{"slug":"ashwagandha","name":"Ashwagandha","csvName":"Ashwagandha","rank":24,"rankingBasis":"Added from Patrick's pull list 2026-10-31 (keyword demand sheet); second PDF bundle","rankingSourceUrl":"","commonForms":["KSM-66 (root extract)","Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)","Sensoril","Zenroot","Other standardized extract"],"forms":[{"slug":"ksm-66","label":"KSM-66 (root extract)","studyIds":[]},{"slug":"shoden","label":"Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)","studyIds":["pmid-42353009"]},{"slug":"sensoril","label":"Sensoril","studyIds":[]},{"slug":"zenroot","label":"Zenroot","studyIds":[]},{"slug":"standardized-extract","label":"Other standardized extract","studyIds":["pmid-40792075","pmid-30904387","pmid-40352455","pmid-37481788","pmid-35268576","pmid-32890709"]}],"pairs":[{"anchor":"shoden-vs-standardized-extract","a":"shoden","b":"standardized-extract","aLabel":"Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)","bLabel":"Other standardized extract","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},{"anchor":"ksm-66-vs-standardized-extract","a":"ksm-66","b":"standardized-extract","aLabel":"KSM-66 (root extract)","bLabel":"Other standardized extract","studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}}],"studies":[{"id":"pmid-42353009","title":"Withanolides Are Detected in Human Urine Following Oral Administration of a Withania somnifera Product.","year":"2026","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","pmid":"42353009","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/ijms27125289","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42353009/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42353009/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125289","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13299707/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (described as single-center, randomized, double-blind crossover; only one participant completed both doses)","n":"4","formsStudiedRaw":"Ashwagandha (Shoden extract of W. somnifera root and leaf)","formTags":["shoden"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results suggest that withanolides, specifically withaferin A, may also undergo extensive biotransformation in the body, which would affect the observed plasma and urine concentrations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.13-14","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"withanolide B, withanolide A, withanone, 12-deoxywithastramonolide, 3β-methoxy-2,3-dihydrowithaferin A, withanoside IV, and withanoside V were not detected","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 2.3 p.4","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"The amount of sominone excreted corresponds to 0.83–2.49% of the amount of withanoside IV administered in Shoden®.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion 3.1 p.7","truncated":false},{"metric":"Urinary excretion","text":"total urine excretion of withaferin A and its metabolites were similar between the three participants (Male A = 2.41 µmol, Female B = 2.98 µmol, Female C = 2.38 µmol)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion 3.1 p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40792075","title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study Comparing the Bioavailability of 4 Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) Extracts in Healthy Adults Under Fasting Condition.","year":"2025","journal":"Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental","pmid":"40792075","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.curtheres.2025.100805","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40792075/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40792075/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2025.100805","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12337022/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, 4-treatment, 4-period, 4-sequence, single dose, 4-way)","n":"16","formsStudiedRaw":"Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extracts WS-35, WS-10, WS-5, WS-2.5","formTags":["standardized-extract"],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"At a standardized dosage of withanolides, WS-35 had the highest systemic bioavailability, as evident from the significantly greater AUC, Cmax, and MRT.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions p.8","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ per milligram of ashwagandha extracts were 18.24 and 22.36 for WS-35, 6.42 and 9.54 for WS-10","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.7-8 (Strengths and limitations)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"WS-35 exhibited the highest AUC0–t for total withanolides, which was significantly higher than those of WS-10, WS-5, and WS-2.5 (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"Cmax values for WS-35 were significantly higher (P < 0.001)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The prolonged MRT and t1/2 for WS-35 (P < 0.001) illustrates its sustained systemic exposure.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the 90% CI for AUC ratios of WS-2.5, WS-5, and WS-10 with respect to WS-35 did not fall in the range 80% to 125%","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.5 / Discussion p.7","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30904387","title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of Withaferin-A in advanced stage high grade osteosarcoma: A phase I trial.","year":"2020","journal":"Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine","pmid":"30904387","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2018.12.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904387/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904387/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.12.008","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7125369/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label (single-center phase I 3+3 dose escalation)","n":"13","formsStudiedRaw":"Withania somnifera standardized root extract (4.5% withaferin A w/w), AshwaMAX 400, processed in clarified butter","formTags":["standardized-extract"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our phase I study found that oral Withaferin-A in patients with advanced stage, high grade osteosarcoma has a good safety profile.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 5); Abstract: 'WA appears to have low oral bioavailability.'","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-40352455","title":"Fortified Withaferin A accelerates the transition from fibrovascular to bone remodeling phase during endochondral bone formation to promote ossification.","year":"2025","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology","pmid":"40352455","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1540237","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40352455/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40352455/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1540237","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12061680/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"NR for PK","formsStudiedRaw":"Fortified Withaferin A extract (FWA, 10% w/w withaferin A)","formTags":["standardized-extract"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Pharmacokinetic profiling indicated plasma exposure at 226 ng/ml*hr and higher trough concentration at 24 hr, contributing to optimum therapeutic effectiveness.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"The Cmax of Withaferin A (WFA) was found to be 274.90± 15.41 ng/ml","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3B; Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"the AUC0-12 of Withaferin A was found to be 226.05± 5.66 ng/ml*h","source":"fulltext","location":"Fig. 3B; Results 3.2; Abstract (226 ng/ml*hr)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-37481788","title":"Simultaneous estimation of five biomarkers of neuroprotective herb Ashwagandha NMITLI-118R AF1 in rat plasma and brain using LC-ESI-MS/MS: Application to its pharmacokinetic and stability studies.","year":"2023","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"37481788","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123834","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37481788/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37481788/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123834","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"NR (Abstract: eight groups of five rats; Methods: seven groups of six rats)","formsStudiedRaw":"Withania somnifera root enriched fraction NMITLI-118R AF1","formTags":["standardized-extract"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"This is the first report of a comprehensive study on in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetics of NMITLI-118R AF1 biomarkers, which may aid in further pre-clinical and clinical trial investigations.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"it took 6.50 ± 0.27 h to reach the maximum plasma concentration","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion (p.13)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-35268576","title":"Pharmacokinetic Study of Withanosides and Withanolides from Withania somnifera Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).","year":"2022","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","pmid":"35268576","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.3390/molecules27051476","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35268576/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35268576/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051476","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8912008/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"18 animals","formsStudiedRaw":"Withania somnifera standardized root extract (WSE)","formTags":["standardized-extract"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"an ex vivo intestinal permeability suggests a time-dependent absorption of withanosides and withanolides through intestinal lumen, similar to BCS class I drugs with high solubility and permeability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (p.20)","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-36518386","title":"Safety, toxicity and pharmacokinetic assessment of oral Withaferin-A in mice.","year":"2022","journal":"Toxicology reports","pmid":"36518386","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518386/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518386/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.012","pmcUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9742883/","pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: yes","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Withaferin A (pure compound)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Our results suggest that WA is safe at doses of 2000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg in acute and repeat dose toxicity respectively, albeit with low oral bioavailability.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion 4.11","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"The AUC of WA was found to be 3996.9 ± 557.6 ng/mL*h and 141.7 ± 16.8 ng/mL*h for the intravenous and oral routes","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were found to be 3996.9 ± 557.6 ng/mL and 141.7 ± 16.8 ng/mL for IV and oral doses respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.9 (p.4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax were found to be 3996.9 ± 557.6 ng/mL and 141.7 ± 16.8 ng/mL for IV and oral doses respectively.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.9 (p.4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"The median Tmax following oral administration was 0.5 h.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 4.9 (p.4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The oral bioavailability was determined to be 1.8%.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 4.9","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the peak concentration following oral administration was achieved rapidly but was less than 1% of the maximum concentration achieved through intravenous route (normalized for dose)","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion 4.10","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-32890709","title":"Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic effect of a polyherbal combination with Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal for the management of anxiety.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","pmid":"32890709","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2020.113337","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890709/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890709/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113337","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm (single-group animal PK)","n":"6","formsStudiedRaw":"Polyherbal combination PHC3 (Withania somnifera 15.4 g, Hemidesmus indicus 7.7 g, Emblica officinalis 30.8 g, Aegle marmelos 27 g, Ocimum sanctum per 100 g, as printed); analyte withaferin A","formTags":["standardized-extract"],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The pharmacokinetic parameters of the withaferin-A showed rapid absorption into the portal vein with greater rate of absorption constant.