS","journal":"Laboratory animals","year":"1998","volume":"32","issue":"1","pages":"72-9","doi":"10.1258/002367798780559374","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9481697/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (12 experimental groups: control vs iron-deficient x 3 iron sources x with/without 2,4-DNP)","n":"131","status":"complete","statusNote":"In situ jejuno-ileal perfusion in rats; Mg (as MgCl2.6H2O in perfusate) absorption measured alongside Fe, Ca, P, Cu, Zn; main factor is iron deficiency and iron source.","conclusion":"From these studies, we conclude that in a situation of iron deficiency there is a depletion of the receptors involved in the absorption of the various minerals, producing a lesser absorption by the active component. However, total absorption increases in this pathological situation; this increase occurs at the expense of the passive component.","limitations":"in situ perfusion, anaesthetized animals; pancreatic-biliary duct ligated; Mg is a fixed perfusate component, not a test supplement; significance indicated only by superscripts, no p-values"},"9785240":{"pmid":"9785240","title":"Magnesium absorption by wethers fed potassium bicarbonate in combination with different dietary magnesium concentrations.","authors":"Ram L, Schonewille JT, Martens H, Van't Klooster AT, Beynen AC","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"1998","volume":"81","issue":"9","pages":"2485-92","doi":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)70140-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9785240/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep, rumen-fistulated wethers)","design":"randomized crossover (6x6 Latin square, 2x3 factorial K x Mg)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Ruminant (wether) balance study: KHCO3 x dietary MgO level on apparent Mg absorption","conclusion":"This study indicated that, in practical ruminant feeding, the supplementation of Mg to either low or high K diets increased absolute Mg absorption to the same extent.","limitations":"animal study (ruminants); small n (6); apparent absorption only (balance method); industry board funding"},"10067656":{"pmid":"10067656","title":"Methodologies for using stable isotopes to assess magnesium absorption and secretion in children.","authors":"Abrams SA, Wen JP","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","year":"1999","volume":"18","issue":"1","pages":"30-5","doi":"10.1080/07315724.1999.10718824","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10067656/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm (dual-tracer stable isotope study)","n":"25","status":"complete","statusNote":"Methodological report of dual stable isotope Mg absorption study in 25 children; absorption results previously published (ref 7, Abrams et al.)","conclusion":"The cost and availability of isotopes and their analysis are such that it should be feasible for increasing numbers of investigators to make use of these techniques.","limitations":"methodological report; absorption data previously published (ref 7); single-arm, no comparator; oral tracer given in milk or labeled green beans (vehicle not separated in results); no SD reported for 44% mean absorption; time-course data figure-only"},"10069480":{"pmid":"10069480","title":"Effect of dietary phytate on magnesium bioavailability and liver oxidant status in growing rats.","authors":"Rimbach G, Pallauf J","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","year":"1999","volume":"37","issue":"1","pages":"37-45","doi":"10.1016/s0278-6915(98)00103-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10069480/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 dietary groups)","n":"18","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat feeding study; Mg status/absorption outcome with phytate as inhibitor (Mg source MgSO4·7H2O constant across groups).","conclusion":"In conclusion, the data of the present study clearly demonstrate that phytic acid added to a semisynthetic diet containing a marginal amount of Mg significantly decreased apparent Mg absorption, and thereby reduced Mg status in growing rats.","limitations":"rat study (growing rats); small n (6/group); marginal Mg and high Ca diet; sodium phytate may not be transferable to natural phytate matrices; apparent (not true) absorption"},"10498191":{"pmid":"10498191","title":"Structure-related enhancing activity of escins Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb on magnesium absorption in mice.","authors":"Li Y, Matsuda H, Wen S, Yamahara J, Yoshikawa M","journal":"Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters","year":"1999","volume":"9","issue":"17","pages":"2473-8","doi":"10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00410-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10498191/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel controlled animal experiments","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse study: effect of horse chestnut saponin fraction / escins on serum Mg2+ after oral MgSO4 load (serum Mg used as index of GI Mg absorption).","conclusion":"These results suggested that the 21-O-tigloyl and/or 22-O-acetyl group(s) is essential for such activity. The saponin fraction, 2 and 4 (50 mg/kg) also affected the activity, but their effects were attenuated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Furthermore, pretreatment with insulin or indomethacin did not reduce the effect of 2 and 4. These results also implied that neither the sympathetic nervous system nor endogenous prostaglandins were involved. The involvement of parathyroid hormone, and/or the metabolism of vitamin D should be considered.","limitations":"animal model (mice); serum Mg2+ single timepoint used as index of absorption; no fractional absorption; serum Mg units not printed; small n per group; pharmacological enhancer study, not a Mg form comparison"},"10517285":{"pmid":"10517285","title":"The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) and Hijiki (Hijikia fusiforme) and the effect of alginic acid on magnesium utilization of rats.","authors":"Kikunaga S, Miyata Y, Ishibashi G, Koyama F, Tano K","journal":"Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)","year":"1999","volume":"53","issue":"3","pages":"265-74","doi":"10.1023/a:1008082112178","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10517285/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (6 diet groups)","n":"NR (6 groups of 7 animals each)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat balance study of Mg bioavailability from seaweeds (Wakame, Hijiki) and effect of sodium alginate","conclusion":"It was shown that the utilization of magnesium from the Wakame diet was higher than from the Hijiki diet, and that a large amount of sodium alginate depressed the absorption of magnesium from diet. However, both Wakame and Hijiki appeared to be promising sources of magnesium.","limitations":"rat study; small n (7 per group); apparent absorption (no endogenous fecal Mg correction); sodium alginate groups had lower food intake; abstract vs table inconsistency for LMg first-period absorption"},"10539782":{"pmid":"10539782","title":"Dietary potassium bicarbonate and potassium citrate have a greater inhibitory effect than does potassium chloride on magnesium absorption in wethers.","authors":"Schonewille JT, Beynen AC, Van't Klooster AT, Wouterse H, Ram L","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"1999","volume":"129","issue":"11","pages":"2043-7","doi":"10.1093/jn/129.11.2043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10539782/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep, ruminally fistulated wethers)","design":"randomized crossover (two 4x4 Latin squares)","n":"8","status":"complete","statusNote":"Ruminant (wether) balance study: effect of K salts on apparent Mg absorption","conclusion":"We conclude that different potassium salts have different effects on magnesium absorption in ruminants as caused by different effects on the transmural potential difference.","limitations":"animal study (ruminants); small n (8); apparent absorption only (balance method); industry board funding"},"10954032":{"pmid":"10954032","title":"Effect of magnesium supplementation on the fractional intestinal absorption of 45CaCl2 in women with a low erythrocyte magnesium concentration.","authors":"Basso LE, Ubbink JB, Delport R, Spies J, Vermaak WJ","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","year":"2000","volume":"49","issue":"8","pages":"1092-6","doi":"10.1053/meta.2000.7711","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10954032/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): controlled sequential supplementation trial, 4 weeks control (PSCM) then 4 weeks MCM, same subjects; not randomized crossover","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"Sequential (non-randomized) control-then-Mg supplementation trial; Mg status markers (plasma, urinary, erythrocyte Mg) and fractional 45Ca absorption reported.","conclusion":"In conclusion, our results indicate that magnesium supplementation does not enhance the bioavailability of calcium from the intestinal tract in healthy subjects, but may result in less calcium absorption.","limitations":"not randomized; sequential control-then-Mg design (time effects possible, acknowledged by authors); small n (20); single 45Ca load per period; Mg absorption itself not measured directly (status markers only); n per analysis not stated in tables; calcitriol not measured"},"11312063":{"pmid":"11312063","title":"Magnesium absorption using stable isotope tracers in healthy children and children treated for leukemia.","authors":"Wauben IP, Atkinson SA, Bradley C, Halton JM, Barr RD","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2001","volume":"17","issue":"3","pages":"221-4","doi":"10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00507-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11312063/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"observational (descriptive comparison of two groups)","n":"10 analysed (6 ALL and 8 control recruited; 4 ALL and 6 control completed)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This study describes the first application of the SIFRT to assess Mg absorption in young children and illustrates the feasibility of the SIFRT in this age group to obtain more accurate information on Mg absorption.","limitations":"small n (4 ALL, 6 control); heterogeneous population; isotope dose increased Mg intake substantially (may underestimate absorption); SIFRT assumes negligible endogenous re-excretion of absorbed tracer; absorption measured from labeled milk, not a supplement form"},"11686774":{"pmid":"11686774","title":"Dietary lactulose decreases apparent nitrogen absorption and increases apparent calcium and magnesium absorption in healthy dogs.","authors":"Beynen AC, Kappert HJ, Yu S","journal":"Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition","year":"2001","volume":"85","issue":"3-4","pages":"67-72","doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0396.2001.00301.