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusions (Section 5)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax 16.78 ± 5.32 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax 18 ± 0.12min","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-1 1678 ± 34.13 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC0-∞ 1705 ± 28.87 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-34474886","title":"Preparation and characterization of withaferin A loaded pegylated nanoliposomal formulation with high loading efficacy: In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour study.","year":"2021","journal":"Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications","pmid":"34474886","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.msec.2021.112335","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34474886/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34474886/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112335","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation characterisation, in vitro and in vivo biodistribution and anti-tumour study)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Withaferin A (PEGylated nanoliposomal, LWA)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The characterization results indicated that nanoliposomal formulation is able to improve biocompatibility and bioavailability of WA.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31062367","title":"Studies on oral bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of withaferin A in rats using LC-MS/MS and Q-TRAP.","year":"2019","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","pmid":"31062367","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/bmc.4573","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31062367/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31062367/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.4573","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (i.v. vs oral groups) plus in vitro assays","n":"15 male SD rats purchased (as stated); PK groups n = 6 each","formsStudiedRaw":"Withaferin A (pure compound, >99.0%, from Withania somnifera)","formTags":[],"food":true,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The oral bioavailability of WA was 32.4 ± 4.8% in male rats.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4); Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The oral bioavailability was determined to be 32.4 ± 4.8% based on intravenous (5 mg/kg) and oral (10 mg/kg) administrations of WA in male rats","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Abstract; Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Relative bioavailability","text":"the oral bioavailability will be ~9%","source":"fulltext","location":"Introduction; Results 3.2","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the calculated efflux ratios at different WA concentrations were all <2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 2; Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The depletion rate of WA in male rat liver microsomes was close to that in the human liver microsomes","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-31173997","title":"Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of withaferin A in rats.","year":"2019","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"31173997","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31173997/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31173997/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.016","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (dose groups)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Withaferin A (pure, >99.0%)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"WA is primarily distributed in the stomach, heart, lung, and kidney, and rapidly eliminated.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"This revealed no significant effects of the WA concentration or administration route on the T1/2.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract; Results 3.3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-30284738","title":"Determination of permeability, plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Withanolide A in rats: A neuroprotective steroidal lactone.","year":"2018","journal":"Drug development research","pmid":"30284738","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/ddr.21463","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30284738/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30284738/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21463","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (i.v. group vs oral group; separate i.v. tissue distribution groups) plus in vitro assays","n":"12 rats for PK; 36 rats for tissue distribution","formsStudiedRaw":"Withanolide A (pure compound from Withania somnifera, purity >=99%)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Following oral administration, WA exhibits very low concentration in plasma and less bioavailable.","source":"fulltext","location":"Concluding remarks (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"F (%) 5.2","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5","truncated":false},{"metric":"Absolute bioavailability","text":"The absolute bioavailability of WA was found to be poor (~ 5%).","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"Cmax and AUC0-∞ ... were found to be 85.53 ± 6.54 ng/mL and 111.64 ± 16.34 hr × ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Following i.v. (2 mg/kg) and per-oral (25 mg/kg) administration of WA, the max concentration (Cmax) in plasma was found as 85.53 ± 6.54 and 48.04 ± 5.78 ng/mL","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"48.04 ± 5.78 ng/mL, respectively","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"significant difference was not observed in the MRT and t1/2 (p > .05) of WA at oral and i.v. dose","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"there was no significant difference (p > .05) observed at two concentrations","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.4","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-21538350","title":"Withaferin A inhibits breast cancer invasion and metastasis at sub-cytotoxic doses by inducing vimentin disassembly and serine 56 phosphorylation.","year":"2011","journal":"International journal of cancer","pmid":"21538350","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1002/ijc.25938","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21538350/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21538350/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25938","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose PK in mice, 3 mice/timepoint)","n":"30 mice","formsStudiedRaw":"Withaferin A (purified from Withania somnifera, Ashwagandha)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: partial","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"PK studies showed rapid clearance and a large volume of distribution of WFA with a half-life of 1.36 hr (Fig. S2). The dose of 4 mg/kg achieved mean peak plasma concentrations of 1.8 µM, which is above the in vitro concentration necessary to inhibit invasion (Fig. 1).","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion p.2751-2752","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Following a single i.p. dose of 4 mg/kg a mean Cmax of 1.8 µM was observed at 0.083 hr.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2750, Pharmacokinetic analysis","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"WFA reaches peak concentrations up to 2 µM in plasma with a half-life of 1.36 hr following a single 4 mg/kg dose.","source":"fulltext","location":"Abstract","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"a mean Cmax of 1.8 µM was observed at 0.083 hr","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.2750, Pharmacokinetic analysis","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"541.3 ng·hr/ml (1.09 µM·hr)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"exposure as measured by AUC0t was 1.09 µM·hr","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 1; Results p.2750","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-29574380","title":"Comparisons of the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles of withanolide B after intragastric administration of the effective part of Datura metel L. in normal and psoriasis guinea pigs.","year":"2018","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","pmid":"29574380","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29574380/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29574380/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.022","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig)","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose animal PK and tissue distribution)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Datura metel L. flower extract ('effective part', 50% EtOH eluate); analyte withanolide B","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: off-target analyte (Absorption/PK study of withanolide B after intragastric dosing of a Datura metel L. flower extract (effective part for psoriasis) in guinea pigs, not Withania somnifera/Ashwagandha. Withanolide B is a withanolide also reported in ashwagandha, but the test material is D. metel. List metadata 'pig' = guinea pig.)","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"Overall, these results indicate that the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution profiles of withanolide B were changed by psoriasis in guinea pigs after intragastric administration of the effective part of D. metel.","source":"fulltext","location":"Discussion","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 0.22 ± 0.043","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Tmax","text":"Tmax (h) 0.24 ± 0.034","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax (ng/ml) 324.98 ± 43.39","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"it is only 324.98 ± 43.40 ng/mL in normal guinea pigs (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Results p.286 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Cmax","text":"Cmax value of withanolide B is 463.65 ± 41.46 ng/mL in model guinea pigs","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC(0–24) (ng/ml ∗ h) 600.80 ± 40.27","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"AUC","text":"AUC(0–24) ... 911.31 ± 56.15 ngh/mL (p < 0.05)","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 3; Results 3.3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"The Cmax value of withanolide B is 463.65 ± 41.46 ng/mL in model guinea pigs","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3; Table 3","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"the AUC(0–24), and MRT(0–24) values in psoriasis guinea pigs were significantly increased","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.3; Table 3","truncated":false}]},{"id":"pmid-33460762","title":"Elucidation of plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, permeability, CYP phenotyping and CYP inhibition studies of Withanone using validated UPLC method: An active constituent of neuroprotective herb Ashwagandha.","year":"2021","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","pmid":"33460762","pmcid":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2021.113819","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33460762/","pubmedUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33460762/","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113819","pmcUrl":null,"pdfLink":null,"openAccess":"open access: no","textUsed":"full text (PDF extraction)","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":null,"formsStudiedRaw":"Withanone (pure, >=98%, isolated from W. somnifera leaves)","formTags":[],"food":false,"timing":false,"relevance":"full-text extraction: complete","verification":"values extracted verbatim from the full-text PDF (bundle 2, 2026-11-02); reviewer check pending","quotes":[{"metric":"Authors' conclusion","text":"The high permeability of WN demonstrated its faster passive absorption.","source":"fulltext","location":"Conclusion (Section 4)","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between KRBC/PL at tested concentrations as well as at various times","source":"fulltext","location":"Table 5; Results 3.6","truncated":false},{"metric":"Comparison","text":"These results indicated moderate degradation of WN in HLM as compared to RLM.","source":"fulltext","location":"Results 3.8","truncated":false}]}],"sections":{"forms":{"studyIds":["pmid-42353009","pmid-40792075","pmid-30904387","pmid-40352455","pmid-37481788","pmid-35268576","pmid-32890709"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"2 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":3,"rodent":4}}},"with-food":{"studyIds":["pmid-42353009","pmid-40792075","pmid-31062367"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"2 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":2,"rodent":1}}},"best-time":{"studyIds":[],"evidence":{"grade":null,"basis":"no_data","rationale":"No relevant studies in the database for this question.","counts":{}}},"overall":{"studyIds":["pmid-42353009","pmid-40792075","pmid-30904387","pmid-40352455","pmid-37481788","pmid-35268576","pmid-36518386","pmid-32890709","pmid-34474886","pmid-31062367","pmid-31173997","pmid-30284738","pmid-21538350","pmid-29574380","pmid-33460762"],"evidence":{"grade":"B","basis":"mixed","rationale":"2 human randomized/crossover studies; A-eligible only once the reviewer confirms they agree (capped at B until then). Auto-computed draft grade — pending reviewer review.","counts":{"human":3,"rodent":10,"other_animal":1,"in_vitro":1}}}},"builtAt":"2026-11-02","anchors":[{"id":"summary","name":"Summary"},{"id":"forms","name":"Forms compared"},{"id":"shoden-vs-standardized-extract","name":"Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides) vs Other standardized extract"},{"id":"ksm-66-vs-standardized-extract","name":"KSM-66 (root extract) vs Other standardized extract"},{"id":"with-food","name":"With or without food"},{"id":"best-time","name":"Best time to take"},{"id":"calculator","name":"Cost per mg absorbed calculator"},{"id":"faq","name":"FAQ"},{"id":"evidence","name":"Evidence grades"},{"id":"studies","name":"Studies"},{"id":"review","name":"Review"}],"faq":[{"q":"Is Ashwagandha shoden (35% withanolide glycosides) better absorbed than other standardized extract?","anchor":"shoden-vs-standardized-extract","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Is Ashwagandha ksm-66 (root extract) better absorbed than other standardized extract?","anchor":"ksm-66-vs-standardized-extract","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention both forms, but no graded head-to-head measurement yet. See the verbatim findings in this section."