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11686774/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dog)","design":"randomized crossover (3 x 3 Latin square)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"Effect of dietary lactulose on apparent Ca, Mg, P (and N) absorption in dogs; Mg source is the commercial diet, not a Mg supplement.","conclusion":"Lactulose consumption was also found to produce a dose-dependent increase in the apparent absorption of calcium and magnesium, but not phosphorus.","limitations":"small n (6 dogs); apparent absorption only; significance only for linear trend; one-way ANOVA not significant; Cr recovery 123% with no correction; Mg not a supplement; lactulose is test factor; funding NR"},"11697813":{"pmid":"11697813","title":"Five-week intake of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides increases intestinal absorption and status of magnesium in postmenopausal women.","authors":"Tahiri M, Tressol JC, Arnaud J, Bornet F, Bouteloup-Demange C, Feillet-Coudray C, Ducros V, Pépin D, Brouns F, Rayssiguier AM, Coudray C","journal":"Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research","year":"2001","volume":"16","issue":"11","pages":"2152-60","doi":"10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.11.2152","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11697813/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"14 recruited; 11 completed","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mg absorption measured by single oral 25Mg stable isotope with fecal monitoring; intervention is sc-FOS vs sucrose placebo (prebiotic effect on Mg absorption), not a Mg supplement form.","conclusion":"The overall conclusion of this work is that the ingestion of moderate doses of sc-FOS did improve intestinal Mg absorption and status in postmenopausal women. Because of the important role of Mg in many cellular functions, such Mg absorption improvement may be particularly interesting when the dietary intake of Mg is limited.","limitations":"small n (11 completers of 14); one-sided tests used for several comparisons; urine collected only 2 days after isotope so 25Mg balance is approximate; intervention is a prebiotic, not a Mg supplement form; co-authors affiliated with sc-FOS manufacturer (Eridania Béghin-Say); RBC Mg units not printed"},"11756061":{"pmid":"11756061","title":"Meal effect on magnesium bioavailability from mineral water in healthy women.","authors":"Sabatier M, Arnaud MJ, Kastenmayer P, Rytz A, Barclay DV","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2002","volume":"75","issue":"1","pages":"65-71","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/75.1.65","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11756061/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): crossover, two sequence groups of 5 matched for age and BMI (randomization not stated)","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In healthy young women, 50% of the magnesium from magnesium-rich mineral water was absorbed when consumed alone. Magnesium bioavailability from mineral water is enhanced when the water is consumed with a meal, perhaps because of a slower gastrointestinal transit time, the presence of digestion products from the meal, or both. Regular consumption of magnesium-rich mineral water could make a valuable contribution to magnesium requirements.","limitations":"small n (10); women only; industry funded (Perrier Vittel / Nestlé); different isotopes for each condition (25Mg alone, 26Mg with meal); not designed to identify mechanism of meal effect"},"12097690":{"pmid":"12097690","title":"Fractional intestinal absorption of magnesium is directly proportional to dietary magnesium intake in rats.","authors":"Coudray C, Feillet-Coudray C, Grizard D, Tressol JC, Gueux E, Rayssiguier Y","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2002","volume":"132","issue":"7","pages":"2043-7","doi":"10.1093/jn/132.7.2043","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097690/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (3 dietary Mg levels)","n":"30","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of graded dietary Mg (MgO) intake on apparent and true (25Mg) Mg absorption","conclusion":"In conclusion, there is no evidence for any compensatory adaptative rise in the fraction of Mg absorbed as Mg intake is lowered. Absorbed Mg amounts and Mg dietary intake, over a wide intake range, were strongly and positively correlated. This clearly indicates that the passive paracellular transport of Mg is the predominant component of intestinal Mg absorption in rats.","limitations":"animal study (rats); n = 10 per group; first absorption test used only 2-d fecal collection; authors note some correlations may be spurious (three clusters of data)"},"12199373":{"pmid":"12199373","title":"Dietary magnesium increases calcium absorption of ovine small intestine in vivo and in vitro.","authors":"Kozakai T, Uozumi N, Katoh K, Obara Y","journal":"Reproduction, nutrition, development","year":"2002","volume":"42","issue":"1","pages":"25-33","doi":"10.1051/rnd:2002003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12199373/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (sheep)","design":"other (specify): in vivo sequential balance study of 3 Mg levels in same 5 sheep (order/randomization NR) + in vitro Ussing chamber","n":"5 (in vivo); 5 sheep tissue (in vitro)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Sheep balance study (ruminal MgCl2 infusion) plus in vitro Ussing chamber Ca flux; primary outcome Ca absorption, also reports apparent Mg absorption.","conclusion":"From these results, we conclude that the mucosal Mg has the ability to increase the Ca absorption in the gastrointestinal tract in sheep when the dietary Mg level is raised.","limitations":"small n (5 sheep); order/randomization of Mg levels NR; short 10-day periods, 2-day collection; dose label inconsistency (25.0 in text vs 20.0 in tables); apparent (not true) absorption; in vitro 60 mM Mg supraphysiological (authors note); partly industry funded"},"12514273":{"pmid":"12514273","title":"Two polyol, low digestible carbohydrates improve the apparent absorption of magnesium but not of calcium in healthy young men.","authors":"Coudray C, Bellanger J, Vermorel M, Sinaud S, Wils D, Feillet-Coudray C, Brandolini M, Bouteloup-Demange C, Rayssiguier Y","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"133","issue":"1","pages":"90-3","doi":"10.1093/jn/133.1.90","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12514273/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (3 x 3 Latin square with three repetitions)","n":"9","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mg apparent absorption from mixed diet with added polyol low-digestible carbohydrates (chemical balance)","conclusion":"Ingestion of the low digestible, fermentable carbohydrates, with balanced diets, improved apparent Mg absorption without significant effects on apparent absorption or retention of Ca in healthy young men. Further human studies are therefore still needed to confirm the effects of these products in other populations.","limitations":"small n (9); apparent absorption by chemical balance (no isotope); intervention is polyol carbohydrate, not a Mg supplement; very high polyol dose (100 g/d); products supplied by manufacturer; co-author from manufacturer"},"12638030":{"pmid":"12638030","title":"Effects of inulin-type fructans of different chain length and type of branching on intestinal absorption and balance of calcium and magnesium in rats.","authors":"Coudray C, Tressol JC, Gueux E, Rayssiguier Y","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"42","issue":"2","pages":"91-8","doi":"10.1007/s00394-003-0390-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12638030/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 groups)","n":"50","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of inulin-type fructans as enhancers of dietary Mg/Ca absorption (Mg not a supplement form).","conclusion":"The different types of fructans studied in the present experiment seem to have similar activity on mineral absorption. However, the combination of OF and HP-inulin showed synergistic effects on intestinal Ca absorption and balance in rats. Further studies with other combinations of fructans need to be done to extend these findings.","limitations":"animal model; small n (10/group); industry funded (ORAFTI); apparent absorption only (no isotopes); Mg intake not identical across groups"},"12936928":{"pmid":"12936928","title":"Measurement of magnesium absorption and retention in type 2 diabetic patients with the use of stable isotopes.","authors":"Wälti MK, Zimmermann MB, Walczyk T, Spinas GA, Hurrell RF","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"78","issue":"3","pages":"448-53","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/78.3.448","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12936928/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"parallel (two-group comparison, single test meal)","n":"22 completed (12 diabetic, 10 control)","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Dietary magnesium absorption and retention are not impaired in patients with reasonably well-controlled type 2 diabetes.","limitations":"small n (beta error possible); apparent (not true) absorption measured; endogenous fecal losses not accounted for; only well-controlled T2D without nephropathy; may not generalize; urine collection completeness not verifiable by marker; very low Mg test dose (high fractional absorption); control group older than diabetic group (P = 0.025)"},"14564461":{"pmid":"14564461","title":"Effects of sulphate- and bicarbonate-rich mineral waters on net and fractional intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of magnesium in rats.","authors":"Feillet-Coudray C, Lafay S, Tressol JC, Gueux E, Mazur A, Coudray C","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2003","volume":"42","issue":"5","pages":"279-86","doi":"10.1007/s00394-003-0423-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14564461/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 groups)","n":"40","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, both types of Mg-rich mineral waters studied similarly increased both absorption and urinary excretion of Mg with no positive effect on the overall retention of Mg, probably because the Mg status of the rats was already satisfactory.","limitations":"animal model; small n (10/group); Mg-replete rats; test water mixed with diet (no fasted condition); true absorption by double labelling values figure-only; internal inconsistency in reported true absorption ranges"},"14762081":{"pmid":"14762081","title":"Apparent magnesium absorption in dry cows fed at 3 levels of potassium and 2 levels of magnesium intake.","authors":"Jittakhot S, Schonewille JT, Wouterse H, Yuangklang C, Beynen AC","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2004","volume":"87","issue":"2","pages":"379-85","doi":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73177-X","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14762081/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (cattle)","design":"randomized crossover (6 x 6 Latin square, 2 x 3 factorial: 2 Mg x 3 K levels)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Therefore, our hypothesis was rejected. Furthermore, these data indicate that supplemental Mg can effectively counteract the suppressant effect of K on Mg absorption in cows.","limitations":"small n (6 cows); apparent absorption by intake - fecal difference; authors consider low-Mg low-K absorption value aberrant/underestimated; K range beyond practical range (authors); dry nonlactating cows only"},"14979636":{"pmid":"14979636","title":"Urinary magnesium excretion in asthmatic children receiving magnesium supplementation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.","authors":"Bede O, Surányi A, Pintér K, Szlávik M, Gyurkovits K","journal":"Magnesium research","year":"2003","volume":"16","issue":"4","pages":"262-70","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14979636/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective","n":"89","status":"complete","statusNote":"12-week oral Mg citrate vs placebo in asthmatic children; Mg uptake indicated by serum