},{"q":"Should Ashwagandha be taken with food?","anchor":"with-food","a":"We have 3 relevant studies in our database that mention food or fasting."},{"q":"When is the best time to take Ashwagandha?","anchor":"best-time","a":"We have no relevant studies in our database that mention timing."},{"q":"Is this dosing advice?","anchor":"calculator","a":"No. We summarize published absorption research and compare prices. Talk to a clinician about what's right for you."}],"evidence_grade":"C","evidence_grade_status":"draft — pending reviewer (rubric v2)","form_grades":{"ksm-66":{"label":"KSM-66 (root extract)","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"shoden":{"label":"Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"sensoril":{"label":"Sensoril","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"zenroot":{"label":"Zenroot","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"standardized-extract":{"label":"Other standardized extract","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=NR, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":0,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["40792075"]}},"measured_pk":{"slug":"ashwagandha","name":"Ashwagandha","source":"PDF full-text extraction bundle 2 (1,666 papers), merged 2026-11-02","gradeStatus":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","counts":{"papers":27,"withData":15,"rejected":12,"species":{"rodent":10,"human":3,"other_animal":1,"in_vitro":1},"pkValues":179},"forms":[{"slug":"ksm-66","label":"KSM-66 (root extract)","n_studies":0,"species":{},"n_values":0,"pmids":[]},{"slug":"shoden","label":"Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)","n_studies":0,"species":{},"n_values":0,"pmids":[]},{"slug":"sensoril","label":"Sensoril","n_studies":0,"species":{},"n_values":0,"pmids":[]},{"slug":"zenroot","label":"Zenroot","n_studies":0,"species":{},"n_values":0,"pmids":[]},{"slug":"standardized-extract","label":"Other standardized extract","n_studies":3,"species":{"rodent":2,"human":1},"n_values":104,"pmids":["35268576","40352455","40792075"]}],"pairs":[{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"shoden-vs-standardized-extract","a":"shoden","b":"standardized-extract","aLabel":"Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)","bLabel":"Other standardized extract","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null},{"grade":null,"basis":"no direct comparison in extracted data","tally":{},"anchor":"ksm-66-vs-standardized-extract","a":"ksm-66","b":"standardized-extract","aLabel":"KSM-66 (root extract)","bLabel":"Other standardized extract","status":"draft — pending reviewer (Dr. Colin Reily)","rows":[],"old_grade":null,"grade_v2":null,"grade_v2_basis":"no comparable evidence. H2H: none (no direct comparison in extracted data); indirect: none","indirect_grade":null}],"pk":[{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 35% withanolide glycosides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"480 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"1.813","variance":"± 0.063 (SEM)","units":"NR","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 superscripts printed: bcd (a/b/c/d = statistically significant at 95% vs WS-35/WS-10/WS-5/WS-2.5, per footnote); units not printed in Table 1"},{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 35% withanolide glycosides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"480 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Tmax","value":"2.219","variance":"± 0.102 (SEM)","units":"NR","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 1 superscripts printed: cd (a/b/c/d = statistically significant at 95% vs WS-35/WS-10/WS-5/WS-2.5, per footnote); 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Inconsistent with Results-text per-mg fold ratios (118.28 etc.)"},{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 35% withanolide glycosides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"480 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"total withanolides","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf per mg of extract","value":"22.36","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Discussion p.7-8 (Strengths and limitations)","quote":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ per milligram of ashwagandha extracts were 18.24 and 22.36 for WS-35, 6.42 and 9.54 for WS-10","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"units/analyte not stated explicitly; text sentence follows the USP total withanolide content statement (7.5%, 0.18%, 0.29%, 0.24%). Inconsistent with Results-text per-mg fold ratios (118.28 etc.)"},{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 10% withanolide glycosides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"1800 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"total withanolides","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t per mg of extract","value":"6.42","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Discussion p.7-8 (Strengths and limitations)","quote":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ per milligram of ashwagandha extracts were 18.24 and 22.36 for WS-35, 6.42 and 9.54 for WS-10","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"units/analyte not stated explicitly; text sentence follows the USP total withanolide content statement (7.5%, 0.18%, 0.29%, 0.24%). Inconsistent with Results-text per-mg fold ratios (118.28 etc.)"},{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 10% withanolide glycosides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"1800 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"total withanolides","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf per mg of extract","value":"9.54","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Discussion p.7-8 (Strengths and limitations)","quote":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ per milligram of ashwagandha extracts were 18.24 and 22.36 for WS-35, 6.42 and 9.54 for WS-10","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"units/analyte not stated explicitly; text sentence follows the USP total withanolide content statement (7.5%, 0.18%, 0.29%, 0.24%). Inconsistent with Results-text per-mg fold ratios (118.28 etc.)"},{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 5% withanolides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"3700 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"total withanolides","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t per mg of extract","value":"2.09","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Discussion p.7-8 (Strengths and limitations)","quote":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ per milligram of ashwagandha extracts were 18.24 and 22.36 for WS-35, 6.42 and 9.54 for WS-10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"units/analyte not stated explicitly; text sentence follows the USP total withanolide content statement (7.5%, 0.18%, 0.29%, 0.24%). Inconsistent with Results-text per-mg fold ratios (118.28 etc.)"},{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 5% withanolides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"3700 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"total withanolides","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf per mg of extract","value":"2.73","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Discussion p.7-8 (Strengths and limitations)","quote":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ per milligram of ashwagandha extracts were 18.24 and 22.36 for WS-35, 6.42 and 9.54 for WS-10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"units/analyte not stated explicitly; text sentence follows the USP total withanolide content statement (7.5%, 0.18%, 0.29%, 0.24%). Inconsistent with Results-text per-mg fold ratios (118.28 etc.)"},{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 2.5% withanolides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"7400 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"total withanolides","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t per mg of extract","value":"2.13","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Discussion p.7-8 (Strengths and limitations)","quote":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ per milligram of ashwagandha extracts were 18.24 and 22.36 for WS-35, 6.42 and 9.54 for WS-10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"units/analyte not stated explicitly; text sentence follows the USP total withanolide content statement (7.5%, 0.18%, 0.29%, 0.24%). Inconsistent with Results-text per-mg fold ratios (118.28 etc.)"},{"pmid":"40792075","species":"human","arm":"","form":"ashwagandha extract, 2.5% withanolides standardization, capsule","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"7400 mg extract","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted (minimum overnight fast of 10.00 hours)","n":"NR","analyte":"total withanolides","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf per mg of extract","value":"2.52","variance":"","units":"NR","location":"Discussion p.7-8 (Strengths and limitations)","quote":"AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ per milligram of ashwagandha extracts were 18.24 and 22.36 for WS-35, 6.42 and 9.54 for WS-10","quoteCheck":"value not in quote","note":"units/analyte not stated explicitly; text sentence follows the USP total withanolide content statement (7.5%, 0.18%, 0.29%, 0.24%). Inconsistent with Results-text per-mg fold ratios (118.28 etc.)"},{"pmid":"21538350","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withaferin A (purified; vehicle 10% DMSO, 40% Cremophor-EL, 50% PBS stated for efficacy study) (Chromadex (Irvine, CA) as WFA source)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"30 mice total (3/timepoint)","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax defined as the mean peak value in the series)","value":"1.8","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Results p.2750, Pharmacokinetic analysis","quote":"Following a single i.p. dose of 4 mg/kg a mean Cmax of 1.8 µM was observed at 0.083 hr.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints 'lM' for µM (symbol mangling). Abstract says peak concentrations 'up to 2 µM'. Not given in ng/ml in Table 1."},{"pmid":"21538350","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withaferin A (purified; vehicle 10% DMSO, 40% Cremophor-EL, 50% PBS stated for efficacy study) (Chromadex (Irvine, CA) as WFA source)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"30 mice total (3/timepoint)","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"peak concentration as stated in abstract","value":"2","variance":"","units":"µM","location":"Abstract","quote":"WFA reaches peak concentrations up to 2 µM in plasma with a half-life of 1.36 hr following a single 4 mg/kg dose.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Abstract says 'up to 2 µM' (rounded); body text gives mean Cmax 1.8 µM. Recorded separately, not resolved."},{"pmid":"21538350","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withaferin A (purified; vehicle 10% DMSO, 40% Cremophor-EL, 50% PBS stated for efficacy study) (Chromadex (Irvine, CA) as WFA source)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"30 mice total (3/timepoint)","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"time of peak (earliest sampling point)","value":"0.083","variance":"","units":"hr","location":"Results p.2750, Pharmacokinetic analysis","quote":"a mean Cmax of 1.8 µM was observed at 0.083 hr","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Tmax is not reported as a separate parameter; this is the time at which mean Cmax was observed, which is the first sampling time point."},{"pmid":"21538350","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withaferin A (purified; vehicle 10% DMSO, 40% Cremophor-EL, 50% PBS stated for efficacy study) (Chromadex (Irvine, CA) as WFA source)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"30 mice total (3/timepoint)","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (Table 1, ng-based value)","value":"541.3","variance":"","units":"ng·hr/ml","location":"Table 1","quote":"541.3 ng·hr/ml (1.09 µM·hr)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"21538350","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withaferin A (purified; vehicle 10% DMSO, 40% Cremophor-EL, 50% PBS stated for efficacy study) (Chromadex (Irvine, CA) as WFA source)","forms":[],"dose":"4 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"30 mice total (3/timepoint)","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (molar value, Table 1 and text)","value":"1.09","variance":"","units":"µM·hr","location":"Table 1; Results p.2750","quote":"exposure as measured by AUC0t was 1.09 µM·hr","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text prints 'lMhr' for µM·hr; Table 1 image prints µM·hr."},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in ethanol:normal saline 1:4, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.08","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in 0.25% w/v SCMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.33","variance":"± 0.00 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in ethanol:normal saline 1:4, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"C0/Cmax column; i.v. value is C0 (back-extrapolated) as labelled C0/Cmax","value":"85.53","variance":"± 6.54 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in 0.25% w/v SCMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"C0/Cmax column; i.v. value is C0 (back-extrapolated) as labelled C0/Cmax","value":"48.04","variance":"± 5.78 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in ethanol:normal saline 1:4, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"111.64","variance":"± 16.34 (SD)","units":"hr × ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in 0.25% w/v SCMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"74.17","variance":"± 6.58 (SD)","units":"hr × ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in ethanol:normal saline 1:4, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"115.6","variance":"± 17.54 (SD)","units":"hr ×ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in 0.25% w/v SCMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"76.41","variance":"± 6.39 (SD)","units":"hr ×ng/mL","location":"Table 5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 5 (n = 6)"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in ethanol:normal saline 1:4, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf as stated in text","value":"111.64","variance":"± 16.34 (SD)","units":"hr × ng/mL","location":"Results 3.6","quote":"Cmax and AUC0-∞ ... were found to be 85.53 ± 6.54 ng/mL and 111.64 ± 16.34 hr × ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text labels 111.64 as AUC0-inf; Table 5 prints 111.64 as AUC0-t and 115.60 as AUC0-inf."},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in ethanol:normal saline 1:4, tail vein","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"abstract","value":"85.53","variance":"± 6.54 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"Following i.v. (2 mg/kg) and per-oral (25 mg/kg) administration of WA, the max concentration (Cmax) in plasma was found as 85.53 ± 6.54 and 48.04 ± 5.78 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A in 0.25% w/v SCMC","forms":[],"dose":"25 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"abstract","value":"48.04","variance":"± 5.78 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Abstract","quote":"48.04 ± 5.78 ng/mL, respectively","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A, i.v.","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6 per tissue group (36 rats, six groups)","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"liver","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax","value":"111.8","variance":"± 19.03 (SD)","units":"ng/g","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue concentration (ng/g) after i.v. 2 mg/kg"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A, i.v.","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6 per tissue group (36 rats, six groups)","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"liver","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"± 0.43 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tissue Tmax"},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A, i.v.","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6 per tissue group (36 rats, six groups)","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"first 'AUC(0-∞) (hr × ng/g)' column of Table 6 (header printed as AUC(0-∞); likely AUC0-t, not stated)","value":"446.36","variance":"± 168.42 (SD)","units":"hr × ng/g","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 prints two columns both headed AUC(0-∞)."},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A, i.v.","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6 per tissue group (36 rats, six groups)","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"liver","parameter":"AUC","detail":"second 'AUC(0-∞) (hr ×ng/g)' column of Table 6","value":"458.73","variance":"± 164.17 (SD)","units":"hr ×ng/g","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table 6 prints two columns both headed AUC(0-∞)."},{"pmid":"30284738","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"pure withanolide A, i.v.","forms":[],"dose":"2 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted overnight","n":"6 per tissue group (36 rats, six groups)","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"lung","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue Cmax as printed in text (Results 3.7)","value":"7,421.231","variance":"± 1,002.54 (SD)","units":"ng/g","location":"Results 3.7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Inconsistent with Table 6 value/SD.; verified on page image (manager QA); corrected"},{"pmid":"31062367","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"WA solution 1.7 mg/mL in ethanol:solutol HS 15:distilled water (10:5:85)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"3615","variance":"± 670 (SD)","units":"ng/mL h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31062367","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"WA solution 1.7 mg/mL in ethanol:solutol HS 15:distilled water (10:5:85)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h; fed 2 h after dosing","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t","value":"2345","variance":"± 345 (SD)","units":"ng/mL h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31062367","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"WA solution 1.7 mg/mL in ethanol:solutol HS 15:distilled water (10:5:85)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"3685","variance":"± 685 (SD)","units":"ng/mL h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31062367","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"WA solution 1.7 mg/mL in ethanol:solutol HS 15:distilled water (10:5:85)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h; fed 2 h after dosing","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"2789","variance":"± 683 (SD)","units":"ng/mL h","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31062367","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"WA solution 1.7 mg/mL in ethanol:solutol HS 15:distilled water (10:5:85)","forms":[],"dose":"5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3048","variance":"± 509 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31062367","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"WA solution 1.7 mg/mL in ethanol:solutol HS 15:distilled water (10:5:85)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h; fed 2 h after dosing","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"619","variance":"± 125 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"31062367","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"WA solution 1.7 mg/mL in ethanol:solutol HS 15:distilled water (10:5:85)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h; fed 2 h after dosing","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.11","variance":"± 0.07 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 1; Results 3.5","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Tmax reported as mean ± SD; i.v. Tmax printed as dash."},{"pmid":"31062367","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"WA solution 1.7 mg/mL in ethanol:solutol HS 15:distilled water (10:5:85)","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"fasted 12 h; fed 2 h after dosing","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"relative_bioavailability","detail":"bioavailability estimated from two mouse studies (cited, not this study's data)","value":"9","variance":"","units":"%","location":"Introduction; Results 3.2","quote":"the oral bioavailability will be ~9%","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Literature estimate in mice (Ku 2014; Patil 2013) quoted by authors; not an original result."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Table 3 row High (i.v.)","value":"0.33","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Table 3 row High (i.v.)","value":"29.10","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, Table 3 row High (i.v.)","value":"28.24","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Table 3 row High (i.g)","value":"0.86","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Table 3 row High (i.g)","value":"21.80","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, Table 3 row High (i.g)","value":"24.66","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Table 3 row Middle (i.g)","value":"1.03","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Table 3 row Middle (i.g)","value":"14.60","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"1.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, Table 3 row Middle (i.g)","value":"16.34","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"Table 3 row Low (i.g)","value":"0.97","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"Table 3 row Low (i.g)","value":"6.05","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"0.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, Table 3 row Low (i.g)","value":"11.80","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 3","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated; single value per dose group (n = 5 per Table 3 caption)."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"stomach tissue","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"tissue, Table 4","value":"1.50","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated (n = 5 per Table 4 caption). Table 4 header gives Cmax in ng/mL while Fig. 4 axis is ng/g."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"stomach tissue","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"tissue, Table 4","value":"2672.340","variance":"","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated (n = 5 per Table 4 caption). Table 4 header gives Cmax in ng/mL while Fig. 4 axis is ng/g."},{"pmid":"31173997","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A (Sigma-Aldrich (standard))","forms":[],"dose":"4.5 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"stomach tissue","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t, tissue, Table 4","value":"14.19","variance":"","units":"ng·h/mL","location":"Table 4","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Statistic type and variance not stated (n = 5 per Table 4 caption). Table 4 header gives Cmax in ng/mL while Fig. 4 axis is ng/g. Tissue AUC values are small relative to the tissue Cmax; recorded as printed."},{"pmid":"32890709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Polyherbal combination PHC3, spray-dried hydroalcoholic extracts plus lyophilized O. sanctum juice (patented formulation (patent 2308/CHE/2013))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"16.78","variance":"± 5.32 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"Cmax 16.78 ± 5.32 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"32890709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Polyherbal combination PHC3, spray-dried hydroalcoholic extracts plus lyophilized O. sanctum juice (patented formulation (patent 2308/CHE/2013))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"18","variance":"± 0.12 (SD)","units":"min","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"Tmax 18 ± 0.12min","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Tmax is mean ± SD as printed; text says Cmax and Tmax read directly from plasma concentration-time plot (Fig. 4)."},{"pmid":"32890709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Polyherbal combination PHC3, spray-dried hydroalcoholic extracts plus lyophilized O. sanctum juice (patented formulation (patent 2308/CHE/2013))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-t (printed 'AUC0-1')","value":"1678","variance":"± 34.13 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"AUC0-1 1678 ± 34.13 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units printed as ng/mL (not ng·h/mL) as printed; label 'AUC0-1' appears to be AUC0-t."},{"pmid":"32890709","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Polyherbal combination PHC3, spray-dried hydroalcoholic extracts plus lyophilized O. sanctum juice (patented formulation (patent 2308/CHE/2013))","forms":[],"dose":"200 mg/kg","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"1705","variance":"± 28.87 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 1; Abstract","quote":"AUC0-∞ 1705 ± 28.87 ng/mL","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Units printed as ng/mL (not ng·h/mL) as printed."