total/free Mg and 24-h urinary Mg (no fractional absorption).","conclusion":"These preliminary results suggest that a Mg deficiency can develop in moderately asthmatic children, but can be prevented with adequate long-lasting Mg supplementation. Determination of the 24-hr urine Mg excretion is an important and simple way to assess a Mg deficiency. The significant reduction in bronchodilator use in children with moderate asthma versus the placebo group suggests the benefit of Mg supplementation.","limitations":"no direct absorption measure; dose basis unclear (Mg citrate vs elemental Mg); age-based dosing (200 vs 290 mg) pooled within arms; unequal group sizes (54 vs 35) not explained; PDF is a web printable version; symbol '∓' printed where '=' or '≤' likely intended; funding NR"},"14985216":{"pmid":"14985216","title":"Phytic acid added to white-wheat bread inhibits fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans.","authors":"Bohn T, Davidsson L, Walczyk T, Hurrell RF","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"79","issue":"3","pages":"418-23","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/79.3.418","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985216/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (2 separate stable-isotope studies; meals A/B randomly allocated to day 1 or day 3)","n":"20 recruited; 9 (Study 1) and 8 (Study 2) per Table 1/Figures","status":"complete","statusNote":"Stable-isotope fecal monitoring study of phytic acid effect on Mg absorption from wheat bread meals (Mg as MgCl2-fortified bread).","conclusion":"The results show that fractional magnesium absorption from white-wheat bread is significantly impaired by the addition of phytic acid, in a dose-dependent manner, at amounts similar to those naturally present in whole-meal and brown bread.","limitations":"small n (8-9 per study); apparent (not true) absorption by fecal monitoring; subjects excluded for low ytterbium recovery; isotope label differs by meal (25Mg for phytic meal, 26Mg for control); Results text meal labels inconsistent with Abstract/Table 1"},"14992446":{"pmid":"14992446","title":"Indigestible disaccharides open tight junctions and enhance net calcium, magnesium, and zinc absorption in isolated rat small and large intestinal epithelium.","authors":"Mineo H, Amano M, Chiji H, Shigematsu N, Tomita F, Hara H","journal":"Digestive diseases and sciences","year":"2004","volume":"49","issue":"1","pages":"122-32","doi":"10.1023/b:ddas.0000011613.11671.c7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14992446/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro Ussing chamber, dose-response)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro (isolated rat intestinal epithelium, Ussing chamber) study of indigestible disaccharides on net Ca, Mg, Zn transport; numeric Mg values only for basal (control) transport, saccharide effects figure-only.","conclusion":"We concluded that the three indigestible saccharides directly affect the epithelial tissue and open TJs, thereby promoting Ca, Mg, and Zn absorption in the small and large intestine in vitro.","limitations":"in vitro isolated tissue, not in vivo; saccharide effect values figure-only; n = 6 per group; Mg absorption expressed as net transport rate"},"15309452":{"pmid":"15309452","title":"Energy value of a low-digestible carbohydrate, NUTRIOSE FB, and its impact on magnesium, calcium and zinc apparent absorption and retention in healthy young men.","authors":"Vermorel M, Coudray C, Wils D, Sinaud S, Tressol JC, Montaurier C, Vernet J, Brandolini M, Bouteloup-Demange C, Rayssiguier Y","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"43","issue":"6","pages":"344-52","doi":"10.1007/s00394-004-0477-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15309452/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (crossover metabolic balance study; randomization not stated)","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mineral balance study: effect of a low-digestible carbohydrate (NUTRIOSE FB) vs dextrose on apparent absorption/retention of dietary Mg, Ca, Zn; no Mg supplement given (Mg from diet).","conclusion":"NUTRIOSE® FB can be used as a \"bulking\" agent, and substituted up to 50 g/d for usual maltodextrins without causing digestive disorders in healthy subjects. It would reduce intestinal transit disorders and energy intake, and improve magnesium and calcium absorption and retention.","limitations":"small n (10); industry funded (Roquette Frères); randomization and blinding not stated; Mg from diet only (no Mg supplement); Mg intake differed between diets (212 vs 232 mg/d); apparent (not true/isotopic) absorption by balance method; internal inconsistencies (abstract +31 mg/d retention vs conclusion +52 mg/d; text P<0.001 vs Table 4 P=0.001)"},"15325690":{"pmid":"15325690","title":"Bioavailability of phytic acid-phosphorus and magnesium from lentils (Lens culinaris m.) in growing rats: influence of thermal treatment and vitamin-mineral supplementation.","authors":"Porres JM, López-Jurado M, Aranda P, Urbano G","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2004","volume":"20","issue":"9","pages":"794-9","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15325690/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (five 10-day experiments, one per diet)","n":"NR (10 per experiment)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat balance study of Mg (and phytate-P) bioavailability from raw/autoclaved lentil diets with or without vitamin-mineral premix","conclusion":"Part of the phytate-phosphorus from raw and autoclaved lentil flour was available during digestion, and hardly any phytate was detected in the feces. Supplementation of raw lentil flour with a vitamin-mineral premix was the most effective treatment for increasing daily food intake, body weight gain, and nutritive use of phosphorus and magnesium.","limitations":"rat study; short balance period (7 d); apparent absorption (no endogenous loss correction); control diet values cited from other experiments, not concurrent; urinary Mg not tabulated; diets differ in Mg intake and food intake"},"15340751":{"pmid":"15340751","title":"Stimulatory effect of inulin on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats is modulated by dietary calcium intakes short- and long-term balance studies.","authors":"Coudray C, Feillet-Coudray C, Tressol JC, Gueux E, Thien S, Jaffrelo L, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2005","volume":"44","issue":"5","pages":"293-302","doi":"10.1007/s00394-004-0526-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15340751/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (2 x 3 factorial: inulin 0/10% x Ca 0.25/0.50/0.75%)","n":"60","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In conclusion, our results confirmed that the effect of inulin on Ca absorption is greater in short-term intake than in long-term intake of inulin, and clearly showed that the effect of inulin is higher when Ca intake is low, in particular under the long-term intake of inulin. These results also confirmed that the large stimulatory effect of inulin on Mg absorption in both short- and long-term inulin intake, and showed that Mg absorption is inversely correlated to dietary Ca levels in rats.","limitations":"rat model; apparent absorption (balance method); inulin reduced food intake and hence Mg intake; n = 10 per group"},"15637230":{"pmid":"15637230","title":"Absorption and effect of the magnesium content of a mineral water in the human body.","authors":"Kiss SA, Forster T, Dongó A","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","year":"2004","volume":"23","issue":"6","pages":"758S-62S","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2004.10719424","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15637230/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"single-arm","n":"5","status":"complete","statusNote":"Single-arm pilot study (n=5) of Mg-rich mineral water (Magnesia); serum and urine Mg time course; many internal inconsistencies.","conclusion":"Magnesia's high Mg (204 mg/M) and low Na (5.4 mg/L) content makes it an excellent source of Mg for patients suffering from heart problems and/or high blood pressure.","limitations":"n=5, single-arm, no control; statistical methods not described; assay method NR; multiple internal inconsistencies between tables and text; urine Mg reported as concentration of spot/interval samples; 24-h totals unclear; supplier of water provided product"},"16010453":{"pmid":"16010453","title":"Small bowel absorption of magnesium and calcium sulphate from a natural mineral water in subjects with ileostomy.","authors":"Normén L, Arnaud MJ, Carlsson NG, Andersson H","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":"2006","volume":"45","issue":"2","pages":"105-12","doi":"10.1007/s00394-005-0570-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16010453/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (controlled)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"It was concluded that a mineral-rich water increased absorption of both magnesium and calcium. However, consumption with meals may be preferred.","limitations":"very small n (6); ileostomy subjects (small-bowel absorption only); short periods (1 adaptation day, 1 collection day); industry sponsored (Nestlé Water Institute); fasting administration only; Table 1 balance definition appears inverted relative to values"},"16240679":{"pmid":"16240679","title":"Stable isotopes in studies of intestinal absorption, exchangeable pools and mineral status: the example of magnesium.","authors":"Coudray C, Feillet-Coudray C, Rambeau M, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y","journal":"Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)","year":"2005","volume":"19","issue":"1","pages":"97-103","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.07.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16240679/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): narrative methods review","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Symposium review (Second International FESTEM Symposium) of stable-isotope methods for Mg absorption, exchangeable pools and Mg status; summarizes the authors' and others' previously published studies. No new primary absorption data for a supplement; Table 1 (rat/human in vitro 25Mg blood enrichment) is cited from ref [34].","conclusion":"The studies available have clearly demonstrated that stable isotopes provide a useful research tool for determining intestinal Mg absorption, and represent a precious research tool for the study of Mg metabolism and the assessment of Mg status.","limitations":"review/non-primary; data drawn from previously published studies"},"16548135":{"pmid":"16548135","title":"Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach.","authors":"Coudray C, Rambeau M, Feillet-Coudray C, Gueux E, Tressol JC, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y","journal":"Magnesium research","year":"2005","volume":"18","issue":"4","pages":"215-23","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16548135/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomised into 10 groups)","n":"80","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Taken together, these results indicate that 26Mg is sufficiently bioavailable from the ten different Mg salts studied in the present experiment, although Mg gluconate exhibited the highest bioavailability under these experimental conditions.","limitations":"rat model (Mg-depleted); n = 8 per group; 26Mg tracer given as soluble chloride solution, not as the test salt (extrinsic label of whole diet Mg); single study"},"16582545":{"pmid":"16582545","title":"Magnesium absorption from mineral waters of different magnesium content in healthy subjects.","authors":"Karagülle O, Kleczka T, Vidal C, Candir F, Gundermann G, Külpmann WR, Gehrke A, Gutenbrunner C","journal":"Forschende Komplementarmedizin (2006)","year":"2006","volume":"13","issue":"1","pages":"9-14","doi":"10.1159/000090016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16582545/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (Latin square), double-blind for waters; capsule as additional open control","n":"22","status":"complete","statusNote":"Acute single-dose Mg bioavailability (serum Mg and urinary Mg excretion over 4 h) from Mg-rich mineral waters vs low-Mg water and Mg oxide capsule.","conclusion":"Magnesium from mineral waters can easily be absorbed and its absorption rate is similar to that from a pharmaceutical Mg preparation.","limitations":"Mg body stores not repleted before testing; only 4-h serum and urine sampling; no fractional absorption or balance measured; capsule arm not blinded; Mg doses differ between waters and capsule; industry funded (mineral water association); main comparisons mostly figure-only (Fig. 1-2 change values); males only"},"16785046":{"pmid":"16785046","title":"The effect of aging on intestinal absorption and status of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in rats: a stable isotope study.","authors":"Coudray C, Feillet-Coudray C, Rambeau M, Tressol JC, Gueux E, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y","journal":"Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)","year":"2006","volume":"20","issue":"2","pages":"73-81","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.10.