},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanoside IV","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"13.833","variance":"± 3.727 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"124.415","variance":"± 64.932 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"12-deoxy-withastramonolide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"57.536","variance":"± 7.523 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"7.283","variance":"± 3.341 (SD)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanoside IV","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.750","variance":"± 0.000 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.250","variance":"± 0.000 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"12-deoxy-withastramonolide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.291","variance":"± 0.102 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.333","variance":"± 0.129 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanoside IV","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"13.960","variance":"± 3.703 (SD)","units":"h.ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"161.180","variance":"± 18.863 (SD)","units":"h.ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"12-deoxy-withastramonolide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"82.866","variance":"± 7.820 (SD)","units":"h.ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"4.179","variance":"± 1.032 (SD)","units":"h.ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanoside IV","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"22.940","variance":"± 5.730 (SD)","units":"h.ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"187.645","variance":"± 20.488 (SD)","units":"h.ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"12-deoxy-withastramonolide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"92.253","variance":"± 13.485 (SD)","units":"h.ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"35268576","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera root extract suspension in water (Pharmanza standardized WSE (not named))","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"500 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"7.531","variance":"± 1.826 (SD)","units":"h.ng/mL","location":"Table 6","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":""},{"pmid":"36518386","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A, IV injection","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (as labelled in Abstract; interval not specified)","value":"3996.9","variance":"± 557.6 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Abstract","quote":"The AUC of WA was found to be 3996.9 ± 557.6 ng/mL*h and 141.7 ± 16.8 ng/mL*h for the intravenous and oral routes","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Results 4.9, which prints the same 3996.9 +/- 557.6 as Cmax (ng/mL) for IV. Variance type: Methods say PK parameters are mean +/- SEM."},{"pmid":"36518386","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A suspension in 0.5% CMC in 1X PBS","forms":[],"dose":"70 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC (as labelled in Abstract; interval not specified)","value":"141.7","variance":"± 16.8 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL*h","location":"Abstract","quote":"The AUC of WA was found to be 3996.9 ± 557.6 ng/mL*h and 141.7 ± 16.8 ng/mL*h for the intravenous and oral routes","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Results 4.9, which prints 141.7 +/- 16.8 as Cmax (ng/mL) for oral."},{"pmid":"36518386","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A, IV injection","forms":[],"dose":"10 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"3996.9","variance":"± 557.6 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 4.9 (p.4)","quote":"Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were found to be 3996.9 ± 557.6 ng/mL and 141.7 ± 16.8 ng/mL for IV and oral doses respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Abstract, which prints these numbers as AUC (ng/mL*h). Table 8 in the supplement is not in the PDF."},{"pmid":"36518386","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A suspension in 0.5% CMC in 1X PBS","forms":[],"dose":"70 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"141.7","variance":"± 16.8 (SEM)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Results 4.9 (p.4)","quote":"Cmax were found to be 3996.9 ± 557.6 ng/mL and 141.7 ± 16.8 ng/mL for IV and oral doses respectively.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Abstract, which prints these numbers as AUC (ng/mL*h)."},{"pmid":"36518386","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"withaferin A suspension in 0.5% CMC in 1X PBS","forms":[],"dose":"70 mg/kg","doseBasis":"active compound","fed":"NR","n":"5 per time point","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.5","variance":"","units":"h","location":"Results 4.9 (p.4)","quote":"The median Tmax following oral administration was 0.5 h.","quoteCheck":"supported","note":""},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.59","variance":"± 0.34 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.28","variance":"± 0.41 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.45","variance":"± 2.87 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"6.50","variance":"± 0.27 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"12-deoxywithastramonolide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"5.68","variance":"± 0.39 (NR)","units":"ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"18.71","variance":"± 1.60 (NR)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"16.88","variance":"± 3.28 (NR)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"19.14","variance":"± 5.41 (NR)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"31.37","variance":"± 2.23 (NR)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"12-deoxywithastramonolide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf","value":"15.14","variance":"± 3.59 (NR)","units":"h*ng/mL","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.95","variance":"± 0.11 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.95","variance":"± 0.11 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"37481788","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Enriched hydro-alcoholic root extract fraction in 0.5% CMC sodium (NMITLI-118R AF1)","forms":[],"dose":"50 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"fasted 8-12 h","n":"6","analyte":"12-deoxywithastramonolide","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"1.00","variance":"± 0.00 (NR)","units":"h","location":"Table 7","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Variance type not stated in table; +/- value as printed"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.83","variance":"± 0.00 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; Results text prints Tmax as 0.83 h without variance"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.67","variance":"± 0.00 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.33","variance":"± 0.00 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.33","variance":"± 0.01 (SEM)","units":"h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"274.90","variance":"± 15.41 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Fig. 3B; Results 3.2","quote":"The Cmax of Withaferin A (WFA) was found to be 274.90± 15.41 ng/ml","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; Results text describes the curve peaking 'slightly above 100 ng/mL' at about 1 h, which does not match 274.90 (Fig. 3A shows about 275)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"27.15","variance":"± 0.21 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"24.67","variance":"± 2.09 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"11.60","variance":"± 1.90 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"226.05","variance":"± 5.66 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Fig. 3B; Results 3.2; Abstract (226 ng/ml*hr)","quote":"the AUC0-12 of Withaferin A was found to be 226.05± 5.66 ng/ml*h","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"24.14","variance":"± 0.11 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"28.10","variance":"± 0.50 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-12","value":"14.22","variance":"± 0.80 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withaferin A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf_obs","value":"229.66","variance":"± 4.39 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide A","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf_obs","value":"27.29","variance":"± 0.36 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf_obs","value":"28.63","variance":"± 0.56 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"40352455","species":"rodent","arm":"","form":"Withania somnifera extract fortified with withaferin A, 10% w/w (FWA)","forms":["standardized-extract"],"dose":"125 mg/kg","doseBasis":"salt/compound","fed":"NR","n":"6","analyte":"withanone","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-inf_obs","value":"14.78","variance":"± 0.55 (SEM)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Fig. 3B","quote":"","quoteCheck":"no quote","note":"Table printed in Fig. 3B image; caption says mean ± SE (n = 6) for the table; verified on page image (manager QA)"},{"pmid":"29574380","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Datura metel 'effective part' extract dissolved in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.0 g extract/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h overnight","n":"5 (Table 3); 6 (Fig. 3)","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.22","variance":"± 0.043 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax (h) 0.22 ± 0.043","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text says peak at 10 min and no significant difference in Tmax between groups."},{"pmid":"29574380","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Datura metel 'effective part' extract dissolved in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.0 g extract/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h overnight","n":"5 (Table 3); 6 (Fig. 3)","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Tmax","detail":"","value":"0.24","variance":"± 0.034 (SD)","units":"h","location":"Table 3","quote":"Tmax (h) 0.24 ± 0.034","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"No significant difference vs normal (text)."},{"pmid":"29574380","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Datura metel 'effective part' extract dissolved in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.0 g extract/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h overnight","n":"5 (Table 3); 6 (Fig. 3)","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"324.98","variance":"± 43.39 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3","quote":"Cmax (ng/ml) 324.98 ± 43.39","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text (Results p.286) prints SD as 43.40 for the normal group; Table 3 prints 43.39."},{"pmid":"29574380","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Datura metel 'effective part' extract dissolved in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.0 g extract/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h overnight","n":"5 (Table 3); 6 (Fig. 3)","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"normal group, text value of SD","value":"324.98","variance":"± 43.40 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Results p.286 3.3","quote":"it is only 324.98 ± 43.40 ng/mL in normal guinea pigs (p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Inconsistent with Table 3 (43.39)."},{"pmid":"29574380","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Datura metel 'effective part' extract dissolved in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.0 g extract/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h overnight","n":"5 (Table 3); 6 (Fig. 3)","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"Cmax","detail":"","value":"463.65","variance":"± 41.46 (SD)","units":"ng/ml","location":"Table 3; Results 3.3","quote":"Cmax value of withanolide B is 463.65 ± 41.46 ng/mL in model guinea pigs","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Asterisk in Table 3 = significant vs normal."},{"pmid":"29574380","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Datura metel 'effective part' extract dissolved in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.0 g extract/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h overnight","n":"5 (Table 3); 6 (Fig. 3)","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"600.8","variance":"± 40.27 (SD)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Table 3","quote":"AUC(0–24) (ng/ml ∗ h) 600.80 ± 40.27","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Text/methods also list AUC(0-t), AUC(0-inf), MRT(0-inf) but they are not printed in Table 3."},{"pmid":"29574380","species":"other_animal","arm":"","form":"Datura metel 'effective part' extract dissolved in 0.2% CMC-Na","forms":[],"dose":"5.0 g extract/kg body weight","doseBasis":"NR","fed":"fasted 12 h overnight","n":"5 (Table 3); 6 (Fig. 3)","analyte":"withanolide B","matrix":"plasma","parameter":"AUC","detail":"AUC0-24h","value":"911.31","variance":"± 56.15 (SD)","units":"ng/ml*h","location":"Table 3; Results 3.3","quote":"AUC(0–24) ... 911.31 ± 56.15 ngh/mL (p < 0.05)","quoteCheck":"supported","note":"Asterisk in Table 3 = significant vs normal. Text prints units as 'ngh/mL'."