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16785046/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (age groups), observational stable-isotope balance","n":"40","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat stable-isotope study of age effect on Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu absorption; Mg absorption measured with 25Mg.","conclusion":"These results also showed for the first time that intestinal Mg absorption also moderately declined with age in the rat.","limitations":"rat study; single background diet (Mg 500 mg/kg); isotope as soluble chloride, not a supplement form; age group labels differ between Methods and tables; n=10/group"},"16829399":{"pmid":"16829399","title":"Absorption of magnesium chloride solution in small bowel disease.","authors":"Hessov I","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","year":"1983","volume":"1","issue":"4","pages":"343-6","doi":"10.1016/0261-5614(83)90013-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16829399/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): uncontrolled metabolic balance case series, control period then Mg supplementation","n":"4","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"The mean net absorption of magnesium increased to 4.5, 4.9, 5.8 and 16.4 mmol magnesium per day, when a supply of 25 mmol magnesium was given. The result was encouraging with positive magnesium balances in all patients.","limitations":"n = 4 case series; no statistics; balance period lengths differ; Table I units printed as mmol without per-day basis; fat intake varied across periods"},"17711087":{"pmid":"17711087","title":"[Effects of resistant starch RS4 on magnesium and iron absorption in Wistar rats].","authors":"Orzeł D, Figurska-Ciura D, Styczyńska M, Wacław L, Zechałko-Czajkowska A","journal":"Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny","year":"2007","volume":"58","issue":"1","pages":"29-34","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17711087/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 diets x 2 sexes, randomized to groups)","n":"24","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"A diet with monostarch phosphate made from soluble starch (50 g RS/kg diet) caused a 37% increase in apparent magnesium absorption in females. No effect of the other RS4 resistant starch preparations in the diet on magnesium and iron absorption was found in the remaining groups of rats. (translated from Polish)","limitations":"animal study; very small n (3 per group per Methods); apparent absorption only (no urinary/endogenous correction); n inconsistently reported (tables show n=12); Mg not a supplement intervention; dietary Mg"},"18096949":{"pmid":"18096949","title":"Quantitative prediction of magnesium absorption in dairy cows.","authors":"Schonewille JT, Everts H, Jittakhot S, Beynen AC","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2008","volume":"91","issue":"1","pages":"271-8","doi":"10.3168/jds.2007-0304","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18096949/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (dairy cattle)","design":"other (meta-regression of literature data, mixed model with trial as random effect)","n":"323 cows or cow-periods","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Meta-regression of published balance data from 15 dairy cow studies (68 rations, 323 cows or cow-periods); no new animal experiment. Pooled summary values and regression coefficients recorded.","conclusion":"For predominantly grass-based rations associated with wide ranges in dietary Mg and K concentrations, a mean true Mg absorption of around 20% of intake was found. The inhibitory effect of dietary K on Mg absorption was accurately estimated, probably due to a wide range in dietary K concentrations, and was found to be 0.31 percentage units/g of K in the DM. To maintain the amount of absorbed Mg when the dietary K content increases by 10 g/kg of DM, Mg intake must be increased by 4 g/d.","limitations":"secondary (literature) data; true absorption derived from assumed endogenous fecal loss (4 mg/kg BW); cattle, not human; heterogeneous rations and Mg forms"},"18218762":{"pmid":"18218762","title":"Magnesium absorption by lactating dairy cows on a grass silage-based diet supplied with different potassium and magnesium levels.","authors":"Holtenius K, Kronqvist C, Briland E, Spörndly R","journal":"Journal of dairy science","year":"2008","volume":"91","issue":"2","pages":"743-8","doi":"10.3168/jds.2007-0309","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18218762/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (lactating dairy cows)","design":"randomized crossover (6 × 6 Latin square, 2 × 3 factorial: 2 Mg × 3 K levels)","n":"6","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"In this trial with lactating dairy cows, an increased K intake did not negatively affect apparent Mg absorption. It is possible that the requirement of Mg supplementation to lactating dairy cows fed K-rich diets has been overstated. However, it must be emphasized that the present study covered only diets with K levels from 19 to 37 g/kg of DM. The results further suggest that the inevitable losses of Mg in urine are higher in lactating cows than in dry cows.","limitations":"n = 6 cows; apparent (not true) absorption via internal marker; urinary excretion estimated from spot urine creatinine; rumen Mg measured on one occasion; authors note possible systematic errors (absorbed Mg exceeded excretion)"},"19410973":{"pmid":"19410973","title":"Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides improve magnesium absorption in adolescent girls with a low calcium intake.","authors":"van den Heuvel EG, Muijs T, Brouns F, Hendriks HF","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)","year":"2009","volume":"29","issue":"4","pages":"229-37","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19410973/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind)","n":"14","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mg (and Ca) true absorption measured by dual stable isotope technique; intervention is sc-FOS vs placebo, not a Mg supplement form; oral 25Mg tracer given with orange juice at breakfast.","conclusion":"In conclusion, magnesium absorption was increased in 12- to 15-year-old girls by 18% after 36 days of an average 7 g/d of sc-FOS intake. No differences between the sc-FOS and control treatment were found in calcium absorption, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, or markers of bone resorption. The absence of an effect on calcium absorption in this study may be due to habitual intake that was too low.","limitations":"small n (14 girls); industry funded (Cerestar); 11% (Ca) and 19% (Mg) of absorption data excluded for incomplete urine collection; limited power acknowledged by authors; intervention is a prebiotic (sc-FOS), not a Mg supplement; Mg tracer dose given with standardized breakfast; compliance 91%"},"20862466":{"pmid":"20862466","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium from different pharmaceutical formulations.","authors":"Siener R, Jahnen A, Hesse A","journal":"Urological research","year":"2011","volume":"39","issue":"2","pages":"123-7","doi":"10.1007/s00240-010-0309-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20862466/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (test phases), with baseline, control and 4-week follow-up phases","n":"13","status":"complete","statusNote":"Urinary Mg excretion based bioavailability of two MgO formulations; serum data figure-only.","conclusion":"The results indicate better bioavailability of magnesium from the effervescent tablets than from the capsules. This may be attributed to the fact that the tablets have to be dissolved in water before ingestion so that magnesium becomes ionized, which is an important precondition for absorption.","limitations":"small n (13), men only; bioavailability inferred from urinary excretion; blinding NR; products/brands not named; follow-up on usual diet, uncontrolled intake; follow-up n per preparation NR; serum values figure-only"},"21199787":{"pmid":"21199787","title":"Magnesium supplementation improves indicators of low magnesium status and inflammatory stress in adults older than 51 years with poor quality sleep.","authors":"Nielsen FH, Johnson LK, Zeng H","journal":"Magnesium research","year":"2010","volume":"23","issue":"4","pages":"158-68","doi":"10.1684/mrh.2010.0220","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"RCT, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled","n":"100 enrolled; 96 completed as designed","status":"complete","statusNote":"Repeated-dose Mg citrate supplementation RCT; absorption indicated indirectly via urinary Mg excretion and serum/RBC Mg status (no fractional absorption). Primary outcomes were sleep quality and CRP.","conclusion":"The findings show that many individuals have a low magnesium status associated with increased chronic inflammatory stress that could be alleviated by increased magnesium intake.","limitations":"absorption not measured directly (urinary/serum status only); possible placebo effect on sleep and RBC Mg; arm n differs between Table 2 and Table 3; dose labelled 300 mg in tables vs 320 mg in text; placebo contained sodium citrate (citrate exposure differs); primary outcomes not absorption"},"22117983":{"pmid":"22117983","title":"Chronic dietary fiber supplementation with wheat dextrin does not inhibit calcium and magnesium absorption in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.","authors":"Armas LA, Rafferty K, Hospattankar A, Abrams SA, Heaney RP","journal":"The Journal of international medical research","year":"2011","volume":"39","issue":"5","pages":"1824-33","doi":"10.1177/147323001103900525","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22117983/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (placebo-controlled, single-blind)","n":"41 enrolled; 40 analysed","status":"complete","statusNote":"Study of the effect of a fiber (wheat dextrin) on Mg and Ca absorption from a fixed Mg/Ca test load; Mg form is 26MgCl2 in orange juice","conclusion":"In conclusion, chronic wheat dextrin consumption did not inhibit calcium or magnesium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in women.","limitations":"industry funded (Novartis) with industry co-author; Mg absorption assessed only as urinary isotope percentage excess (no fractional absorption); single-blind; AUC units not reported; 2-week fiber exposure only"},"22260865":{"pmid":"22260865","title":"Magnesium absorption from mineral water decreases with increasing quantities of magnesium per serving in rats.","authors":"Nakamura E, Tai H, Uozumi Y, Nakagawa K, Matsui T","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)","year":"2012","volume":"32","issue":"1","pages":"59-65","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2011.11.