}],"studies":{"21538350":{"pmid":"21538350","title":"Withaferin A inhibits breast cancer invasion and metastasis at sub-cytotoxic doses by inducing vimentin disassembly and serine 56 phosphorylation.","authors":"Thaiparambil JT, Bender L, Ganesh T, Kline E, Patel P, Liu Y, Tighiouart M, Vertino PM, Harvey RD, Garcia A, Marcus AI","journal":"International journal of cancer","year":"2011","volume":"129","issue":"11","pages":"2744-55","doi":"10.1002/ijc.25938","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21538350/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (single-dose PK in mice, 3 mice/timepoint)","n":"30 mice","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily an in vitro/mouse cancer-pharmacology paper; only a brief mouse plasma PK experiment (single i.p. dose of withaferin A, 4 mg/kg). No oral absorption, no human data. List metadata says species human, but the PK is in mice.","conclusion":"PK studies showed rapid clearance and a large volume of distribution of WFA with a half-life of 1.36 hr (Fig. S2). The dose of 4 mg/kg achieved mean peak plasma concentrations of 1.8 µM, which is above the in vitro concentration necessary to inhibit invasion (Fig. 1).","limitations":"mouse intraperitoneal dosing, not oral; no oral absorption or bioavailability data; no variance reported for PK parameters; concentration-time data figure-only (Fig. S2, supplementary); PK is a minor component of a cancer pharmacology paper; list metadata species 'human' is incorrect"},"28526626":{"pmid":"28526626","title":"Longevity and healthy ageing genes FOXO3A and SIRT3: Serum protein marker and new road map to burst oxidative stress by Withania somnifera.","authors":"Pradhan R, Kumar R, Shekhar S, Rai N, Ambashtha A, Banerjee J, Pathak M, Dwivedi SN, Dey S, Dey AB","journal":"Experimental gerontology","year":"2017","volume":"95","issue":"","pages":"9-15","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28526626/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"observational","n":"473","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Cross-sectional study of serum FOXO3A and SIRT3 protein levels by age group, plus in vitro HEK293 cell experiments with Ashwagandha ethanolic extract. No Ashwagandha/withanolide absorption, PK or bioavailability data; no supplement was given to humans.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"no absorption data"},"29574380":{"pmid":"29574380","title":"Comparisons of the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles of withanolide B after intragastric administration of the effective part of Datura metel L. in normal and psoriasis guinea pigs.","authors":"Yang L, Meng X, Kuang H","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2018","volume":"1083","issue":"","pages":"284-288","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29574380/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (guinea pig)","design":"other (parallel two-group single-dose animal PK and tissue distribution)","n":"NR","status":"off-target analyte","statusNote":"Absorption/PK study of withanolide B after intragastric dosing of a Datura metel L. flower extract (effective part for psoriasis) in guinea pigs, not Withania somnifera/Ashwagandha. Withanolide B is a withanolide also reported in ashwagandha, but the test material is D. metel. List metadata 'pig' = guinea pig.","conclusion":"Overall, these results indicate that the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution profiles of withanolide B were changed by psoriasis in guinea pigs after intragastric administration of the effective part of D. metel.","limitations":"not Ashwagandha product; small n with inconsistent n (5 vs 6); extract dose only, no IV reference so no bioavailability; tissue and concentration-time data figure-only; AUC0-inf and other listed parameters not printed"},"30284738":{"pmid":"30284738","title":"Determination of permeability, plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Withanolide A in rats: A neuroprotective steroidal lactone.","authors":"Singh SK, Valicherla GR, Joshi P, Shahi S, Syed AA, Gupta AP, Hossain Z, Italiya K, Makadia V, Singh SK, Wahajuddin M, Gayen JR","journal":"Drug development research","year":"2018","volume":"79","issue":"7","pages":"339-351","doi":"10.1002/ddr.21463","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30284738/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (i.v. group vs oral group; separate i.v. tissue distribution groups) plus in vitro assays","n":"12 rats for PK; 36 rats for tissue distribution","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Following oral administration, WA exhibits very low concentration in plasma and less bioavailable.","limitations":"single species, rats; oral bioavailability low (~5%) with reasons only speculated; Table 6 has two AUC columns both headed AUC(0-inf); text and tables disagree in several tissue values; CL and Vd values in Table 5 and Table 6 partly cited from Qiao et al. 2014 (footnote); Table 5 oral CL value apparently apparent clearance, not labelled CL/F"},"30403672":{"pmid":"30403672","title":"Elucidating the active interaction mechanism of phytochemicals withanolide and withanoside derivatives with human serum albumin.","authors":"Dubey S, Kallubai M, Sarkar A, Subramanyam R","journal":"PloS one","year":"2018","volume":"13","issue":"11","pages":"e0200053","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0200053","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30403672/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro binding)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro biophysical study (fluorescence, CD, AFM, TEM, docking) of withanolide A/B and withanoside IV/V binding to human serum albumin. No absorption, bioavailability or in vivo PK data. Binding constants are not absorption parameters.","conclusion":"()","limitations":"no absorption data"},"30904387":{"pmid":"30904387","title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of Withaferin-A in advanced stage high grade osteosarcoma: A phase I trial.","authors":"Pires N, Gota V, Gulia A, Hingorani L, Agarwal M, Puri A","journal":"Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine","year":"2020","volume":"11","issue":"1","pages":"68-72","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2018.12.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904387/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"open-label (single-center phase I 3+3 dose escalation)","n":"13","status":"complete","statusNote":"Phase I safety/PK trial in osteosarcoma patients; withaferin A was not detectable in any plasma sample (LOQ 50 ng/mL), so no PK parameters were obtained. List metadata species 'rodent' is incorrect (human).","conclusion":"Our phase I study found that oral Withaferin-A in patients with advanced stage, high grade osteosarcoma has a good safety profile.","limitations":"HPLC-UV LOQ 50 ng/mL too insensitive; no PK parameters obtained; small n (13); cancer patients; bioavailability not established; manufacturer-affiliated author"},"31062367":{"pmid":"31062367","title":"Studies on oral bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of withaferin A in rats using LC-MS/MS and Q-TRAP.","authors":"Dai T, Jiang W, Guo Z, Wang Z, Huang M, Zhong G, Liang C, Pei X, Dai R","journal":"Biomedical chromatography : BMC","year":"2019","volume":"33","issue":"9","pages":"e4573","doi":"10.1002/bmc.4573","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31062367/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (i.v. vs oral groups) plus in vitro assays","n":"15 male SD rats purchased (as stated); PK groups n = 6 each","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK/oral bioavailability plus in vitro absorption and first-pass metabolism assays of pure withaferin A. List metadata species 'rodent' = rat (plus in vitro human cell/microsome/fecal systems).","conclusion":"The oral bioavailability of WA was 32.4 ± 4.8% in male rats.","limitations":"rat data only for in vivo PK; tiny perfusion n = 3; oral time point 0.83 h printed (probably 0.083); no variance on several in vitro values; digoxin control values not extracted; text says 15 rats but only two groups of 6 and 3 perfusion rats described"},"31173997":{"pmid":"31173997","title":"Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of withaferin A in rats.","authors":"Wang F, Zhao J, Bai J, Gao K, Cui D, Chen Y, Song Y, Jia Y, Wen A","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2019","volume":"1122-1123","issue":"","pages":"90-95","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31173997/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel (dose groups)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat PK and tissue distribution of pure withaferin A (i.v. and oral). List metadata species 'rodent' = rat. No absolute bioavailability calculated in the paper.","conclusion":"WA is primarily distributed in the stomach, heart, lung, and kidney, and rapidly eliminated.","limitations":"no variance reported for PK parameters; statistic type not stated; small n; nonlinear dose-AUC relationship attributed to small sample size; no absolute bioavailability calculated; tissue Cmax and AUC internally implausible (Cmax thousands ng/mL vs AUC ~10 ng·h/mL)"},"32890709":{"pmid":"32890709","title":"Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic effect of a polyherbal combination with Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal for the management of anxiety.","authors":"Muhasaparur Ganesan R, Settu DK, Murkunde Y, Duraipandian C","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2021","volume":"265","issue":"","pages":"113337","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2020.113337","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890709/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm (single-group animal PK)","n":"6","status":"partial","statusNote":"Primarily a pharmacology paper (anxiolytic/antioxidant/GABA-A effects in rats) of two polyherbal combinations; only one PK experiment of withaferin A after oral dose of PHC3 (polyherbal formulation) in rats. Pharmacodynamic data not extracted. List metadata species 'rodent' = rat.","conclusion":"The pharmacokinetic parameters of the withaferin-A showed rapid absorption into the portal vein with greater rate of absorption constant.","limitations":"no withaferin A dose or content in PHC3 stated; AUC units printed as ng/mL; no i.v. reference so no bioavailability; absorption rate constant is mentioned in conclusion but no ka is reported; SD of Tmax implausibly small (0.12 min); single dose level, n = 6; pharmacology and PK in different rat strains (Sprague Dawley vs Wistar)"},"33460762":{"pmid":"33460762","title":"Elucidation of plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, permeability, CYP phenotyping and CYP inhibition studies of Withanone using validated UPLC method: An active constituent of neuroprotective herb Ashwagandha.","authors":"Singh SK, Valicherla GR, Bikkasani AK, Cheruvu SH, Hossain Z, Taneja I, Ahmad H, Raju KSR, Sangwan NS, Singh SK, Dwivedi AK, Wahajuddin M, Gayen JR","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2021","volume":"270","issue":"","pages":"113819","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2021.113819","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33460762/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro)","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"In vitro ADME study of pure withanone (PAMPA permeability, GI/plasma stability, PPB, blood partitioning, microsomal stability, CYP phenotyping and inhibition). No in vivo PK. CYP phenotyping and CYP inhibition (Table 8) not extracted as rows. List metadata species 'human' = in vitro rat and human systems.","conclusion":"The high permeability of WN demonstrated its faster passive absorption.","limitations":"in vitro only, no in vivo PK or bioavailability; PAMPA measures passive permeability only; n not stated for PPB; Table 3 shows implausible SD (4.16 ± 11.74)"},"33504873":{"pmid":"33504873","title":"Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies reveal differential permeability of withaferin-A and withanone across the model cell membrane.","authors":"Wadhwa R, Yadav NS, Katiyar SP, Yaguchi T, Lee C, Ahn H, Yun CO, Kaul SC, Sundar D","journal":"Scientific reports","year":"2021","volume":"11","issue":"1","pages":"2352","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-81729-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33504873/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (molecular dynamics simulation plus in vitro cell immunostaining)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Molecular dynamics simulation of withaferin-A and withanone membrane permeation (POPC/cholesterol bilayer) plus immunostaining of cellular uptake in cultured cells. No PK/absorption parameters (Cmax, AUC, bioavailability, fraction absorbed) are reported; permeability results are free-energy profiles/resistivity (figures) and qualitative staining.","conclusion":"The concurrence between the computation and experimental results thus re-emphasised the use of computational methods for predicting permeability and hence bioavailability of natural drug compounds in the drug development process.","limitations":"computational/in vitro only; no PK parameters reported; uptake data are qualitative images"},"34474886":{"pmid":"34474886","title":"Preparation and characterization of withaferin A loaded pegylated nanoliposomal formulation with high loading efficacy: In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour study.","authors":"Abeesh P, Vishnu WK, Guruvayoorappan C","journal":"Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications","year":"2021","volume":"128","issue":"","pages":"112335","doi":"10.1016/j.msec.2021.112335","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34474886/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"other (formulation characterisation, in vitro and in vivo biodistribution and anti-tumour study)","n":"NR","status":"partial","statusNote":"Formulation/anti-tumour paper. Only PK-type data are intraperitoneal tissue distribution of liposomal withaferin A (% injected dose; mostly figure-only, a few values in text) and in vitro release. No oral absorption data and no Cmax/AUC/bioavailability reported.","conclusion":"The characterization results indicated that nanoliposomal formulation is able to improve biocompatibility and bioavailability of WA.","limitations":"intraperitoneal route only, no oral data; no plasma PK parameters (Cmax, AUC, t1/2); biodistribution mostly figure-only; no free-WA biodistribution comparator; bioavailability claim not directly measured"},"34903587":{"pmid":"34903587","title":"Withaferin A in the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Progress and Pharmacokinetic Insights.","authors":"Xia Y, Yan M, Wang P, Hamada K, Yan N, Hao H, Gonzalez FJ, Yan T","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2022","volume":"50","issue":"5","pages":"685-693","doi":"10.1124/dmd.121.000455","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34903587/","species":"other_animal","speciesRaw":"other animal (specify)","design":"other (narrative minireview)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Minireview (Drug Metab Dispos 50:685-693, 2022) of withaferin A in liver disease with a pharmacokinetics section summarizing earlier studies; no original data. Primary PK studies cited should be extracted from their own papers.","conclusion":"Here, the effects of WA in the treatment of liver injury, systematic inflammation, and liver cancer are reviewed, and the toxicity and metabolism of WA as well as pharmacological potentials of other extracts from Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) discussed. The pharmacokinetic behaviors of WA are summarized and pharmacokinetic insights into current progress and future opportunities are highlighted.","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"35268576":{"pmid":"35268576","title":"Pharmacokinetic Study of Withanosides and Withanolides from Withania somnifera Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).","authors":"Modi SJ, Tiwari A, Ghule C, Pawar S, Saste G, Jagtap S, Singh R, Deshmukh A, Girme A, Hingorani L","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":"2022","volume":"27","issue":"5","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/molecules27051476","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35268576/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"18 animals","status":"complete","statusNote":"Rat oral PK of a Withania somnifera root extract (single dose) plus ex vivo intestinal permeability and in silico ADMET. In silico ADMET predictions (Table 2) and toxicity assays not extracted.","conclusion":"an ex vivo intestinal permeability suggests a time-dependent absorption of withanosides and withanolides through intestinal lumen, similar to BCS class I drugs with high solubility and permeability.","limitations":"rat study, single dose, one dose level; no IV arm so absolute bioavailability not determined; three of seven constituents below LLOQ; extract composition varies; dose basis is whole extract; industry-affiliated authors; fed/fasted state NR"},"36518386":{"pmid":"36518386","title":"Safety, toxicity and pharmacokinetic assessment of oral Withaferin-A in mice.","authors":"Gupta SK, Jadhav S, Gohil D, Panigrahi GC, Kaushal RK, Gandhi K, Patil A, Chavan P, Gota V","journal":"Toxicology reports","year":"2022","volume":"9","issue":"","pages":"1204-1212","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518386/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"parallel","n":"NR","status":"complete","statusNote":"Acute/sub-acute toxicity study plus a sparse-sampling IV vs oral PK study of withaferin A in mice. Toxicity data not extracted. Full PK parameter table is in Supplementary file 1 Table 8 (not in PDF). Abstract and Results text assign the same numbers (3996.9 and 141.7) to different parameters (AUC vs Cmax).","conclusion":"Our results suggest that WA is safe at doses of 2000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg in acute and repeat dose toxicity respectively, albeit with low oral bioavailability.","limitations":"sparse sampling, 5 mice per time point; female mice only; only AUC/Cmax printed in main text; full PK table in supplement; abstract vs results mislabel of 3996.9 and 141.7; single oral dose level, suspension in CMC; fasting state in PK study NR"},"37481788":{"pmid":"37481788","title":"Simultaneous estimation of five biomarkers of neuroprotective herb Ashwagandha NMITLI-118R AF1 in rat plasma and brain using LC-ESI-MS/MS: Application to its pharmacokinetic and stability studies.","authors":"Dadge SD, Tiwari N, Husain A, Verma S, Agarwal A, Garg R, Rath SK, Shanker K, Gayen JR","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","year":"2023","volume":"1228","issue":"","pages":"123834","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123834","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37481788/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"NR (Abstract: eight groups of five rats; Methods: seven groups of six rats)","status":"complete","statusNote":"LC-MS/MS method validation paper with oral PK (plasma) and tissue distribution (brain) of five withanolides after one oral dose of an enriched Withania somnifera extract in rats. Method validation, in vitro stability (SGF, SIF, plasma; Tables 9-11) not extracted.","conclusion":"This is the first report of a comprehensive study on in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetics of NMITLI-118R AF1 biomarkers, which may aid in further pre-clinical and clinical trial investigations.","limitations":"rat only, single 50 mg/kg dose; no IV arm so bioavailability not determined; extract-specific results; n inconsistent between Abstract and Methods; implausible CL and Vd values (L/h/Kg in thousands); variance type not stated in tables"},"39599622":{"pmid":"39599622","title":"Quantifying Withanolides in Plasma: Pharmacokinetic Studies and Analytical Methods.","authors":"Speers AB, Lozano-Ortiz A, Soumyanath A","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2024","volume":"16","issue":"22","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu16223836","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39599622/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"other (narrative review)","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Nutrients 2024, 16, 3836) of plasma pharmacokinetic studies (20 studies: 16 animal, 4 human) and analytical methods for withanolides; no original data. Primary studies it summarizes should be extracted from their own papers.","conclusion":"Plasma pharmacokinetics of withaferin A, withanolide A, withanolide B, withanoside IV, 12-deoxywithastramonolide, and withanone have been reported in rodents (Cmax range: 5.6–8410 ng/mL), while withaferin A, withanolide A, 12-deoxywithastramonolide, and withanoside IV pharmacokinetic parameters have been described in humans (Cmax range: 0.1–49.5 ng/mL).","limitations":"review, no primary data"},"39884007":{"pmid":"39884007","title":"Withania somnifera-derived phytochemicals as Bcl-B inhibitors in cancer therapy: A computational approach from byte to bench to bedside.","authors":"Dhillon D, Jain M, Singh AK, Muthukumaran J","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","year":"2025","volume":"750","issue":"","pages":"151383","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151383","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39884007/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (computational)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Computational study (virtual screening, docking, molecular dynamics, MM/PBSA) of Withania somnifera phytochemicals against Bcl-B. In silico ADME/drug-likeness predictions only; no measured absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"These findings establish a strong bench foundation for further experimental validation and bedside application, potentially offering an alternative natural approach to cancer therapy.","limitations":"computational only; predicted ADME, no measured PK"},"40023576":{"pmid":"40023576","title":"Evaluation of reversible cytochrome P450 inhibition by Withania somnifera leaf and root extracts.","authors":"Raichura Z, Heck K, Choi J, Yang L, Brandes M, Marney L, Mangaña AA, Neff C, Maier CS, Soumyanath A, van Breemen RB, Arnold RD, Calderón AI","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","year":"2025","volume":"53","issue":"2","pages":"100024","doi":"10.1016/j.dmd.2024.100024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40023576/","species":"in_vitro","speciesRaw":"in vitro","design":"other (in vitro enzyme inhibition)","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"In vitro reversible CYP450 inhibition (7-in-1 cocktail assay, human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP2B6) by Withania somnifera root and leaf extracts. Botanical-drug interaction screen; no absorption or PK of ashwagandha constituents measured.","conclusion":"Four extracts from ashwagandha root or leaf were evaluated for P450 inhibition, and no reversible inhibition was detected at IC50 > 100 mg/mL extract.","limitations":"in vitro only; no absorption or PK data"},"40352455":{"pmid":"40352455","title":"Fortified Withaferin A accelerates the transition from fibrovascular to bone remodeling phase during endochondral bone formation to promote ossification.","authors":"Chutani K, Rai N, Sardar A, Yadav A, Rai D, Raj A, Maji B, Verma S, Tripathi AK, Dhaniya G, Hingorani L, Mishra PR, Trivedi R","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology","year":"2025","volume":"16","issue":"","pages":"1540237","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1540237","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40352455/","species":"rodent","speciesRaw":"rodent","design":"single-arm","n":"NR for PK","status":"partial","statusNote":"Bone fracture-healing efficacy paper in rats; only PK content is one oral PK profile of a withaferin A-enriched extract (FWA 10% w/w) at 125 mg/kg in Fig. 3 (plasma concentration-time curves and PK table). Efficacy, gene expression, micro-CT and mechanical data not extracted. Methods say PK was done at 75, 125 and 250 mg/kg but only 125 mg/kg results are shown.","conclusion":"Pharmacokinetic profiling indicated plasma exposure at 226 ng/ml*hr and higher trough concentration at 24 hr, contributing to optimum therapeutic effectiveness.","limitations":"PK at a single dose in table; sampling times and vehicle not stated; abstract mentions 24 h trough but curve ends at 12 h; text and Fig. 3 disagree on peak concentration; PK is secondary to efficacy study; industry co-author affiliation"},"40792075":{"pmid":"40792075","title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study Comparing the Bioavailability of 4 Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) Extracts in Healthy Adults Under Fasting Condition.","authors":"Rathi P, Kim SK","journal":"Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental","year":"2025","volume":"103","issue":"","pages":"100805","doi":"10.1016/j.curtheres.2025.100805","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40792075/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (double-blind, 4-treatment, 4-period, 4-sequence, single dose, 4-way)","n":"16","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"At a standardized dosage of withanolides, WS-35 had the highest systemic bioavailability, as evident from the significantly greater AUC, Cmax, and MRT.","limitations":"units not printed in Table 1; small n (16); study limited to males per Limitations (inconsistent with inclusion criteria); no repeat-dose data; secondary metabolites, urine and feces not measured; products differ in plant extract composition, not only withanolide glycoside content; concentration-time data in figures only; Supplemental tables not available"},"41287814":{"pmid":"41287814","title":"Harnessing microbial factories for withaferin-a: the future of plant-based oncotherapeutics.","authors":"Sirjohn N, Sharma G, Chand D, Choi KY, Thakur P, Thakur V, Thakur MS, Kulshreshtha S, Patel SKS, Kumar P","journal":"3 Biotech","year":"2025","volume":"15","issue":"12","pages":"446","doi":"10.1007/s13205-025-04598-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41287814/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (3 Biotech) on withaferin A biosynthesis, microbial production and bioavailability/PK challenges; no primary human absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"41593373":{"pmid":"41593373","title":"Exploring the therapeutic potential of withaferin A by modulating key oncosignaling pathways.","authors":"Chauhan P, Mallick MN, Rab SO, Saeed M, Alkhulaifi FM, Lakhanpal S, Singh A, Pandey P, Verma M, Khan F","journal":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"399","issue":"7","pages":"9437-9451","doi":"10.1007/s00210-026-05006-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41593373/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol) of withaferin A oncosignaling pathways, with a PK/bioavailability section; no primary data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42285236":{"pmid":"42285236","title":"Anxiety-related behavioural responses to light-dark transitions in zebrafish larvae treated with a Withaniasomnifera (L.) Dunal water extract and selected withanolides.","authors":"Sakoor A, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Budzyńska B, Chen W, Agoni C, Sandasi M, Enslin G, Tran SH, Kang K, Viljoen