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22260865/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (specify): two parallel-group animal experiments; experiment 1 (3 groups), experiment 2 (4 groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat stable-isotope (25Mg) study; fractional tracer absorption values are figure-only; total Mg balance values in Tables 1-2.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the Mg concentration and the volume of AMW do not affect Mg absorption per se, but Mg absorption from AMW decreases when the amount of Mg in each serving is increased. Thus, frequent consumption is preferable for mineral water rich in Mg when the total consumption of mineral water is the same. In addition, the efficiency of Mg absorption and retention is not reduced in mineral water relative to the diet when mineral water is consumed during a feeding period.","limitations":"rat study; authors note results may not be completely valid for humans; small n (6-7 per group); authors note some effects may not be detected; AMW given by intubation, not spontaneous drinking; fractional tracer absorption values figure-only; two authors from Ako Kasei Co., Ltd."},"22351498":{"pmid":"22351498","title":"The in vitro digestibility and absorption of magnesium in some edible seaweeds.","authors":"Nakamura E, Yokota H, Matsui T","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","year":"2012","volume":"92","issue":"11","pages":"2305-9","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.5626","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22351498/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (4 diet groups) + in vitro digestion","n":"28","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat balance study (apparent absorption) plus in vitro digestion of seaweed Mg.","conclusion":"The absorption of Mg is substantially different among seaweed species; the absorption of Mg in seaweed is not always low. Aosa is rich in Mg, and Mg in Kombu shows high absorbability. Thus Kombu and Aosa are good sources of Mg.","limitations":"rat study; small n (7 per group); FAA in seaweeds calculated assuming seaweed does not affect MgO absorption; seaweed-specific FAA and absorbable Mg figure-only; cell wall constituents not determined"},"22394255":{"pmid":"22394255","title":"Prebiotics enhance magnesium absorption and inulin-based fibers exert chronic effects on calcium utilization in a postmenopausal rodent model.","authors":"Legette LL, Lee W, Martin BR, Story JA, Campbell JK, Weaver CM","journal":"Journal of food science","year":"2012","volume":"77","issue":"4","pages":"H88-94","doi":"10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02612.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22394255/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (6 treatment groups; OVX rats assigned to ensure similar mean BW)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat (OVX) feeding study of prebiotic fibers as Mg/Ca absorption enhancers; Mg not given as a supplement form (dietary Mg from AIN-93M).","conclusion":"All fibers improved magnesium absorption and retention in early and late metabolic balances; effects on magnesium metabolism were more pronounced than for calcium.","limitations":"animal model (OVX rat); dietary Mg intake not reported; n reported only as ranges; industry funded (General Mills); short treatment duration (4 wk); SE reported (not SD)"},"23051182":{"pmid":"23051182","title":"Modeling and simulation of the effect of proton pump inhibitors on magnesium homeostasis. 1. Oral absorption of magnesium.","authors":"Bai JP, Hausman E, Lionberger R, Zhang X","journal":"Molecular pharmaceutics","year":"2012","volume":"9","issue":"12","pages":"3495-505","doi":"10.1021/mp300323q","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23051182/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"other (in silico model parameterized with human literature data)","design":"other (specify): modeling and simulation with literature mining","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In silico modeling/simulation study (GastroPlus ACAT) built from published human literature data; no new human subjects. All PK values are model-fitted or cited, not newly measured.","conclusion":"Our simulations reveal that short-term PPI therapy may cause a very small reduction (5%) in the serum magnesium level, which is qualitatively consistent with the reported 1% reduction in magnesium absorption following 1 week of omeprazole in humans. Simulations provide insight into the benefit of frequent but small dose of magnesium supplementation in maintaining the serum magnesium level when magnesium deficiency occurs.","limitations":"in silico modeling only, no new clinical data; parameters fitted to digitized figure data from other studies; no renal reabsorption or homeostatic regulation in model; solubility and transporter activity highly uncertain; PPI effect assumed proportional to pH change; most simulation outputs figure-only"},"23237654":{"pmid":"23237654","title":"Mannitol improves absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium in growing rats.","authors":"Xiao J, Li X, Min X, Sakaguchi E","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)","year":"2013","volume":"29","issue":"1","pages":"325-31","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2012.06.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23237654/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel randomized (5 groups Exp 1; 3 groups Exp 2)","n":"35 (Exp 1); Exp 2 n = 7 per group","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of dietary mannitol on apparent Ca and Mg absorption; Mg absorption values are figure-only","conclusion":"In conclusion, our study shows that dietary mannitol increased Ca and Mg absorption and Ca and Mg retention in bone. The most effective dose of mannitol for the bioavailability of Ca and Mg in the growing rats in this study was 80 mg/kg. We suggest that mannitol fermentation contributed to the Ca and Mg absorption in the large intestine.","limitations":"animal study (rats); n = 7 per group; apparent absorption values figure-only; Mg intake/dose not reported; urinary Mg not measured"},"23254393":{"pmid":"23254393","title":"Influence of Maillard products from bread crust on magnesium bioavailability in rats.","authors":"Roncero-Ramos I, Delgado-Andrade C, Morales FJ, Navarro MP","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","year":"2013","volume":"93","issue":"8","pages":"2002-7","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.6006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23254393/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (5 diet groups, randomized)","n":"70 (60 allocated + 10 killed at day 0 for initial body Mg)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat Mg balance study of dietary Maillard reaction products from bread crust and its fractions","conclusion":"Consumption of MRPs from bread crust or its different components did not modify the magnesium balance. Nevertheless, the bread crust fractions led to some changes in magnesium tissue distribution which did not match the effects induced by complete bread crust intake, suggesting the importance of designing studies with real-food systems, in order to reinforce the validity of the findings obtained.","limitations":"rat study; apparent absorption only; Insoluble group lost 4 animals and excluded from global balance; %A/I, %R/A, %R/I final-week indices figure-only"},"26849275":{"pmid":"26849275","title":"Dietary mannitol increased the absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats.","authors":"Xiao J, Sakaguchi E, Min X, Kawasaki K","journal":"Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition","year":"2016","volume":"100","issue":"4","pages":"715-22","doi":"10.1111/jpn.12435","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26849275/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized block design by body weight), two experiments","n":"14 per experiment (28 total)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Effect of dietary mannitol (4%) on apparent Ca and Mg absorption in intact and cecectomized rats; Mg source is the AIN-93G diet mineral mix (not a Mg supplement).","conclusion":"In conclusion, dietary mannitol increased the absorption of Ca and Mg and the caecum markedly contributed to this promoting effect of mannitol.","limitations":"small n (7 per group); apparent absorption (intake - faecal); effect seen only in first collection period; Mg not supplemented; mannitol is test factor; inconsistencies between abstract and table for Mg retention in Exp 2"},"27412366":{"pmid":"27412366","title":"Pharmacokinetic Profile of Oral Magnesium Hydroxide.","authors":"Dolberg MK, Nielsen LP, Dahl R","journal":"Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology","year":"2017","volume":"120","issue":"3","pages":"264-269","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.12642","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27412366/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): three-armed crossover (baseline day, oral Mg hydroxide, IV Mg sulphate index), open, not stated as randomized","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"We conclude that Mg from Mablet (Mg hydroxide) is absorbed to the systemic circulation, and it may therefore constitute a relevant option for Mg supplementation.","limitations":"small n (10, urine n=6); young healthy men only; single high dose; no formal statistical comparisons (descriptive only); CI level not stated; one participant's AUC negative, bioavailability set to zero; dose description: 360 mg tablet stated to correspond to 15 mmol Mg"},"27866273":{"pmid":"27866273","title":"Omeprazole suppressed plasma magnesium level and duodenal magnesium absorption in male Sprague-Dawley rats.","authors":"Thongon N, Penguy J, Kulwong S, Khongmueang K, Thongma M","journal":"Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology","year":"2016","volume":"468","issue":"11-12","pages":"1809-1821","doi":"10.1007/s00424-016-1905-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27866273/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (randomized allocation, 3 groups) + ex vivo Ussing chamber + Caco-2 in vitro","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat study of omeprazole (PPI) effect on Mg homeostasis and ex vivo duodenal Mg2+ absorption; no Mg supplement administered (drug-nutrient interaction). Duodenal Mg2+ flux values are figure-only.","conclusion":"In conclusion, the present study revealed the potential role of duodenum in handling Mg2+ and regulating of Mg2+ homeostasis and pathophysiology of PPIH. Duodenal HCO3− secretion might be one of the critical factors of PPIs-impeded intestinal Mg2+ absorption. Reduction of duodenal Mg2+ absorption was shown in omeprazole-treated rats, whether hypomagnesemia was presented or not. Hypomagnesemia occurred only if Mg2+ storage pool was depleted in prolonged omeprazole-treated rats. Therefore, stimulation of intestinal Mg2+ absorption and/or Mg2+ supplement should be considered to avoid PPIH in person who continuously uses PPIs","limitations":"rat study; no Mg supplement tested; ex vivo Ussing chamber with unphysiological 40 mmol/l MgCl2 gradient (authors' note); small n (5-6); Mg flux, urinary/fecal/muscle Mg values figure-only; variance reported as SE"},"29425476":{"pmid":"29425476","title":"Scottsdale Magnesium Study: Absorption, Cellular Uptake, and Clinical Effectiveness of a Timed-Release Magnesium Supplement in a Standard Adult Clinical Population.","authors":"Weiss D, Brunk DK, Goodman DA","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition","year":"2018","volume":"37","issue":"4","pages":"316-327","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2017.1398686","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29425476/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): pragmatic placebo-controlled, non-randomized; intervention group (Mar-Apr 2016) and independent placebo group recruited later (Jan-Feb 2017); 90-day open extension subgroup","n":"91","status":"complete","statusNote":"Non-randomized pragmatic study: MagSRT (timed-release dimagnesium malate + B vitamins) group vs separately recruited, later placebo group; serum Mg at 0/4/8 h after 2 tablets and RBC Mg at 30/90 days.","conclusion":"Supplementation with MagSRTTM, a timed-release dimagnesium malate supplement containing vitamins B6, B12, and folate, for at least 30 days significantly improved magnesium status symptoms and increased RBC magnesium with minimal gastrointestinal symptoms.","limitations":"non-randomized; placebo group recruited separately at a later time; blinding NR; authors are consultants to the manufacturer; between-group RBC Mg difference at day 30 not significant; 90-day data only in self-selected subgroup without placebo; fed/fasted state NR; no urinary Mg; multi-ingredient product (B6, B12, folate)"},"29524192":{"pmid":"29524192","title":"An Advanced Formulation of a Magnesium Dietary Supplement Adapted for a Long-Term Use Supplementation Improves Magnesium Bioavailability: In Vitro and Clinical Comparative Studies.","authors":"Dualé C, Cardot JM, Joanny F, Trzeciakiewicz A, Martin E, Pickering G, Dubray C","journal":"Biological trace element research","year":"2018","volume":"186","issue":"1","pages":"1-8","doi":"10.1007/s12011-018-1277-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29524192/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover, double-blind, controlled (plus in vitro dissolution study)","n":"12","status":"complete","statusNote":"Urinary Mg excretion based bioavailability; plasma/erythrocyte PK collected but not reported numerically.","conclusion":"Our results suggest that the new magnesium chloride formulation, providing continuous low-dose magnesium release throughout the gastrointestinal tract, improves absorption and bioavailability. This formulation conforms to the physiological mechanism of magnesium absorption throughout the digestive tract, allowing high absorption, and may improve gastrointestinal tolerance in long-term use.","limitations":"small n (12), arbitrary sample size; industry sponsored; author is CEO of sponsor; doses differ 3-fold (100 vs 300 mg) and not dose-normalized; plasma/erythrocyte PK not reported; urinary excretion used as proxy for absorption; no p-values; 2-day washout"},"29630135":{"pmid":"29630135","title":"Magnesium bioavailability after administration of sucrosomial® magnesium: results of an ex-vivo study and a comparative, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy subjects.","authors":"Brilli E, Khadge S, Fabiano A, Zambito Y, Williams T, Tarantino G","journal":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","year":"2018","volume":"22","issue":"6","pages":"1843-1851","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_201803_14605","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29630135/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): single-day double-blinded repeated crossover; randomization not stated","n":"10","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"According to the above-described findings, we can speculated that our comprehensive analysis conducted both ex-vivo and in healthy subjects, provides robust evidence of increased magnesium bioavailability after administration of Sucrosomial® magnesium compared with other commercially available magnesium supplementations. This finding is particularly evident in urines, representing a well-grounded evidence of enhanced magnesium bioavailability with Sucrosomial® magnesium.","limitations":"small n (10); industry funded / authors employed by manufacturer; short follow-up (24 h); urine as concentration, not 24-h excretion; T0 sample timing after dose ambiguous; baseline differences between periods"},"29638147":{"pmid":"29638147","title":"The absolute bioavailability and the effect of food on a new magnesium lactate dihydrate extended-release caplet in healthy subjects.","authors":"Dogterom P, Fu C, Legg T, Chiou YJ, Brandon S","journal":"Drug development and industrial pharmacy","year":"2018","volume":"44","issue":"9","pages":"1481-1487","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2018.1464020","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29638147/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (open-label, single-dose, three-period, six sequences)","n":"31 randomized; 29 completed","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"This new magnesium formulation has reasonable bioavailability and might be a valuable addition to the currently available magnesium oral products.","limitations":"industry funded (sponsor CEO is an author); open-label; sample size not formally calculated; serum and urine bioavailability estimates disagree; high inter-subject variability (within-subject %CV up to 189.8% for AUC0–t); baseline-adjusted Tmax/AUC0–72 unavailable for 1 subject (A) and 7 subjects (C) whose baseline-adjusted concentrations were all zero; single dose in healthy eumagnesemic adults; no other oral Mg formulation tested"},"29679349":{"pmid":"29679349","title":"Timeline (Bioavailability) of Magnesium Compounds in Hours: Which Magnesium Compound Works Best?","authors":"Uysal N, Kizildag S, Yuce Z, Guvendi G, Kandis S, Koc B, Karakilic A, Camsari UM, Ates M","journal":"Biological trace element research","year":"2019","volume":"187","issue":"1","pages":"128-136","doi":"10.1007/s12011-018-1351-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29679349/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (6 groups)","n":"49 (Methods text); 6 groups x 7 listed","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetically, the area under the curve calculation is highest in the magnesium malate. The magnesium acetyl taurate was found to have the second highest area under the curve calculation. Magnesium acetyl taurate was rapidly absorbed, able to pass through to the brain easily, had the highest tissue concentration level in the brain, and was found to be associated with decreased anxiety indicators. Magnesium malate levels remained high for an extended period of time in the serum. The commonly prescribed dietary supplements magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate had the lowest bioavailability when compared to our control group.","limitations":"animal study; small n (7 per group); no urine collection (acknowledged); PK values (time course, AUC) figure-only; MgSO4 given intraperitoneally, not orally; non-fasted animals; AUC formula as printed is not a standard trapezoid; units of tissue Mg questionable"},"30761462":{"pmid":"30761462","title":"Dose-Dependent Absorption Profile of Different Magnesium Compounds.","authors":"Ates M, Kizildag S, Yuksel O, Hosgorler F, Yuce Z, Guvendi G, Kandis S, Karakilic A, Koc B, Uysal N","journal":"Biological trace element research","year":"2019","volume":"192","issue":"2","pages":"244-251","doi":"10.1007/s12011-019-01663-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30761462/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (dose-response, single and divided dose)","n":"103 (as printed)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mouse study of tissue/blood Mg 24 h after single oral doses of four organic Mg compounds at three doses, plus divided high dose","conclusion":"There are three different conclusions that can be drawn from this study: (1) magnesium acetyl taurate increases brain magnesium levels independent of dose; both low and high doses are equally effective; (2) magnesium citrate compounds increase muscle magnesium levels in only after high-dose administration; and (3) administration of divided high-dose daily magnesium compounds does not sufficiently increase tissue magnesium levels.","limitations":"mouse study; per-dose group n not stated; units not printed in Table 1; no urine collection; single timepoint (24 h); Mg status/baseline not measured; matrix labelled plasma in Table 1 but serum/blood elsewhere"},"31056002":{"pmid":"31056002","title":"Maltobionic acid enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats.","authors":"Suehiro D, Okada M, Fukami K, Nakagawa T, Hayakawa T","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry","year":"2019","volume":"83","issue":"9","pages":"1766-1773","doi":"10.1080/09168451.2019.1611411","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056002/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (Exp.1, 4 diet groups, pair-fed); in vitro everted sac (Exp.2)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Mg absorption (retention) data are figure-only; tabulated values are Ca-related","conclusion":"It was concluded that MBCa is a better calcium source than CaCO3 in terms of both calcium retention and absorption.","limitations":"animal study; Mg retention values figure-only; Mg intake not reported; industry-affiliated authors; retention (balance) not true absorption"},"31230494":{"pmid":"31230494","title":"Magnesium Bioavailability and Tolerability Do Not Differ between Two Supplements with Different Release Properties.","authors":"Greupner T, Schneider I, Gellert S, Hahn A","journal":"Journal of dietary supplements","year":"2020","volume":"17","issue":"4","pages":"454-466","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2019.1629146","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31230494/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): open-label controlled crossover with duplicate determination, nonrandomized order (2P, 2P, 1P, 1P)","n":"20","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Overall, it can be concluded that the Mg2+ bioavailability does not differ between the 1P and 2P test products and that the Mg2+ supplements examined here have the same good tolerability. Both test products are therefore able to enhance Mg2+ supply with a low probability of gastrointestinal side effects.","limitations":"nonrandomized fixed order (2P, 2P, 1P, 1P); open-label; small n (20); young healthy adults; industry part-funded (Merz); no placebo/baseline day; absorption fraction not measured; AUC units not reported; baseline serum Mg differed between days"},"32623713":{"pmid":"32623713","title":"Magnesium bioavailability of dried and thinly shaved kombu in rats.","authors":"Nishiyama M, Funaba M, Matsui T","journal":"Journal of the science of food and agriculture","year":"2021","volume":"101","issue":"1","pages":"272-278","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.10639","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32623713/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (9 