A","journal":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","year":"2026","volume":"370","issue":"","pages":"122014","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.122014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42285236/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"not absorption-related","statusNote":"Zebrafish larvae behavioural (anxiolytic-like) study of W. somnifera water extract, withanolide A, withanone and withaferin A; only absorption-related content is in silico (SwissADME/PreADMET) predicted intestinal absorption/Caco-2 properties, no measured absorption or PK data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42353009":{"pmid":"42353009","title":"Withanolides Are Detected in Human Urine Following Oral Administration of a Withania somnifera Product.","authors":"Speers AB, Limoico ED, Lozano-Ortiz A, Marney L, Choi J, Barr SA, Williamson RT, Strangman WK, Maier CS, Soumyanath A","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":"2026","volume":"27","issue":"12","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms27125289","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42353009/","species":"human","speciesRaw":"human","design":"randomized crossover (described as single-center, randomized, double-blind crossover; only one participant completed both doses)","n":"4","status":"complete","statusNote":"","conclusion":"Our results suggest that withanolides, specifically withaferin A, may also undergo extensive biotransformation in the body, which would affect the observed plasma and urine concentrations.","limitations":"very small n (4 participants; recruitment goal was 12); only one participant completed both doses; urinary excretion only, no plasma data in this paper; 3R-viscosalactone B and WFNX quantified against isomer standards; enzyme hydrolysis efficiency not verified; capsule dissolution not analysed; targeted analysis of 11 withanolides only; intervention-related diarrhea/vomiting at 480 mg led to withdrawals"},"42356373":{"pmid":"42356373","title":"Curcumin, Coenzyme-Q10, and Bioactive Compounds in Ashwagandha Extract: Multi-Targeting Potential of Co-Administered Natural Health Compounds as Therapeutic and Preventative Interventions in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Models.","authors":"Dube K, Stoinescu A, Pandey S","journal":"Nutrients","year":"2026","volume":"18","issue":"12","pages":"","doi":"10.3390/nu18121986","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42356373/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Nutrients) of curcumin, CoQ10 and ashwagandha in AD/PD animal models; reinterpretation of previously published reports; no primary absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""},"42891785":{"pmid":"42891785","title":"Neuroprotective Role of Withaferin A in Huntington's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Kumari R, Gupta V, Devi K, Chand D, Dhanasekaran M, Agarwal S","journal":"Molecular neurobiology","year":"2026","volume":"63","issue":"1","pages":"","doi":"10.1007/s12035-026-06274-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42891785/","species":"unclear","speciesRaw":"NR","design":"NR","n":"NR","status":"review/non-primary","statusNote":"Narrative review (Mol Neurobiol) of withaferin A neuroprotection in Huntington's disease; no primary absorption data.","conclusion":"NR","limitations":""}},"rejected":[{"pmid":"28526626","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Cross-sectional study of serum FOXO3A and SIRT3 protein levels by age group, plus in vitro HEK293 cell experiments with Ashwagandha ethanolic extract. No Ashwagandha/withanolide absorption, PK or bioavailability data; no supplement was given to humans."},{"pmid":"30403672","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro biophysical study (fluorescence, CD, AFM, TEM, docking) of withanolide A/B and withanoside IV/V binding to human serum albumin. No absorption, bioavailability or in vivo PK data. Binding constants are not absorption parameters."},{"pmid":"33504873","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Molecular dynamics simulation of withaferin-A and withanone membrane permeation (POPC/cholesterol bilayer) plus immunostaining of cellular uptake in cultured cells. No PK/absorption parameters (Cmax, AUC, bioavailability, fraction absorbed) are reported; permeability results are free-energy profiles/resistivity (figures) and qualitative staining."},{"pmid":"34903587","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Minireview (Drug Metab Dispos 50:685-693, 2022) of withaferin A in liver disease with a pharmacokinetics section summarizing earlier studies; no original data. Primary PK studies cited should be extracted from their own papers."},{"pmid":"39599622","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Nutrients 2024, 16, 3836) of plasma pharmacokinetic studies (20 studies: 16 animal, 4 human) and analytical methods for withanolides; no original data. Primary studies it summarizes should be extracted from their own papers."},{"pmid":"39884007","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Computational study (virtual screening, docking, molecular dynamics, MM/PBSA) of Withania somnifera phytochemicals against Bcl-B. In silico ADME/drug-likeness predictions only; no measured absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"40023576","status":"not absorption-related","note":"In vitro reversible CYP450 inhibition (7-in-1 cocktail assay, human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP2B6) by Withania somnifera root and leaf extracts. Botanical-drug interaction screen; no absorption or PK of ashwagandha constituents measured."},{"pmid":"41287814","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (3 Biotech) on withaferin A biosynthesis, microbial production and bioavailability/PK challenges; no primary human absorption data."},{"pmid":"41593373","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol) of withaferin A oncosignaling pathways, with a PK/bioavailability section; no primary data."},{"pmid":"42285236","status":"not absorption-related","note":"Zebrafish larvae behavioural (anxiolytic-like) study of W. somnifera water extract, withanolide A, withanone and withaferin A; only absorption-related content is in silico (SwissADME/PreADMET) predicted intestinal absorption/Caco-2 properties, no measured absorption or PK data."},{"pmid":"42356373","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Nutrients) of curcumin, CoQ10 and ashwagandha in AD/PD animal models; reinterpretation of previously published reports; no primary absorption data."},{"pmid":"42891785","status":"review/non-primary","note":"Narrative review (Mol Neurobiol) of withaferin A neuroprotection in Huntington's disease; no primary absorption data."}],"indirect":[],"indirectUnavailable":[{"a":"ksm-66","b":"standardized-extract","aLabel":"KSM-66 (root extract)","bLabel":"Other standardized extract","reason":"no human single-form arm with a printed value for KSM-66 (root extract)"},{"a":"shoden","b":"standardized-extract","aLabel":"Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)","bLabel":"Other standardized extract","reason":"no human single-form arm with a printed value for Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)"}],"indirectMethod":"Indirect (cross-study) PK comparisons from bundle_v2 single-form human arms.\nValues are copied as printed. Matching key: parameter, analyte, matrix, fed/fasted, single vs repeated,\nAUC interval (from parameter_detail), baseline correction, units (exact). No pooling/averaging: per-form\nranges are min–max of printed values. Analyte for minerals/B12 is classed as total element vs isotope/radiotracer; units compared after removing spaces/separators only; IV arms excluded; serum and plasma treated as the same matrix; curated magnesium v1 rows (mapped from stated conditions only, NR otherwise, deduped against the bundle) are included; baseline correction NR is treated as unknown (may match corrected or uncorrected sets; labeled and capped at C); for % absorption endpoints an unreported baseline correction is treated as not applicable. Normalization: value / elemental dose (mg) ONLY when dose_basis is\n'elemental', dose unit is mg, single dose, baseline-corrected=yes, parameter Cmax/AUC. Grade capped at C.\nRun after merge_bundle.py.","formGrades":{"ksm-66":{"label":"KSM-66 (root extract)","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"shoden":{"label":"Shoden (35% withanolide glycosides)","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"sensoril":{"label":"Sensoril","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"zenroot":{"label":"Zenroot","grade":null,"basis":"no single-form human values","studies":0},"standardized-extract":{"label":"Other standardized extract","grade":"C","basis":"1 human study, total n=NR, 1 randomized/crossover; consistency not evaluable (no matched set with ≥2 studies)","studies":1,"total_n":0,"randomized":1,"median_cv":null,"cv_sets":[],"pmids":["40792075"]}},"headlineGrade":"C","rubric":"Rubric v2 (draft, pending reviewer): single-form human studies count.\n(1) Per-form 'absorption evidence' grade from human PK/absorption values of single-form arms:\n    studies, total n, design (randomized/crossover share), consistency = CV of per-study medians within\n    matched condition sets (same parameter, analyte, matrix [serum=plasma], fed, dosing, AUC interval, units; >=2 studies).\n    A: >=5 studies, total n >=100, >=2 randomized/crossover, and no evidence of inconsistency\n       (median CV <=100% across matched sets, or not evaluable because no matched set has >=2 studies; this is reported).\n    B: >=3 studies (or 2 studies with consistent matched values). C: 1-2 studies. D: animal/in vitro only.\n    Median CV <=50% = consistent; 50-100% = heterogeneous (reported, not penalized: dose, iron status and\n    population differ between studies); >100% = inconsistent, grade lowered one step.\n(2) Per pair: combine head-to-head (H2H) grade with matched single-form (indirect) evidence.\n    Indirect direction = form favored in matched sets whose ranges do not overlap (Tmax excluded).\n    Strong indirect: separated set(s) with >=3 studies per form (A-capable) or >=2 (B-capable), no contradicting set.\n    A: strong indirect (>=3/form) agreeing with H2H or no H2H, or H2H A not contradicted.\n    Conflict between H2H and indirect direction: one step below the better of the two (min D).\n    Comparisons using values with baseline correction not reported are capped at C.\nValues are never computed into new estimates: CV is used only as a consistency check and is shown with its inputs.","headlineBasis":"best grade across this page's form absorption grades and form-comparison grades (rubric v2, draft)"},"indirect_comparisons":[],"citations":[{"id":"pmid-42353009","pmid":"42353009","doi":"10.3390/ijms27125289","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42353009/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-40792075","pmid":"40792075","doi":"10.1016/j.curtheres.2025.100805","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40792075/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-30904387","pmid":"30904387","doi":"10.1016/j.jaim.2018.12.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904387/","species":"human"},{"id":"pmid-40352455","pmid":"40352455","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1540237","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40352455/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-37481788","pmid":"37481788","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123834","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37481788/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-35268576","pmid":"35268576","doi":"10.3390/molecules27051476","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35268576/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-36518386","pmid":"36518386","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518386/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-32890709","pmid":"32890709","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2020.113337","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890709/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-34474886","pmid":"34474886","doi":"10.1016/j.msec.2021.112335","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34474886/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-31062367","pmid":"31062367","doi":"10.1002/bmc.4573","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31062367/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-31173997","pmid":"31173997","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31173997/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-30284738","pmid":"30284738","doi":"10.1002/ddr.21463","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30284738/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-21538350","pmid":"21538350","doi":"10.1002/ijc.25938","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21538350/","species":"rodent"},{"id":"pmid-29574380","pmid":"29574380","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29574380/","species":"other_animal"},{"id":"pmid-33460762","pmid":"33460762","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2021.113819","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33460762/","species":"in_vitro"}],"disclaimer":"Educational information about published research; not medical advice. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Talk to a clinician before changing supplements, especially if pregnant, nursing or on medication.","last_reviewed":null,"page_url":"https://supplementabsorption.com/ashwagandha?utm_source=chatgpt"}