diet groups; slope-ratio assay)","n":"45","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Enhancement of TRPM6 expression in the large intestine negates the low bioaccessibility of Mg in TSK, and thus TSK shows Mg bioavailability comparable with MgO.","limitations":"animal study (rats); small n (5 per group); apparent absorption, urinary and femoral group values figure-only; NCON excluded from RBV regression; units in Table 2 printed as mmol day−1 / mmol g−1, possibly should be μmol"},"40955524":{"pmid":"40955524","title":"Comparing the Bioavailability of Two Seawater-Derived Magnesium Preparations.","authors":"McFarlin BK, Paschall AL, Kelly ME, Womack SM","journal":"Journal of medicinal food","year":"2025","volume":"28","issue":"12","pages":"1270-1273","doi":"10.1177/1096620X251380191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled (3 conditions)","n":"20 completed (22 enrolled)","status":"complete","statusNote":"Short communication; main urine/serum outcomes are figure-only bar charts; text gives % bioavailability, % change vs placebo, and baseline serum Mg.","conclusion":"We found that both seawater-derived magnesium preparations significantly increased magnesium absorption compared with placebo (>97% change) but did not differ from each other when standardized on magnesium dose. The magnesium hydroxide form may be particularly useful since its greater magnesium content allows for ingestion of smaller total quantities compared to soluble magnesium citrate.","limitations":"small n (20); industry funded (Marigot LLC) - contradictory funding statements; main outcomes figure-only; no tracer; relative bioavailability from urine excretion; doses differ slightly between forms and by sex; washout NR; serum sampled only to 2 h"},"42084749":{"pmid":"42084749","title":"Enhanced Neurophysiological Benefits of Magnesium-Acetyl-Taurate Over Magnesium-L-Threonate: A Comparative pre-clinical Study on Bioavailability, Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Functions.","authors":"Kumar A, Mehan S, Gupta S, Gupta GD, Samant R, Tongra M","journal":"Neuromolecular medicine","year":"2026","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1007/s12017-026-08929-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42084749/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel, randomized (6 groups), open-label for investigators","n":"48","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat tissue-Mg comparison of Mg-L-threonate vs Mg-acetyl-taurate; all Mg/threonate/taurine values are figure-only (Fig. 9). Tissue levels measured ~4 weeks after dosing stopped.","conclusion":"In this study, treatment with magnesium-based compounds, particularly MAT and MLT, was associated with differences in Mg²⁺ levels across biological compartments, including plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue. MAT showed relatively higher tissue Mg²⁺ levels compared to MLT.","limitations":"values figure-only; animal model; industry funded (Celagenex), supplier-affiliated co-authors; unblinded outcome assessment; tissue Mg measured ~4 weeks after dosing ended (not a PK design); dose basis salt/compound, elemental Mg NR; sexes pooled without sex analysis; internal inconsistency on MLT effect on brain Mg"},"42567449":{"pmid":"42567449","title":"Hypomagnesemia from malabsorption and renal magnesium wasting treated with high-dose magnesium glycinate: A case report.","authors":"Tran BAC, Miller T","journal":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","year":"2026","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"103496","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42567449/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (specify): case report","n":"1","status":"complete","statusNote":"Single-patient case report; serum Mg response to oral formulations with concurrent IV/TPN Mg; not a controlled absorption study.","conclusion":"Standard intravenous and oral magnesium oxide provide only transient improvement, highlighting how combined gastrointestinal and renal losses limit effective repletion. Switching to magnesium glycinate led to more stable serum magnesium levels and eliminated the need for intravenous supplementation.","limitations":"single patient case report; concurrent IV/TPN magnesium confounds oral formulation comparison; sequential, non-randomized formulation changes; dose basis (elemental vs salt) not stated; text and Table 1 inconsistent on IV use and serum values after switch"}},"rejected":[{"pmid":"16240679","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Symposium review (Second International FESTEM Symposium) of stable-isotope methods for Mg absorption, exchangeable pools and Mg status; summarizes the authors' and others' previously published studies. No new primary absorption data for a supplement; Table 1 (rat/human in vitro 25Mg blood enrichment) is cited from ref [34]."},{"pmid":"18096949","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Meta-regression of published balance data from 15 dairy cow studies (68 rations, 323 cows or cow-periods); no new animal experiment. Pooled summary values and regression coefficients recorded."}],"indirect":[{"anchor":"indirect-oxide-vs-lactate","a":"oxide","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Oxide","bLabel":"Lactate","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":null,"grade_basis":"only Tmax (timing) ranges separate; Tmax is shown but not graded","head_to_head_grade":null,"note":"No head-to-head grade; indirect only.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total element","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"no","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":2,"total_n":12,"range":[2,6],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"42091979","value":"6","units":"h","dose":"750 mg","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"oxide","location":"Table 2, row 'Tmax (h), median (IQR)', column 'Group 1: Magnesium 750 mg (n = 12)'","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"42091979","value":"2","units":"h","dose":"2000 mg","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"oxide","location":"Table 2, row 'Tmax (h), median (IQR)', column 'Group 2: Magnesium 2000 mg (n = 12)'","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":29,"range":[12,12],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29638147","value":"12.00","units":"h","dose":"20 mEq magnesium","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"29","arm":"Treatment A: oral Mg lactate ER, fasted","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"oxide","separated":true,"pmids":["29638147","42091979"]},{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total element","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"yes","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":2,"total_n":12,"range":[2,6],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"42091979","value":"6","units":"h","dose":"750 mg","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"oxide","location":"Table 2, row 'Tmax (h), median (IQR)', column 'Group 1: Magnesium 750 mg (n = 12)'","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"42091979","value":"2","units":"h","dose":"2000 mg","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"oxide","location":"Table 2, row 'Tmax (h), median (IQR)', column 'Group 2: Magnesium 2000 mg (n = 12)'","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":29,"range":[10,10],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29638147","value":"10.00","units":"h","dose":"20 mEq magnesium","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"29","arm":"Treatment A: oral Mg lactate ER, fasted","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"oxide","separated":true,"pmids":["29638147","42091979"]}],"pmids":["29638147","42091979"],"grade_v2":null,"old_grade":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no clear separation under matched conditions; not graded"},{"anchor":"indirect-chloride-vs-lactate","a":"chloride","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Chloride","bLabel":"Lactate","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":null,"grade_basis":"only Tmax (timing) ranges separate; Tmax is shown but not graded","head_to_head_grade":null,"note":"No head-to-head grade; indirect only.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total element","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fed","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"no","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":17,"range":[10.82,10.82],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"32353962","value":"10.82","units":"h","dose":"300 mg","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"17","arm":"chloride","location":"Table 2, section 'Serum magnesium (n = 17)', row 'Tmax (h)', column 'MgCl2'","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":31,"range":[12,12],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29638147","value":"12.00","units":"h","dose":"20 mEq magnesium","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"31","arm":"Treatment C: oral Mg lactate ER, fed","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"chloride","separated":true,"pmids":["29638147","32353962"]},{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total element","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fed","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"yes","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":17,"range":[10.82,10.82],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"32353962","value":"10.82","units":"h","dose":"300 mg","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"17","arm":"chloride","location":"Table 2, section 'Serum magnesium (n = 17)', row 'Tmax (h)', column 'MgCl2'","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":31,"range":[12,12],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29638147","value":"12.00","units":"h","dose":"20 mEq magnesium","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"31","arm":"Treatment C: oral Mg lactate ER, fed","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"chloride","separated":true,"pmids":["29638147","32353962"]}],"pmids":["29638147","32353962"],"grade_v2":null,"old_grade":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no clear separation under matched conditions; not graded"}],"indirectUnavailable":[{"a":"glycinate","b":"citrate","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Citrate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on PK parameter"},{"a":"glycinate","b":"oxide","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Oxide","reason":"all arms come from the same studies (head-to-head only, see above)"},{"a":"glycinate","b":"chloride","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Chloride","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on matrix"},{"a":"glycinate","b":"sulfate","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Sulfate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"glycinate","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Lactate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on PK parameter"},{"a":"glycinate","b":"carbonate","aLabel":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","bLabel":"Carbonate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on PK parameter"},{"a":"citrate","b":"oxide","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Oxide","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on matrix"},{"a":"citrate","b":"chloride","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Chloride","reason":"all arms come from the same studies (head-to-head only, see above)"},{"a":"citrate","b":"sulfate","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Sulfate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on PK parameter"},{"a":"citrate","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Lactate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on matrix"},{"a":"citrate","b":"carbonate","aLabel":"Citrate","bLabel":"Carbonate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on PK parameter"},{"a":"oxide","b":"chloride","aLabel":"Oxide","bLabel":"Chloride","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on units"},{"a":"oxide","b":"sulfate","aLabel":"Oxide","bLabel":"Sulfate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"oxide","b":"aspartate","aLabel":"Oxide","bLabel":"Aspartate","reason":"no human single-form arm with a printed value for Aspartate"},{"a":"oxide","b":"carbonate","aLabel":"Oxide","bLabel":"Carbonate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on AUC interval"},{"a":"chloride","b":"sulfate","aLabel":"Chloride","bLabel":"Sulfate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on analyte"},{"a":"chloride","b":"carbonate","aLabel":"Chloride","bLabel":"Carbonate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on AUC interval"},{"a":"sulfate","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Sulfate","bLabel":"Lactate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on PK parameter"},{"a":"sulfate","b":"carbonate","aLabel":"Sulfate","bLabel":"Carbonate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on PK parameter"},{"a":"lactate","b":"carbonate","aLabel":"Lactate","bLabel":"Carbonate","reason":"no matched condition set: arms differ on AUC interval"}],"indirectMethod":"Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms.\nValues are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated,\nAUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form\nranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is\n'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C.\nRun after merge_bundle.py.","formGrades":{"glycinate":{"label":"Glycinate / bisglycinate","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=12, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":12,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["7815675"]},"citrate":{"label":"Citrate","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=14, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":14,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["1988724"]},"oxide":{"label":"Oxide","grade":"C","basis":"9 human studies, total n=103, 5 randomized/crossover; median CV 115.7% across 1 matched set(s) (inconsistent)","studies":9,"total_n":103,"randomized":5,"median_cv":115.7,"cv_sets":[{"set":"relative_bioavailability / total element / urine / fed / single /  / %","studies":["20862466","40955524"],"cv":115.7}],"pmids":["20862466","27412366","31230494","31330811","39249590","40955524","42091979","7815675","8829129"]},"malate":{"label":"Malate","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"threonate":{"label":"L-threonate","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"chloride":{"label":"Chloride","grade":"C","basis":"3 human studies, total n=39, 2 randomized/crossover; median CV 103.6% across 1 matched set(s) (inconsistent)","studies":3,"total_n":39,"randomized":2,"median_cv":103.6,"cv_sets":[{"set":"Tmax / total element / urine / fed / single /  / h","studies":["1988724","32353962"],"cv":103.6}],"pmids":["1988724","32353962","9474122"]},"taurate":{"label":"Taurate","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"sulfate":{"label":"Sulfate","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=6, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":6,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["16010453"]},"lactate":{"label":"Lactate","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=31, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":31,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["29638147"]},"aspartate":{"label":"Aspartate","grade":"D","basis":"animal/in vitro data only","studies":0},"orotate":{"label":"Orotate","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"carbonate":{"label":"Carbonate","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=22, 0 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":22,"randomized":0,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["29056894"]},"pidolate":{"label":"Pidolate","grade":"D","basis":"animal/in vitro data only","studies":0}},"headlineGrade":"B","rubric":"Rubric v2 (draft, pending reviewer): single-form human studies count.\n(1) Per-form 'absorption evidence' grade from human PK/absorption values of single-form arms:\n    studies, total n, design (randomized/crossover share), consistency = CV of per-study medians within\n    matched condition sets (same parameter, analyte, matrix [serum=plasma], fed, dosing, AUC interval, units; >=2 studies).\n    A: >=5 studies, total n >=100, >=2 randomized/crossover, and no evidence of inconsistency\n       (median CV <=100% across matched sets, or not evaluable because no matched set has >=2 studies; this is reported).\n    B: >=3 studies (or 2 studies with consistent matched values). C: 1-2 studies. D: animal/in vitro only.\n    Median CV <=50% = consistent; 50-100% = heterogeneous (reported, not penalized: dose, iron status and\n    population differ between studies); >100% = inconsistent, grade lowered one step.\n(2) Per pair: combine head-to-head (H2H) grade with matched single-form (indirect) evidence.\n    Indirect direction = form favored in matched sets whose ranges do not overlap (Tmax excluded).\n    Strong indirect: separated set(s) with >=3 studies per form (A-capable) or >=2 (B-capable), no contradicting set.\n    A: strong indirect (>=3/form) agreeing with H2H or no H2H, or H2H A not contradicted.\n    Conflict between H2H and indirect direction: one step below the better of the two (min D).\n    Comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C.\nValues are never computed into new estimates: CV is used only as a consistency check and is shown with its inputs.","headlineBasis":"best grade across this page's form absorption grades and form-comparison grades (rubric v2, draft)"},"indirect_comparisons":[{"anchor":"indirect-oxide-vs-lactate","a":"oxide","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Oxide","bLabel":"Lactate","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":null,"grade_basis":"only Tmax (timing) ranges separate; Tmax is shown but not graded","head_to_head_grade":null,"note":"No head-to-head grade; indirect only.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total element","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"no","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":2,"total_n":12,"range":[2,6],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"42091979","value":"6","units":"h","dose":"750 mg","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"oxide","location":"Table 2, row 'Tmax (h), median (IQR)', column 'Group 1: Magnesium 750 mg (n = 12)'","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"42091979","value":"2","units":"h","dose":"2000 mg","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"oxide","location":"Table 2, row 'Tmax (h), median (IQR)', column 'Group 2: Magnesium 2000 mg (n = 12)'","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":29,"range":[12,12],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29638147","value":"12.00","units":"h","dose":"20 mEq magnesium","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"29","arm":"Treatment A: oral Mg lactate ER, fasted","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"oxide","separated":true,"pmids":["29638147","42091979"]},{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total element","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fasted","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"yes","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":2,"total_n":12,"range":[2,6],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"42091979","value":"6","units":"h","dose":"750 mg","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"oxide","location":"Table 2, row 'Tmax (h), median (IQR)', column 'Group 1: Magnesium 750 mg (n = 12)'","per_mg":null},{"pmid":"42091979","value":"2","units":"h","dose":"2000 mg","dose_basis":"NR","n":"12","arm":"oxide","location":"Table 2, row 'Tmax (h), median (IQR)', column 'Group 2: Magnesium 2000 mg (n = 12)'","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":29,"range":[10,10],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29638147","value":"10.00","units":"h","dose":"20 mEq magnesium","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"29","arm":"Treatment A: oral Mg lactate ER, fasted","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"oxide","separated":true,"pmids":["29638147","42091979"]}],"pmids":["29638147","42091979"],"grade_v2":null,"old_grade":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no clear separation under matched conditions; not graded"},{"anchor":"indirect-chloride-vs-lactate","a":"chloride","b":"lactate","aLabel":"Chloride","bLabel":"Lactate","label":"Indirect comparison","baseline_nr":true,"grade":null,"grade_basis":"only Tmax (timing) ranges separate; Tmax is shown but not graded","head_to_head_grade":null,"note":"No head-to-head grade; indirect only.","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","comparisons":[{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total element","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fed","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"no","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":17,"range":[10.82,10.82],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"32353962","value":"10.82","units":"h","dose":"300 mg","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"17","arm":"chloride","location":"Table 2, section 'Serum magnesium (n = 17)', row 'Tmax (h)', column 'MgCl2'","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":31,"range":[12,12],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29638147","value":"12.00","units":"h","dose":"20 mEq magnesium","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"31","arm":"Treatment C: oral Mg lactate ER, fed","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"chloride","separated":true,"pmids":["29638147","32353962"]},{"parameter":"Tmax","analyte":"total element","matrix":"serum/plasma","fed":"fed","dosing":"single","auc_interval":"","baseline_corrected":"yes","units":"h","baseline_nr":true,"label":"baseline correction not reported","basis":"values as printed (doses not normalized)","a":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":17,"range":[10.82,10.82],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"32353962","value":"10.82","units":"h","dose":"300 mg","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"17","arm":"chloride","location":"Table 2, section 'Serum magnesium (n = 17)', row 'Tmax (h)', column 'MgCl2'","per_mg":null}]},"b":{"n_studies":1,"n_values":1,"total_n":31,"range":[12,12],"per_mg_range":null,"values":[{"pmid":"29638147","value":"12.00","units":"h","dose":"20 mEq magnesium","dose_basis":"elemental","n":"31","arm":"Treatment C: oral Mg lactate ER, fed","location":"Table 2","per_mg":null}]},"higher":"chloride","separated":true,"pmids":["29638147","32353962"]}],"pmids":["29638147","32353962"],"grade_v2":null,"old_grade":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no clear separation under matched conditions; not 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information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.","last_reviewed":null,"page_url":"https://supplementabsorption.com/magnesium?utm_source=chatgpt"}